^' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


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128 


^  1^ 


■15 
12.2 


Ni£g 


U    11.6 


I 


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p    .-. 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


,v 


-^^^ 


o^ 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTER.N.Y.  14SS0 

(716)  877-4503 


\ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notes  tachniquat  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  the  bast 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
tha  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checkaid  below. 


n    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Coverc  damaged/ 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Couverture  endommag^a 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restauria  et/ou  peliiculAe 


I      I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
RaiiA  avac  d'autras  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  inttrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certainas  pages  blanches  ajoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  la  taxte, 
mass,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6tA  film^as. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairas  supplimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exempiaire 
qu'il  lui  a  itA  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  examplaira  qui  sent  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  imeg*  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthoda  normala  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci-dessous. 


n 
n 

0 

H 
□ 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^as 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurias  et/ou  peliiculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dicoiorAes,  tachaties  ou  piquAes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ditachies 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inAgala  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  mat6riel  suppl^mentaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partialiement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  fiimies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtanir  la  mailleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dassous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


2tX 


aox 


24X 


28X 


D 

32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  he*  been  reproduced  thenke 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Librwy, 

Gaologiwl  Surwty  of  Canada 


L'exempleire  fiimA  f ut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

BIbllotMqua. 

CommMon  Otelogiqua  du  Canada 


The  imaget  appeering  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  end  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
fiinting  contrect  specif icetlons. 


OrlglnsI  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  ere  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  uover  when  eppropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  ere  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  llluetrated  impres- 
sion, end  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  Illustrated  impression. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t«  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  I'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  Memplaiies  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprlmte  sont  filmte  en  commenpant 
P'jr  le  premier  piet  et  en  termlnant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  ces.  Tous  les  autrjs  exemplaires 
origineux  sont  fllmte  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premlAre  pege  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustrstion  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meening  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  ▼  (meening  "END"), 
whichever  epplles. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernlAre  imege  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
ces:  le  symbols  — ►  siqnifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  et 
different  reduction  retios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  Included  in  one  expoeure  ere  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  end  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  certes.  pisnches.  tableeux.  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  teux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  fttre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cllchA,  il  est  fiimi  A  partir 
de  I'engle  sup6rieur  geuche.  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bee,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Imeges  nicessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  le  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

%.. 


iviiy  ■ 


-tf; — I  P"^,iiM  n» 


AN  AMERICAN 


GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE, 


OITINO  THB 


GEOLOGICAL  FORMATION  AT  EVERY  RAILWAY  STATION, 


WITH 


ALTITUDES  ABOVE  MEAN  TIDE- WATER, 


NOTES  ON  INTERESTING  PLACES  ON  THE  ROUTES, 


AND 


A  DESCRirilON  OF  EACH  OF  THE  FORMATIONS, 


BY 

JAMES  MACFARLANE,  Ph.D., 

AUTHOR  or  "  TilB  COAL-KIOIONB  OF  AUBBICA,"  AKD  OVB  OF  THB  0OIUII8SIONBB8  OF 
THE  SECOND  OBOLOOIOAI.  BUBVBT  OF  PENNBTLVAMA, 

VViTH  THE  Go-OPBRATIOir  OF  THE  StATB  OEOLOaiSTS,  AMD  OTHER  SCIEKTIFIO  GbKTUQUV. 


SECOND  EDITION,  REVISED  AND  ENLARGED, 

EDIVED  BY 

-'      •  JAMES  R.  MACFARLANE. 


NEW    YORK: 
D.   APPLETON    AND    COMPANY, 

1,    3,   AND    5   BOND   STREET. 
.  1890. 


/ 


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COPTBIOHT,  18T8,  1886, 
Bt  JAMES  MACFARLANE. 

1890, 
Bt  JAMES  B.  MACFARLANE. 


ll 


mwB  M  00., 

miPFALO,  W.  T, 

PBINTEB% 

•     •••  •••leoo.' 

"•      »•«      ••         • 

■     >         tt*'la  • 

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■  f  «   »  •    O  '    • 


^U-i.   '..?_ 


~M-Mi 


a 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


•  The  fifst  edition  of  this  book  was  published  by  my  father,  the  late  James  Macfarlane, 
in  1878  and,  at  the  tinte  of  hxs  death  in  October,  1886,  he  bad  prepared  many  of  the 
chapters  and  collected  some  of  the  material  for  others  for  this  second  edition.  By  foU 
lowing  the  system  of  the  work  already  completed,  with  the  assistance  of  the  gentlemen 
whose  names  appear  throughout  these  pages,  I  have,  after  many  delays,  completed  the 
edition.  ^      _  ■  .       ,  .; 

The  whole  book  has  been  oarefttlly  revised  and  new  lines  and  new  notes  added,  so 
that  the  Ouide,  proper,  has  been  enlarged  ttom  158  to  870  pages.  The  introductory 
portion  of  the  book  has  been  changed  only  where  necessary  to  conform  its  statements  to 
the  views  now  held  by  geologists.  The  altitudes  are  a  new  and  valuable  feature  of  this 
edition  and  the  list  is  as  complete  as  could  be  obtained.  A  few  chapters  were  so  pre- 
pared by  their  authors  that  little  work  was  needed  before  printing  them,  but  in  most 
instances  the  labor  of  collecting  and  arranging  such  a  mass  of  material  into  a  compact 
and  harmonious  form  has  been  greater  than  would  be  imagined.  Whatever  defects  and 
mistakes  are  found  in  the  book  may  be  attributed  to  the  loss  of  the  one  whose  mind  oon* 
ceived  its  plan,  and  who  was  peculiarly  fitted  for  its  preparation. 

To  the  contributors  and  my  many  advisors  I  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  that  I  cannot 

express,  but  I  know  that  they  will  feel  rewarded  if  their  work  results'  in  an  increase  of 

Interest  in,  and  knowledge  of,  the  noble  science  of  geology. 

James  B.  Macfaklane. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  189a 

40TO0      i  '  ' 


V 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


VAOI. 

Objects  and  Ums  of  the  Work 8 

Dwm's  Table  of  Formatlona 6 

Hunt's          ••            ••         7 

Combined      ••            "         8 

Deseriptlons  of  the  Formatlmu.  9 

1  m,  Laurentian 10 

lb.Norian U 

1 0.  Arronlan 12 

Id.  Huronian U 

le.  Montalban IS 

ItTaconian 13 

5  ••  Acadian 14 

8  b.  Potsdam 14 

8  ki  Oalolferous 16 

8  b.  Ofaaiy 16 

8  b.  St  Peter's IT 

4a.  Trenton '. 17 

4b.Utlca 19 

4  o.  Hudson  River  or  Cincinnati 19 

Keweenian 21 

Sa.  Medina 22 

8  b.  Clinton 23 

6  c.  Niagara 24 

e.    Salina 2S 

9.     Lower  Helderberg 28 

8.  Orlskany 28 

9.  Upper  Helderberg,  or  Gomlferoos .  .  29 

9  a.  Cauda  Galli 29 

9  b.  Schoharie  Grit 29 

9  c.  Onondaga 29 

9  d.  Comlferous SO 

10  a.  Marcellus 80 

10  b.  Hamilton 31 

10  b.  Tully  Limestone 32 

lOo.  Genesee 33 

11  a.  Portage 84 

11  b.  Chemung 38 

12.    Catsklll 36 

18  a.  Lower  Sub-Carboniferous 37 

18  b.  Upper  Snb<!arbonlferou8 .88 

14a.  Millstone  Grit 89 

14  b.  ft  c.  Lower  and  Upper  Goal  Measures  89 
18.    Permian ,40 

16.  Trlasslo. 41 

17.  Jurassio 43 

18.  CretaoeooB 43 

19.  Tertiary 44 

20.  Quaternary 46 

Bemarksonthe  Descriptions 49 

IMreotloDs  for  Using  the  Guide ,  zo 


Geologleal  Railway  Quid*. 

f!jinaH> ..Bl 

The  New  England  States 85 

Table  of  New  England  Formations.  ...  86 

Maine 87 

New  Hampshire 89 

Vermont 99 

Connecticut 94 

Massachusetts  and»hode  Island 99 

New  York 109 

New  Jersey 139 

Pennsylvania 181 

Ohio 177 

Michigan 189 

Indiana 198 

Illlnoi 209 

Wisconsin 823 

Iowa 233 

Minnesota 246 

North  and  South  Dakota 863 

Note  on  Geology  of  the  West 287 

Northern  Paclflo 258 

Montana  and  Washington 864 

Missouri 267 

Kansas 274 

Nebraska 293 

Colorado 297 

Wyoming 809 

Utah 309 

Idaho 809 

Nevada 809 

Oregon 816 

California 818 

Delaware 829 

Maryland 332 

West  Virginia 887 

Vlrglnto 852 

North  Carolina 865 

South  Carolina 869 

Georgia 374 

Alabama >  ...  878 

Mississippi 386 

Louisiana 390 

Florida 392 

Kentucky 385 

Tennessee t-^ 401 

Arkansas 406 

Indian  Territory 408 

Texas 409 

Mexico 410 


u 


.  .  n 

.  .  85 

•  •  80 
.  .  87 
.  .  89 

.  .  M 

•  •  9% 
.  .  99 
.  .109 
.  .139 

.  .ISl 
.177 
.189 
.198 
.209 
.923 

.233 

.240 

.263 

.2ft7 

.268 

.2e4 

267 

274 

.293 

.297 

309 

309 

309 

309 

316 

318 


837 
352 
365 

S69 

974 

178 

186 

90 

82 

95 

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M 

» 


THE  OBJECTS  AND  USES  OF  THIS  WORK. 


<•» 


1.  FOR  THOSE  WHO  ARE  NOT  GEOLOGISTS. 

The  United  States  are  intersected  by  numerous  railroads  leading  in  all 
direutions,  and  nearly  every  one  has  occasion  more  or  less  to  travel  on  them  for 
considerable  distances.  In  these  ndlway  journeys  no  person  who  has  the  least 
power  of  observation  can  fail  to  notice  the  peculiarities  in  the  scenery  and  the 
great  variety  in  the  formations  of  rock  to  be  seen  in  the  railway  cuts  and 
cropping  out  on  the  hillsides.  If  we  always  had  a  professor  of  geology  for  our 
traveling  companion,  we  would  be  glad  to  learn  from  him  what  these  various 
formations  of  rock  are,  what  place  they  occupy  in  the  series  of  strata  that 
are  visible  on  the  earth's  surface,  and  their  mineral  and  other  productions ;  also  at 
what  other  localities  the  same  rocks  occur,  and  whether  they  are  entirely  new  to 
us  or  the  same  we  have  seen  elsewhere.  This  work  is  a  substitute  for  the  supposed 
traveling  professor  of  geology,  giving  in  a  small  space  the  names  of  the  geological 
formations  which  occur  along  the  lines  of  the  railroads,  and  in  another  part  of  the 
book  is  to  be  found  a  plain  but  full  description  of  each  of  them.  There  are  also 
foot  notes  directing  attention  to  interesting  geological  places  and  objects  on  the 
routes  of  the  ndlroads.  One  object  of  the  work  is  to  teach  persons  not  versed  in 
geology  something  of  this  science  during  the  tedious  and  unprofitable  hours  of 
traveliiog,  without  study,  not  as  in  a  text  book,  but  by  pointing  to  the  things 
themselves  as  seen  at  ndlway  stations  and  through  the  windows  of  a  railway  car. 
^  No  person  could  be  so  stupid  as  to  travel  all  over  the  Usited  States  witLout 
learning  the  name  of  a  single  state  or  city  through  which  he  passes,  yet  how  few 
persons  know  even  the  names  of  the  geological  formations  on  which  they  have 
spent  their  lifetimes.  Every  one  is  taught  geography,  and  there  is  scarcely  a  child 
of  sufficient  age  who  cannot  tell  the  name  of  the  town,  county  and  state  in  which 
he  lives.  But  geology,  which  is  just  as  well  worth  knowing,  is  neglected,  and 
there  is  but  little  opportunity  for  learning  any  thmg  practically  in  regard  to  it 
from  those  about  ns.  This  Is  not  owing  to  a  want  of  a  desire  for  knowledge,  but 
to  a  want  of  instruction  in  this  science,  and  of  the  practical  application  of  what 
is  learned  by  adding  local  geological  information  in  a  handy,  cheap  and  accessible 
form,  and  this,  which  no  other  work  affords,  it  is  the  aim  of  this  book  to  furnish. 
7%ere  curt  tome  kinds  of  knotoledge  too  that  cannot  be  obUUned  from  book$f 
but  must  be  gathered  by  actual  ob»«r9<xtion.  The  inspection  of  a  formation  in 
nature,  which  is  pointed  out  to  you,  nill  teach  you  more  in  regard  to  it  in  a  few 
minutes  than  you  could  learn  from  lectures  or  from  readtug  books  in  as  many 
hours,  and  the  lesson  so  received  w^  be  better  remen^ered.  This  book  is  intended 
as  an  intelligent  guide  to  such  observations.  It  tells  you  where  the  various 
formations  are,  and  you  can  then  see  for  yourseli  in  traveling  what  they  are.    * 


THE    geologist's   TRAVBLIKG  HAND-BOOK. 


How  lonely  would  be  a  journey  on  which  you  would  see  not  a  single  face  that 
you  know,  and  how  different  it  would  be  if  every  one  you  meet  were  an  old 
friend.  So  to  the  tourist  new  charms  must  be  given  to  scenery,  however  attractive 
it  may  already  be,  if  he  knows  sometMng  about  its  geology.  The  rocks,  mountahu, 
valleys  and  plidns,  although  he  sees  them  for  the  first  time,  are  old  friends  in 
perhaps  new  and  interesting  forms.  He  meets  them  with  a  certain  pleasure,  for 
he  understands  what  he  sees  and  he  is  given  the  materials  for  many  a  happy  hour 
of  quiet  and  profitable  reflection  at  home,  on  what  he  has  seen  on  his  railway 
journey. 

2.  FOR  GEOLOGISTS. 


But  while  the  book  is  thus  intended  primarily  as  a  series  of  object  lessons  for 
those  to  whom  geology  is  yet  a  novelty,  for  the  purpose  of  exciting  an  interest  in, 
and  which  may  ripen  into  a  love  for  the  science,  it  is  believed  that,  being  in  a  more 
convenient  form  than  geological  maps,  and  as  no  other  work  has  attempted  what 
is  here  done,  all  geologists,  and  especially  students,  will  find  it  a  most  useful  hand 
book  on  iheir  railway  journeys  as  well  as  for  reference  at  home.  It  will  be  useful 
in  laying  down  the  geology  in  colors  on  any  map  which  gives  the  railroads. 
Accurate  geological  maps  can  thus  be  made  without  expense,  and  there  is  no  better 
exercise  for  students.  It  will  also  be  invaluable  in  selecting  a  route  of  travel  for 
geological  study  or  for  pleasure,  and  no  geologist  should  make  an  excursion  over 
new  ground  without  this  guide.  It  is  a  scientific  catalogue  of  the  great  panorama 
that  passes  with  its  ever  shifting  scenery  before  the  eyes  of  the  American  railway 
traveler,  and  even  an  artist  finds  a  catalogue  of  a  picture  gallery  very  necessary. 
No  geologist  need  be  told  that  it.  embraces  the  result  of  a  vast  amount  of  learning, 
labor  and  research  in  a  very  small  compass,  and  a  minuteness  of  local  geology  for 
which  he  might  ransack  libraries  in  vain,  and  which  no  one  man  could  possibly 
furnish.  Many  men  for  many  years  have  devoted  the  finest  talents  in  America  to 
the  study  of  the  geology  of  these  states,  and  ail  have  contributed  by  their  published 
reports,  or  by  direct  original  contributions  to  this  work,  portions  of  the  knowledge 
which  is  here  indexed,  otherwise  it  would  not  be  becoming  for  the  author  to  say 
so  much  in  its  praise .  In  order  that  the  guide  might  be  as  accurate  as  possible  the 
assistance  of  the  state  geologist  of  each  state,  or  that  of  some  scientific  gentleman 
best  acquainted  with  its  local  geology,  has  been  invoked  to  revise  and  correct  the 
list  of  formations  found  along  the  railroads.  Without  a  single  exception,  and  with 
characteristic  devotion  to  the  cause  of  science,*  this  aid  has  been  very  cheerfully 
and  promptly  rendered,  and  in  not  a  few  instances,  where  the  necessary  information 
was  only  in  the  knowledge  of  these  gentlemen,  they  have  filled  in  the  geology  from 
ori^nal  sources  not  yet  published.  Due  credit  is  gr  ^n  to  all  contributors  in  the 
notes  of  the  proper  chapter.  The  general  accuracy  of  the  book  can  be  relied 
upon  as  to  the  formations  of  each  locality  as  they  were  understood  at  the  time  of 
its  publication,  and  it  may  be  regarded  as  in  harmony  with  the  latest  results  of 
geological  research.  If  errors  are  found,  consider  the  great  number  of  railroad 
stations  and  you  will  wonder  there  are  so  few. 

*Sclentiflc  men  freely  give  the  resnlts  of  their  labors  to  the  world,  expectintr  only  In  retnm  to 
enjoy  the  consciousness  of  having  added  by  their  investigations  to  the  sum  of  noman  knowledge, 
and  to  receive  the  credit  to  which  they  might  justly  entiue  them.  Fbot.  Jobbfb  Henrt. 


OBJECTS  AND  USES  OF  THIS  WORK. 


'       8.  FOR  USEFUL,  PRACTICAL  PURPOSES. 

To  those  who  take  only  utilitarian  views  and  care  nothing  for  pure  science, 
and  to  all  those  in  any  way  interested  in  the  country,  a  means  is  here  furnished  for 
ascertaining  the  natural  advantages  or  disadvantages  of  any  district  where  there  is 
a  railroad,  for  it  is  now  pretty  well  known  to  all  intelligent  persons  that  the 
capabilities  or  resources  of  a  country,  what  it  is  und  what  it  can  become,  depend 
chiefly  on  its  geology. 

No  one  In  our  day  can  doubt,  that  there  is  a  definite  and  orderly  arrangement 
of  the  rocks,  that  it  is  only  in  certain  rocks  that  cerUdn  useful  materids  and  minerals 
are  to  be  obtained,  and  that  the  soil  of  each  formation  has  a  certain  fixed  value  for 
agriculture.  It  was  long  ago  shown  that  a  geological  map  of  England,  is  a  map 
also  of  the  distribution  of  its  manufactures.  Even  the  kind  of  people  inhabithig 
a  district,  often  depends  on  its  geology.  A  consideiable  portion  of  the  work  of 
geologists,  is  devoted  to  tracing  out  the  distribution  of  the  various  formations  as 
they  come  out  from  beneath  one  another,  and  spread  over  the  face  of  the  country. 
Tills  book  is  made  up  of  a  minute  tabular  statement  or  division  of  all  places  on 
the  American  railways,  into  classes,  some  of  which  yield  useful  materials  or  pro- 
ductions peculiar  to  them.  It  points  out  the  limits  to  be  observed  in  searching  out 
new  locations  producing  any  material.  Besides,  if  accompanied  by  a  correct 
scientific  knowledge  of  the  country,  it  will  make  any  man's  discovery  of  anytliing 
useful  available  to  his  neighbors  in  hundreds  of  other  places,  over  the  whole 
region  covered  by  the  same  formation. 

The  physical  structure  of  a  country  Being  then,  the  means  by  which  we  can 
learn  the  range  and  distribution  of  useful  materials,  a  strict  attention  to  fossils  is 
necessary,  to  enable  us  to  determine  the  relative  position  of  rock  groups,  each 
group,  within  certain  limits,  holding  its  own  peculiar  fossil  forms,  and  certahi 
economic  products  being  confined,  over  wide  areas,  either  wholly  or  principally  to 
certain  rocks.  Many  persons,  ignorantly  confounding  the  means  with  the  end, 
think  geologists  are  good  authorities  upon  fossils,  but  not  as  to  the  useful  properties 
of  the  formations.  Six  William  E.  Logan,  the  great  Canadian  geologist,  in  answer 
to  tills  objection,  once  said :  "  I  am  not  a  naturalist ;  I  do  not  describe  fossils,  but 
use  them.  They  are  the  geologist'^  friends,  who  direct  him  in  the  way  to  what  is 
valuable.  To  get  the  necessary  information  from  them,  you  must  be  able  to 
recognize  their  aspect,  and  in  order  to  state  your  authority,  you  must  give  their 
names.  Some  of  them  te)'  of  coal — ^they  are  cosmopolites ;  while  some  fi^ye  local 
intelligence  of  gypsum,  or  salt,  or  building  stone.  One  of  them  helped  us  last 
year  to  trace  out,  in  Canada,  upwards  of  fifty  miles  of  hydraulic  limestone." 

But  it  is  not  practicable  for  ordinary  renders  to  understand  the  difficult  science 
of  paleontology ;  all  they  can  expect  to  know  are  the  results  as  ascertained  by 
professional  geologists,  and  those  results  are  given  in  this  little  book,  for  every 
place  on  every  railroad  in  America.  There  are  many  other  things  that  might  have 
been  given,  especially  the  structural  geology  of  each  State,  geological  maps,  more 
minute  lists  of  elevations  and  general  physical  geography,  but  the  book  contains 
enough  for  one  little  volume  to  be  carried  about  on  railway  journeys. 


TowANDA,  Pa.,  1878. 


JAMES  MACFARLANE. 


\^ 


Pro£  J.  D.  Dana'i  Table  of  the  Qeologioal  Fomationi  (1886)» 

AS  NUMBERED  IN  THE  aEOLOQIOAL  RAILWAY  QUIOE. 


Syitemi 
or  Agei. 


90.  Age 
of  Man. 


s5  i 


Groups  or  Periods- 


20.  Quaternary. 


19.  Tertiary. 


Formations  or  Epochs. 


20       Quaternary. 


18.  Cretaceous. 


17.  Jurassic. 


16.  Triassic. 


15.  Pekmian. 


14.  Carboniferous. 


& 

.a 


I 


en 


S 


18.  Subcarboniferous. 


13.  Catskill. 


11.  Chemung. 


10.  Hamilton. 


0.   CORNIFBROUS. 


8.  Oriskany. 


7.  Lower  Hblderberg. 


6.  Salina. 


5.  Niagara. 


4.  Trenton. 


8.  Canadian. 


2.  Primordial  or  Cambrian. 


1 9  o.  Pllooane. 
I Q  b.  MIooane. 
1 9  a.  Eocene. 


1 8  o.  Upper  Cret. 
1 8  b.  Middle  Cret. 
1 8  a.  Lower  Cret. 


1 7       Jurassic. 


1 6       Triassic. 


1 5       Permian. 


14  0.  Upp.  Coal-meas. 
1 4  b.  Low.  Coal-meas. 
1 4  a.  Millstone  Grit. 


1  3  b.  Upper  Subcarb. 
1 3  a.  Lower  Subcarb. 


1 2       Catskin. 


1  1  b.  Chemunff. 
I  1  a.  Portase. 


1 0  Ct  Genesee. 
I O  b.  Hamilton. 
1 0  a.  Maroellus. 


9  o.  Cornlferoue. 
9  b.  Schoharie. 
9  a.  Cauda  Oalll. 


Oriskany. 


Lower  Helderb'g 


Salina. 


5  c>  Niagara. 
B  b.  Clinton. 

6  a.  Medina. 


4  o.  Hudson  River. 

4  b.  Utica. 

4  a.  Trentofb 


3  b.  Chazy. 

3  a.  Calclfercus. 


2  b.  Potsdam. 
2  a.  Acadian. 


1.   ARCHiCAN. 


1  b.  Huronlan. 
1  a.  Laurentlan. 


Table  of  the  Qeological  Pormationt, 


AaaAJiQBD  roK  vas  Siooiid  Editiom  or  this  WoaK  bt  T.  Stbbbt  Hubt,  LL.  D.,  F.  R.  S. 


1 

AOBS. 

Oboups. 

Ambbioan  Formatiobi. 

C 

20.   QCATBBNABT. 

20.  Rteant. 

19.  Tbbtiabt. 

19  0.  Plioeana* 
19  b.  Miooant. 
19  a.  Eooana. 

S 

18.  Gbetacbous. 

17.  JUBAUIO. 

16.  Tbiaisio. 

18.     Crataoaout. 

17.     Now  Rod  Sandftona. 

16.     Now  Rad  Sanditona. 

18-16.   CABBOBIFEBOUa. 

15.     Pormo*Carbonifarout. 

14«     Coal  Maaaiirat. 

13  b.  Mittiatippi,  (Carb.  limattona.) 

13  a.  Wavarlay  or  Bonavaniura. 

8-12.  Ebiab  OB  Dbvobiaj. 

12.     Cattkill. 

11.     Chemung  and  Portage. 

10.     Hamilton,  (Including  Qenesee 

and  Maroellus.) 

fi.     Cojrniferous  or  U pp.  Helderb  g. 
8.     Oriakany. 

} 

* 

6-7.  SiLOBIAB. 

7.     Lower  Helderberg. 

6.     Onondaga  or  Salina. 

5  e.  Niagara,  Ineluding  Quelph. 

9  b.  Clinton. 

9  a.  Medina. 

ft  a.  Oneida. 

8-4.  Obdovioiab, 
(Upper  Cambrian  of  8«dgwiok  or 
Siluro-Cambrian.) 

4  c.  Loral  ne< 
4  b.  Utioa. 
4  a.  Trenton. 
3  a.  Chazy. 

2.  Gambblab. 
(Middle  and  Lower  OunbrUm  of 
Bedgwiok.) 
(Ee\veenian.) 

2  0.  Caieiferoua.  f  Upper  Taeonic 
2  b.  Potsdam.      lorQuebeo  Qr'p. 
2  a.  Menevlan.    (8t.  John's  group.) 

6 

1.  Pbixabt  OB  Obtstallinb. 
(Primitive  and  TranBition.) 

1  f.  Taeonian.  (Lower  Taoonh.) 

1  e.  Montalban. 

1  d.  Huronian. 

1  c.  Arvonlan. 

1  b.  Norian. 

IZa.  Laurentlan.   . 

1 

TABLE  OF  THE  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS. 

(i 

I 

Systems  or 
Ages. 

Gboups  ob  Pcbiods. 

FOBMATIONS  OB  ErOCHB. 

> 

i 

1 

-^1 

20.  Age  of 
Man. 

20.    QUABTEBNABT. 

20.  Quartemary. 

i 

^1 

19.  Tebtiaby. 

19  0.  Pliocene. 
19  b.  Miocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 

M 

1  ■ 

s 

00' 

S) 

< 

1 

1 

18.  Cbetaceous. 

18  0.  Upper  Cretaceous. 

18  b.  Middle 

18  a.  Lower         " 

1 

j 

17.  JUBABSIC. 

17.  Jurassio. 

1 

1 

16.  Tbiassic. 

16.  Triassic. 

i 

1 

\ ! 

]\ 

n 
1 

.! 

It      ■ 

1 

p4 

IC.  Pebuian. 

XV. 
XIII 
XII. 

XI. 
X. 

IX. 

16       Permo-Carboniferous. 

1 

14.   CABBOVirXBOCS. 

14  c.  Upper  Coal-measures. 
14  b.  Lower  Coal-measures. 
14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

1 

\ 
1 

ii 

13.   SuBOABBONiriBOUS. 

13  b.  Upper  Subcarbonif  ous. 
13  a.  Lower           " 

12.  Catskill. 

12      Catskill. 

8-U.  Devonian, 
or  Age  of  FbhM. 

11.  Ohxhcno. 

VIII 

« 

11  b.  Chemung. 
11  a.  Portage. 

10.  Hamilton. 

II 
(< 

•1 
li 
II 

10  c.  Genesee. 
10  b.  Hamilton. 
10  a.  Marcellus. 

9.  Gobnifebous. 

9  c.  Comiferous. 
9  b.  Schoharie. 
9  a.  Cauda  Galli. 

8.  Obiskant. 

VII. 
VI. 

V. 
IV. 

III. 
II. 

II 

I. 

8       Oriskany. 

si 

a  •< 

u 

3 
DO 

5 

6-7.   SiLUBIAN. 

7       Lower  Helderberg. 
6       Salina. 
6  0.  Niagara. 

5  b.  Clinton. 

6  a.  Medi::a  and  Oneida. 

3-4.  Silubo-Cahebian, 

or  Trenton. 

4  c.  Cincinnati,  Hudson 
River  -or  Loraine. 
4  b.  Utioa. 
4  a.  Trenton. 
8  b.  Chazy. 
8  a.  CalciferooB. 

i 

2.   Cahbbian, 

or  FrtoiordM. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 
2  a.  Acadian. 
2  &.  Georgian. 

.'     "■                 1- 

Eozoic  OB  Abchjcan. 

1  b.  Huronian. 
1  a.  Laurentlan. 

, 

■' 

JBt. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS. 


■>•••- 


eous. 


INTENDED  FOR  RAILWAY  TRAVELERS  WHO  ARE  NOT  VERSED  IN 

GEOLOGY. 


iferoufl. 

tasures. 
iasures. 

onif'oua. 


wg. 


iida. 

laon 
line. 


All  the  rock-formations  wbich  appear  on  tlie  surface  of  the  globe,  have  been 
■cientifically  classified  by  geologists,  according  to  the  order  in  which  they  are 
found  lying  one  upon  another,  and  by  the  fossils  they  contain,  and  for  our  object 
may  be  conveniently  included  in  twenty  divisions  or  groups.  In  this  work,  the 
table  of  the  names  of  the  formations,  groups  and  systems,  published  by  Prof.  J.  D. 
Dana  in  his  "Manual  of  Greology"  and  in  his  "  Text  Book  of  (Geology,"  has  been 
taken  as  the  general  basis,  by  the  geologists  of  many  of  the  states  who  have 
&ssi8te('.  in  preparing  the  following  guide,  but  other  valuable  tables  and  especially 
one  arranged  by  Dr.  T.  Steny  Hunt,  a  general  or  combined  table,  and  a 
list  for  each  state  at  the  beghining  of  the  proper  chapter,  are  also  given.  Numbers 
are  attached  to  the  names  of  the  groups  wherever  they  occur,  making  20  in  alL 
The  subordinate  members  of  each  group,  which  are  called  formations,  have  the 
same  number,  but  these  sub-divisions  are  distinguished  by  the  addition  of  small 
letters,  a,  b,  c,  etc.,  thus  making  in  all  40  sub-divisions.  By  this  means,  the  reader, 
although  not  familiar  with  geological  tables,  Is  at  once  enabled  to  see  to  what  part 
of  the  general  series  any  formation  belongs,  number  1  designating  the  oldest 
and  number  20  the  upper  and  last  formed  of  all.  Wherever  the  formations  are 
found,  they  occur  in  the  order  as  they  are  numbered,  but  the  series  in  nature  is 
never  full,  and  in  almost  er'^ry  locality  one  or  more  members  of  it  afe  wanting. 

The  true  method  by  which  each  of  the  great  stratified  formations  is  distinguished 
is  by  its  own  characteristic  fossils,  but  these  descriptions,  having  been  prepared  for 
travelers,  are  confined  to  the  general  aspect  of  the  rooks  as  seen  in  passing  them  on 
the  railways.  They  are  intended  to  be  popular  rather  than  scientific,  informing  the 
reader  what  the  formations  are,  what  they  look  like,  and  their  useful  and  valuable 
characters,  qualities,  and  productions.  It  m«st  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  this  is  a 
countiy  of  vast  dimensions,  and  that  the  formations  undergo  important  changes  in 
their  lithological  character  from  place  to  place. 

Paleontology,  and  other  interesting  branches  constituting  the  purely  technics! 
portion  of  the  subject,  are  omitted.  That  ground  has  been  well  covered 
by  &11  of  the  ezcellont  illustrated  text -books  on  geology,  and  one  object  of 
this  work  is  to  induce  persona  to  take  up  their  study.  Results  only  are  here  given, 
not  the  method,  by  which  they  are  attabed.  The  thicknesses  of  the  formations  are 
sometimes  stated,  but  as  this  might  mislead  the  unprofes&ional  reader,  it  should  be 
observed,  that  the  width  of  the  surface  occupied  by  a  formation  depends  on  the 
amount  of  dip  in  the  beds.  A  group  less  than  a  hundred  feet  thick,  lying 
horizontally,  may  cover  several  miles,  while  one  of  several  thousand  feet  thick,  if 
lying  at  a  high  angle,  is  soon  passed  over.  .    . 


10 


THE  GEOLOaiST'8  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


1.     EOZOIC    (ARCH>EAN,  AZOIC). 


I.     PRIMARY  OR  CRYSTALLINE  ROCKS. 

The  late  investigations  of  American  geologists  have  enabled  them  to 
establish  several  divisions  in  the  crystalline  stratified  rocks,  which  were 
originally  called  Primary  or  Primitive.  The  name  Azoic,  formerly  given  to 
the  Primary  locks  to  distinguish  them  from  the  Paleozoic  formations,  has, 
since  the  discovery  of  Eozoon  in  the  former,  been  exchanged  for  that  of 
Eozoic.  The  designation  Archaean  or  ancient  rocks,  is  used  by  Professor 
Dana  and  others,  and  applies  to  the  Primitive  formations  without  distinction. 
Among  those  who  have  made  the  Primitive  or  crystalline  rocks  a  special 
subject  of  study  for  many  years,  no  one  is  more  eminent  than  Dr.  T.  Sterry 
Himt,  whose  classification  of  these  rocks  established  by  him  in  North  America 
has  since  been  recognized  by  many  geologists  in  Europe,  where  the  same 
great  groups  are  found.  The  following  descriptions,  giving  the  latest  con- 
clusions as  to  the  divisions  of  the  Crystalline  rocks,  have  been  furnished  by 
him  for  this  second  edition  of  this  work. 

1  a.  Laurentiaiii— The  name  of  Laurentian  was  given  in  1854,  by  the 
geological  survey  of  Canada,  to  the  ancient  crystalline  terrane  which  forms 
the  chief  portion  of  the  Laurentide  hills,  and  of  the  Adirondacks. 

Throughout  these  areas  the  prevailing  rock  is  a  strong,  massive  gneiss, 
reddish  or  grayish  in  color,  sparingly  micaceous,  but  very  often  homblendic. 
The  predominance  of  this  mineral  occasionally  gives  rise  to  a  nearly  pure 
hornblende-rock,  sometimes  with  a  little  intermixed  feldspar.  The  gneisses 
are,  for  the  most  part,  distinctly  stratified,  but  occasionally  the  evidences 
of  stratification  are  not  very  apparent,  so  thai  these  rocks  have  often  been 
designated  granites.  This  series  is  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  chloritic, 
talcose,  argillaceous  or  micaceous  schists.  It  includes,  however,  crystalline 
limestones,  of  which  there  are  supposed  to  exist,  in  the  Ottawa  valley,  three 
distinct  masses  in  the  Laurentian  series,  each  of  which  is,  in  parts,  according 
to  Logan,  more  than  1,000  feet  in  thickness.  These  limestones,  which  are 
generally  coarsely  crystalline^  are  often  magnesian,  and  bbound  in  foreign 
minerals,  chief  among  which  are  serpentine,  chondrodite,  hornblende, 
pyroxene,  magnesian  mica,  apatite  and  graphite.  Most  of  these  occur  both 
disseminated  in  the  beds,  and,  aggregated  with  other  minerals,  in  veins,  or 
endogenous  maples.  Associated  with  theat^  limestones  are  often  considerable 
beds  of  quartz-rock,  sometimes  gametiferoud.  Great  masses  of  magnetic  oxide 
of  iron  are  also  found  interstratified  in  this  series.  The  measured  thickness 
of  the  Laurentian  gneisses,  with  their  included  limestones  and  other  rocks, 
on  the  Ottawa,  where  the  strata  are  nearly  vertical  in  attitude,  has  been 
estimated  at  over  17,000  feet.  Beneath  these,  known  as  the  Grenville  series* 
there  is  a  greac  underlying  mass  of  granitoid  gneiss,  without  limestones,  and  of 
undeterminer  thickness,  called  the  Ottawa  gneiss,  which,  it  is  coi^ectursd, 
may  not  be  conformable  with  the  upper  portions. 

In  the  Atlantic  belt,  considerable  areas  of  Laurentian  occur  in  Newfound- 
land, and  probably  in  several  parts  of  New  England.  A  range  of  Laurentian 
rocks  from  the  Western  part  of  Connecticut  extends  southwestward,  forming 


"^-v 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FOfRM ATIONa 


"  iv 


11 


has. 


the  Highlands  of  th«  Hudson,  and  making  the  South  Mountain  as  far  as  the 
Schuylkill ;  while  a  smaller  range  of  the  same,  to  the  southeastward*  forms 
the  Welsh  Mountain,  in  Pennsylvania.  Little  is  known  of  the  distribution  of 
the  Laurentian  fiEurther  southward,  but  gneisses  near  Richmond  in  Virginia^ 
and  at  Boan  Mountain,  in  North  Carolina,  are  referred  to  this  terrane. 

Large  areas  of  Laurentian  occur  around  Lake  Superior,  and  farther  west 
in  the  Bocky  Mountains,  where  they  form  the  crystalline  rocks  of  the  Colo- 
rado range  in  the  east,  and  those  of  the  Wasatch  in  the  west,  and  probably 
occur  in  many  other  parts  of  the  region.  To  the  Laurentian  belong  the 
gneisses  of  the  Western  Islands  of  Scotland,  those  of  Scandinavia  and  Finland^ 
and  large  portions  of  those  of  the  Alps.  The  limestones  of  the  Laurentian 
contain  the  remains  of  a  foraminiferal  organism  known  as  Eozoon  Canaderue 
(Dawson),  which  has  been  found  in  several  localities  in  Canada,  and  also  in 
Bavaria,  and  in  Finland.  Accompanying  it  are  several  other  small  formB» 
regarded  as  organic,  and  referred  to  the  protozoa. 

1  bt  Norian.--The  upper  portion  of  the  Laurentian  series  on  the  Ottawa 
river,  was  orginally  defined  by  the  geological  survey  of  Canada  as  consisting  of 
a  rock,  gneissoid  or  granitoid  in  character,  made  up  chiefly  of  labradorite,  or 
related  anorthic  feldspars,  but  including  also  true  gneisses  and  crystalline 
limestones,  not  unlike  those  already  described  in  the  Laurentian.  Subsequent 
studies  in  Canada  led  to  the  conclusion  that  these  rocks  constitute  a  distinct 
terrane,  resting  uncomformably  upon  the  gneisses  and  crystalline  limestones  oi 
the  preceding  series,  and  the  two  were  respectively  designated  as  Lower 
Laurentian  and  Upper  Laurentian  or  Labradorian.  As  the  newer  is  very  distinct 
from  the  older  terrane,  it  has,  however,  been  thought  better  to  restrict  the 
name  of  Laurentian  to  the  latter.  A  series  precisely  similar  to  the  upper  one 
occurs  in  Norway,  where,  as  in  North  America,  it  rests  upon  Laurentian 
gneisses,  and  where  the  name  of  norite  has  been  given  to  the  feldspathic  rock 
which  is  its  chief  characteristic.  Hence,  the  name  of  Norian,  which  has  been 
chosen  in  place  of  Upper  Laurentian,  as  the  designation  of  the  terrane.  It 
is  coi^jectured,  from  the  fact  that  H  has  yet  been  found  only  in  contact  with 
the  Laurentian,  and  from  its  including  gneisses  and  limestones  lithologically 
similar  to  those  of  the  latter,  that  it  is  next  in  age. 

The  norites  consist,  for  the  greater  part,  of  anorthic  or  plagioclase  feldspars, 
sometimes  almost  without  admixture,  but  at  other  times  accompanied  by  small 
portions  of  hornblende,  of  pyroxene  or  cf  hypersthene,  constituting  what  has 
been  called  hypersthenite  or  hyperite.  Chrysolite,  red  garnet,  green  epidote, 
biotite,  and  ilmenite  are  often  present,  and  these  minerals  are  generally 
arranged  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  a  gneissoid  structure  to  the  rock.  The 
texture  is  sometimes  fine>grained  and  compact,  and  at  other  times  more  coarsely 
granular,  and  even  granitoid,  displaying  great  masses  of  the  plagioclase  feldspar, 
frequently  opalescent,  and  varying  in  compocltion  from  anorthite  to  andesinet 
The  colors  of  the  norites  vary  from  white,  pr.'  Muish  or  greenish,  rarely 
reddishi  to  dark  lavender  or  smoke-blue,  or  nearly  black. 

The  principal  area  of  this  terrane  known  in  the  United  States  is  in  £ssex 
county,  New  York,  where  it  covers  several  hundred  square  miles,  and,  although 
highly  inclined,  rests  unconformably,  according  to  Professor  Hall,  upon  the 


12 


THE  GEOLOGIST'S  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


Laurentian.  It  is  well  displayed  upon  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain,  between 
Port  Kent  and  Westport,  and  forms  some  of  the  highest  hills  of  the  interior. 
A  second  large  area  of  Norian  occurs  north  of  Montreal,  where  it  is  similarly 
related  to  the  Laurentian,  and  passes  below  the  Potsdam  sandstone.  Other 
localities  along  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence  are  at  Chateau  Bicher  near 
Quebec,  at  Bay  St.  Paul,  the  Bay  of  Seven  Islands,  and  on  the  Biver  If  oisie. 
Extensive  areas  of  it  also  exist  on  the  coast  of  Labrador.  The  same  rock  has 
been  found  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  at  the  west  end  of  Lake  Superior, 
as  at  Duluth,  and  in  Wyoming  Territory.  ,     ,; 

1.  G,  Arvoniarii— There  is  found  in  many  localities  a  series  of  highly  inclined 
stratified  rocks,  consisting  essentially  of  petrosilex  or  halleflinta,  often  passing 
into  a  quartziferous  porphyry.  There  are  found  with  it  strata  of  vitreous 
quartzite  and  thin  layers  of  soft  micaceous  schists,  besides  great  beds  of  hema- 
tite, and,  more  rarely,  layers  of  crystalline  limestone.  This  group,  which  has 
a  thickness  of  many  thousand  feet,  was  at  first  included  in  the  succeeding 
Huronian  series,  which,  however,  apparently  overlies  it  unconformably. 

Its  relations  with  the  preceding  groups  have  not  been  clearly  determined, 
but  it  appears  to  be  Identical,  both  in  position  and  in  character,  with  the 
group,  which  in  Wales  has,  since  1878,  been  called  Arvonian.  These  Arvonian 
rock" '  ^ell  seen  at  many  points  along  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  and  New 
Bruns,.  k  and  in  the  Atlantic  belt  in  southern  Pennsylvania.  Areas  of  them 
are  also  seen  on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and  rising  through  the 
paleozoic  sandstones  in  Wisconsin.  They  appear  under  similar  conditions  in 
southeast  Missouri,  where  they  include  great  beds  of  iron-oxyd. 

Id.  Huronian.— The  name  of  Huronian  was  given  in  1855  by  the  geological 
survey  of  Canada,  to  a  series  of  more  or  less  schistose  crystalline  rocks,  shown 
to  rest  upon  the  Laurentian  series  on  ths  north  shore  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Superior.  A  similar  series  is  largely  developed  in  the  Atlantic  belt  in  New- 
foundland,  in  the  province  of  Quebec,  and  in  New  England,  and  farther  south- 
westward  in  the  Blue  Bidge.  The  Huronian  differs  from  the  preceding  series 
by  the  frequent  presence  of  schistose  rocks,  and  of  conglomerates,  which  con- 
tain  fragments  of  the  underlying  gneisses.  The  Huronian  contains  a  consider- 
able portion  of  epidote,  hornblende  and  pyroxene,  and  is  marked  by  varieties 
of  diabasic  rocks,  often  called  gabbros,  which  are  truly  stratified,  but  are  not  to 
be  confounded  with  the  norites  of  the  Norian  series,  to  which  the  name  of 
gabbro  is  also  often  given.  The  Huronian  series  moreover  includes  imperfect 
gneisses,  quartzites,  dolomites,  serpentines,  and  steatite,  besides  large  amounts 
of  chloritic,  micaceous  and  argillaceous  schists.  Its  thickness  has  been  esti- 
mated at  about  18,000  feet,  and  it  is  often  found  resting  unconformably  upon 
the  gneiss  of  the  Laurentian.  Ores  of  copper,  nickel,  chrome  and  iron  are 
common  in  the  Huronian  series.,  which  is  penetrated  in  many  localities  by 
unstratifi  jd  rocks,  both  granite  and  doleritic. 

The  racks  in  the  British  Islands,  which  have  lately  been  described  by  the 
name  of  Pebidian,  are  apparently  identical  with  the  Huronian ;  and  the  great 
series  in  the  Alps,  known  to  tbe  Italians  as  the  pietri  verdi,  or  greenstone 
group,  or  at  least  its  lower  portion,  has  both  the  lithological  characters  and 
the  geognostical  relations  of  the  Huronian,  to  ./hich  it  is  now  generally 
referred.    Similar  crystalline  schists  found  in  California,  both  in  the  foot-hills 


DESCRIPTIONS  OP  THE  FORMATIONS. 


13 


■^''  the  Sierras  and  in  the  Coast  Range,  are  probably  Huronian.  The  gold 
oins  of  California  traverse  both  these  schists  and  the  penetrating  granites. 
1  e%  Montalbani-The  name  of  Montalban  was  given  in  1872  to  a  great 
series  of  crystalline  schists  which  are  lithologically  and  geognostically  dis> 
tingaished  from  the  Huronian,  and  are  well  displayed  in  New  Hampshire 
in  the  White  Mountains  (whence  the  name).  It  occupies  large  areas  in  New 
England  and  constitutes  the  gneisses  and  mica  schists  of  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore  and  Washington,  extending  southwestward  into  Alabama,  and» 
in  the  absense  of  the  intermediate  groups,  often  rests  directly  on  the 
Laurentian  gneiss.  This  is  well  seen  on  the  Island  of  New  York,  on  the 
north  part  of  which  the  older  gneiss,  which  makes  up  the  Highlands  of  the 
Hudson,  appears  from  beneath  the  Montalban,  which  covers  the  greater  part 
of  the  island.  The  Montalban  series  contains  fine  grained  white  gneisses, 
sometimes  porphyritic,  but  distinct  from  the  granitoid  gneisses  of  the 
Laurentian,  and  passing  into  granulites  on  the  one  hand,  and  very  quartzose, 
coarse  grained  mica  schibts,  chiefly  muscovtic,  on  the  other.  It  also  includes 
hornblende  in  some  parts,  and  the  gneiss,  by  a  predominance  of  this  mineral, 
passes  into  a  nearly  black  schistose  hornblendercck.  Beds  of  granular 
chrysolite  rock  (accompanied  by  enstatite,  and  by  serpentine,  often  with 
chromite,  are  foimd  interstratified  in  this  series  in  North  Carolina  and  in 
Georgia.  It  also  includes  beds  of  crystalline  limestone,  which  resemble 
those  of  the  Laurentian,  and  moreover  includes  large  deposits  of  iron  pyrites 
and  copper  pyrites.  The  fine  grained  gneisses  of  the  Montalban  are  some- 
times called  granites,  bul  the  series  is  penetrated  by  great  masses  of  true 
intrusive  granite.  The  mica  schists  of  the  series  often  contain  garnet, 
staurolite,  cyanite  and  andalusite ;  these  species,  with  the  exception  of  the 
first,  not  being,  so  far  as  known,  found  in  the  Laurentian  series.  The  endoge- 
nous granitic  veins  carrying  muscovite,  iolite,  spodumene,  beryl,  columbite, 
tinstone  and  apatite  in  the  «A.tlantic  belt,  occur  chiefly  in  the  Montalban 
series.  The  Montalban  is  supposed  to  be  represented  by  the  younger 
gneissic  and  mica  schist  ;series  of  Scotland,  which  has  been  called  Upper 
jPebidian,  Grampian  and  Caledonian.  It  corresponds  to  the  younger  gneissic 
jseries  of  the  Alps,  where  it  is  generally,  though  not  everywhere,  separated 
I  from  the  older  Laurentian  group  by  a  great  development  of  Huronian. 

1  fi  Taeoniaiii— Along  the  great  Appalachian  Valley  from  Vermont  to 

I  Alabama  extends  a  belt  of  quartzite,  limestone  and  crystalline  schists  with 

Iroofing^lates,  which,  by  many  geologists,  have  been  regarded  as  a  great 

Idevelopment  in  an  altered  condition  of  the  Cambrian  and  Ordovician  (Pots- 

Idam-Loraine).     These  rocks,  called  by  H.  D.  Rogers  Primal,  AuroriJ  and 

IMatinal,  are  regarded  by  others  as  older  than  the  Potsdam,  and  constitute 

the  Lower  Taconic  of  Emmons,  since  called  Taconian.     They  include  the 

[tacolumitic  series  of  South  Carolina,  and  have  a  general  thickness  of  4,000 

5,000  feet.    In  these  are  found  the  white  marbles  of  the  Valley,  the  great 

leposits  of  limonite  and  beds  of  magnetic  and  specular  iron  ores.    To  this 

^eries  are  also  referred  the  similar  series  of  rocks  in  northern  Michigan  and 

[innesota,  including  what  has  been  named  the  Animikie  series,  which  have 

an  confounded  with  the  Huronian.    A  great  series  of  similar  rocks  is  found  in 

I  Alps  between  the  younger  gneisses  and  the  paleozoic.     T.  Stbrry  Hunt. 


■^:l 


u 


THE  QEOLOaiST'S    TRAYELlNO    HAND-BOOK. 


'"■'*■■  .• 


2-15.  PALEOZOIC. 


2-4.  CAMBRIAN  (or  lower  Silurian)  AGE. 


;■! 


It 


2  &.  Acadiaiii— This  series  is  found  at  Braintree,  in  Massachusetts,  at  St. 
John,  in  New  Brunswick,  and  at  St.  John,  in  Newfoundland.  It  includes  one 
thousand  feet  or  more  of  f ossilif erous  sandstone  and  shale,  and  according  to  Dr. 
Hunt,  corresponds  to  the  Meneyian  of  Great  Britain.  It  has  only  been  found 
along  the  north-eastern  border  of  the  Atlantic  belt.  It  is  remarkable  as  a  fossil- 
iferous  rock  below  the  Potsdam,  which  had,  before  its  discovery,  always  been  con- 
«idered  as  the  lowest  formation  of  that  description  on  the  continent. 

2  b,  Potsdamt— The  Potsdam  sandstone,  was  for  a  long  time  considered  as 
the  lowest  sedimentary  f ossilif  erous  rock.    It  is  usually  of  a  purely  quartzose 
character,  generally  gray,  though  often  striped,  and   sometimes   partially  or 
entirely ,red.    In  places  it  appears  as  a  conglomerate,  but  sometimes  the  enclosed 
masses  are  angular,  showing  them  to  be  near  their  source. — Hall,  N.  T.  B.,  37. 
It  is  a  hard  silicious  sandstone,  white,  red,  gray,  yellowish,  and  frequently  striped. 
Some  strata  of  this  rock  are  covered  with  the  most  beautifully  characterized 
ripple-marks  as  perfect  as  if  just  formed  on  the  sand  of  a  F.a-bcach,  while 
the  rock  is  the  most  indurated  kind  of  sandstone.     Its  lower  portion  is  a 
^granitic  conglomerate,  in  which  large  masses  of  quartz,  the  size  of  a  peck 
measure,  are  often  enveloped ;  they  are  rounded  and  water-worn,  and  held  together 
by  a  finer  variety  of  the  same  material.     On  the  Canada  slope,  where  the 
mass  is  800  feet  thick,  it  is  wholly  a  conglomerate,  made  up  of  coarse  materials. 
The  part  which  is  properly  a  sandstone,  has  two  principal  varieties,  a  close  grained, 
sharp  edged  mass,  with  natural  joints  traversing  it  in  two  directions,  but  so  closely 
wedged  together  that  it  is  quarried  with  difficulty.    This  is  the  Eeeseville  variety, 
and  that  of  Pa.  and  N.  J.     The  other,  the  typical  mass  at  Potsdam,  is  an  even 
bedded  and  somewhat  porous  rock,  at  many  places  a  distinct  friable  siandstone, 
in  others  a  yellowish-brown  sandstone,  the  particles  of  which  are  compacted 
together,  so  as  to  form  a  firm,  even-grained  mass,  with  the  planes  of  deposition 
perfectly  smooth  and  separable  from  each  other,  the  layers  being  from  two  inches 
to  four  feet  thick.    At  Potsdam  quarries,  a  layer  of  100  square  feet  may  be  raised 
and  split  into  rails,  six  inches  wide  and  ten  feet  long,  or  it  may  be  broken  into 
pieces  the  size  of  a  brick,  with  even  edges  of  fracture,  and  each  layer  may  be 
separated  into  many.      The  color  here  is  yellowish-brown,  and  a  deep  red  variety 
occurs  at  Chazy,  resting  immediately  upon  the  primitive  rock.— Mather,  103.     It 
is  nowhere  charged  with  mineral  matter,  either  disseminated  or  in  veins.    The 
native  copper  of  Lake  Superior  is  in  an  old  trappean  formation,  and  has  no  relation 
to  the  neighboring  extensive  formation  of  Potsdam.    In  an  economical  point  of 
view,  the  Potsdam  is  unimportant  as  a  depository  of  useful  substt^nces. 


DESOBIFHONS  OF  THE  FOBMATIONS. 


15 


The  general  color  of  the  stone  at  Potsdam  is  yellowish-brown,  bnt  tba 
tint  of  each  layer  differs  somewhat  from  those  adjacent  to  it,  so  that  the  rook, 
upon  the  fractured  edges,  wears  a  slightly  striped  aspect.  It  is  the  finest  quarry 
stone  in  the  state,  being  so  perfectly  workable  and  manageable. — 860.  It  is  an  ex- 
cellent building  material,  holding  mortar  w&U,  and  makes  a  dry  house. — iid.  Under 
the  Potsdam,  and  upon  the  primary  rock,  is  the  position  of  the  specular  and  red 
oxide  of  iron.— V.  267. 

In  Minnesota,  the  lower  portion  of  the  formation  Is  400  fee.  thick,  and  is  hard 
and  often  vitreous,  and  usually  of  a  brick-red  color,  with  very  distinct  layers,  often 
separated  into  slaty  layers  by  partings  of  red  shale,  strongly  marked  with 
fucoidal  impressions,  frequently  ripple-marked  and  cracked.  The  upper  part  of 
the  formation,  there  called  the  St.  Croix  sandstone,  is  white  or  buff  in  color,  often 
friable,  and  constitutes  a  heavy  bedded  or  massive  sandstone  of  rounded  quartzose 
grains. — ^N.  H.  Winchell.  « 

In  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  the  Potsdam  proper,  omitting  the  St.  Croix  sandstone, 
is  a  friable,  crumbling  mass,  of  no  value  for  building  purposes  except  as 
sand,  consisting  of  a  pure  silicious  sand  in  minute  grains,  with  a  very  slight 
amount  of  cementing  matter.  Unless  protected  by  some  more  resisting  rock 
above  it  the  Potsdam  appears  in  steep  slopes,  or  low,  gently  "^welling  hills  and 
mound-like  eminences.  Those  portions  which  are  hard  and  enduring  are  cemented 
by  oxide  of  iron,  and  have  a  brown  color. 

In  Wisconsin,  the  Potsdam  is  800  to  1000  feet  thick,  and  has  a  much  larger 
surface-development  than  elsewhere,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  great  number  of 
railway-stations  on  it.  It  extends  over  12,000  square  miles,  and  contains  many 
fossils  not  found  in  New  To;'k.  Where  the  Potsdam  in  Wisconsin  is  on  the  surface, 
and  not  covered  by  drift,  there  is  usually  a  loose,  sandy  soil,  with  a  sparse  growth 
of  small  oak  and  pine  timber.  This  formation  is  one  that  has  been  very  properly 
allowed  to  retain  its  original  name  almost  undisputed  all  over  the  United  States, 
except  that  Professor  Owen  r<'.  first  called  it  the  Lowbr  Sandstone,  in  the  North 
West  to  distinguish  it  from  the  8  c,  St.  Peters  or  Upper  Sandstone. 

In  Michigan,  the  Potsdam  is  the  red  sandstone,  which  is  emphatically  the 
chief  rock  that  appears  upon  the  immediate  coast  of  the  whole  south  shore  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  forms  the  Pictured  Rocks  and  the  Falls  of  St.  Marie.  Here  it 
is  of  inconsiderable  thickness,  but  it  regularly  thickens  in  going  westward. — 
Houghton,  4th  R.,  500.  Some  have  referred  the  Lake  Superior  sandstone  to  the 
age  of  the  Chazy,  but  the  late  studies  of  Rominger  show  that  it  is  really  of 
Potsdam  age.  The  Chicago  Tribune  office  building  is  of  this  Lake  Superior 
sandstone,  and  the  Court  House  at  Milwaukee  is  another  conspicuous  specimen. 

In  Pennsylvania,  the  Potsdam  is  a  compact,  fine-grained,  white  and  yellowish 
vitreous  sandstone,  containing  specks  of  Kaolin. 

The  Potsdam  formation  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  represented  in  the  Green 
Pond  Moimtain  of  New  Jersey  by  a  local  deposit  of  coarse  conglomerate,  3000  feet 
thick,  but  others  deny  that  this  mountain  is  Po^^sdam.  It  is  less  than  80  feet  thick 
where  it  is  seen  rising  from  beneath  the  limestones  of  the  Lehigh  River,  but 
increases  in  thickness  westward  and  southward,  until  it  comes  to  be  represented  in 
Tennessee  by  many  thousand  feet  of  alteinate  coarse  and  fine  deposits.  See 
Safford'B  Oeol.  R.  of  Tenit 


16 


THE  GEOLOGIST'S  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOS. 


i 


3  ai  Caloiferouti— This  group  embraces  in  New  York  three  distinct  masses 
as  to  character  and  position,  and  these  alternate  and  intermix  with  each 
other.  The  first  is  silicious,  compact,  and  may  probably  be  the  continuation 
of  the  Potsdam  sandstone.  The  second  is  a  variable  mixture  of  fine,  yellow, 
silicious  sand  and  dolomite  or  magnesian  carbonate  of  lime,  which,  when 
fractured,  presents  a  fine,  sparkling  grain.  It  is  in  irregulai-  layers,  which 
have  a  shattered  appearance,  from  numerous  cracks,  the  parts  being  more 
or  less  separated  from  each  other.  This  is  the  mass  from  which  the  name 
Calciferous  sandrock  was  derived.  The  third  is  a  mixture  of  the  dolomite 
material,  which  is  usually  yellowish,  very  granular  when  fresh  broken,  and 
of  a  compact  limestone,  which  resembles  the  Birdseye.  The  action  of  the 
weather  gives  these  layers  the  appearance  of  Gothic  fret-work,  and  the  color 
becomes  a  dark  yellow-brown. — V.  21.  As  its  name  indicates,  it  is  a  sandy 
magnesian  limestone,  but  it  is  not  destitute  of  beds  of  pure  limestone.  The 
mixture  of  a  variety  of  mineral  matter  causes  the  rock  to  weather  unequally  ; 
hence  it  is  often  rough  externally,  portions  of  the  silicious  part  standing  out 
in  relief.  There  are  two  quite  uniform  characters  which  distinguish  the 
Calciferous,  viz :  A  fine  crystalline  structure  intermixed  with  earthy  matter 
and  numerous  small  masses  of  calcareous  spar. — E.  105.  Great  numbers 
of  quartz  crystals  are  found  in  the  cavities  of  this  formation,  many  of  them 
very  perfect  as  to  form  and  transparency.— V.  30. 

In  the  Mississippi  basin  this  formation  is  called  the  Lowbr  Magnesian 
Limestone,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Upper  or  Trenton  limestone.  The 
eastern  name,  Calciferous  or  lime-bearing  sandrock,  does  not  apply,  as  it  is 
almost  free  from  sand.  As  its  western  namo  indicates,  it  is  a  dolomite  or 
magnesian  limestone,  and  makes  an  excellent  lime  for  building  purposes. 
It  usually  contains  about  one  equivalent  oi-  forty-five  per  cent  of  carbonate 
of  magnesia.  This  limestone  forms  the  summits  of  the  blufi^  of  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  it  supports  high  table-lands  that  extend  back  from  the  river,  and  forms 
prominent  angles  to  the  summits  of  the  blufis  on  either  side  of  that  river. 
These  even  and  heavy  layers  are  those  usually  quarried  for  building-stone. 
D.  D.  Owen  gives  descriptions  of  the  picturesque  character  of  the  landscape 
in  the  region  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  especially  the  striking  similarity 
which  the  rock  exposures  present  to  ruined  structures,  and  his  report  is 
illustrated  by  beautiful  engravings  showing  the  castellated  appearance  of  the 
clifb  of  the  Lower  Magnesian  limestone  on  the  Iowa  river.  In  Pennsylvania 
it  is  a  coarse,  gray,  calcareous  sandstone,  containing  cavities  enclosing  very 
minute  crystals  of  quartz  and  calcareous  spar. 

3  b,  Chazyi-To  the  Calciferous  succeeds  the  Chazy  limestone.  As  a  whole, 
it  is  a  daxk,  irregular,  thick-bedded  limestone.  At  Chazy,  New  York,  on  Lake 
Champlain,  it  contains  many  rough,  irregular,  flinty  or  cherty  masses.  At 
Essex  the  beds  are  more  regular,  and  form,  in  consequence,  a  better  building 
stone.  As  a  limestone  it  is  purer  than  the  Calciferous,  being  non-magnesicn; 
the  principal  foreign  matter  is  silica  in  the  form  of  chert.  It  is  free  from  the 
brown  earthy  spots,  and  the  masses  of  brown  calcareous  spar  so  common  in 
the  Calciferous  sandrock. 

This  formation  is  130  feet  thick  on  Lake  Champlain,  but  it  is  less  constant 
in  the  series  than  the  others,  and  as  it  is  not  an  important  formation  on  the 


M 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


17 


lines  of  the  railroads,  an  extended  description  is  not  here  necesttary.  It  is  not 
found  in  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk.  Its  fosails  are  found  in  Pennsylvania  and 
Virginia*  but  its  limits  are  not  there  defined.  In  the  Northwestern  States  the 
St.  Peter  sandstone  occupies  the  same  place  in  the  series  as  the  Chazy  in  the 
east. 

3  b.  8ti  Peter  Sandstone  (Upper  Sandstone  of  Owen).— This  is  a  wostern 
formation  and  does  not  occur  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  Prof.  Lesley  thinks  it 
may  have  representatives  in  the  massive  silicious  members  of  the  great  lime- 
stone mass  of  from  6,000  to  6,000  feet  thick,  as  measured  along  the  two  branches 
of  the  Juniata  in  Pennsylvania.  It  is  first  recognized  in  going  west,  to  the  south- 
west of  Winnebago  Lake.  It  is  also  8<^n  up  the  Mississippi,  near  St.  Paul 
and  St.  Anthony,  and  on  the  streat  y  of  northeast  Iowa,  and  at  La  Salle,  Illi- 
nois, where  it  is  brought  to  the  surface  by  an  anticlinal  axis.  It  is  remarkable 
for  its  uniform  thickness,  which  is  from  72  to  100  feet  over  a  space  of  500  miles 
in  length  and  400  miles  in  width.  In  Central  Wisconsin,  however,  its  thick- 
ness is  very  irregular.  It  is  also  of  the  same  character  throughout,  being  com- 
posed of  wonderfhlly  uniform  and  exceedingly  minute  grains  of  sand,  held 
together  by  the  merest  trace  of  cement,  so  that  the  mass  may  easily  be  moved 
with  shovel  and  pick,  as  is  everywhere  done  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  sand 
for  mortar.  This  sandstone,  though  usually  white,  sometimes  assumes  a  buff 
or  brown  color  from  the  presence  of  iron,  and  in  some  localities  it  becomes  red  or 
is  marked  by  bands  of  a  bright  green  color.  It  appears  like  a  recurrence  of 
the  Lower  or  Potsdam  sandstone.  Being  composed  almost  entirely  of  pure 
silica,  it  is,  when  not  colored  by  oxide  of  iron,  one  of  the  very  best  materials 
yet  discovered  in  the  west  for  the  manufacture  of  glass.  It  is  the  same  as 
that  known  in  Missouri  as  saccharoidal  sandstone,  which  is  carried  to  Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania,  and  used  by  the  glass-makers  in  manufacturing  the  best 
kinds  of  glass.    See  note  2,  Missouri. 

4  Bi  Trenton  Limestone.— Next  in  ascending  order  occurs  the  4  a.  Trenton 
limestone,  which,  in  the  Northwestern  States,  is  divided  into  the  Buflf  lime- 
stone and  Blue  limestone.  In  Wisconsin  there  are  two  buff  and  two  blue  beds 
alternating.  They  arc  undoubtedly  the  same  as  the  well  known  Chazy,  Birds- 
eye,  Black  Riv(^'  d  Trenton  limestones  of  New  York  and  other  Eastern 
States.  Th '  ^  ..x-e  known  ?  u  the  West  wherever  the  exposures  reach  to  the  upper 
sandstone. 

The  upper  member  of  the  4  a.  Trenton  limestone,  in  South  Western  Wis- 
consin and  the  adjoining  parts  of  Illinois  and  Iowa,  is  the  very  important 
Galena  or  lead-producing  limestone,  which  has  no  exact  representation  in  the 
Eastern  States.  It  is  a  light  gray  or  a  yellowish-gray,  heavy-bedded  rock. 
It  is  compact,  minutely  crystalline  throughout,  often  with  small  cavities  lined 
with  crystals  of  brown  spar,  and  the  whole  thickaess  of  the  formation  is  250 
feet.  The  Galena  or  lead  ore  contains  13.4  per  cent,  of  sulphur  and  86.6  per 
cent,  of  lead,  and  is  found  in  heavy  bodies  in  crevices  in  this  Galena  dolomite 
or  magnesian  limestone.  Prof.  J.  D.  Whitney,  in  his  admirable  report  on  the 
geology  of  the  lead  region  of  Southwestern  Wisconsin,  has  proved  that  these 
lead  deposits  must  have  been  introduced  into  the  fissures  by  precipitation  from 
above.  The  lead  mines  of  Missouri  are  chiefly  in  the  Lower  Magnesian  lime- 
stone. 


M 


18 


THE  OEOLOOISrS  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


N  .. 


In  WiHconsin,  a  very  noticeable  feature  of  the  Trenton  limestone  is  its 
marked  division  into  tlie  two  parts  before  mentioned.  One,  which  is  the  lower 
half,  is  very  heavy  bedded,  in  layers  of  two  or  three  feet  thiclc,  known  as  the 
glass-rock,  and  the  other  thin  bedded,  in  layers  of  two  or  three  inches.  There 
is  always  a  stratum  of  carbonaceous  shale  flrom  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  a  foot  or 
more  in  thickness,  which  separatee  the  blue  or  Trenton  firom  the  thin  bedded 
Galena  limestone  above  it 

Professor  B.  D.  Irving  describes  the  GMena  limestone  as  almost  invariably 
a  very  compact,  hard,  crystalline  rock,  of  a  yellowisb-gray  color,  with  Aumer- 
ous  small  cavities  filled  with  a  softer  viutterial,  or  lined  with  crystals  of  cilcite. 
The  upper  portion  is  thick  bedded  and  free  from  flints,  the  layers  being  from 
one  to  four  feet  thick,  while  the  lower  portion  almost  invariably  consists  of 
several  feet  of  layers  ttom  one  to  two  inches  thick.  Qood  exposures  of  parts 
of  the  Galena  limestone  are  frequently  to  be  met  with.  It  may  be  seen  in 
clifBs  and  ledges,  on  nearly  all  the  streams  in  the  lead  region,  where  it  weathers 
irregularly,  leaving  the  surface  full  of  small  cavities,  due  to  the  removal  of  its 
softer  parts.  The  formation  contains  masses  of  flint  in  layers,  or  in  irregular 
pieces,  which  are  principally  confined  to  the  middle  and  lower  parts  of  the 
formation,  although  not  entirely  absent  f^om  any  part. 

In  the  interior  valleys  of  Pennsylvania,  as  for  example,  in  Sinking  Valley. 
Blair  Co.,  considerable  quantities  of  zinc  ore,  and  some  galena,  have  been 
found  in  the  Trenton  limestone  group,  which  is  there  at  least  1,000  feet  thick. 
The  lead  mines  of  Wythe  Co.,  Virginia,  are  at  the  same,  or  at  a  somewhat 
lower  horizon.  The  zinc  mines  near  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania,  and  near 
Landisville,  Lancaster  Co.,  are  nearly  of  the  same  geological  age.  Isolated 
crystals  or  smaU  masses  of  galena  occur  in  crevices  in  the  limestone  beds  of 
this  age  throughout  the  entire  range  of  the  great  valley  f^om  Newburgh,  on 
the  Hudson,  to  Chattanooga,  in  Tennessee.  The  limestones  in  this  valley, 
which  are  the  Auroral  limestones  of  H.  D.  Bogers,  are,  by  some  geologists, 
referred  to  an  older  series. 

In  the  State  of  New  York  the  lower  part  of  the  Trenton  is  called  the 
Birdseye.  It  is  a  perfectly  pure  limestone,  and  the  next  layer,  which  is  the 
middle  or  Black  Biver  sub-division,  is  sometimes  used  as  a  marble.  It  is 
solid,  hard,  and  easily  worked,  by  reason  of  its  conchoidal  fracture,  and  is 
valuable  for  lime  and  for  building. 

The  upper  part  of  the  formation,  or  Trenton  limestone  proper  in  New 
York,  consists  of  two  distinct  varieties,  at  Trenton  Falls.  The  first  or  upper 
part  is  a  dark  or  black  colored,  fine  grained  limestone,  in  thin  layers,  sepa- 
rated  regularly  by  black  shale  or  slate,  forming  the  great  mass  in  which  the 
creek  has  worn  its  channel,  and  in  which  are  all  the  fitdls.  See  Note  62, 
New  York. 

The  second,  or  lower  part  of  the  Trenton  proper,  is  a  gray,  coarse  grained 
limestone,  in  thick  layers,  and  it  is  quite  crystalline.  This  is  the  quarry- 
stone  at  Prospect,  above  Trenton  Falls.  At  Montreal,  the  church  of  Notre 
Dame  and  many  other  structures  are  constructed  of  the  gray  variety  of  the 
Trenton  limestone,  quarried  behind  the  city,  but  the  thinner  layers,  when 
not  dressed,  are  of  a  more  pleasing  color,  and  make  a  handsomer  building- 
stone. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


19 


The  Trenton  formation  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States,  is  almost  always 
a  limestone.  A  conspicuous  example  of  the  Trrnton,  Utica  aud  Hudson 
River  formations,  is  seen  in  the  f.ong  continuous  and  beautiful  valley  of  the 
Hudson  and  Lake  Champlain,  the  Kittatinny  valley  of  New  Jersey,  the 
Cumberland  valley  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Shenandoah  valley  of  Virginia,  and 
the  valley  of  East  Tennessee.  The  fertility  of  its  limestone  land  is  almost 
inexhaustible.  The  deposits  of  brown  hematite  iron  ore,  found  in  the  soil, 
and  occupying  hollows  or  basins  in  the  softer  limestones  below  the  Trenton 
in  so  many  places,  and  in  such  large  quantities,  are  supposed  by  some  to  be 
of  aqueous  origin,  and  not  strictly  a  product  of  this  formation,  which  is  only 
its  receptacle.  But  many  other  geologists,— R.  M.  S.  Jackson,  A.  A.  Hender. 
son,  Lesley,  Piatt,  Prime  and  Frazer,  have  all  agreed  in  advocating  the  oppo. 
site  view,  each  from  his  own  independent  studies.  They  derive  the  limonite 
beds  either  from  the  solution  of  the  ferriferous  limestone  layers,  or  from 
the  intercalated  micaceous  slates,  or  from  the  pyrites-bearing  slates  of  the 
neighborhood.  According  to  Dr.  Hunt,  it  comes  from  the  change  of  masses 
both  of  iron-pyrites  and  of  carbonate  of  iron,  originally  imbedded  in  the 
limestones  and  slates. 

4  b.  UtIca  Slatei— The  Trenton  limestone  is  succeeded  by  a  dark  or 
black  carbonaceous  slate,  called  tne  Utica  slate.  In  Pennsylvania  this  for- 
mation is  everywhere  darkly  colored,  and  the  coloring  matter  is  probably 
derived  from  abundant  remains  of  marine  plants  or  animals.  While  the 
black  color  of  some  of  the  clays  in  the  brown  hematite  ore  banks  of  the 
upper  range  (immediately  beneath  the  Utica  slate),  as  at  the  mines  in  Lehigl 
Co.,  Pa.,  and  the  Brandon  ore  mine  in  Vermont,  seems  to  be  derived  from 
the  black  slates  of  the  Utica,  the  gray  color  of  some  of  the  limestones,  and 
of  the  carbonate  ores  (as  at  the  Saucon  zinc  mines)  is  known  to  be  due  to 
disseminated  graphite. 

Within  the  State  of  New  York,  it  is  everywhere  Mack,  and  usually  soft 
and  fissile.  Thin  beds  of  impure  lime  itone  are  associated  with  it  in  nany 
places,  and  sometimes  thin  layers  of  carbonate  of  iron,  and  it  passes  into  the 
Trenton  limestone  by  gradual  interstratification.  Thus  bands  of  slate  are 
interstratified  in  the  limestone,  and  thin  strata  of  limestone  containing  fossil 
remains  in  the  lower  part  of  the  slate.  These  crumbling  shales  may  generally 
be  distinguished  by  their  dark  blue*black  and  brownish-black  color,  but 
there  are  some  strata  among  the  grits  of  the  Hudson  River  that  can  scarcely 
be  distinguished  from  these.  The  Utica  slate  weathers  ash-gray,  rapidly 
disintegrates,  and,  where  it  is  exposed  in  clifis,  frost  and  other  agents  con- 
stantly break  it  into  small  fragments,  which  collect  at  the  base  in  the  form 
of  a  talus.  In  Pennsylvania,  it  outcrops,  with  little  or  no  variation,  as  a  dark 
blue  carbonaceous  slate  and  shale,  extremely  fissile  in  its  lower  beds.  It 
forms  the  sur&ce-rock  along  a  narrow  region  in  the  Mohawk  valley.  In 
East  Tennessee,  the  beds  both  of  Utica  and  Hudson  River,  or  Cincinnati, 
are  of  great  extent,  and  consist  of  blue  calcareous  and  sandy  shales,  with 
some  layers  of  calcareous  sandstone.  Professor  Hall  considers  the  Utica  slate 
as  properly  the  lower  member  of  the  Hudson  River  group. 

4.  0.  Hudson  River  (Cincinnati,  Nashville,  Loraine  and  Frankfort  sand- 
stone and  shale). — ^The  rocks  of  this  group  in  New  York  are  mostly  slates, 


20 


THE  oEOLoaisra  traveling  hand-houk. 


i 


flhales  and  gray,  Blaty  and  thick-bedded  grits.  The  slates  and  shales  are 
generally  dark  brown,  blue  and  black,  and  the  grits  are  gray,  greenish  and 
bluish-gray.  They  are  stratified  and  conformabio,  alternating  a  great  number 
of  timoH,  without  any  regular  order  of  alternation,  and  in  Eastern  New  York 
are  from  600  to  800  feet  thick.  The  first  New  York  geologists  called  this 
formation  the  Grey  wackc,  and  it  is  still  so  called  by  the  stone-cutters  on  the 
River  Hudson.  Its  lower  portion  was  called  the  Frankfort  slate  and  sand- 
stone, and  the  upper  part  the  Pulatki  shale  and  sandstone,  which  latter  were 
afterwards  called  the  Loraine  shale.  Wherever  streams  have  passed  over  it 
they  have,  in  pro<;cs8  of  time,  worn  in  the  rocks  a  deep  channel  or  gorge 
sometimes  preventing  a  free  communication  across  them,  as  at  Loraine  (see 
Note  No.  69,  New  York).  By  decomposition,  it  produces  a  tenacious,  clayey 
soil,  favorable  for  grass,  forming  the  best  dairy-land,  as  in  Orange  Co.,  New 
York,  about  Goshen  and  Middletown.  ?t  increases  in  thickness  southward 
so  rapidly  that  at  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  water  gaps,  measurements  of 
6,000  feet  have  been  made  through  it,  from  its  top  downward,  without  reach- 
ing its  lower  limit. 

In  many  places  along  its  last  outcrop  toward  the  Atlantic,  it  has  Air- 
nished  many  masses  of  a  substance  resembUng  anthracite,  also  beds  of  impure 
limestone,  and  beds  of  red  shale,  which  increase  very  much  going  south  into 
Virginia. 

In  Pennsylvania,  the  Hudson  tliver  slate  consists  of  blue  and  greenish- 
gray  shale,  alternating  with  gray  calcareous  and  argillaceous  sandstone  in 
thin  beds.  The  sandstones  grow  more  abundant  as  we  ascend  in  the  for- 
mation. The  middle  portion,  whore  much  metamorphosed  and  intersected 
by  cleavage-planes,  in  certain  localities,  produces  a  good  roofing-slate,  aa  at 
Slatington  and  Delaware  Water  Gap,  Pa. 

The  geologists  of  the  Western  States  generally,  have  dropped  the  desig- 
nation of  Hudson  River,  at  least  in  regard  to  strata  west  of  the  Alleghanies, 
and  have  substituted  for  it  the  name,  Cincinnati,  proposed  by  Worthen  and 
Meek;  making  this  term  co-extensive  with  the  former.  In  this  guide, 
Hudson  River  is  used  in  the  Eastern,  and  Cincinnati  in  the  Western  States. 
At  Cincinnati  the  whole  series  is  abont  800  feet  thick,  and,  according  to 
Dr.  Newberry,  by  its  fossils,  is  the  equivalent  of  the  Chazy,  Trenton,  Utica 
find  Hudson  River,  all  blended  together.  In  Ohio  it  is  composed  of  alter- 
nating beds  of  limestone  and  shale,  the  latter  sometimes  called  blue  clay. 
The  limestone  is  an  even-bedded,  firm,  durable,  semi-crystalline  limestone, 
crowded  with  fossils.  It  is  commonly  called  the  blue  limestone,  but  the 
prevailing  color  is  grayish-blue,  and  the  weathered  surface  shows  yellowish 
or  light-gray  shades.  In  southern  Dlinois  the  lower  part  of  the  Cincinnati 
is  composed  of  brown  sandy  shales  and  sandstone,  and  the  upper  portion  is 
a  thin-bedded,  dark  bluish-gray,  fine  grained  limestone,  two  to  six  inches 
thick,  with  shaly  partings  between  the  layers.  In  northern  Illinois  it  is 
bituminous,  and  consists  of  sandy  shales  with  thin  bands  of  limestone.  In 
Iowa  it  is  the  Maquoketa  shales,  which  are  bluish  and  brownish  shales  form- 
ing a  stiff  clay  soil.  In  Missouri  the  upper  shale  bed  only  is  found,  with  an 
occasional  fiag-Iike  limestone  layer. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


21 


It  should  here  be  said  that  in  the  opinion  of  the  earlier  American  geologists, 
Amos  Eaton  and  Ebenezer  Emmons,  and  as  now  maintained  by  Dr.  Sterry 
Hunt,  considerable  portions  of  the  strata  above  described,  including  what  is 
called  Potddam  sandstone  inPennsylvania,along  the  Appalachian  Valley  f^om 
New  England  to  Alabama,  as  well  as  the  great  mass  of  accompanying  lime* 
stones— the  Auroral  of  Rogers— belongs  to  the  Lower  Taconic  or  Taconian 
series,  and  is  of  pre-Cambrian  age.  The  name  of  Hudson  River  group,  has 
hitherto  been  used  in  a  very  vague  sense,  and  made  to  include  not  only  the 
upper  schistose  beds,  including  the  rooflng*slate  of  the  Taconian,  and  the 
much  more  recent  Loraine  or  Cincinnati  shales,  but  also  a  great  intermediate 
series,  called  by  Eaton  the  First  or  Transition  Qreywacke— the  Utica,  Loraine, 
and  Oneida  being  his  Secondary  Grey  wacke. 

This  First  Grey  wacke  series,  along  the  eastern  border  of  the  Appalachian 
valley  in  New  York  and  New  England,  and  thence  southwest  on  the  one  hand, 
and  northeast  to  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  on  the  other,  is  a  great  belt  of  dis- 
turbed strata,  which  were  for  a  long  time  assigned  by  some  geologists  to  a 
position  above  the  Trenton  limestone,  while  by  others  they  were  regarded  as 
below  that  horizon,  and  of  the  age  of  the  Potsdam  and  Calciferous  divisions. 
Emmons,  who  for  many  years  maintained  the  latter  view,  called  these  rocks 
the  Taconic  slates  or  Upper  Taconic,  a  name  which  Logan,  when  he  finally  ac- 
cepted  this  conclusion,  changed  to  that  of  the  Quebec  group,  divided  into  three 
parts,  named  by  him  Sillery,  Lauzon,  and  Levis;  the  latter  being  supposed  by 
him  the  oldest.  It  has  since  been  shown  that  the  Sillery  is  the  oldest  and  the 
Levis  the  newest,  its  fauna  approaching  that  of  the  Chazy ;  while  some  portions 
of  this  group  (afterwards  distinguished  by  Logan  as  Potsdam)  contain  a  fauna 
as  old,  or  older,  than  the  typical  Potsdam.  These  rocks,  which  have  an  aggregate 
thickness  of  7,000  feet  or  more,  are  much  disturbed,  and  include  portions  of 
strata  of  later  date,  Ordovician  and  Silurian.  To  this  essentially  Cambiian 
series,  as  already  said,  belongs  a  great  part  of  what  has  been  called  Hudson 
River  group,  though  this  name,  in  paleontology,  has  been  restricted  to  the 
Loraine  shales,  which  belong  to  a  higher  Ordovician  hoiizon.— T.  S.  H. 

Keweeniani— This  name  haslbeen  given  to  the  great  copper-bearing  series 
of  the  Lake  Superior  basin,  which,  while  resting  in  the  difi'erent  parts  upon 
various  crystalline  groups,  is  unconformably  overlaid  by  the  Cambrian  sand- 
stones of  the  Potsdam.  It  is  made  up  chiefly  of  sandstones  and  conglomer- 
ates, with  interposed  layers  of  basic  eruptive  rocks  of  cotemporaneous  origin, 
generally  designated  melaphyres.  This  series  abounds  in  metallic  copper, 
found  both  in  veins,  and  in  the  beds,  but  most  abundantly  in  certain  con- 
glomerates. The  thickness  of  the  Keweenian  is  not  less  than  20,000  feet,  and 
perhaps  much  greater.  Notwithstanding  its  great  antiquity  the  Keweenian 
does  not  belong  to  the  crystalline  rocks.  (T.  Stkbby  Hunt.) 


22 


THE  geologist's    TRAVELING    HAND-BOOK. 


5-8.  SILURIAN  (or  upper  Silurian)  AGE. 


5  a.  Medina. — The  lower  member  of  this  formation  is  a  pebbly  sandstone 
or  grit  called  the  Oneida  conglomerate,  being  the  same  as  the  Shawaugunk 
conglomerate.  The  upper  member  is  called  distinctively  the  Medina  sandstone, 
and  is  usually  a  red  or  mottled  argillaceous  sandstone. 

1.  Th(  Oneida  conglomerate  in  NewYork  is  composed  of  quartz  pebbles  rarely 
exceeding  fbree-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  of  v/hite  or  ytUowish  quartz- 
sand.  In  some  localities  there  is  some  interposed  greenish  shale.  The  source  of  its 
materials  was  to  the  south,  the  rock  being  500  feet  thick  in  the  Shawanguak 
Mountain  at  Wurtsburg,  on  the  N.Y.  &  Os.  Mid.  R.  R.,  and  1000  feet  thick  in  some 
parts  of  Pennsylvania  and  Tennessee.  The  greatest  thickness  of  the  Oneida  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Ne\v  York  is  80  to  40  feet,  but  in  the  western  part  the 
same  place  is  occupied  by  a  gray  quartzose  sandstone,  hue  grained  and  compact. 
Passing  upwards,  the  gray  sandstone  intermingles  with  the  Medina  sandstone, 
which,  in  its  lower  parts,  differs  chiefly  in  color.  The  red  color  of  the  Medina 
sandstone  seems  to  be  partially  communicated  to  the  gray  below,  which  is  often 
striped  and  spotted  with  red.  There  is,  lithologically,'  no  very  strong  line  of 
demarcation  between  the  two  rocks.  The  oxide  of  iron,  the  red  coloring  matter 
of  the  upper  member,  has  been  transfused  through  the  material  of  the  lower  as 
far  as  its  particles  could  find  admittance.  The  flagstones  in  the  side-walks  of 
Buffalo  and  Rochester,  of  a  white  color  clouded  with  red,  are  of  this  formation. 

In  New  Jersey  the  gray  sandstone  formation  consists  of  a  thick  series  of  hard, 
white  and  whitish  gray  siliceous  rocks,  of  various  degrees  of  coarseness,  from  that 
of  a  fine  grained,  pure  sandstone  to  that  of  a  quartzose  conglomerate  vdth 
thickly-set  pebbles  averaging  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  This  is  the  summit  of  the 
long,  straight  mountain  ridge  called  the  Eittatinny  or  North  Mountain,  extending 
from  near  the  Hudson  River  into  Virginia. 

In  Pennsylvania  the  Oneida  conglomerate  is  a  compact,  greenish-gray,  massive 
sandstone,  containing  in  many  places  thick  beds  of  siliceous  conglomerate,  and 
the  Medina  sandstone  proper  is  a  thick  mass  of  alternating  red  shales  anu  red  and 
gray  earthy  sandstones .    It  is  the  North  Mountain  of  the  great  Cumberland  valley. 

At  the  Delaware  Water-Gap  the  whole  mass  of  Oneida  and  Medina  consists 

of  seven  massive  plates  of  coarse  sand  and  conglomerate,  separated  by  more 

argillaceous  layers  from  each  other.    Going  west,  the  number,  according  to  Prof. 

Lesley,  is  reduced  to  five,  and  finally  iu  Middle  Pennsylvania  to  two,  each  of  them 

very  thick,  and  making  its  own  mountain-crest  when  the  dip  is  vertical,  while  the 

intermediate  softer  red  mass  forms  a  little  valley  between  the  crests.    The  whole 

formation  is  about  1,900  feet  thick.      When  the  dip   is  gentle,   the   Oneida 

makes  a  beautiful  lofty  terrace  upon  the  flank  of  the  mo<mtain,  the  crest  of  which 

is  always  made  by  the  Upper  Medina.    Traced  southward  through  Virginia  into 

Tennessee ,  this  formation  gradually  thins  away  to  60  feet,  as  seen  west  of  Enoxville 

2.  The  Medina  sandstone  proper  succeeds  the  gray  sandstone,  there  being  no 

definite  line  of  division  between  them.  In  this  rock  is  found  the  Fucoides  Harlani 

affording  a  positive  character  whereby  to  recognize  it  in  the  series.  This  sandstone 

is  almost  invariably  of  a  red  color,  generally  a  brown-red,  more  rarely  variegated 

light  red  and  yellowish,  and  in  a  few  rare  instances  of  a  ligh^^  or  whitish  color, 


DESCRIPTIONS  OP  THE  FOBMATIOKS. 


23 


partiallygreenish.  Itisbothfliiegramed  and  coarse  grained,  the  latter  usually  of  the 
deepest  color,  the  former  more  variegated.  The  lower  falls  of  the  Genesee,  below 
Rochestei",  110  feet  in  height,  are  formed  by  this  rock.  The  deep  gorge  and 
high  cliffs  ou  both  sides  of  the  Niagara  River,  at  Lewiston,  New  York,  are  more 
than  one-half  excavated  in  the  Medina. 

In  New  Jersey  it  is  a  thick  formation  of  red  and  variegated  sandstones  and 
shales.  Its  lower  beds  are  a  dark  red  sandstone  of  a  very  ferruginous  composition, 
and  extreme  hardness,  and  in  the  middle  and  upper  divisions  of  a  brownish  red 
shale  and  a  very  argillaceous  sandstone,  partly  calcareous. 

Neither  the  Oneidanor  Medina  are  found  west  of  Ohio.  Some  large  masses  of  galena 
and  copper-pyrites  with  blende,  have  been  found  in  the  Oneida  or  8hawang\mk 
grit,  on  the  Erie  R.  R.  east  of  Port  Jervis  and  at  EUenville,  but  they  were  soon 
exhausted.  When  the  Medina  is  a  heavy  coarse  rock  it  produces  a  poor,  barren 
country,  but  in  Western  New  York  it  is  more  calcareous,  and  the  soil  is  much  better. 

5  b,  Clintoni — This  group  consists  of  many  different  kinds  of  rocks  or 
masses,  from  which  circumstance  it  was  first  called  the  Protean  group.  The 
name  of  Clinton  was  given  to  it  on  account  of  the  characteristic  masses  being  found 
around  the  village  of  Clinton,  in  Oneida  County,  New  York.  It  consists  of  green 
and  black-blue  shale,  greenish,  gray  and  red,  soft  marly  layers,  often  laminated 
calcareous  sandstone,  encrinal  sandstone,  and  red  fossiliferous  iron-ore  beds.  The 
most  persistent  member  of  the  group  is  the  shale.  It  is  bluish  when  fresh  quarried, 
but  when  long  exposed  it  is  always  of  a  greenish  hue.  The  next  member  is  the 
greenish  sandstone,  which  is  in  thin  layers,  having  its  surface  generally  covered  with 
fueoides.  This  also  has  a  bluish  tint  when  fresh  quarried.  The  third  persistent 
member  consists  of  two  iron-ore  beds  in  New  York  and  several  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  term  Protoan  is  still  applicable  to  the  Clinton  group,  which,  in  some 
places,  consists  of  thin  shaly  sandstones,  shales,  and  even  conglomerates ;  in  others, 
of  thin  bedded,  impure  limeston^^s,  shaly  sandstones,  iron-ores,  etc :  etill  again  it 
appears  as  a  duplicate  series  of  shales,  limestones  and  iron-ores,  with  some 
intermixture  of  sandy  matter,  all  containing  an  abundance  of  marine  shells.  In 
the  west  the  formation  is  limestone,  and  is  of  a  more  uniform  character. 

The  Clinton  formation  produces  the  celebrated  fossiliferous  iron-ore  generally 
known  as  the  Fossa  obb,  which  occurs  in  it  in  every  state  from  New  York  to 
Alabama.  In  all  its  localities  this  ore  is  redor  brownish-red,  very  hard,  and  where 
unaltered,  invariably  oolitic  or  in  larger  sized  concretions.  In  New  York,  where 
it  is  extensively  mined,  there  are  two  beds  of  it,  generally  about  20  feet  apart,  and 
upon  an  average  about  a  foot  and  more  in  thickness.  The  oolitic  particles  are 
usually  more  abundant  in  the  lower,  the  larger  sized  concretions  in  the  upper  bed. 
The  two  beds  never  appear  at  the  same  locality,  or  in  the  same  line  of  section,  but 
where  the  lower  one  occurs  the  upper  one  is  wanting,  and  where  the  upper  one 
occurs  the  lower  one  is  not  found. 

In  Pennsylvania  the  Clinton  is  a  very  extensive  formation,  nearly  2,000  feet 
thick,  of  slate,  shales,  sandstones  and  iron-ore,  with  the  same  variety  as  elsewhere, 
and  its  iron  ore  is  very  rich,  productive  and  valuable.  The  outcrop  of  the  ore- 
beds  have  been  traced  for  hundreds  of  miles.  In  Dodge  County,  Wisconsin,  near 
Milwaukee,  the  Clinton  iron-ore,  at  Iron  Ridge,  is  from  15  to  18  feet  thick,  but 
this  is  very  unusual,  and  it  is  not  in  the  same  part  of  the  formation  as  the  fossil 
ore  in  the  east .  The  deposits  of  this  ore  in  East  Tennessee  and  in  Alabama, 
called  the  Dye-stone  ore,  are  still  more  extensive. 


24 


THE  geologist's    TRAVELIlfO    HAND-BOOK. 


9  Ci  Niagara.— Thia  group  consists  of  two  distinct  members,  a  shale  below 
and  a  limestone  above. 

The  shale  in  New  York  constitutes  a  very  uniform  deposit,  while  the  limestone, 
from  a  thin  concretionary  mass  in  the  east,  becomes  an  extensive  and  conspicuous 
rock,  constantly  increasing  in  thickness,  in  a  western  direction,  even  far  beyond 
the  limits  of  that  state.  The  cataract  of  Niagara  is  produced  by  the  passage  of 
the  river  over  this  limestone  and  shale,  and,  from  being  a  well  known  and 
extremely  interesting  point,  as  well  as  exhibiting  the  greatest  natural  development 
of  these  rocks  in  New  York,  this  name  was  adopted  for  its  designation.  In  this 
vicinity,  the  limestone  is  164  feet  thick,  with  the  shale  beneath  80  feet  tluck.  The 
lower  part  of  the  Niagara  group  exhibits  a  great  development  of  dark  bluish 
shale,  which,  on  exposure,  gradually  changes  to  gray  or  ashen  color,  and  forms 
a  bluish  or  grayish  marly  clay.  In  this  state  it  is  undistinguishable  from  the 
ordinary  clays,  and  its  outcropping  edges,  when  long  weathered,  are  often 
considered  as  clay  beds.  The  Niagara  is  a  very  extensive  formation,  but  its  shales 
are  much  more  persistent  and  wide  spread  than  its  limestone  member  in  the  east, 
but  the  limestone  is  more  widely  spread  in  the  west.  The  gorge  below  the  upper 
falls  at  Rochester  is  the  best  place  to  study  these  shales.  In  an  agricultural  point 
of  view,  this  formation,  like  all  limestones,  is  an  admirable  one.  There  is  no  better 
soil  than  that  of  the  Niagara  about  Rochester,  New  York . 

A  silico-argillaceous  Ihnestone,  in  New  York,  forms  the  beds  of  passage  from 
the  soft  shale  below  to  the  purer  limestone  above.  It  is  of  a  dark  or  bluish  color 
when  freshly  exposed,  but  soon  changes  to  light  gray  or  ashen.  These  beds  of 
passage  aro  succeeded  by  a  dark  bluish  gray  sub-crystalline  limestone,  of  a  rough 
fracture,  and  separated  into  thin  courses  by  dark  shaly  matter.  The  third  member 
is  a  coarse  grained  concretionary  mass,  in  irregular  layers,  exhibiting  a  very  peculiar 
contorted  appearance,  as  if  much  disturbed  while  in  a  semi-fluid  or  yielding 
condition.  The  concretions  often  present  cavities  lined  with  crystals,  or  contain 
the  remains  of  some  organic  body.  This  is  the  surface-rock  in  West  Avenue  in 
Rochester. 

The  Niagara  limestone  is  the  great  limestone  which,  in  Wisconsin,  occupies 
the  peninsula  between  Green  Bay  and  Lake  Michigan,  and  then  stretches  southward 
to  the  south  limits  of  the  state,  and  far  into  Illinois  and  Indiana.  It  will  be  noticed 
in  looking  over  the  Guide,  how  many  railroad-stations  in  the  western  states,  just 
mentioned  are  on  the  5  c.  Niagara,  and  how  very  extensive  the  formation  must  be. 
Its  general  appearance  is  that  of  a  regularly  bedded  brown  or  buff  dolomite,  with 
occasional  intercalations  of  beds  of  massive  gray  limestone.  The  quarries  of 
beautiful  buff  limestone  at  Athens  and  Joliet,  Illinois,  so  much  used  in  Chicago 
for  building-purposes,  are  in  this  formation.  At  Joliet  there  is  40  feet  in  thickness 
of  this  buff  and  gray  limestone.  West  and  northwest  of  Chicago  the  Niagara 
limestone  is  highly  charged  with  petroleum,  which  oozes  from  the  stone,  blackening 
the  face  of  walls  built  of  it.  On  Goat  Island,  at  Niagara  Falls,  the  petroleum 
is  also  seen  on  the  limestone  in  small  quantities.  In  Michigan  it  is  a  grey 
crystalline,  rather  fine  grained,  moderately  fossiliferous,  dolomitic  mass,  218  feet 
thick  on  Green  Bay. 

In  Western  Canada  the  upper  part  of  the  Niagara  limestone  contains  peculiar 
fossils,  and  is  called  the  Guelph,  and  in  Wisconsin  it  is  subdivided  into  the 
4  Ghielph,  S.  Racine,  2.  Waukesha  and  1.  Mayville  beds. 


DESGRIFTIOKS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


M 


This  r^ormation  establishes  the  topographical  distinction  between  the  lower 
plain  of  Canada,  in  which  lie  Lake  Ontario  and  Georgian  Bay,  and  the  upper 
plain  of  the  United  States,  on  which  lie  Lakes  Erie,  Huron  and  Michigan. 
Its  terrace  crosses  Ontario,  growing  loftier  as  the  thickness  of  the  formation 
increases  northwestward,  until  it  becomes  a  range  of  limestone  mountain-land, 
forming  the  peninsula  between  Lake  Huron  and  Georgian  Bay.  It  is  there  broken 
down  in  a  range  of  islands,  and  reappears  as  a  pp  linsula,  just  mentioned,  cutting 
off  Green  Bay  from  the  western  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

The  Niagara  and  other  Mme^tones  above  it,  seem  not  to  have  been  deposited  in 
Pennsylvania  between  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna  rivers,  and  in  Middle 
Pennsylvania.  While  the  limestones  below  it  are  well  represented,  the  Niagara 
is  wanting  as  a  separate  formation,  and  its  characteristic  fossils  are  scattered 
through  the  Clinton  rocks. 

6.  Salina,  (Onondaga  Salt  Group.) — This  is  an  important  group  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  containing  all  the  gypsum  and  water-lime,  and  furnishing  all  the  salt 
water  of  the  salines  of  the  city  of  Sjrracuse,  which  produce  more  salt  in  a  small 
territory  than  any  other  in  the  world.  Its  soil  is  excellent  for  agricultural  purposes, 
forming,  with  those  south  of  it,  including  the  Hamilton,  the  garden-region  of  the 
State  of  New  York.  The  whole  group  is  about  700  feet  in  thickness,  and  is 
divided  into  five  deposits,  but  there  are  no  well  defined  lines  of  division  between 
them,  except  the  last  two. 

1.  The  first  or  lowest  is  a  red  sh">4e,  showing  green  spots  at  the  upper  part  of 
the  mass.  The  great  mass  is  of  a  blood  red  color,  fine  grained,  earthy  in  fracture, 
with  no  regular  lines  of  division,  but  breaking  or  crumbling  into  irregular 
fragments,  and  shows  but  little  variation.  In  several  localities  the  red  ?hale  shows 
numerous  green  spots,  varying  from  an  inch  or  less  to  several  inches  in  diameter, 
which  strongly  contrast  with  the  red  ground  on  which  they  are  placed.  The  green 
color  is  the  result  of  a  chemical  change,  the  peroxide  of  iron  being  reduced  to 
protoxide.  This  red  shale  is  of  great  extent  along  the  railroad,  and  presents  a 
thickness  of  from  one  to  five  hundred  feet,  yet  nowhere  has  a  fossil  been  found 
in  it,  or  a  pebble,  or  anything  extraneous,  excepting  a  few  thin  layers  of  sandstone. 
The  main  line  of  the  N.  Y.  C  &  H.  R.  R.  R.  runs  on  the  Salina  formation  107 
miles,  from  Canasto;ta  to  Brighton,  and  nearly  all  of  this  distance  on  this  lower 
or  red  shale  portion. 

2.  The  second  deposit  is  the  lower  gypseous  shales,  the  lower  part  of  it 
alternating  with  the  red  shale,  which  ceases  with  this  mass .    This  second  deposit 

j  consists  of  shales  and  calcareous  slates  of  a  light  green  and  drab  color,  with 
altematious  of  different  colored  masses,  red,  green,  bluish  and  yellow,  with  a 
little  whitish  and  greenish  sandstone,  different  colors  predominating  in  different 

1  places.    In  this  deposit  gypsum  occurs  in  fibrous  masses,  either  reddish  or  of  a 

I  salmon  color,  which  colors  are  peculiar  to  this  deposit.  The  quantity  of  gypsum 
in  this  second  deposit   is    comparatively  small,  and  it  is  unimportant  in  an 

I  economical  point  of  view. 

Both  the  second  and  third  deposits  are  permeable  to  water,  which  cannot  be 
j  obtained  in  any  of  the  hills  composed  of  them  unless  the  wells  are  sunk  to  the 
level  of  the  water-courses,  a  fact  which  explains  the  absence  of  all  brine-springs 
above  the  level  of  the  country. 


26 


THE  geologist's    TRAVELING    HAND-BOOK. 


8.  The  third  member  of  the  Salbia  formation  is  the  gypseous  deposit,  which 
embraces  the  great  masses  quarried  for  plaster  or  gypsum,  conBisling  of  two 
ranges,  between  which  are  the  hopper-shaped  cavities,  the  yermicular  llmc-rock» 
and  other  porous  rocks.  This  is  the  most  important  deposit,  not  only  on  account  of 
its  plaster-beds,  but  because  it  is  only  in  this  deposit  that  we  have  positive  evidence 
that  salt  has  existed  in  a  solid  state,  and,  therefore,  the  only  source  whence  the 
saline  springs  of  Syracuse  could  have  been  derived.  The  great  mass  of  the 
deposit  consists  of  rather  soft  yellowish  or  drab  and  brownish  colored  shale 
and  slate,  and  of  more  compact  masses  which  are  hard,  a  brownish  color 
predominating.  It  is  usually  denominated  a  gypseous  marl,  being  earthy  and 
indurated,  slaty  and  compac'.  Some  of  it  when  weathered,  presents  a  peculiar 
appearance,  as  of  having  been  hacked  by  a  cutting-instrument,  with  some 
regularity.  The  gypsum  does  not  appear  in  layers  or  beds,  but  it  occurs  in  insulated 
masses,  and  it  assumes  irregular  not  globular  forms.  The  dark  color  of  the  g^-psum 
is  owing  to  carbonaceous  matter.  In  many  localities  there  are  two  ranges  of 
these  masses  or  plaster-beds,  generally  separated  by  the  vermicular  rock  and  the 
hopper-shaped  cavities.  There  are  two  masses  of  the  vermicular  rock,  the  upper 
one  four  feet  thick,  with  large  porous  cavities,  the  lower  one  twenty  feet  thick, 
with  small  pores.  This  vermicular  limestone  is  a  porous  or  cellular  rock,  resembling 
lava.  It  is  dark  gray  or  blue  in  color,  and  perforated  evcrj'where  with  curvelinear 
holes,  but  otherwise  very  compact.  The  holes  or  cells  vary  from  microscopic  size 
to  half  an  inch  in  diameter,  the  cells  being  very  irregular,  and  communicating 
with  each  other,  some  being  spherical,  and  the  resemblance  in  structure  to  a 
porous  lava  is  complete.  Forms  which  are  due  to  common  salt  have  been 
discovered  in  this  rock,  showing  the  presence  of  crystals  of  this  substance,  which 
were  removed  by  solution. 

The  most  interesting  products  of  the  group  are  the  hopper-shaped  cavities, 
which  must  have  been  produced  by  common  salt,  as  no  other  soluble  mineral 
presents  similar  ones.  They  show  conclusively  that  salt  existed  in  this  ttiird 
deposit..  When  salt  crystallizes,  a  cube  first  makes  its  appearance  upon  the  surface 
of  the  brine,  then  similar  cubes  form  around  its  border,  being  attached  to  its  upper 
surface,  near  the  edges,  while  it  gradually  sinks,  and  additional  particles  are. 
added,  forming  another  row  of  cubes  upon  the  first  range.  This  is  many  times 
repeated,  until  the  density  of  the  mass  formed  becomes  greater  than  the  liquid, 
when  it  falls  to  the  bottom.  When  examined,  being  turned  upside  down,  it 
shows  a  pyramil  of  regular  steps,  terminated  by  a  cube,  and  when  its  position  is 
reversed  it  presents  a  form  like  the  hopper  of  a  mill.  Where  two  ranges  of  plaster 
beds  are  seen  the  hoppers  occur  between  them,  and  between  the  two  massses  of 
vermicular  rocks,  and  are  from  one  inch  to  three  inches  and  more  in  diameter. 
These  hopper  cavities  are  formed  in  the  gypseous  marl,  or  in  the  more  solid  parts 
of  the  vermicular  rock.  Testaceous  animals  cannot  live  in  water  saturated  with 
gypsum,  hence  no  fossils  are  found  in  the  deposit.  No  trace  of  rock-salt  in  New 
York  has  met  the  eye  of  any  one,  but  the  existence  of  it  is  a  matter  of  no 
doubt.*  The  fact  of  the  difllculty  of  obtaining  water  in  the  gypseous  bills,  in 
either  the  second  or  third  deposit,  show  there  is  little  probability  of  finding  salt 
above  the  level  of  the  waters  on  accoimt  of  its  having  long  since  been  dissolved. 
See  Note  27,  New  York,  as  to  the  salt-wells  at  Syracuse. 

*After  the  above  was  written,  rock-salt  was  first  found,  in  June  1878,  in  a  boring  south  of 
Bochester. 


DESOBIFTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


27 


The  '-Old  Road,"  or  the  division  of  theN.T.  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  R.,from  Syracuse 
to  Rochester,  via  Auburn,  runs  on  the  gypseous  portion  of  the  formation,  and  the 
plaster-beds  can  be  inspected  at  Marcellus  station,  close  to  the  railroad,  but  the 
best  gypsum  quarries  are  on  Cayuga  Lake,  just  north  of  Union  Springs,  the  masses 
being  from  fifteen  to  twenty-flve  feet  thick.  Sulphuric  acid  springs,  and  numerous 
sulphur  springs  occur  in  the  State  of  New  York,  in  the  Salina  formation,  ofteo 
rising  through  the  crevices  of  the  overlying  vVater-lime  group. 

4.  The  fourth  or  succeeding  portion  of  the  Salina  formation,  consists  of  those 
rocks  which  show  groups  of  needle-form  cavities,  placed  side  by  side,  caused  by 
the  crystallization  of  sulphate  of  magnesia,  and  presenting  a  finely  striated  columnar 
appearance.  The  rock  is  a  dark  gray  or  drab  colored,  impure  limestone,  with 
cavities  containing  crystals  and  often  embracing  shaly  beds.  It  appears  to  be  a 
magnesian  limestone,  its  usr  ,1  color  is  a  brownish  drab,  also  dove  color,  and  it 
breaks  with  an  earthy  fracture. 

The  Salina  formation  extends  westward  across  Canada,  and  the  salt-deposits 
of  Qoderich  in  Ontario  are  in  it.  Six  large  beds  of  rock  salt  have  been  found  there 
in  boring,  measuring  in  all  126  feet  in  thickness,  at  from  1,027  to  1,385  feet  in  depth 
from  the  surface,  the  beds  measuring  from  6  feet  to  35  feet  each  in  thickness. 

The  salt-deposits  and  brine-springs  of  the  world  are  by  no  means  confined  to 
the  Salina  formation ;  on  the  contrary,  they  are  found  in  almost  all  the  formations 
from  the  oldest  to  the  youngest,  and  always  accompanied  by  gypsum  and  red  and 
vareigated  marls. 

6.  The  fifth  division  of  the  Salina  or  Onondaga  Salt  group  is  the  Water- 
lime,  which  has  generally  been  considered  as  belonging  to  the  Lower  Helderberg, 
but  which  properly  is  part  of  the  Salina.  All  the  hydraulic  cement  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  known  as  Rosendale  Cement,  and  Syracuse  or  Manlius  Water-lime, 
is  manufactured  from  a  portion  of  the  stone  of  this  Water-lime  formation.  It  is 
an  earthy,  drab-eolored  limestone  and  usually  consists  of  two  layers  of  drab 
limestone,  always  separated  by  an  intervening  mass  of  blue  ;  it  is  easily  recognized 
by  its  gray  or  ash  color  when  weathered.  It  has  a  thickness  of  not  less  than 
80  feet,  and  often  attains  a  thickness  of  100  feet  or  more  in  New  York.  When 
the  Water-lime  is  burnt  the  stone  does  not  slake,  if  of  a  good  quality.  It  is 
ground  in  a  mill,  and  then  it  hardens  or  sets  when  mixed  with  water,  and  remains 
so  under  water,  its  goodness  depending  on  the  hardness  or  cohesion  when  set. 
Its  peculiar  quality  is  owing  to  the  proportion  of  silica  and  alumina  it  contains. 
The  Water-lime  continues  across  the  State  of  New  York,  the  drab  layers  which 
constitute  it  being  always  found.  The  courses  into  which  the  kyers  of  Water- 
lime  are  sometimes  divided  show  a  crenulated  or  notched  surface,  like  the  sutures 
of  a  skull,  the  two  surfaces  interlocking  each  other.  Professor  Hall  says  the 
Water-lime  is  a  distinct  member,  which  does  not  belong  to  the  7.  Lower  Helderberg 
group  of  strata,  but  to  that  below  it,  the  6.  Salina,  of  which  it  is  the  upper  member. 
It  is  not  closely  related  to  either,  but  more  nearly  to  the  Salina,  and  is  much  more 
widely  spread  than  the  other  members  of  the  Salina.  The  cement  quarries  of  the 
Delaware  River,  between  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  are  in  this  formation,  but 
cease  after  passing  the  Lehigh  River  westward.  The  beds  near  Copley  are  Trenton 
or  older.  In  Middle  Pennsylvania,  where  the  Salina  group,  destitute  of  gypsum 
and  salt,  measures  440  feet,  the  cement  beds  above  measure  680  feet,  and  the 
Lewistown  limestone  (Lower  Helderberg)  162  feet,  as  measured  by  Ashburner  and 
Billin,  in  1876. 


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THE  geologist's  TRAVELING    HAND-BOOK. 


7.  Lower  Helderberg. — In  consequence  of  these  rocks  being  so  weU  developed 
on  the  Helderberg  Mountains,  near  Albany,  New  York,  they  have  received  that 
name.  The  Lower  Helderberg  series  consists  of  five  limestone  sub^Hvisions,  and 
tb3  Upper  Helderberg  of  four  members.  They  are  separated  by  an  important 
sandstone  formation— the  Oriskany.  The  Lower  Helderberg,  which  is  well 
developed  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York,  thins  out  in  going  west,  and  at 
Syracuse  disappears  entirely.  The  sandstones  also  thin  out  and  disappear,  so  that 
at  Syracuse  the  Upper  Helderberg  rests  on  the  Water-lime,  the  upper  member  of 
the  Onondaga  Salt  group.  The  Lower  Helderberg  consists,  in  ascending  order, 
of  the  1.  Tentaculite  limestone,  the  d.  Pentamerus  limestone,  the  8.  Delthyris  shaly 
limestone,  the  4.  Encrinal  limestone,  and  6.  Upper  Pentamerus  limestone. 

1.  The  Tentaculite  limestone  is  the  lowest  member  of  the  series.  Portions 
of  it  afford  fine  building  stone,  which  can  be  procured  in  blocks  of  large  size, 
perfectly  solid,  and  free  from  cracks  or  flaws.  They  vary  from  ash-gray  to  black, 
and  present  almost  every  shade  between  these  colors.  The  strata  are  intersected 
by  two  main  systems  of  joints  nearly  perpendicular  to  each  other,  hence  the 
rock  can  easily  be  quarried  in  large  blocks.  But  much  of  it  is  thin-bedded, 
often  thinly  laminated,  dark  blue ;  its  color,  texture  and  composition  contrast- 
ing strongly  with  the  Water-lime  below. — H.  The  3.  Pentamerus  limestone 
ifl  rarely  pure,  being  more  or  less  mixed  with  black  shale,  which  gives  a  dark 
color  to  the  rock,  it  being  usually  a  dark  gray.  It  is  crystalline  in  grain,  and  is 
in  layers,  but  the  lines  of  division  are  not  straight,  and  the  surface  is  not  even. 
The  whole  mass  has  a  rough  appearance,  and  it  does  not  make  a  good  building 
stone. — v.  The  8.  Delthyris  shaly  limestone,  as  its  name  implies,  is  a  shaly  mass, 
and  consists  of  alternate  beds  of  shaly  and  compact  limestone.  It  is  an  exceedingly 
interesting  rock  from  the  great  number  of  species,  the  abundance  and  perfection  of 
its  fossils. — Hall,  144.  The  4.  Encrinal  is  a  compact  crinoidal  limestone,  and  the 
5.  Upper  Pentamerus  is  a  bluish  gray  limestone.  In  Pexmsylvania,  according  to 
Rogers,  the  Lower  Helderberg  is  50  to  100  feet  thick,  a  diversified  calcareous 
formation,  of  some  shade  of  blue,  argillaceous  and  flaggy  in  its  lower  beds,  and 
ahaly  towards  the  middle,  with  layers  and  nodules  of  chert. 

8.  Orlsicany  Sandstone. — In  New  York  the  greatest  thickness  of  this  rock  is 
not  more  than  thirty  feet,  and  usually  much  less,  but  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland 
and  Virginia  it  is,  in  places,  as  much  as  700  feet ;  even  in  New  York  it  covers  an 
extensive  surface,  and  is  strongly  marked  in  its  fossils,  which  are  generally  of  a 
large  size,  and  attract  the  attention  of  travelers.  At  the  typical  locality,  Oriskany 
Falls,  the  sandstone  is  twenty  feet  thick,  and  is  of  a  light  yellow  color,  friable,  and 
readily  crumbling  into  pure  sand  ;  no  part  of  it  being  suflBciently  solid  for  durable 
work.  One  characteristic  of  this  rock  is  the  abundance  of  small  cavities,  which 
have  been  formed  by  the  destruction  of  fossils.  These  present  themselves  in  all 
cases  where  the  rock  is  well  developed.  The  porous  nature  of  the  mass  has 
admitted  the  percolation  of  water,  which  has  dissolved  the  calcareous  matter  of 
the  shells,  usually  leaving  casts  of  their  internal  stiucture.  As  a  mass  the 
Oriskany  sandstone  is  a  coarse,  rather  loosely  cemented,  purely  silicious  sandstone, 
of  a  yellowish  white  color.  Sometimes  it  is  shaded  brown  or  some  other  dark  color. 
In  Pennsylvania  it  forms  rough  ridges,  with  a  poor  sandy  soil.  It  is  used  for  glass- 
making,  and  contains  an  iron-ore  too  silicious  to  be  valuable.  Some  of  our  geologists 
(Hall,  Rogers,  Dana,  etc.)  place  the  Oriskany  at  the  top  of  the  Silurian  seriesi 
and  others  (Newberry,  Lesley,  Hunt,  etc.)  at  the  bottom  of  the  Devonian. 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF  THE    FORMATIONS, 


29 


9-12.   DEVONIAN  AGE. 


9.  LOWER  DEVONIAN. 


9  Upper  Helderberg  or  Corniferous.— This  \exj  widely  extended  formation 
sonsistu  of  four  important  members,  tlie  Cauda-galli,  the  Schoharie  grit,  the 
)nondaga  limestone,  and  the  Comiferous  limestone,  the  upper  member.  But 
the  recent  text-books  on  geology^  the  whole  formation  is  called  the  Comif- 
erouB,  which  was  the  name  given  by  Eaton  to  the  whole  formation  of  limestone. 
It  forms  the  Helderberg  range,  a  high  ridge  which  extends  through  the  State  of 
Jew  York,forming  a  very  rich  and  productive  tract  of  country.  This  group  of 
strata,  as  above  limited,  and  designated  the  Upper  Helderberg  by  Professor  James 
[Hall,  is,  in  his  opinion,  deserving  of  recognition  as  the  base  of  the  Devonian,  the 
iHamilton  group  being  the  middle,  and  the  Portage,  Chemung  and  Catskiil  the 
[Upper  Devonian. 

9  A,  Cauda-gallit — ^Thisis  a  fine-grained  calcareous  and  argillaceous  sandstone, 
Insually  drab  and  brownish,  and  blanching  by  long  weathering.  It  readily  strikes 
{the  eye  by  its  contrast  with  its  associated  rocks,  and  by  the  singular  marking  of 
[impressions  strongly  resembling  the  tail  of  the  common  barn-yard  fowl,  from 
I  whence  its  Latin  name  of  Cauda-galli  or  cock's-tail.  Its  fossils  have  been  found 
in  New  York  and  at  Crab  Orchard,  in  Kentucky.  In  New  Jersey,  northeast  of  the 
I  Delaware  Water  Gap,  this  and  the  Schoharie  are  three  hundred  feet  thick. 

9  b.  Schoharie  Criti — This  is  very  much  like  the  preceding,  but  altogether 
different  in  its  fossils.  It  is  a  fine-grained,  very  calcareous  grit,  or  an  arenaceous 
limestone,  naturally  brown,  but  weathering  to  a  gray  or  drab  colr)r,  containing  a 
great  number  of  fossils  peculiar  to  this  stratum,  and  is  found  in  the  mountain 
one  and  one-half  miles  northwest  and  northeast  of  Schoharie,  New  York,  and 
extends  by  the  Helderberg  range  to  Emgston.  The  Schoharie  Grit  is  a  highly 
fossiliferous  formation,  and  has  a  wide  geographical  extension.  Its  great  nmuber 
of  cephalopods  gives  it  a  marked  character,  but  it  contains  other  fossils  identical 
with  the  limestones  abovf . — H. 

The  9  G,  Onondaga  Limestone  in  New  York  rarely  exceeds  ten  to  fourteen  feet 
m  thickness,  but  is  very  persistent,  and  is  readily  recognized  by  its  light  gray  color, 
I  crystalline  structure,  toughness,  and  its  numerous  organic  remains.  This  is  one  of 
the  most  valuable  building  stones  in  the  Helderberg  division,  and  has  been  largely 
quarried  near  Syracuse  for  the  canal.  It  is  an  imperishable  stone,  having  great 
power  to  resist  the  action  of  air,  water  and  frost.  It  is  generally  the  rock  over 
which  the  water  flows  at  the  water-falls  on  the  Helderberg  range,  as  at  Perryville 
and  Chittenango  Falls,  and  is  remarkably  uniform  in  iU  character.  It  is  more 
extensive  than  the  Comiferous  proper,  and  it  is  very  rich  in  beautiful  and  char- 
acteristic fossils.  The  limestones  used  for  flagging  in  Syracuse  are  Onondaga 
limestone,  brought  from  the  typical  localities  Onondaga  Valley  and  Split-Rock 
on  Onondaga  Hill.  When  wet  they  make  a  fine  display  of  fossils  of  thia 
formation.  This  stone  is  also  used  for  building  everywhere  in  Central  New 
York. 


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TUB  geologist's    TRAVELING    HAND-BOOK. 


I' 

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9  d.  Corniferout  Limettonoi — For  all  practical  purposes,  this  and  the  Onondaga 
limestone  may  be  regarded  as  one  formation.    It  extends  from  the  Hudson  River 
to  the  Niagara  Riyer,  which  it  crosses  at  Black  Rock,  producing  there  a  rapid 
current  at  the  International,  Bridge,  at  Buffalo,  and  forming  a  small  island  just 
above  the  water.    It  extends  far  into  Canada,  is  seen  at  Sandusky  City,  Ohio,  and 
there  forms  the  bottom  of  Lake  Erie.      Its  color  varies  from  a  light  grayish-blue 
to  a  black,  and  is  sometimes  even  a  light  gray  or  drab.      It  contains  numerous 
nodules  of  flint  or  homstone,  from  which  it  derives  its  name.      But  few  if  any  of 
the  layers  afford  a  pure  limestone.    Its  color  varies  from  black  to  gray,  brownish 
and  light  blue.    It  is  usually  in  regular  courses  from  six  to  eighteen  inches  thick, 
separated  by  layers  of  homstone,  and  sometimes  embracing  flattened  nodules  of 
the  same.    This  rock  is  crossed  by  vertical  joints  in  two  directions,  giving  ri-'e  to 
numerous  copious  springs  of  water.  An  upper  division,  called  the  Seneca  limestone, 
is  now  included  in  the  Comiferous.    In  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  it  is  a  blue 
and  sometimes  sparry  limestone,  including  bands  and  nodules  of  chert.  In  Canada 
and  the  Western  States  it  is  a  straw-colored  and  light  gray  rock.    In  its  general 
eastern  exposures  it  is  generally  bluish.     Above  the  Coridferous  are  no  general 
limestone  masses  in  the  Eastern  States,  but  partial  deposits  only,  the  most  ex- 
tensive of  which  is  the  Tully  limestone,  found  only  in  Central  New  York.   There  is 
an  astonishing  change  f  rum  the  top  of  the  Comiferous  limestone  to  the  black 
sliales  of  Marcellus.    Two  formations  more  unlike  cannot  anywhere  be  found. 
Both  the  Comiferous  and  Onondaga  are  included  in  the  Upper  Helderberg  lime- 
stone of  Pennsylvania,  and  on  the  Juniata  they  measure  together  only  sixty  feftt. 
Immediately  upon  the  upper  surface  of  the  Comiferous  litieptone,  lies  the  valuable 
and  extensive  Mabcblltts  ibox  orb.      This  consists  of  carbonate  of  iron,  which 
occurs  in  a  bed  of  pyritous  clay,  and  near  the  outcrop  is  changed  into  limonite. 

10.  MIDDLE  DEVONIAN. 

10  a.  Maroellut  Shales  are  of  a  black  color,  usually  dark  brown  when 
altered.  They  greatly  resemble  the  Utica  slate  in  mineral  character,  and  could 
readily  be  mistaken  for  it.  They  extend  in  New  York  from  the  Hudson  River  to 
Lake  Erie.  The  lower  part  contains  some  impure  black  limestone,  not  in  layers 
or  beds,  but  in  interrupted  flattened  masses.  The  upper  shales  are  not  bo  highly 
colored  as  the  lower  ones,  and  are  disposed  to  separate,  when  long  exposed,  into 
small,  thin-edged  fragments,  the  result  of  a  peculiar  accretionary  structure.  The 
fragments  often  exhibit  stains,  in  spots,  from  iron  rust,  and  also  minute  crystals 
of  gypsum,  the  effect  of  the  action  of  decomposed  pyrites  and  limestone  particles. 
Some  portions  of  the  lower  shales  are  black  and  friable  from  small  carbonaceous 
f  ucoids.  Along  the  whole  line  of  its  outcrop  it  has  been  dug  into  in  vain  attempts 
to  find  coal.— Tan  U.  147.  It  has  two  joint  planes,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  each 
other,  causing  projecting  corners  of  rock,  with  smooth  nearly  vertical  surfaces. 
These  are  sometimes  seen  in  the  upper  members  also  of  the  Hamilton  group,  and 
the  septaria  or  flattened  balls  of  black  limestone  also  occur  in  the  Genesee  shales. 

The  lower  part  is  very  black,  slaty  and  bituminous,  and  contains  iron  pyrites 
in  great  profusion.  In  general  character  the  lower  part  resembles  the  Utica  slate 
and  is  not  distinguishable  from  the  10  c.  Genesee  slate,  in  its  general  aspect.  When 
long  exposed,  the  lower  part  weathers  to  a  brownish  or  iron-rust  color,  partly 
from  the  presence  and  decomposition  of  iron  pyrites  and  partly  from  bituminous 
noatter.    In  sone  situations  it  retains  its  purely  black  color,  and  scarcely  separates 


DESOBIPTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


81 


into  thin  laminae  after  long  exposure.  In  many  places  this  rock  contains  so  much 
bitumen  as  to  give  out  flame  when  thrown  upon  a  fire  of  hot  coals.  In  Western 
New  York  it  is  fifty  feet  thick,  and  farther  east  much  thicker.— H. 

This  important  formation  carries  its  broad  black  outcrops  across  many  of  the 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  with  comparatively  little  change,  but  in  the  South  the 
black  shale  is  supposed  to  be  Genesee.  In  the  Juniata  region  of  Pennsylvania 
the  Marcellus  has  been  found  to  measure  875  feet  thick,  and  is  there  divisible 
into  an  upper,  middle  and  lower  member,  the  last  consisting  of  black  and  brown 
shales,  the  Surface  being  stained  with  iron  rust,  &c.,  coated  with  bitummous 
matter.  In  Perry  County,  Pennsylvania,  small  coal  beds  occur  in  this  formation, 
constituting  the  oldest  known  coal-measures,  and  significantly  marking  the  great 
change  in  the  general  condition  of  things  which  either  followed  or  was  introduced 
by  the  deposit  of  the  Orinkany  sandstone.— Lesley. 

In  speculating  upon  the  origin  of  petroleum,  some  geologists  have  sought  it 
in  a  process  of  distillation  from  the  black  Marcellus  and  Oenesee  shales  upward, 
and  of  condensation  in  the  oil-bearing  gravels  and  fissures  of  the  overlying 
formations.  Chemists,  like  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  oppose  this  view  on  chemical  grounds, 
others  oppose  it  from  other  considerations  of  apparently  equal  weight.  It  is  a 
curious  fact,  however,  that  at  this  horizon,  and  in  the  Upper  Helderberg  or 
Comlferous,  occur  the  petroleum  deposits  of  Upper  Canada,  while  the  Pennsyl- 
vania oil-deposits  lie  at  successively  higher  and  higher  stages  in  the  series. 

10  b.  Hamilton. — This  group  takes  its  name  from  the  town  of  Hamilton,  in 
Madison  County,  New  York,  which  contains  no  other  rock,  and  where  tiie  best 
opportunity  exists  of  examining  the  members  of  which  it  is  composed,  and  where 
its  fossils  are  in  great  abundance.  It  includes  all  the  masses  between  the  upper 
shales  of  Marcellus,  and  the  Tully  limestone,  and  is  from  300  to  700  feet  in 
thickness  in  New  York.  It  is  important  from  its  fine  agricultural  qualities,  its 
thickness  and  extent,  commencing  at  the  Hudson  and  extending  to  Lake  Erie. 
It  consists  of  slate,  shale  and  sandstone,  with  endless  mixtures  of  thebe  materials, 
or,  in  other  words,  sandy  shale  and  shaly  sandstones,  and  is  not  very  easily 
described.  There  are  three  distinct  mineral  masses  as  to  kinds,  but  not  as  to 
arrangement.  The  first,  in  the  order  of  the  tenuity  of  particles,  is  rather  a  fine 
grained  shale,  often  fissile  or  slaty,  its  color  some  shade  of  blue,  usually  dark  or 
blackish.  The  second  is  a  coarse  shale,  often  mixed  with  carbonate  of  lime,  its 
color  blue  or  dark  gray  when  fresh,  but  becoming  of  an  olive  or  brown  color  by 
long  exposure  to  the  weather,  the  color  being  due  to  manganese.  It  has  no  tendency 
whatever  to  separate  into  regular  layers,  but  when  a  mass  has  been  long  exposed  it 
shows  numerous  curved  divisions,  the  curves  very  short  and  irregular,  giving  it  a 
very  peculiar  appearance,  which  is  unmistakable.  The  third  kind,  which  is  not  so 
common  as  the  two  first,  is  a  well  characterized  sandstone,  and  is  generally  in  tht^ 
upper  part  of  the  group,  but  more  or  less  mixed  with  either  of  the  two  others.  It 
is  often  in  layers,  though  rarely  straight,  and  usually  short,  interrupted,  sometimes 
mixed  with  carbonate  of  lime.  The  colors  of  this  kind  are  of  more  various 
•hades,  olive,  greenish  and  yellowish.  One  thin  layer  produces  excellent  flagstones, 
but  thj  group  generally  is  deficient  in  building  materials,  the  shale  of  the  first  kind 
readily  crumbling  by  exposure  to  the  air ;  the  two  latter  kinds  alone  furnishing 
building  stone.    The  best  is  where  limestone  formi  the  cement,  and  sand  iB  in  the 


aai 


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TB^.  geologist's  TRAVELING   HAND-BOOK. 


greatest  abundance.  So  rare  is  the  occurrence  of  regular  layers  in  the  group, 
that  their  absence  is  a  good  negative  character,  and  its  brownish  or  yellowish 
color,  externally,  or  where  weathered,  a  good  positire  one  of  the  group  generally. 
This  applies  to  the  central,  but  not  to  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
It  abounds  in  fossils,  and  is  admirably  characterized  by  them,  numerous  species  and 
even  genera  commencing  with  the  group,  and  ending  with  it. — Van  U.  160. 

In  the  western  part  of  the  State  of  New  York,  instead  of  sandy  shale  and 
shalj  sandstone,  and  even  tolerably  pure  sandstone,  as  in  the  east,  the  sand  has 
diminished  and  the  clay  increased.  The  group,  as  a  whole,  presents  an  immense 
development  of  dull  olive,  bluish-gray  calcareous  shales,  which,  on  weathering, 
assume  a  light  gray  or  ashen  tint,  some  thin  portions  becoming  brownish  on 
exposure.  The  formation  thins  out  very  much  iu  going  westward,  and  at  Lake 
Erie  has  only  half  the  thickness  found  at  Seneca  Lake,  and  is  so  different  that 
doubt  of  the  identity  of  the  two  might  arise,  if  one  judged  by  the  appearance  only. 
'  The  Hamilton  is  the  New  York  lake  formation,  the  following  lakes  being  excavated 
in  it:  Otsego,  Cazenovia,  Skaneatcles,  Otisco,  Owasco,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  Canandaigua, 
and  the  north  end  of  Hemlock  Lake.  The  east  end  of  Lake  Erie  is  also  cut  out  of 
the  Hamilton.  The  upper  part  of  the  Hamilton  was  callea  the  Moscow  shale, 
from  a  place  between  Mt.  Morris  and  Rochester,  on  the  Oenesce  River. 

In  Pennsylvania  the  Hamilton  shale  has  been  measured  on  the  Juniata,  035 
feet  thick.  It  has  many  hundreds  of  miles  of  outcrop,  in  repeated  zig-zags,  form- 
ing, in  combination  with  the  Genesee  and  Portage  above  it,  ranges  of  smooth, 
cultivated  hii?s,  of  an  entirely  characteristic  shape,  in  long  lines  of  rufSed  slopes, 
regularly  indented  with  short  and  smooth  ravines.  This  striking  topographical 
feature,  maintains  itself  throughout  the  mountain-region  into  Virginia,  and  still 
farther  south.  The  abundance  of  shells,  without  limestone  beds,  in  Pennsylva'  ia, 
furnishes  a  partial  clue  to  the  deposit  of  the  (next  succeeding)  Tully  limestone  in 
New  York. 


10  b,  Tully  Limestone. — This  is  the  dividing  line,  easy  to  find,  between  the 
Hamilton  and  Genesee,  being  the  upper  part  of  the  former,  and  it  is  important  in 
New  York  as  the  most  southern  mass  of  limestone  in  the  State.    It  is  only  local, 
and  is  an  impure  limestone,  fine-grained,  usually  a  dark  or  blackish  blue,  often 
brownish.    The  usual  thickness  of  the  rock  is  about  fourteen  feet,  and  its  greatest 
thickness  twenty  feet.    It  makes  a  good  but  not  a  white  lime.    It  receives  its  name 
from  the  township  of  Tully,  in  Onondaga  County,  New  York.      This  limestone 
often  shows  an  accretionary  structure,  and  a  roughed,  notched  appearance,  where 
its  layers  separate  as  in  some  of  the  layers  of  the  water-lime.    One  of  the  lower 
layers  is  thick,  the  bottom  one  being  frequently  five  feet  in  thickness,  and  it  is 
owing  to  this  circumstance,  and  to  the  softness  of  the  shale  beneath,  that  when- 
ever a  waterfall  exists,  the  shale  has  been  washed  out  to  some  depth,  leaving  a 
chamber  or  cavern,  of  which  the  limestone  forms  the  roof  or  ceiling.— V.  109. 
It  is  a  marked  geological  horizon  in  Central  New  York,  being  the  termination 
of  the  Hamilton,  and  is  succeeded  by  shales  of  a  widely  different  character. 
It  is  often  thick-beddc  ^  but  it  is  often  divided  by  numerous  irregular  seams  into 
small  fragments.    Its  color,  on  first  exposure,  is  blue  or  nearly  black,  but  weathers 
to  an  ashen  hue.  It  is  best  seen  on  the  Cayuga  Southern  R.  R.,  where  it  stands  out 
in  the  face  of  the  cliffs  as  a  prominent  band.    It  is  absent  west  of  Canandaigua 
Lake  and  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. — H.  212. 


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DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


83 


10  Oi  Qeneteei  (Black  Ulate  of  the  west  and  south).  — This  is  a  great 
development  of  argillaceous  fissile  black  slate.  Where  its  edges  only  are  exi^osed, 
it  withstands  the  weather  for  a  great  length  of  time,  and  often  presents  mural 
banks  in  the  ravines,  river-courses,  and  upon  the  shores  of  lakes.  When  the 
surface  of  the  strata  is  exposed  it  rapidly  ez'oliates  hi  thin  even  laminae.  On 
disintegration  it  is  often  stained  with  iron,  owuig  to  decomposition  of  pyrites,  but 
in  many  instances,  and  the  greater  number  of  localities,  it  retains  a  deep  black 
color.  In  this  it  is  distinguished  from  some  beds  of  black  elate  in  higher 
situations,  which  always  become  stained  with  hydrate  of  iron  on  their  edges, 
and  upon  the  surface  of  the  lamhiee.  In  color  and  general  character  it  greatly 
resembles  the  MarcelluB  shale,  and,  aside  from  position,  it  would  be  difficult  to 
distinguish  the  two,  in  the  absence  of  fossils.  It  forms  no  conspicuous  feature  in 
the  scenery  or  topography  of  the  general  surface.  In  ravines,  and  river  and  lake 
banks,  it  is  usually  seen  in  connection  with  the  rocks  below  or  above.  Its  greatest 
development,  and  a  point  where  it  appears  more  prominently  alone,  and  the  typical 
locality  from  which  it  was  named,  is  at  the  opening  of  the  gorge  of  the  Genesee, 
at  Mount  Morris,  where  it  is  seen  in  the  perpendicular  cliffs  for  more  than  a  mile 
in  length.  See  note  No.  112,  New  York.  Another  great  exposure  of  the 
(Genesee  slate  is  along  the  Cayuga  Southern  Kailway  south  ot  Ludlowville,  where 
it  shows  from  eighty  to  one  hundred  feet  thick,  with  the  Tuliy  limestone 
below  and  the  Portage  shales  above  it.  See  note  83,  New  York.  The  mass 
decomposes  much  less  rapidly  than  the  soft  calcareous  Hamilton  or  Moscow 
shales  below  it,  and  the  thin  slaty  lamince  resist  atmospheric  action  a  long  time. 
In  lithological  character  it  is  entirely  uniform,  having,  from  Cayuga  Lake  to  Luke 
Erie,  the^  same  deep  black  color  and  laminated  slaty  structure,  nor  is  there  any 
change  in  its  organic  rema'ins.  Its  fossils  in  Indiana  are  precisely  identical  with 
those  of  New  York.— Hall  218. 

There  are  few  formations  in  Central  New  York  of  which  the  limits  are  so  well 
defined  as  this,  lying  between  the  TuUy  limestone  below,  and  the  sandstone  flags 
of  the  base  of  the  Portage  group,  above.  It  may  also  readily  be  found  by  the 
black  color  and  slaty  fracture.  This  shale  has  been  regarded  as  the  main  original 
source  of  the  petroleum  in  the  oil  region  of  Ohio  and  Western  Pennsylvanin,  but 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  part,  at  least,  of  the  supply  of  these  regions  has 
come  from  the  Cornif erous  limestone  below  it,  as  maintained  by  Dr.  Hunt. 

All  through  the  western  and  southwestern  states  there  is  always  found  a 
Black  Shalb,  which  is  often  the  only  representative  of  the  Devonian  rocks. 
This  is  generally  considered  to  be  10  c.  Genesee.  It  is  very  remarkable  that  a 
formation  of  its  composition,  of  so  inconsiderable  a  thickness,  and  otherwise  so 
unimportant,  should  be  so  widely  extended,  and  retain  throughout  its  character 
unchanged  as  a  black  shale.  The  researches  of  Dr.  Newbery  in  Ohio  tend  to  show 
its  fossils  to  be  of  the  Portage  type.  It  is  there  350  feet  thick,  and  he  pronounces 
it  to  be  the  equivalent  of  the  Genesee  and  lower  Portage.  All  the  divisions  of  the 
Hamilton  group,  Marcellus,  Hamilton  and  Gknesee,  are  converted,  by  exposure, 
into  a  deep  soil  of  an  excellent  quality  for  agricultural  purposes,  sometimes  quite 
hilly,  but  forming  smooth  land  free  from  stones.  Some  of  the  finest  wheat-growing 
and  hop-raising  land  in  New  York  is  on  the  Hamilton,  and  its  rich  shales  have 
been  carried  south  by  drift  and  diluvial  agencies,  and  spread  over  the  Genesee, 
Portage  and  Chemung,  greatly  to  their  improvement. 
3 


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THE  OEOLOOIST'S  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


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»  11-12.  UPPER  DEVONIAN.  v 

11  a.  Portage. — This  group  represents  an  exteDsiye  development  of  shales 
and  flagstones,  and  finally  some  thick-bedded  sandstone  towards  Us  upper  part. 
It  is  extremely  variable  in  character  at  different  and  distant  points.  In  New  York 
the  Portage  rises  sometimes  in  a  gentle  slope,  and  at  other  times  abruptly  from 
the  softer  shales  below.  Between  the  deep  north  and  south  valleys,  in  which  the 
railroads  run,  the  enduring  sandstones  of  the  upper  part  extend  far  northward^ 
presenting,  on  the  north  side,  a,  gentle  slope,  while  on  the  east  and  west  sides  ot 
the  same  hills,  the  slope  is  abrupt,  the  valleys  being  bounded  by  steep  hills.  The 
change  in  the  external  appearance  of  the  country  indicatee  the  commencement  of 
these  Portage  rocks,  although  they  are  not  teen.  Throughout  the  Hamilton  shales, 
the  valleys  present  gently  sloping  sides,  and  the  country  rarely  rises  far  above  the 
valley  bottom.  But  on  approaching  the  northern  margin  of  the  Portage  group,  the 
railway  traveler  sees  a  gradually  increasing  elevation  of  the  hills  on  either  side,  and 
an  abruptness  in  their  slope,  and  in  a  short  time  finds  himself  in  a  deep  valley 
bounded  on  either  side  by  hills  rising  400  or  600  feet,  and  in  some  instances,  even 
800  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  stream.  These  elevations  often  extend  several  miles 
unbroken,  except  by  the  deep  ravines  which  indent  thehr  sides.  The  higher  sand- 
stones of  the  group,  and  in  many  instances  the  intermediate  ones,  produce  falls  in 
the  streams  which  pass  over  them,  and  some  of  the  most  beautiful  cascades  in  the 
State  of  New  York,  and  many  of  the  highest  perpendicular  falls  of  water,  are  pro- 
duced by  the  rocks  of  this  group,  and  in  none  others  do  we  meet  with  more  grand 
and  striking  scenery. — J.  Hall's  Report.  ' 

The  pedestrian  often  finds  his  course  impeded  by  a  gorge  of  several  hund.itd 
feet  in  depth,  such  as  Watkins  Olen  and  Havana  Olen.  The  Portage  upper,  middle 
and  lower  falls  are  66,  110  and  96  feet,  and  between  the  middle  and  lower  the 
rocks  rise  in  perpendicular  cliffs  861  feet  in  height.  See  note  No.  110,  New  York, 
as  to  Portage  on  Erie  Railroad.  Taghanic,  Hector,  and  Lodi  falls  are  also  in  the 
Portage.  These  points  afford  some  of  the  grandest  views  of  scenery,  and 
admirable  facilities  for  geological  investigations.  The  lower  division  of  the 
Portage  is  the  1.  Ohaeagua  shales,  a  green  shale,  with  thin  flagstones,  and  sandy 
shale.  2.  The  middle  portion  is  the  Gardeau  shale  and  flagstones,  a  great 
development  of  green  ant.  black  slaty  and  sandy  shales,  with  thin  layers  of 
sandstone,  from  which  aie  quarried  beautiful  and  durable  flagstones.  The 
rocks  of  this  part  of  the  group  form  high,  almost  perpendicular,  banks  on  the 
(Genesee.  In  a  westerly  direction  the  sandstones  disappear,  and  the  shales  increase. 
8.  The  upper  part  of  the  Portage  consists  of  the  Portage  sandstones,  thick 
bedded  sandstones,  with  little  shale,  while  below,  the  sandy  layers  become  thinner, 
and  shale  beds  more  frequent ;  still  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  there  is  no  abrupt 
change  from  the  beginning  of  the  Portage  to  the  top  of  the  Chemung.  In  the 
Portage,  the  sandstones  and  shales  are  less  separated  than  above,  and  the  sandy 
strata  are  finer  grained,  and  contain  more  lime  than  in  the  Chemung.  Towards  the 
Bonthem  extremity  of  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Lakes,  the  Portage  rocks  form  cliffs  of 
considerable  height,  which  present  alternating  hard  and  soft  layers,  and  the 
numerous  vertical  joints  present  the  appearance  of  solid  walls  of  masonry,  in 
distinct  and  regular  courses.  The  vertical  joints  are  well  seen  in  Havana  Glen. 
Isolated  masses,  like  huge  columns,  are  often  seen,  standing  out  in  bold  relief 
from  the  line  of  the  cliff,  being  the  remains  of  previously  exposed  surfaces,  which 


DESORIFTIOKS  OP  THB  FORMATIONS. 


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had  crumbled  away.  On  the  Genesoe  River  the  group  is  not  lefls  than  1000  feet 
thick.  The  Portage  yields  less  lime  to  the  soil  than  the  Hamilton,  but  for 
pasturage  it  is  superior  to  it.— H.  224.  The  great  dairy -country  of  Cortland,  and 
other  counties  in  Central  Now  York,  is  on  the  Portage  formation.  The  water  of 
the  Portage  group  is  remarkably  pure  and  soft.  The  Portage  rocks  have  not  been 
recognized  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York.  In  Ohio  the  Portage  forms  the  upper 
part  of  the  Huron  shale,  and  the  lower  part  of  the  Erie  shale,  of  Dr.  Newberry. 
In  Middle  Pennsylvania,  according  to  Lesley,  the  Portage  flags  are  1,400  feet 
thick,  and  the  Chemung  shhles  over  them,  1,860  feet  thick.  It  is  very  hard  to  draw 
a  line  of  demarcation  between  them,  but,  as  a  whole,  the  Chemung  strata  are 
more  silicious  and  the  Portage  more  argillaceous.  The  Portage  sandstones  are 
flaggy,  and,  at  times,  very  shaly,  and  their  alternations  with  shale  frequent,  the 
individual  beds  being  thin,  and  the  shales  predominant.  The  Chemung  sandstones 
are  more  massive,  ferruginous  and  micaceous,  with  fewer  alternations  of  shale. 
Brachiopods  and  other  shells  are  abundant  in  the  upper  Chemung  shales,  while  the 
Portage  rocks  are  almost  destitute  of  animal  forms  except  crinoids  and  fucoids. 
Fucoidal  impressions  are  also  very  abundant  in  the  upper  Chemung,  and  to  the 
decomposition  of  this  abundant  marine  vegetation,  Lesquereux  and  others  ascribe 
the  origin  of  the  petroleum,  at  its  various  local  horizonsi  from  the  Portage  up  to 
the  Mahoning  sandstone  in  the  Coal  Measures. 

11  b.  Chemung.— These  rocks  con  everywhere  be  described  as  a  series  of 
thin-bedded  sandstones  and  flagstones,  with  intervening  shales,  and  mixtures  in 
various  proportions  of  these,  and  very  rarely  beds  of  impure  limestone,  resulting 
from  the  aggregation  of  organic  remains.  The  whole  series  weathers  to  a  brownish 
olive,  and  even  the  deeper  green  of  the  shales  assumes  that  hue.  The  shales  vary 
in  color  from  a  deep  black  to  olive  and  green,  with  every  grade  and  mixture  of 
these.  The  sandstones  are  often  brownish-gray  or  olive,  and  sometimes  light  gray. 
More  generally,  however,  there  is  a  tinge  of  green  or  olive  pervading  these  strata. 
Towards  the  upper  part  of  the  group,  in  some  localities,  there  is  a  tendency  to 
conglomerate,  and  in  a  few  places  the  mass  becomes  a  well  defined  pudding-stone, 
with  sometimes  150  to  200  feet  of  Chemung  shales  and  sandstones  above  it. 
Towards  the  upper  part  of  the  group  the  shales  are  reddish,  coarse  and  fissile, 
with  much  mica  in  small  glimmering  scales. — Hall  251.  From  their  red  color 
these  have  sometimes  been  mistaken  for  the  Catskill  formation. 

In  a  few  localities  in  Pennsylvania  it  contains  a  very  excellent  variety  of  iron 
ore.  As  a  general  tiling,  however,  this  formation,  and  all  others  above  it,  up  to 
near  the  coal  conglomerate,  are  singularly  deficient  in  iron  ore.  There  is  little  of 
geological  interest  throughout  the  whole  extent  of  the  Chemung  group.  The  N. 
Y.  L.  E.  &  W.,  or  Erie  Railway,  runs  for  800  miles  west  of  Susquehanna  on  this 
formation,  and  on  nearly  the  same  portion  of  it.  In  the  northwestern  portion  of 
Pennsylvania  the  celebrated  oil  rboion  is  in  the  Chemung,  the  oil  being  found 
stored-up  in  certain  coarse  porous  sandstones,  but  these  are  merely  the  repository 
of  the  oil  originating  in  lower  strata.  It  is  a  very  extensive  formation  in  Southern 
I  New  York,  all  the  southern  tier  of  counties,  west  of  Great  Bend,  behig  covered 
by  it,  and  it  forms  an  excellent  grazing  and  agricultural  country,  not  quite  equal 
to  the  Portage,  but  much  superior  to  the  Catskill.  In  Northern  Pennsylvania  this 
formation,  as  in  Southern  New  York,  consists  of  a  vast  succession  of  thin  layers 
of  shale,  of  every  hue,  from  a  deep  olive  and  dark  green  to  a  light  slaty  gray, 
I  alternating  with  thin  beds  of  brownish  gray  sandstones. 


86 


THE  geologist's  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


In  FenQsylyania,  ninety  feet  of  strata  have  been  carefully  studied  and  measured 
on  Sideling  Hill,  consisting  of  alternate  beds  of  red  and  olive  shales  and  sandstones 
with  Chemung  fossils,  ripple-marks  and  f ucoids,  and  a  bed  of  iron  ore  long  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Land's  Creek  ore,  which  outcrops  everywhere  along  the  face 
of  the  Allegheny  Mountain.  In  the  gaps  at  BlairsvUle  and  ConnellsyiUe,  in 
Southwestern  Pennsylvania,  Prof.  Stevenson  finds  Chemung  fossils  in  what  have 
always  been  called  the  Catskill  rocks,  on  account  of  their  being  of  a  red  color, 
and  other  geologists  have  made  the  same  observation  in  Northern  Pennsylvania. 
In  Southern  New  York,  adjacent  to  Pennsylvania,  Professor  Hall  reports  150  feet 
of  red  rocks,  and  then  thin  gray  rocks  above  with  Chemung  fossils. 

TL  e  Erie  shale  of  Ohio  is  the  equivalent  of  the  11  b.  Chemung,  and  the  upper 
part  of  the  11  a.  Portage.  At  Cleveland,  it  consists  of  green,  gray  and  blue  shales* 
soft  and  fine,  with  sheets  of  micaceous,  silvery  sandstone,  from  half  an  inch  to  two 
inches  in  thickness,  and  flattened  masses  of  argillaceous  iron  ore. — Newberry. 
The  formation  also  occurs  in  Kentucky,  and  Chemung  fossils  have  been  found  in 
Utah  and  Nevada  by  Clarence  King  and  Arnold  Hague. 

12i  CattkilL — There  is  no  observable  line  of  demarcation  between  the 
Chemung  and  Catskill.  The  first  sign  of  change  is  a  more  solid  or  hard  rock 
appearing,  often  accompanied  by  red  sandstone  or  red  shale.  The  group  consistA 
of  light  colored  gray  sandstone,  usually  hard ;  of  fine-grained  red  sandstone,  red 
shale  or  slate ;  of  dark  colored  slate  and  shale,  of  grindstone-grit,  and  a  peculiarly 
accretionary  and  fragmentary  mass,  appearing  like  fragments  of  hard  slate 
cemented  by  limestone,  similar  to  what  is  well  known  in  England  as  comstone. 
The  hard  gray  sandfitone  often  presents  a  highly  characteristic  structure,  the 
layers,  one  or  more  inches  thick,  being  disposed  in  oblique  divisions,  the  divisions 
usually  overlapping  each  other.  This  peculiar  angular  arrangement  presents 
altogether  a  singular  conformation,  and  forms  a  highly  picturesque  rock. — Y. 
You  can  see  this  at  Balston,  Penn8ylva;i.d. 

The  prevailing  color  of  the  sandstone  is  brick-red,  though  often  it  is  lighter, 
and  sometimes  of  a  deeper  color,  from  a  larger  proportion  of  iron,  while  the 
coarser  parts  are  often  gray,  and  the  shales  are  green.  Beds  of  green  shaly 
sandstone  are  interstratifled  with  the  red  friable  sandstone,  and  these  are  succeeded 
by  a  compact  kind  of  conglomerate  rock.  The  formation  expands,  and  augments 
in  thickness,  in  passing  eastward,  till  it  finally  rises  in  the  high  and  prominent 
peaks  of  the  Catskill  Mountain,  nearly  4,000  feet  above  the  sea,  from  which  the 
formation  derives  its  name.    See  note  No.  0,  of  New  York. 

The  formation  extends  from  this  locality  southwestward  into  Pennsylvania, 
where  its  outcrop,  8,000  feet  thick,  in  combination  with  that  of  the  Pocono 
sandstone  above  it,  2,000  feet  thick,  forms  a  terraced  mountain,  which  surrounds 
each  of  the  Anthracite  coal  fields ;  the  red  rocks  of  the  Catskill  making  the  terrace, 
and  the  white  rocks  of  the  Pocono  forming  the  crest.  Piled  upon  one  another  in 
Inclined  strata,  they  constitute  the  bulk  of  the  Catskill  Mountains  in  New 
York,  of  the  Pocono  plateau  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Allegheny,  Savage  and 
Cumberland  Mountains,  far  into  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 

>n  all  the  railroads  approaching  the  anthracite  coal  regions  of  Pennsylvania 
one  passes  over  these  Catskill  rocks,  often  for  many  miles.  They  contain  no  coal, 
but  fossil  ferns  are  abundant  in  some  localities.  This  la  the  last  and  upper  forma- 
tion of  the  Devonian  period,  and  is  the  foundation  on  which  rests  the  carboniferous 


■  i   «  '•  •;'.•  , 


DESCRIPTION'S  OF    THE    FORMATIONS. 


37 


^1 


syBtem.  On  the  Delaware  divisioii  of  the  N.  Y.  L.  E.  «fc  W.,  or  Erie  Railway,  is 
an  opportunity  of  seeing  the  red  rocks  of  the  Catskill  formation  for  a  number  of 
miles,  and  also  on  the  N.T.  &  O.  Midland  Railroad  north  of  the  Bloomingburgh 
tunnel. 

In  Pennsylvania  it  is  composed  of  a  vast  succession  of  thin-bedded  red  and 
gray  sandstones,  with  thin  seams  of  red,  green  and  mottled  shales,  also  coarse  and 
fine  sandstones  of  various  hues  of  red,  brown,  gray  and  greenish ;  together  with  red 
and  greenish  coarse  silicious  conglomerate  of  white  quartz  pebbles,  the  whole  being 
thick  bedded,  and  with  an  oblique  laminated  structure.  It  has  not  much  of 
interest,  either  to  the  scientific  or  practical  inquirer.  Its  most  interesting  fossils 
are  fish-remains,  which,  in  the  Catskills,  extend  through  100  feet  in  thickness  of 
strata.  It  is  the  Old  Bed  sandstone  of  England,  lying  under  the  coal.  The 
English  yew  Bed  sandstone  is  over  the  coal,  being  tLd  Permian,  Jurassic  and 
Triassic  formations,  but  these  are  not  found  directly  over  the  coal  in  America. 

The  Catskill  formation  is  a  poor  one  for  agricultural  purposes.  The  fields  are 
stony,  with  many  projecting  ledges  of  red  rocks.  Its  sandstones  are  too  hard,  and 
too  destitute  of  lime  to  produce  a  fertile  soil,  and  the  country  covered  by  it  is  either 
a  wilderness,  or  very  thinly  populated. 


13-15   CARBONIFEROUS   AGE. 


13  a.  Lower  Sub-Carboniferous.— To  a  superficial  observer,  the  remarkaBle 
substitution  of  great  sandstone  and  conglomerate  deposits,  under  the  coal-measures 
in  the  east,  for  generally  limestone  deposits,  under  the  coal-measures  of  the  west, 
must  seem  inexplicable.  But  the  simple  explanation  is,  that  all  the  sub-carbon- 
iferous sand- beds  of  Pennsylvania,  formed  near  the  old  continent,  thin  away,  and 
gradually  disappear,  before  they  reach  the  Mississippi ;  while  the  five  great  sub- 
carboniferous  limestones  of  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Missouri,  formed  in  a  deep  quiet 
sea,  on  the  contrary,  thin  away,  in  going  eastward,  to  40  feet  in  Westmoreland 
County,  and  25  feet  in  Somerset  County,  Pennsylvania ;  and  totally  disappear 
before  reaching  the  Schuylkill  and  Lehigh  Rivers.  But  the  same  limestone 
deposits  thicken  southwaid  to  600  and  1,000  feet  in  Virginia,  and  even  more  in 
Tennessee. 

In  the  Pennsylvania  Anthracite  courtly,  the  next  formation  above  the  Catskill 

I  is  a  gray  sandstone,  called  by  Prof.  H.  D.  Rodgers  the  Vespertine.    In  the  second 

I  geological  sarvey.  Prof.  L.^sley  calls  it  the  Pocono,  from  the  name  of  the  mountain 

bounding  Wyoming  Valley,  on  the  south  side.     The  miners  call  it  the  second 

conglomerate.    It  contains  carboniferous  fossils,  but  no  coal  of  value.    Invariably 

the  Vespertine  is  the  outside  mountain  suiTounding  the  coal-basins,  the  inside 

one  being  the  14  a.  Pottsville  conglomerate,  or  Millstone  grit,  and  they  are 

Iseparated  by  13  b.  Mauch  Chunk  red  shale,  of  Lesley,  or  Umbral,  of  Rogers,  a 

Isoft  rock,  which  forms  a  valley ;    and  all  four,  12.  Catskill  or  Ponent,  13  a. 

IVespertine  or  Pooono,  18  b.  Umbral  or  Mauch  Chunk,  and  14  a.  Serai  or  Pottsville 

Iconglomerate,  are  worthless  for  fajtning  purposes. 


38 


THE   GEOLOGIST'S    TRAVELING    HAND-BOOK. 


'! 


In  Pezmsylvania,  the  Vespertine  is  a  white,  gray  and  yellowish  sandstone, 
alternating  with  coarse  silicious  conglomerates,  and  dark-blue,  olive  and  black 
slates,  and  occasionally  thin  beds  of  coal.  In  Michigan,  it  is  the  Marshall  group, 
which  is  mostly  a  somewhat  friable  rock,  with  a  reddish,  buflSsh,  or  olive  color, 
though  in  some  regions  becoming  gray  or  bluish-gray.  It  forms  the  receptacle 
into  which  the  brine  descends,  and  accumulates  from  the  next  over-lying  Michigan 
salt  group,  which  is  18  b.,  and  also  sub-carboniferous.  The  Waverly  group  of 
Ohio  is  proved,  by  its  fossils,  to  be  of  this  same  age.  Its  sub-divisions  are  given 
at  the  head  of  the  chapter  on  Ohio.  It  produces  the  Berea  grindstones  and 
Waverly  sandstone,  the  finest  building-stone  in  Ohio,  if  not  in  the  United  States. 
In  Tennessee  there  is  a  great  development  of  the  lower  sub-carboniferous  group, 
the  13  a.  Barren  group,  rjid  18  b.  Coral,  or  St.  Louis  limestone,  formerly  called  by 
Prof.  Saff ord  the  Silicious.  Its  upper  part  is  tlie  equivalent  of  the  St.  Louis  lime- 
stone of  Missouri;  the  lower  is  a  series  of  silico-calcareous  rocks,  characterized  by 
heavy  layers  of  chert,  one  inch  to  two  feet  thick. 

In  lilinois  the  series  of  sub-carboniferous  strata  consists  of  the  1.  Einderhook 
group,  3.  Burlington  group,  3.  Keokuk  group,  4.  St.  Louis  groi^p,  the  base  of 
which  was  formerly  called  the  Warsaw  limestone,  and  the  6  Chef  ■  ?^up;  all  of 
these  are  limestcaes  and  shale,  with  some  sandstons  in  the  first  and  last  named. 
These  embrace  both  the  lower  and  upper  sub-carboniferous,  and  are  1,200  to  1,500 
feet  thick  in  the  south-western  part  of  Illinois,  but  thin-out  in  going  north,  and 
entirely  disappear  before  reaching  Rock  Island,  r^here  the  coal-measures  rest  on 
the  Devonian  limestone.  In  Iowa  the  four  lower  members  occur,  but  the  Chester, 
the  thickest  member,  is  wanting,  and  it  is  almost  entirely  wanting  in  Missouri. 

In  Pennsylvania  a  small  coal-bed.  has  been  opened  on  the  Susquehanna  River, 
in  the  Pocono  sandstone ;  and  in  Huntingdon  County  more  than  a  dozen  small 
layers  of  coal  may  be  traced,  running  through  the  formation.  In  Montgomery 
County,  Virginia,  two  similar  coal-beds  attain  a  local  importance,  being  on  Tom's 
Creek,  respectively  4  and  8  feet  thick.  These  represent  the  lower  coal  of  East 
Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Alabama. 

In  Ohio  the  Subcarboniferous  limestone  extends  through  some  of  the  south- 
eastern counties.  It  is  quite  thin,  and  represents  only  the  upper  or  Chester  ^ .  "ir  ber 
of  the  group.  Two  workable  seams  of  coal — the  Jackson  and  Wallstor,  o^^^ — 
are  found  below  it.— Newberry. 

13  bi  Upper  Sub-Carboniferous.— In  Pennsylvania  this  is  the  Umbral  red 
shale  of  Rogers,  and  the  Mauch  Chunk  of  Lesley,  sometimes  8,000  feet  thick,  and 
here  consists  almost  entirely  of  very  soft  red  shales  and  argillaceous  red  sand- 
stone, without  fossils.  It  gradually  becomes  in  Virginia  a  triple  maas  of  buff,  green 
and  red  shales  below,  a  thick  body  of  light-blue  limestone,  full  of  fossils,  in  the 
middle,  and  the  upper  part  blue,  olive  and  red  calcareous  shales,  with  massive 
strata  of  gray  and  brownish  sandstone.  It  contains  beds  of  iron  ore.  which  are 
sometimes  very  valuable.  In  the  Western  States  the  limestone  is  the  principal 
rock.  It  is  the  limestone  of  Greenbriar  Valley  in  West  Virginia.  In  Northern 
Pennsylvania,  gray  and  greenish  shales,  and  gray  argillaceous  sandstones,  are 
introduced  among  the  red  shales,  and  farther  west  it  consists  of  two  or  more  strata 
of  soft  red  shales,  separated  by  a  thick  body  of  gray,  flaggy  sandstone.  It  is 
generally  well  marked  in  Pennsylvania  as  the  softest  of  rocks,  or  simply  dry  re<} 
mud,  and  is  to  be  noticed  by  those  in  search  of  coal,  none  of  which  is  evef 
found  in  or  below  it.    In  Tennessee  this  formation  is  the  mountain  limestone, 


DESCBIFTIONS  OF  THE  FOBMATIOVS. 


89 


hale,  the  latter 
See  the  above 


beneath  the  coal-measures.  It  is  a  heavy  body  of  limestones  an 
almost  one-fourth  of  the  mass ;  and  there  is  also  a  sandstone, 
description  of  13  a.  in  Illinois. 

In  Middle  Pennsylvania,  around  the  Broad  Top  coal-basin,  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley 
says  there  appears,  for  the  first  time  in  this  formation,  going  west,  distinct  traces 
of  the  great  mountain  limestone  formation,  which  underlies  all  the  southern  and 
western  coal-fields,  and  becomes  one  of  the  principal  features  of  the  geology  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  as  it  is  also  of  the  geology  of  Europe.  The  red  shale 
formation  is  here  seen,  divided  in  two^OlO  feet  of  it  above,  and  141  feet  of  it 
below ;  a  middle  group  of  red  and  gray,  mottled  calcareous  shales,  and  thin  lime- 
stone layers,  full  of  fossil  shells — in  all  49  feet  thick — separating  the  upper  and 
lower  members  of  nearly  pure  red  shale. 

The  narrow  red  shale  valleys,  which  surround  this  Broad  Top  coal-basin,  the 
Cumberland  basin  in  Maryland,  and  the  three  principal  groups  of  anthracite  basins 
in  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  are  due  to  the  thickness  and  softness  of  this  important 
formation.  But  while  it  is  8,000  feet  thick  at  Pottsville,  it  is  but  300  feet  thick 
along  the  Allegheny  Mountain,  and  less  than  100  feet  thick  around  the  coal-basins 
of  Tioga  and  Bradford  counties ;  and,  therefore,  instead  of  making  valleys,  only 
marks  the  top  of  the  mountaui  steep  slopes  with  a  narrow  terrace,  over  which 
dominates  the  vortical  cliffs  of  the  outcrop  of  the  coal  conglomerate. 

14  a.  Millstone  Qrit.— This  is  a  mass  of  white  or  yellow  sandstone,  containing 
vast  numbers  of  quartz  pebbles,  and  forming  a  pudding-stone,  or  conglomerate. 
It  is  called  the  Millstone  Grit,  from  being  used  for  the  manufacture  of  millstones. 
In  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  the  formation  is  1,000  feet  thick,  but  becomes 
reduced  to  from  10  to  175  feet  in  Ohio.  In  Kentucky  it  is  from  60  to  600,  and  in 
Indiana  from  60  to  100  feet.  It  is  a  very  peculiar  rock,  and  very  wide  spread, 
extending  out  beyond  the  coal  measures  proper,  of  which  it  is  the  base  and  support. 
There  is  not  in  the  entire  geological  series,  says  Dr.  Newberry,  another  stratum  of 
rock  so  widely  distributed,  and  presenting  as  strongly  marked  litholo^cal  characters, 
as  this.  The  pebbles  are  generally  of  quartz,  and  well  rounded.  The  sand,  which 
forms  the  paste,  and  holds  together  the  pebbles  of  the  conglomerate,  is  generally 
coarse,  and  consists  of  rounded  grains  of  quartz,  which  differ  from  the  pebbles 
only  in  size.  In  the  anthracite  region  of  Pennsylvania,  conglomerate  rocks  some- 
times occur  between  coal-beds,  but  in  the  other  coal  regions  they  are  below  all  the 
workable  coal-beds.  Any  cases  of  thin  beds  of  good  coal  being  found  in  or  below 
the  conglomerate,  are  exceptional  and  rare.  It  does  not  always  maintain  its 
character  as  a  conglomerate,  being  sometimes  an  ordinary  sandstone.  The  great 
lead  mines  of  Joplin  and  Granby.  in  Missouri,  are  in  a  ferruginous  sandstone,  the 
equivalent  of  the  Millstone  Grit,  or  the  Chester  group,  and  the  Hot  Springs  of 
Arkansas  are  in  the  MUlstone  Grit,  greatly  metamorphosed. 

14  bi  and  c.  Lower  and  Upper  Coal  Measures.— The  series  of  rock-strata, 
among  which  the  carboniferous  coal-beds  are  found,  are  called  the  Coal  Measures, 
which  produce  all  the  best  coal  of  America.  They  consist  of  repeated  altemationg 
of  exceedingly  diversified  rocks,  of  every  degree  of  coarseness,  from  the  smoothest 
fire-clay  to  exceedingly  rough,  silicious  conglomerates,  including  within  those 
extremes  a  wide  variety  of  coal-shales,  or  mud-rocks,  of  almost  every  color  and 
texture— marls,  argillaceous  sandstones  and  quartzose  grits,  also  thin  bands  of 
limestones,  both  pure  and  magnesian,  and  numerous  seams  of  carbonate  of  iron. 


m 


40 


THE  GEOLOGIST'S  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


fi 


The  numerous  coal-beds  themselves,  which  occur  among  this  series  of  strata,  the 
most  interesting  and  important  of  them  all,  are  also  found  in  America  in  all 
their  known  varieties,  from  the  most  compact  anthrrdte  to  the  most  flusible  and 
bituminoas  kinds  of  coal.  There  is  no  invariable  order  for  the  strata  of  coal 
measures,  but  usually  the  bed  of  coal  has  a  fire-clay  bed  below  it,  and  shale 
immediately  over  it.  Extending  our  view  over  a  considerable  district,  we  find 
these  rocks  are  coarser  and  more  massive  towards  the  east  or  southeast ;  that 
they  become  more  fino-grained,  and  less  sandy  and  earthy,  and  the  limestones 
increase  in  size  and  number  as  we  proceed  westward  or  northwestward ;  that 
many  of  the  strata  become  reduced  in  thickness,  and  some  of  them  entirely  dis- 
appear. In  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  the  middle  portion  of  the  coal  measures  con- 
tains no  coal  seams,  and  hence  is  called  the  Barren  Measures,  thus  dividing  the 
formation  into  Upper  and  Lower  Productive  Coal  Measures.  The  Lower  Coal 
Measures  sometimes  contain  valuable  beds  of  iron  ore.  Salt  is  produced  trom 
the  Lower  Coal  Measures  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois  and  Kentucky.* 

I9i  Permiani — In  the  annexed  Guide  a  large  number  of  stations  in  Kansas 
are  given  as  being  on  the  Permo-Carboniferous  (Permian)  series,  and  it  was  for  a 
long  time  supposed  that  these  rocks  occur  only  in  Kansas.  Prof.  C-  A.  White  has 
recently  assigned  a  large  area  in  Texas  to  the  Permian,  and  Prof.  I.  C  White  is 
inclined  to  refer  the  Permo-Carboniferous  beds  of  Southwestern  Pennsylvania 
and  West  Virginia,  the  No.  XVI.  of  Rodgers,  to  the  same  age,  since  they  are  the 
exact  counter-part  of  the  Texas  rocks  in  their  stratigraphical  relations,  lithology 
and  palseontologica!  affinities.  The  Permian  rocks  in  Europe  are  limetrtones, 
sandstones,  red,  greenish,  and  gray  marlites  or  shales,  gypsum  beds  and  con- 
glomerates, among  which  the  limestones,  in  some  regions,  predominate.  In 
Kansas  they  consist,  according  to  Prof.  Mudge,  of  calcareous  and  arenacous 
shales  and  beds  of  limestone.  The  latter  are  quite  impure,  but  sometimes  mas- 
sive magnesian  limestone,  of  a  drab  and  buff  color,  is  found,  which  furnishes  an 
excellent  building  material.  Prof.  Swallow  describes  them  as  a  series  of  lime- 
stones, marls,  shales,  sandstones,  conglomerates  and  gypsums-  The  State  capitol 
of  Kansas,  at  Topeka,  is  built  of  Junction  City  limestone  of  the  Permian  forma- 
tion. It  is  also  used  at  Manhattan,  and  the  buildings  at  Fort  Riley  are  also  con- 
spicuous specimens  of  Permian  limestone.  The  rocks  here  called  Permian,  are 
conformable  to  the  coal  measures,  and  contain  many  coal-measure  fossils,  with 
some  not  found  below.  Some  geologists  think  there  is  no  good  reason  for  sep- 
arating the  Permian  rocks  from  the  Carboniferous  system,  of  which  they  form 
the  uppermost  member  (and  in  the  Tables  of  Formations  both  Permian  and 
Permo-Carboniferous  are  used.)  Strata  of  the  same  age  occur  in  Indiana,  Texas 
and  Mexico,  where  they  contain  many  new  and  interesting  reptilian  remains. 
In  most  parts  of  the  United  States  where  the  coal  measures  are  not  overlaid  by 
the  Permian  beds,  the  latter  have  very  probably  been  eroded.  The  Permian 
forms  part  of  the  New  Red  Sandstone  of  England,  lying  over  the  coal.  The 
name  is  derived  from  Permia,  a  province  in  Russia. 


*  Having  been  for  twenty-one  years  actively  engaged  in  mining,  transporting  and  Helling  coal, 
the  author'8  business  led  him  to  the  study  of  geology,  particularly  in  its  economic  bearings,  and  he 
has  given  to  the  world  all  he  knows  about  cpai  in  another  work  entitled,  "Thb  Coal  Rmioms  or 
Amcuca.  :  TBUB  ToPoosAPHY,  Gkolooy  and  Dbvilopiumt,"  by  Jam«e  M«cfttrlane,  Ph.  O. 


U 


DESCRIPTIONS  OP  THE  FORMATIONS. 


41 


I6H8.    MESOZOIC. 


arenacous 


16.  Trtassic. — As  the  railroads  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  the  greatest 
lines  of  travel  in  this  country,  run  on  this  formation,  it  is  the  most  conspicuous 
and  well  known  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  one  in  which  geologists  are  now 
taking  great  interest.  Every  observing  person  must  have  noticed  it,  and  its  aspect 
and  composition  are  so  uniform  and  well  marked,  that  a  description  of  it  here  will 
answer  for  the  whole  belt  through  the  States  of  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
and  North  Carolina,  from  the  Hudson  River  to  Deep  River,  in  the  latter  State,  and 
in  the  Connecticut  Valiey. 

The  Triassic  consists  of  dark  reddish-brown  sandstone,  soft,  crurably  brown 
shales,  and  the  upper  beds  are  coarse  conglomerates.  The  almost  invariable 
dip  is  towards  the  north-west,  at  angles  ranging  from  16'  to  35*.  Prof.  H.  D. 
Rogers  thought  this  uniform  dip  was  not  caused  by  any  uplifting  agency,  but  that 
the  rocks  were  originally  laid  down  in  this  manner.  His  theory  is  that  the 
formation  owes  its  origin  to  an  extensive  ancient  river,  having  its  source  at  the 
eastern  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  North  Carolina.  Following  the  remnants  of 
the  Triassic  formation  thence  north-east,  it  gradually,  from  small  beginnings, 
becomes  larger,  and  has  throughout  a  descending  course.  At  the  James  River,  it 
is  four,  at  the  Potomac  six,  at  the  Sus(^iiehanna  twelve,  and  at  the  Delaware, 
thirty  miles  wide — ^the  estuary  being  in  the  region  of  the  Raritan  and  the  Hudson. 
In  New  Jersey,  therefore,  this  river  w.i  at  its  maximum. 

The  uniform  dip  was  supposed  by  Prof.  H.  D.  Rogers  to  be  the  result  of  the 
oblique  or  slanting  mode  in  which  the  sediment  has  been  laid  down  by  a  rapid  and 
steady  current  washing  the  material  from  the  south-east  side  or  shore  of  the  river. 
If  it  were  due  to  an  upheaval,  this  formation,  measured  in  the  usual  way,  would 
show  an  unheard-of  thickness.  In  fact,  it  is  very  thin,  as  is  shown  in  the  exposures 
of  limestone  in  the  interior  of  the  belt.  All  the  appearances  of  the  formation 
indicate,  and  there  is  much  to  suRtain  his  opinion,  that  it  never  was  tilted. 

But  more  recent  study  of  this  interesting  formation,  has  proven  two  facts :  (1) 
that  it  was  originally  extensive,  far  beyond  its  present  limits ;  and,  (2)  that,  in  at 
least  its  middle  beds,  the  original  deposits  were  horizontal,  and  have  been  since 
upturned.  The  two  great  belts  of  Triassic,  which  cross  from  Virginia  into  North 
Carolina,  and  one  of  them  into  South  Carolina,  not  only  have  their  rocks  dipping 
in  opposite  directions,  showing  a  long  and  broad  uplifted  country  between  Raleigh 
and  Danville ;  but  certain  groups  of  coal-beds,  which,  though  now  dipping  in 
contrary  directions,  must  of  course  have  been  originally  horizontal.  Traces  of 
coal-beds  have  been  found  in  the  Triassic  of  Pennsylvania,  In  York  county,  and  at 
Phoenixville.  The  intermediate  country  in  North  Carolina  was,  therefore,  pre- 
sumably once  covered  with  the  formation,  and  probably  all  Virginia,  east  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  and  all  south-eastern  Pennsylvania.  The  formation  is  seen  passing 
under  the  plastic  clays  of  New  Jersey,  and  may  extend  far  under  the  bed  of  the 
Atlantic,  being  thus  connected  with  the  beds  of  the  Connecticut,  and  even  those  of 
the  Bay  of  Pundy. — Lesley. 


43 


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i:. 


Relics  of  vegetation  are  occasionally  found  in  the  Triassic,  in  the  fonn  of 
highly  compact  and  bituminous  lignite,  the  longitudinal  sections  exhibiting  the 
fibrous  structure  of  the  wood,  whence  it  was  formed.  This  lignite,  occurring 
sometimes  in  seams  of  two  or  three  inches  in  thickness,  amid  dark  shales,  has 
been  a  fertile  source  of  delusion,  some  persons  having  been  induced  by  the  hope 
of  finding  valuable  coal-mines,  to  waste  much  labor  in  the  search.  Although  the 
Richmond  and  North  Carolina  coals  are  Triassic,  all  the  geological  facts  discoun- 
tenance the  notion  that  it  contains  coal  in  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  the 
detached  fragments  of  plants,  which  we  meet  with  in  the  form  of  lignite,  having 
evidently  been  loosely  drifted  into  these  sediments  from  the  land.  Prof.  Emmons 
says  there  is  nothmg  which  can  be  regarded  as  equivalent  to  the  coal  measures  of 
the  Chatham  (N.  C.)  and  Richmond  (Va.)  series  in  the  northern  beds.  All  this 
formation  was  produced  at  a  period  subsequent  to  the  great  Carboniferous  or  coal- 
bearing  rocks.  There  are  great  numbers  of  fossil  fish  in  the  Trias  of  New  Jersey 
and  Connecticut  valleys,  among  them  twenty  species  of  ganoids;  also  the  famous 
bird-tracks  of  Dr.  Hitchcock.  See  notes  27  and  28  Massachusetts.  Fossil  plants 
are  numerous  in  the  Trias  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina. 

When  a  large  portion  of  the  pebbles  are  of  limestone,  in  the  Triassic  con- 
glomerate, and  the  cementing  red  earth  which  unites  them,  contains  an  adequate 
quantity  of  the  same  material,  the  rock  possesses  the  character  of  a  marble,  as  on 
the  Potomac  River.  The  Portland  stone,  or  reddish-brown  sandstone,  so  much 
used  for  building  purposes  in  New  York  and  other  eastern  cities,  is  from  the 
Triassic  formation. 

Extensive  mines  for  copper  ore  have  been  wrought  in  the  Triassic,  in  the  State 
of  New  Jersey,  the  ore  occurring  in  every  case  adjacent  to  igneous  traps,  but  not 
in  contact  with  them.  All  these  mining  operations  have  failed,  on  account  of  the 
ore  being  diffused  or  disseminated  through  the  mass  of  the  formation,  and  not 
being  found  compacted  in  regular  veins.  In  Europe,  the  upper  part  of  the 
Triassic  is  called  Eeuper,  or  copper. 


!l 


'  Sl 


Trap-Dikesi — Numerous  parallel  ridges  and  dikes  of  Trap,  some  of  them 
many  miles  in  length,  and  with  the  elevation  of  mountains  400  feet  high,  and 
ridges  of  all  sizes,  traverse  the  Triassic.  Indeed,  neariy  all  the  trap-dikes  ai'e 
coi^ned  to  this  formation.  The  material  which  composes  these  rough,  rocky 
ridges,  undoubtedly  protruded  in  a  stat«  of  fusion,  slowly  and  gently  through  long 
narrow  fissures,  produced  by  the  gaping  asunder  of  the  rocks,  and  not  by 
enormous  violent  disruptions,  Uke  those  of  volcanoes,  as  the  strata  through  which 
they  passed  are  very  little  disturbed,  and  the  dip  of  the  strata  is  very  little 
affected  by  them.  These  trap-dikes  have  burst  through  the  red  shale  and  sand- 
stone, after  they  were  deposited,  overflowing,  while  in  a  melted  and  highly  heated 
condition,  the  adjacent  beds,  and  greatly  altering  their  texture,  color  and  mineral 
aspect.  The  finest  of  these  trap-dikes  is  the  Palisades,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Hudson  River,  above  Jersey  City,  and  extending  north  of  that  place.  (See  note  6, 
in  chapter  on  New  York).  The  tunnels  and  deep  railroad-cuts  through  it,  in  Jersey 
City,  afford  good  opportunities  to  observe  the  appearance  of  the  stone,  the  principfJ 
constituents  of  which  are  hornblende,  feldspar,  and  titaniferous  oxide  of  iron. 
The  little  mountain  of  iron  ore  at  Cornwall,  in  Lebanon  county,  Pennsylvania,  was 
thrown  up  by  a  trap-dike  of  the  Triassic.  ,  ^ 


D£80BIPTI0NS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


43 


That  the  trap  is  not  confined,  however,  to  the  Triassic  rock  surfacu,  is  beauti- 
fully shown  by  the  very  numerous  trap-dikes  which  cut  the  Highlands  of  Orange 
county,  N.T.,  and  of  New  Jersey ;  by  the  long,  straight,  narrow  dike  whicli  issues 
from  the  South  Mountain,  opposite  Carlisle,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  cuts  across  all 
the  formations,  from  the  Potsdam  up  to  the  Subcarboniferous,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Juniata,  (see  notes  9,  77  and  170,  in  chapter  on  Pennsylvania),  and  especially  by 
the  still  longer  trap-dike  recently  discovered  by  Prof.  Frazer,  in  Lancaster  county, 
Pa.,  which  not  only  penetrates  the  Welsh  hills  of  gneiss,  but  cuts  acroBS  the  west 
end  of  the  Chester  county  (Pa.)  Valley,  near  the  famous  nickel  mine,  and  reaches 
the  Susquehanna  River  near  the  roofing  slates  quarries  at  Peach  Bottom. — Lesley. 

The  Triassic  formation  yields  the  rock-salt  and  brine  of  the  greater  part  of 
Europe,  especially  in  England,  Ireland,  France,  and  part  of  Germany.  * 

17i  JurawiCt — ^The  upper  portion  of  what  is  commonly  called  the  Triassic,  on 
the  Atlantic  border,  may  belong  to  the  Jurassic,  and  is  so  described  by  Prof.  P.  R. 
Uhler,  in  the  annexed  Guide  for  Maryland ;  and  by  Prof.  W.  B.  Rogers,  as  Juro- 
Triassic  and  Juro-Cretaceous,  in  Virginia.  But  there  are  beds  which  are 
imdoubtedly  Jurassic  in  several  of  the  eastern  ridges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
other  districts  of  the  far  West.  The  rocks  are,  in  general,  a  gray  or  whitish 
marly  or  arenaceous  limestone,  with  occasional  puie  compact  limestone  beds, 
intercalated  with  laminated  marls.  The  enormous  Binoaauri,  recently  obtained 
by  Marsh  and  Cope  from  Colorado,  are  from  the  Jurassic.  It  is  much  less  import- 
ant here  than  in  England,  where  it  is  subdivided  into  the  Liassic,  Oolytic  and 
Wealden.    The  name  is  derived  from  Mount  Jura,  in  Switzerland. 

\8,  Cretaeeousi— The  Cretaceous  formation,  along  the  Atlantic  Coast  and  the 
lower  Mississippi  Valley,  consists  of  a  series  of  beds  of  strata,  differing  from  each 
other ;  but  they  are  all  earthy  in  form,  consisting  of  beds  of  sand  and  sandy-clay, 
except  at  a  few  points,  where  the  strata  have  been  cemented  by  oxide  of  iron  into  a 
kind  of  sandstone,  or  conglomerate.  In  Texas  it  contains  extensive  beds  of  gypsum. 
In  New  Jersey  it  produces  the  lower  two  beds  of  grccn-sand,  called  marl,  which  is 
extensively  used  in  agriculture,  the  value  of  which  is  due  to  the  potash  and  phos- 
phates which  it  contains.  Ninety  per  cent,  of  it  is  a  green  silicate  of  iron  and 
potash,  the  rest  being  ordina.y  sand,  and  it  contains  no  lime.  But  in  Wyoming, 
Utah,  and  Colorado,  the  Cretaceous  attains  a  thickness  of  9,000  feet,  and  its  rocks 
comprise  beds  of  sand,  marlite,  clay,  loosely  aggregated  shell-limestone,  or  rotten 
limestone,  and  compact  limestone.  At  the  middle  of  the  Cretaceous,  lie  the  beds 
of  plastic-clay,  outcropping  across  New  Jersey,  from  Trenton  to  Amboy,  and  of 
great  importance  to  the  fire-brick  and  pottery  factories,  as  described  in  the  Report 
of  Prof.  Cook,  of  New  Jersey,  for  1876. 

The  name  Cretaceous  is  from  the  Latin  word  for  chalk,  the  chalk  of  England 
and  Europe,  being  one  of  the  rocks  of  this  period ;  but  in  this  country  it  contains 
no  chalk,  except  in  Western  Kansas,  823  miles  west  of  Kansas  City,  where  a  large 
bed  exists.  It  is  within  one  mile  of  Trego  station  on  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad* 
and  is  found  over  a  tract  125  by  80  miles. 

The  Cretaceous  formation,  in  the  far  West,  passes  upwards  into  a  coal-bearing 
formation,  several  thousand  feet  thick,  and  covering  on  the  upper  Missouri  River 
not  less  than  100,000  square  miles  in  the  United  States,  besides  the  portion  of  th 
belt  extending  into  the  British  possessions.      The  area  of  other  lignitic  basins 
farther  south,  cannot  be  estimated,  their  width  being  unknown.      Dr.  Hayden 


44 


THE  geologist's    TRAVELING    HAND-BOOK. 


:1i 


regards  this  coal-formation  as  transitional,  or  Lower  Eocece  19.  Tertiary,  and  in 
the  within  Guide  for  Colorado  It  is  called  the  Lignitic  Group,  lying  between  the 
Cretaceous  and  Tertiary.  Mr.  Lesquereux  is  of  the  same  opinion  as  to  its  Tertiary 
age,  but  nearly  all  other  geologists  regard  it  as  Cretaceous. 

In  the  annexed  Guide  for  Wyoming  and  Utah,  the  formation  is  given  at  points 
where  the  coal  is  mined — Carbon,  Separation,  Black  Buttes,  Point  of  Rocks,  Rock 
Springs,  and  E^.anston.  All  the  coal  now  mined  in  Wyoming  is,  according  to  the 
Ouide,  in  the  18  d.  Laramie  Cretaceous,  which  corresponds  with  Hayden's  Lignitic 
beds.  Evc7/  division  of  the  Cretaceous  is  said  to  be  lignitic  or  coal-bearing,  and 
may  some  day  produce  good  coal.  The  Evanston  beds  are  in  the  Lai'amie,  but  the 
Coalsville  beds  are  probably  in  the  18  b.  Colorado  Cretaceous.  The  Rock  Creek 
coal  may  be  18  c.  Fox  Hill. — A.  Hague.  There  is  no  Carboniferous  coal  in  the  far 
west.  The  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  age  of  the  Lignitic  or  coal-bearing  group, 
arises  from  the  fact  of  its  Ijing  at  the  transition  point  from  the  Cretaceous  to  the 
Tertiary,  where,  as  is  not  unusual,  the  fossils  of  both  are  mingled ;  and  the  con- 
troversy is  as  to  precisely  where  the  Cretaceous  ends,  and  the  Tertiary  begins. 


' 


19-20.  CENOZOIC. 


19i  Tertiary.— The  Tertiary  formation  of  the  Atlantic  coast  is  wholly  of  an 
«arthy  character,  without  solid  rocks,  consisting  of  sands  and  sandy  blue  clays,  and 
above  these  yellow  and  brown  ferruginous  sand ;  also  clays  and  sands  imbedding 
extensive  layers  of  uncemented  fossil  shells.  But  as  we  trace  them  south  and 
southwest  through  the  Southern  cotton-growing  states,  it  becomes  more  calcareous, 
consisting  of  lead-colored  sandy  clays,  and  whitish  and  bluish  friable  limestone  in 
JS^orth  and  South  Carolina  and  Eastern  Georgia.  West  of  that,  the  upper  member 
consists  of  two  limestone  strata,  the  middle  of  sand  and  sandy  marl,  and  the  lower 
part  of  limestone  and  marl.  H.  D.  Rogers  suggests  that  on  the  Atlantic  slope, 
opposite  the  Appalachian  Mountains,  the  older  rocks  furnished  only  sandy  and 
clayey  sediments,  and  the  Tertiary  deposits  composed  of  the  ruins  of  the  former, 
are  of  that  character ;  while  farther  west  a  wide  expanse  of  limestones  fills  the 
upper  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  hence  the  Tertiary  deposits  bordering  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  extending  up  the  Mississippi  River,  are  of  a  greatly  more 
calcareous  or  lime-beaiing  character.  The  cotton-growing  lands  of  the  Southern 
States  are  chiefly  Tertiary.  In  the  central  part  of  the  continent,  the  Tertiary  beds 
are  lake  sediments,  or  fresh- water  deposits ;  while  on  the  west  coast  they  are  marine. 
The  Tertiary,  in  the  southern  part  of  New  Jersey,  furnishes  great  quantities  of  bog 
iron-ore,  but  bog  iron-ore  is  not  peculiar  to  the  Tertiary  formation.  The  upper  bed 
of  the  green-sand  of  New  Jersey  is  Tertiary.  In  the  far-west  the  Tertiary  strata 
are  in  a  greatly  more  indurated  or  rocky  condition  than  those  of  the  eastern  coast. 
The  19  a.  Eocene  consists  of  beds  of  clay  and  sand,  with  round  ferruginous  con- 
cretions and  numerous  seams  and  local  deposits  of  lignite,  according  to  Mr.  Les- 
quereux.  Also  gray  and  ash-colored  sandstone,  with  more  or  less  argillaceous 
layers.  The  19  b.  Miocene  consists  of  white  and  light  drab  clays,  with  some  beds 
of  sandstone  and  local  layers  of  limestone.  The  19  c.  Pliocene  is  composed  of  fine, 
loose  sand,  with  some  layers  of  limestone,  and  contains  fossil  bones  of  animals, 
which  are  scarcely  distinguishable  from  living  species. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


45 


20.  Quaternary.— The  materials  of  the  glacial  drift  consist  of  vast  accu- 
mulations  of  sand,  pebbles,  and  bowlders,  belonging  invariably  to  rocks  lying 
northward  of  their  present  positions,  with  beds  of  bowlder  clay  of  great  thick- 
ness, evidently  brought  from  a  great  distance  from  the  north,  by  causes  quite  dif- 
ferent from  any  now  in  operation,  and  which  nearly  all  geologists  now  believe 
^o  have  been  glaciers.  This  material  is  spread  over  the  whole  breadth  of  the 
North  American  continent,  down  to  38°  or  40°  of  latitude,  with  glacial  flood- 
deposits  farther  south  along  the  valleys ;  and  it  is  also  spread,  in  the  same  way, 
over  the  northern  part  of  Europe.  Nearly  every  recently  uncovered  ledge  of 
rock  in  the  drift-covered  region  has  its  surface  marked  with  the  characteristic 
striae  and  furrows.  These  scratched,  polished  and  grooved  surfaces  prove  the 
former  existence,  according  to  Agassiz's  theory,  of  an  ice  sheet,  many  thousand 
feet  in  thickness,  moving  across  the  continent  over  open  level  plains,  as  well 
as  along  enclosed  valleys.  When  softer  and  harder  rocks  alternate,  they  are 
planed  off  to  one  outline  or  level,  as  if  a  rigid  rasp  had  moved  over  the  land^ 
leveling  all  before  it.  On  the  contrary,  on  any  surfJEice  where  water  flows,  we 
find  the  softer  materials  have  yielded  first  and  been  worn  out,  while  the  rocks 
will  be  left  standing  out,  and  show  greater  resistance.  Glacial  surfaces  are 
highly  polished,  and  are  marked  with  scratches,  grooves  and  deeper  furrows. 
Sometimes  the  smooth  surfaces  are  like  polished  marble,  showing  that  the 
grinding  material  was  held  steadily  down  in  firm,  permanent  contact  with  the 
rocky  surface  against  which  it  moved,  as  is  the  case  with  the  glacier.  There 
are  many  deep  ancient  channels  filled  by  the  drift. 

The  usual  characteristic  marks  of  glaciers  extend,  according  to  Agassiz, 
over  the  whole  surface  of  the  east  half  of  the  continent,  from  the  Atlantic 
shores  to  the  States  west  of  the  Miississippi,  and  from  the  Arctic  sea  to  the  latitude 
of  the  Ohio,  about  the  40th  degree  of  north  latitude.  The  glacier  marks  trend 
from  north  to  south,  with  occasional  slight  inclinations  to  the  east  or  west, 
according  to  the  minor  irregularities  of  the  surface.  The  ice  of  the  great 
glacial  period  in  America,  is  supposed  to  have  moved  over  the  continent  as  one 
continuous  sheet,  over-riding  nearly  all  the  inequalities  of  the  surface.  The 
drift  is  spread  in  one  vast  sheet  over  the  whole  land,  consisting  of  an  indis- 
criminate medley  of  clay,  sand,  gravels,  pebbles,  bowlders  of  all  dimensions, 
so  uniformly  mixed  together,  that  in  all  parts  of  the  country  it  presents  a  gen- 
eral similarity.  The  partial  absence  of  stratification  is  one  important  charac- 
teristic of  glacial  drift.  In  the  bowlder  clays  there  is  no  arrangement  of  the 
materials  according  to  size  or  weight,  whereas  in  water  the  lighter  materials 
are  carried  farther  than  the  heavier  ones  and  deposited  separately.  In  glacial 
drift  there  are  large  angular  fragments  by  which  it  may  be  distinguished  from 
alluvium,  and  it  retains  the  mud  gathered  during  the  journey,  spread  through 
its  mass,  while  the  water-rolled  deposits  are  washed  clean,  and  consist  usually 
of  well-rounded  pebbles,  and  there  are  no  scratches  on  the  exposed  surfiices  of 
the  solid  rocks. 

'  The  following  general  description  of  the  limit  of  the  drift  is  intended  to 
show  the  approximate  boundary  between  the  glaciated  and  non-glaciated  parts 
of  the  country.  Although  the  margins  of  the  difiierent  drift-sheets  appear  to 
form  a  single  margin,  because  the  sheets  overlap,  it  must  not  be  inferred  that 
they  are  one  and  the  same,  or  that  they  were  formed  at  the  same  time,  or  neces- 


.'  I 


46 


THE  GEOLOGIST'S  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


'i1 


'II' 
m 


l!|t 


aarily  by  tlie  same  agency.  The  majority  of  active  and  critical  students  of  the 
drift  of  the  interior  now  believe  in  two  or  more  glacial  epochs — not  merely 
stages  of  retreat,  but  two  or  more  independent  ice  incursions.  Nor  is  it  to  be 
understood  that  the  southern  border  is  everywhere  a  moraine,  in  any  special 
flense  of  the  term.  For  more  than  half  its  extent  across  the  country,  there  is 
no  ppecial  aggregation  of  drift  at  the  edge,  and  the  precise  method  of  its  forma- 
tion in  certain  portions  is  yet  an  open  question. 

Tn  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  United  States,  the  margin  of  the  great 
northern  drift  sheet  unites  or  becomes  confused  with  the  local  drift  f^om  the 
mountains,  and  it  is  impossible  to  say  at  present  what  is  to  be  regarded  as  the 
margin  of  the  great  northern  mantle.    According  to  Dr.  6.  M.  Dawson,  there 
was  a  general  southerly  movement  on  the  highlands  of  British  Columbia.  This 
appears  to  have  penetrated  to  the  basin  of  Puget  Sound,  but  not  to  have  reached 
the  Columbia  river.    It  seems  also  to  have  entered  the  northern  edge  of 
Washington  Territory,  near  the  northern  elbow  of  the  Columbia  (Willis).    It 
also  penetrated  into  Idaho,  as  fur  as  Lake  Fend  d'Oreille  (Chamberlin),  and 
also  the  northern  border  of  Montana.    Local  mountainous  giaciation  was  quite 
extensive  along  the  Cascades,  Sierra  Nevada,  Bocky  Mountains  and  some 
minor  ranges.   East  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  limit  of  northern  drift  enters 
the  United  States  from  Canada  at  the  fool-hiHs  of  the  mountains  (G.  M.  Dawson), 
and  running  southward  to  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Shaw,  curves  eastward  crossing 
the  Missouri  river  about  40  miles  above  Fort  Benton    (Chamberlin  and 
Salisbury).    Thence  it  courses  eastward,  crossing  the  Yellowstone  about  60 
miles  above  its  mouth,  keeps  north  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  to  within 
about  30  miles  of  Bismark  (same  authorities).    Here  it  turns  south,  keeps  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  Missouri  river  to  Nebraska  (Chamberlin,  Todd),  thence 
southerly  to  near  the  mouth  of  the  Republican  river  (Todd,  Mudge),  thence 
easterly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  river  (Salisbury  and  Chamberlin).  East 
of  the  Mississippi  it  forms  a  great  loop,  reaching  nearly  to  the  south  end  of 
Illinois  (Worthen,  Wright) ;  swings  north  to  the  heart  of  Indiana  (ibid)  and 
south  again  into  Kentucky  (Sutton,  Wright).    Entering  Ohio  above  Cincin- 
nati it  trends  undulatingly  northeast,  and  enters  Pennsylvania  a  few  miles 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Beaver  (Lewis  and  Wright) ;  thence  it  extends  north- 
eastward into  the  State  of  New  York,  where,  making  a  sharp  curve,  it  again 
enters  Pennsylvania  in  Potter  county,  and  passes  southeast  to  Belvidere,  New 
Jersey  (Lewis  and  Wright),  and  crosses  that  State  with  a  northward  arch  to 
Perth  Amboy  (Cook  and  Smock).  It  traverses  the  whole  length  of  Long  Island 
(Cook,  Smock,  Upham)  and  appears  on  Block  Island,  Martha's  Vineyard 
and  Nantucket  (Upham).  The  reader  will  understand  that  all  south  of  the  line 
described  is  unglaciated  except  local  areas  in  the  mountainous  regions  of  the 
west,  and  possibly  some  in  the  Appalachians.    From  the  Atlantic  Coast  to  the 
Scioto  valley,  in  Ohio,  for  the  greater  part,  there  is,  on  or  near  the  margin,  a 
well-marked  terminal  moraine,  north  of  which  lie  other  marginal  moraines. 
From  the  Scioto  valley  westward,  the  margin  of  the  drift  is  characterized  by 
no  sensible  ridging  of  the  nature  of  a  terminal  moraine,  but  terminates  in  a 
thin  and  often  very  attenuated  edgOi    Eastward  from  the  Atlantic  shore,  the 
edge  of  the  glacial  deposits  is  supposed  to  correspond  with  St.  George's  Bank 
juid  Sable  Island  Shoal,  and  to  pass  southeast  of  Newfoundland. 


DESCRIPTIONS  OF  THE  FORMATIONS. 


« 


In  Europe  the  border  limit  crosses  the  southeast  comer  of  England,  south* 
ern  Holland,  southern  Germany,  passing  near  Dresden,  and  thence  onward 
south  of  Warsaw  and  Moscow,  in  a  sinuous  course,  embracing  the  center  of 
European  Russia,  and  curving  around  to  the  northeast,  runs  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  west  of  the  Ural  Mountains. 

In  no  part  of  the  United  States  are  the  phenomena  of  the  drift  displayed 
on  a  grander  scale  than  in  the  Lake  Superior  region  and  on  the  northern 
borders  of  Wisconsin.  Minnesota  und  Dakota  are  yery  deeply  buried  in  drift. 
At  the  south  side  of  Lake  Superior,  the  drift  is  frequently  200  to  800  feet  deep, 
and  at  the  west  end  of  that  lake  it  is  300  or  more  feet  thick,  and  it  is  220  feet 
deep  at  Fargo,  Dakota.  The  lower  peninsula  of  Michigan  is  covered  often  flrom 
200  to  300  feet  deep. 

To  the  southward  the  drift  usually  diminishes,  and  it  becomes  more  evenly 
spread  over  the  country.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  in  the  Galena  lead  region, 
at  the  corner  of  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin,  bounded  by  the  Mississippi* 
Wisconsin,  and  Rock  rivers,  and  in  a  considerable  extent  of  territory  north  of 
it,  no  transported  drift  material  can  be  found.  The  driftless  region  is  10,000 
square  miles  in  Wisconsin  alone,  or  one  fifth  of  the  area  of  the  State.  Ohio 
has  a  very  complete  series  of  drift  deposits,  and  they  have  been  well  studied 
and  described  by  Dr.  Newberr}'.  He  has  classified  the  drift  deposits  as  follows, 
in  the  ascending  order :  1st.  The  Erie  clay,  a  blue  or  gray  unstratified  bowlder 
clay.  2d.  The  forest  bed,  consisting  of  a  bed  of  soil,  with  timber,  the  remains 
of  an  ancient  forest,  found  in  Ohio,  Indiana,  etc.,  at  various  depths  from  the 
present  surface.  3d.  Lacustrine  deposits,  stratified  sands  and  clays  in  northern 
Ohio ;  yellow  clay  abounding  with  gravel,  in  southern  Ohio. 

The  Bins'  formation  along  the  Missouri  and  Mississippi  rivers  is  a  very  pecu< 
liar  and  interesting  one,  resting  upon  the  drift.  It  is  of  a  slightly  yellowish  ash 
color,  very  fine,  not  sandy,  and  yet  not  adhesive.  It  makes  an  excellent  soil, 
is  easily  excavated  by  the  spade  alone,  an  yet  it  remains  so  unchanged  by  the 
atmosphere  and  frost,  that  wells  dug  in  it  require  to  be  walled  only  to  a  point 
above  the  water  line,  while  the  remainder  stands  so  securely  without  support, 
that  the  spade  marks  remain  upon  it  for  many  years.  Road  embankments 
and  excavations  upon  the  sides  of  roads  stand  like  a  wall.  (See  general  note, 
Mississippi  chapter  and  note  on  Vicksburg,  Tennessee  chapter.)  The  peculiar 
outline  of  the  bluffs  along  the  Missouri  river  is  very  interesting.  They  are  often 
naked,  entirely  destitute  of  trees,  and  tower  up  f^om  the  river  bottom-land, 
sometimes  more  than  a  hundred  feet  in  height,  and  so  steep  in  some  places 
that  a  man  cannot  climb  them,  yet  they  are  not  supported  by  a  framework  of 
rocks,  as  other  bluffs  are,  and  not  a  rock  or  pebble  of  any  size  exists  in  them, 
except  a  few  calcareous  concretions  where  lime-water  percolates  through  them. 
It  is  thought  to  be  a  laoistrine  deposit,  a  shallow  lake  having,  during  the  time 
of  the  Glacial  epoch,  occupied  the  whole  of  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi  before 
the  great  rivers  had  cut  their  valleys  down  to  their  present  depths  (White). 
i  In  Louisiana  the  bins'  deposit  contains  three  distinct  groups  of  strata,  the  Port 
I  Hudson  below,  the  Loess  next,  and  the  yellow  loam  above,  and  over  this  the 
lalluvium  and  below  them  all  the  drift  (E.  W.  Hilgard,  F.  V.  Hopkins). 


■     1 


f- 


48 


THE  GEOLOGIST'S  TRAVELING  HAND-BOOK. 


Earthy  material  brought  together  by  the  ordinary  action  of  water  is  said  to 
be  alluvial,  and  the  soil  or  land  bo  formed  is  called  alluvium  or  alluvion. 
Diluvium  implies  the  extraordinary  action  of  water.  When  the  drift  material 
coven  the  surface,  of  course  it  forms  the  soil,  but  in  driftless  regions  the  soil 
is  an  admixture  of  clay,  sand,  lime,  etc.,  derived  from  the  disintegration  of 
the  rocks  beneath,  with  decomposed  animal  and  vegetable  substances.  Where 
neither  glacial  nor  alluvial  action  has  taken  place— as  in  some  parts  of  our  South- 
em  States— the  rocks  are  converted  into  a  deep  and  strong  soil  .having  undergone 
a  process  of  decay  which  has  rendered  them  so  soft,  sometimes  to  a  depth  of 
20  or  more  feet,  that  they  may  be  readily  cut  with  a  spade,  although  retaining 
all  the  veins  and  layers  which  mark  their  original  stratification.  Without 
having  been  broken  or  ground  up,  even  the  hardest  rocks  have  quietly 
mouldered  into  a  soft  clayey  mass,  which,  from  its  pecuUar  structure,  has  a 
natural  drainage  and  possesses,  moreover,  great  fertility. 

The  most  important  of  geological  formations  is  the  last  of  all,  the  soiL  On 
this  thin,  superficial,  earthly  covering  of  our  planet  depends  all  the  growth  of 
all  vegetation,  and  on  that  depends  all  terrestrial  animal  life.  But  whether 
the  material  forming  the  soil  remains  unmoved  in  the  same  spot  where  it  was 
once  a  solid  rock,  or  is  transported  bodily  by  a  glacier,  or  cnicd  from  the 
hills  into  the  valleys  by  running  water,  and  moved  from  -  to  place  by 

larger  streams  and  rivers,  it  was  originally  derived  from'  the  formations, 

therefore  the  agricultural  aa  well  as  the  mineral  resources  of  the  country 
depend  on  this  geology. 

This  completes,  in  brief,  the  description  of  all  that  can  be  seen  of  the 
earth,  classified  in  geological  order,  from  the  oldest  of  the  rocks  up  to  the  sands 
which  are  now  daily  washed  to  our  feet  by  the  currents  of  the  rivers  and  the 
waves  of  the  sea. 


■■.f'*'' 


THE  OEOLOOIST'S  TR/.TELINQ   HAND-BOOK. 


49 


REMARKS  ON  THE  FOREGOING  DESCRIPTIONS, 


Paleontologists  will  be  disappointed  in  this  introduction,  from  which  that  is 
omitted  wliich  seems  to  them  the  most  important,  and  gives  the  most  interest  and 
significance  to  the  subject,  namely:  the  life  which  they  find  in  the  formations, 
and  which  serves  so  important  a  purpose  in  their  identification  and  classification. 
But  another  book  would  have  been  required  for  that  purpose,  and  it  would  have 
been  useless  without  a  large  number  of  expensive  engravings.*  Paleontology  is 
the  province  of  all  the  text-books  on  geology,  to  which  this  work  is  a  supplement, 
not  a  substitute.  Its  only  object  is  to  teach  local  geology.  The  descriptions  were 
an  after-thought,  and  they  should  b<>  regarded  as  an  attempt — to  present  to  the 
unlearned  a  first-lesson  in  geology,  in  the  vernacular  tongue,  in  the  hope  that  it 
may  help  on  the  cause  of  popular  science.  They  have  swollen  much  beyond  the 
original  design,  which  was  definitions,  rather  than  descriptions;  but  they  will 
serve  to  show  that  paleontology  is  not  the  whole  of  geology,  and  that  the 
formations  are  more  than  a  mere  cabinet  of  fossils. 

There  are  some  things  in  the  descriptions  that  are  not  accepted  by  all 
geologists.  But  the  scope  of  the  work  did  not  permit  any  account  of  the  con- 
flicting ophiions  on  disputed  points,  or  discussions  of  the  history  of  geological 
nomenclature  and  classification.  Whether  the  Oriskany  sandstone  should  be  placed 
at  the  base  of  the  Devonian,  or  at  the  top  of  the  Silurian ;  whether  Hudison 
River,  Loraine,  Nashville,  or  Cincinnati,  is  the  best  name  for  that  formation ;  und 
whether  Cambrian  should  include  one,  or  all,  or  none  of  the  Lower  Silurian 
formations,  and  similar  questions,  seem  of  less  importance  to  the  ordmary  reader, 
for  whom  the  descriptions  are  intended,  than  to  the  professional  geologist. 

All  kinds  of  geological  tables  are  given,  for,  in  accepting  the  valuable  con- 
tributions of  others  on  local  geology,  it  was  necessary  to  let  them  have  their  own 
way,  in  the  chapters  on  their  own  States,  in  regard  to  the  names  and  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  formations.  A  common  numl)er,  attached  to  them  throughout  the 
book,  serves  to  identify  the  formations  by  whatever  name  they  are  called. 

The  valuable  part  of  the  book  is  the  Geological  lUdlway  Guide,  the  design  or 
plan  of  which  is  ori^al  with  the  author,  as  it  is  believed  nothing  of  the  kind 
has  ever  appeared,  in  any  language.  It  is  the  work  of  many  hands,  and  the  hearty 
[thanks  of  every  lover  of  the  science  are  due  to  all  those  who  have  contributed  to 
jits  pages  portions  of  the  multitude  of  facts,  forming  this  index  to  the  geology  of 
jail  important  places  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  reader  will  never  know 
Itbe  amount  of  time,  patience,  labor,  and  care  that  it  has  cost. 


*  See  "  Thb  Anoixnt  Lifk  Hibtort  or  tbb  Earth,"  a  comprehensive  ontline  of  the  princi* 
bles  and  leading  facts  of  Paleontological  Science.  By  H.  A.  Nicholson.  Published  by  D.  Appleton 
Bb  Co.,  New  York.  8vo.,  4fft  pp.  $1.00.  A  very  convenient  and  excellent  manual  of  Paleontology 
puly. 


BO 


AN  AMERIOAV  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


I 


ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

AND  DIRECTIONS  FOR  USING  IT. 


I    ii 


1.  The  railroads  are  arranged  by  states,  and  the  states  and  territories  are 
arranged  in  geogr  aphical  order,  with  reference  to  the  great  lines  of  travel.  But 
to  find  a  railroad,  the  reader  must  depend  on  the  index.  Branches  are  placed  after 
the  main  line,  which  is  generally  first  given  throughout  without  interruption. 

2.  When  stations  are  omitted  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  which  is  seldom  the 
case,  the  lists  being  uncommonly  full,  their  geology  will  be  understood  to  be  the 
same  as  that  given  at  the  stations  between  which  they  occur.  If  the  geology  of 
two  adjacent  stations  is  different,  it  is  evident  enough  that  there  is  a  transition 
from  one  to  the  other  formation,  between  the  stations,  but  the  change  is  often  so 
gradual  that  the  transition  point  cannot  be  precisely  given. 

8.  A  few  feet  of  difference  in  level  sometimes  carries  the  railway  track 
to  an  upper  or  lower  formation.  Railroads,  too,  sometimes  run  across  narrow, 
projecting  tails,  and  scalloped  points  of  a  higher  or  lower  formation,  than  that 
given  in  the  Guide,  but  which  it  would  occupy  too  much  space  to  specify.  Where 
too,  the  strata  are  disturbed  and  broken-up,  all  the  formations  cannot  well  be 
specified  for  want  oi  roon>.  In  such  cases  the  Guide  serves  only  to  show  nearly 
where  you  are,  tbe  pre  vale.'.,  t  formation  being  given. 

4.  The  hills,  bluffs  and  higher  ground  in  view,  are  often  of  a  different 
formation  from  that  ^ven  on  the  ndlroad,  but  not  always  higher  in  the  series. 
Their  elevation  :^  often  due  to  the  hardness  of  the  strata,  the  softer  rocks  forming 
the  valleys,  in  which  railways  generally  run. 

5.  Keep  in  mind  the  succession  of  the  formations,  as  shown  on  the  Guide, 
and  whether  you  are  gobig  from  older  and  lower  to  younger  or  higher  strata,  or 
vice  verta.    Notice  the  changes  in  the  scenery  with  the  changes  in  the  formations. 

6.  When  you  come  to  a  new  format.' on,  refer  to  the  description  of  it,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  l.>ook.  But  it  is  difficult  to  get  a  clear  idea  of  the  formations 
from  even  the  best  description.  The  reader  must  see  them  for  himself,  and  these 
iescriptions  are  intended  to  assist  him  in  identifying  them,  and  to  impress  their 
character  and  appearance  upon  his  mind,  or  to  recall  them  to  his  recollection  after 
liaving  seen  them. 

7.  By  a  little  close  obser/ation  of  the  formations  in  traveling,  you  will  find 
that  most  of  them  have  peculiarities  of  their  own,  by  which  you  can  always 
know  them,  but  which,  like  the  features  or  appearances  of  persons,  cannot  be  put 
into  words,  so  that  another  who  has  not  seen  them  could  also  recognize  them.  The 
form  of  the  summits  and  slopes  of  the  hills,  and  the  general  aspect  of  the  country, 
but  especially  the  rock-cuts  on  the  railways,  and  other  exposures  of  the  forma- 
tions, in  quarries,  and  in  the  banks  and  beds  of  streams,  should  be  closely 
observed ;  and  if  these  are  not  visible,  notice  the  stone  used  in  buildings,  and  for 
the  enclosures  of  fi'^lds,  the  character  of  the  soil,  and  the  fragments  of  stone  mixed 
through  its  mass,  which  betray  the  nature  of  the  solid  rock  formation  beneath ; 
observe  also  whether  the  rocks  lie  horizontally  or  in  an  inclined  position. 


'  ■»■■ 


.   By  GEORGE  M.  DAWSON,  D.  S.,  F.  G.  S., 
Assistant  Director  of  the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey  of  Canada. 


I.  illaritime  )j)rot)incc8. 

New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 

11.  (Eincbit  atib  (Dntario. 

III.  iHanitoba  anb  Xortt)-tO$st  ^erritorg. 

IV.  i3riti6l)  ^Colnmbia. 
v.  Bteamboat  Hontcs. 


1.  The  Dominion  of  Canada  is,  as  a  matter  of  convenience  in  this  work,  divided  into  four  parts,  and 
from  a  geological  point  of  view  such  division  is  largely  borne  out  by  structural  facts. 

I.  The  Maritime  Provinces  includes  Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 

II.  Ontario  and  Quebec  includes  the  provinces  of  the  Same  names. 

III.  Manitoba  ana  so  much  of  the  Northwest  Territory  as  is  traversed  by  railway-lines  forms  the 
third  division. 

rv.  British  Columbia,  together  with  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Moontains  (politically  a  part 
at  che  Northwest  Territory)  constitutes  the  fourth. 

For  each  of  these  great  divisions  a  separate  table  of  formations  is  given. 

For  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  traveler  to  provide  himself  with  further  information  on  geological 
points,  the  lollowing  notes  on  publications  are  attached :— DomlLion  of  Canada  generally :  "  Sketch 
of  the  Physical  Geography  and  Geology  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada  "  with  map ;  Geological  Survey, 
1884.  For  economic  minerals  see  also  "Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Exhibits  at  Philadelphia,  1876,*' 
and  "  Catalogue  des  Minereaux  Roches,  etc.,"  at  the  Exposition  at  Paris,  1678,  by  Dr.  B.  J.  Harring- 
ton.    Both  published  by  the  Geological  Survey. 

The  "  List  of  Publications  of  the  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey,  1884,"  enumerates  all  the 
official  reports  and  maps  to  date. 

I.  Maritime  Pbovinces.— "  Reports  of  Progress."  ological  Survey.  The  whole  of  Cape  Bre- 
ton Island,  part  of  the  mainland  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  New  Brunswick  have  been 
geologically  mapped  on  contignoas  sheets  of  uniform  scale.  Maritime  Provinces  generally  :  "  Aca- 
lian  Geology."    Sir  W.  Dawson.    (With  supplement  and  map.)    1878. 

The  greater  part  of  the  really  productive  coal  measures  are  included  in  the  Province  of  Nova 
I  Scotia,  the  great  spread  of  Carboniferous  rocks  in  New  Brunswick  having  so  far  been  fonnd  to  con- 
[tain  but  thm,  and,  generally,  scarcely  workable,  coal-seams.  The  deposfts  of  the  glacial  period  are 
I  often  well  shown  in  railway-cuttings,  and  extensive  tracts  are  completely  covered  with  these.  The 
Iboulder-clay  is  the  most  persistent  and  universal.  Peaty  deposits  underlying  the  boulder-clay  have 
Ibeen  observed  locally ;  overlying  the  boulder-clay  are  stratified  clays,  sands,  and  gravels,  and  umes 

Rre  frequent,  particularly  in  New  Brunswick.    The  stratified  clays  hold  marine  fossils  in  the  vicinity 

of  the  coast  of  the  southern  and  northern  parts  of  New  Brunswick. 

The  island  of  Cape  Breton  affords  good  coal,  and  a  number  of  collieries  are  in  operation.    As  it  is 

not  yet  traversed  by  railway,  it  does  not  receive  notice  in  the  body  of  this  work,  out  few  places  of 

bqual  area  are  of  greater  interest  from  a  geological  or  picturesque  point  of  view. 

II.  Ontario  AND  QcKBio.—"  Geology  of  Canada."  Sir  w.  Logan.  1863.  This  work  snmmar* 
ses  the  main  features  to  date,  and  is  accompanied  by  an  atlas  of  maps,  sections,  etc.  Sir  W.  Logan's 
srge  map  (25  miles  to  1  inch,  published  1866)  includes,  besides  Ontario  and  Quebec,  the  Maritime 
^ovinces  and  adjacent  portions  of  the  United  States,  and  is  much  more  detailer.,  for  the  region  cov- 

d  by  it,  than  the  map  accompanying  the  sketch  of  1884. 

From  1863  reports  in  different  portions  of  the  provinces  in  annual  "  Reports  of  Progress."  See 
|l60  "  Esquisse  Creclogique  dn  Canada,"  etc.    1867. 

ni.  Manitoba  ind  Ncbtbwsst  Tbrritort.— In  addition  to  the  sketch  of  1884,  see  reports  and 
aps  In  annual  "  RetortB  of  Progress  "  of  Geological  Survey,  "  Report  on  Geology  and  Resources  of 
th  Parallel."  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson. 

Much  information  in  the  possession  of  the  Geological  Survey,  but  yjt  unpublished,  is  incorporated 
1  the  notes  on  these  portions  of  the  Dominion. 

_^  rv.  British  Columbia.— In  addition  to  the  sketch  of  1884,  see  annual  "  Reports  of  Progress," 
71,  to  date.    A  considerable  portion  of  the  province  is  covered  by  preliminary  geological  maps,  on 
|scale  of  8  miles  to  one  inch. 

The  greater  part  of  the  facts  for  the  Dominion  of  Canada  are  derived  from  the  reports  and  maps  of 
J  Geological  Survey.  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson  also  wishes  to  acknowledge  assistance  received  from  Dr. 
ilwyn,  the  directok'  of  the  Snrvey.  and  several  members  of  the  staff,  especially  Messrs.  R.  W.  Ells, 
.  Chalmers,  and  H.  Fletcher.  The  notes  on  the  Intercolonial  Railway  are  cniefly  due  to  Sir  W. 
fiwBon,  as  elsewhere  mentioned. 


-f 


1  i.>^. 


62 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 


Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince  Edward  Island. 

List  of  Qeologieal  Formations! 


20  c.  Saxicava  Sand. 

20  b.  Leda  Clay. 

20  a.  Boulder  Clay  or  Till. 


16.  Upper  Red  Sandstone,  and 
Traps  of  Bay  of  Fundy. 
Upper  Red  Sandstones  of  P.  E.  I. 


i  1 7.  Lower  Helderberg.  Upper  AriuigSeriM. 
^  I  5  0.  Niagara.  I^«^  Canun  Berlwk 

^   5  b.  Clinton.  Lower AriialgBtri«fc 


i 

I 

«5i 


1 
I 


14  0.  Upper  Carb.  and  Permo*Carbi 
14  b.  Middle  Carboniferous. 
14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 
Windsor  Croup." 

(Umeetone  Gypsum,  etc.) 

Norton  Croup.*" 
(Lower  Coal  Measoree.) 


C9  • 


IZi  OatSKIII.^  (BtiodeaChaleurs). 

11.  Chemung  and  Portage. 

St.  JohnBeriea. 


10.  Hamilton. 


(Cordiate  Bhale. 
DadoxyloD 
Sandstonea.) 

8.  Orlskany,  Nictau  Series. 


"S  s  «  • 


4. Cobequid  Series? 
4.  Qraptolitie  Shales  of  New  Bruns- 
wick. 


(  MM  and  St.  An- 
2  c.  Upper  Cambrian.  <    drew  Series, 
'^  (     Cape  Breton. 

2  b.  Middle  Cambrian.  Acadian  Series. 
2  a.  Lower  Cambrian.  j^a^^sSlftt 

1  b.  Felsitic,  Chloritic,  and  Epidotic 
Rocks  of  St.  John,  Yarmouth,  and 
Cape  Breton,  in  part. 


1  a.  Gneiss,  Quartzite  and  Limestone 
of  St.  John  and  St.  Anne's  Mount- 
ain.  Cape  Breton. 


Mb.  !    Intereolonlal  Railway,  N.  8.' 


0 

8 

IS 

80 

,89 
61 

'18 


Halifax.' 
Bedford. 
Windsor  June* 

Elmedale.<> 

Shubenacadie. 

Truro.* 

Londonderry.^ 


2.  Lower  Cambrian. 


j  Contact  2  Low.  Gamb. 
I    and  18  a.  Low.  Carb, 
13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 
16.  Triassio. 
13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 


Ms.  I      iBtercoloalal  Railway— Con. 


90 

96 

108 

109 

111 
122 
126 


Wentworth.* 

Greenville. 

Thompson. 

Oxford." 

River  PhiUp. 

SpringHUlJn^o 

Athol. 


6-1.  Silurian. 

13  a.  Lower  CarboiJf. 

«t 

14  a.  Mi'lstone  Grit. 


14  c.  Upper  Carbonif. 


2.  These  notes  are  extracted,  with  little  alteration,  from  a  chapter  by  Sir  W.  Dawson,  in  "  Hand- 
book for  the  Dominion  of  Canada."    Published  by  Dawson  Brothers,  Montreal.    1884. 

3.  Halifax.  Qnartzites  and  slates  of  the  coast  series,  or  sold  series,  of  Nova  Scotia,  believed  to  be 
of  Lower  Cambrian  a^e.  In  the  vicinity  of  Halifax  and  elsewhere  it  contains  auriferous  quartz  mines. 
The  uearest  of  these  are  situated  at  Montague  and  Waverly.  The  auriferous  veins  often  also  contain 
mispickel,  and  sometimes  blend  and  other  minerals.  They  run  generally  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the 
inclosing  rocks.  The  richly  auriferous  veins  are  seldom  of  great  width,  and  the  gold  is  sometimes 
•Inseminated  also  in  the  contiguous  slate.  The  age  of  formation,  of  some  at  least,  of  the  veins  is  sub- 
Boouent  to  the  Carboniferous,  as  auriferous  conglomerates  of  Lower  Carboniferous  age  with  derived 
sold  occur,  and  have  actually  been  worked,  at  Gay's  River.  At  Northwest  Arm  and  other  places  may 
be  seen  granite,  which  traverses  these  beds  as  thick  dikes  or  intrusive  masses,  and  produces  con- 
tact metamorpmsm.  At  Waverly  Mine  the  obscure  fossil  named  AetropolUhon  may  be  found  in  the 
quartzite. 

4.  Windsor  Junction.  Excellent  exposures  of  the  fossiliferous  Lower  Carboniferous  limestones, 
and  of  the  great  beds  of  gypsum  characteristic  of  that  formation  in  Nova  Scotia. 

5.  Elmsdale.  Beyond  Our's  River,  the  railway  enters  the  Carboniferous  country,  and  in  some 
places  quarries  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous  limestone  may  be  seen  near  the  road. 

6.  Tinro.  At  and  beyond  Truro,  the  railway  traverses  a  portion  of  the  Triassic  red  sandstones  of 
Cobequid  Bay.  The  sandstones  may  be  seen  in  the  cuttings,  and  the  red  color  of  the  soil  is  charaGte^ 
istic.  In  approaching  the  Cobequid  Jills,  a  more  broken  country,  and  beds  of  sandstone  and  con- 
glomerate indicate  the  Carboniferous  beds,  which  here  reappear  from  under  the  red  sandstone. 

7.  Londonderry.  The  road  here  enters  a  belt  of  highly-inclined  olaty  rocks  of  olive-gray  and  darlt 
colors,  which,  at  a  little  distance  west  of  the  railway-line,  contain  lurge  and  productive  veins  of  iron- 


land. 


iMlgSerieik. 
laan  Berlei. 
rlMigSwtti. 


w  Brunr 


I  and  8t  An- 
ew Series, 
ipe  Breton. 

llan  Series. 
ntloCoMtSa- 
Mov«  Hcotla. 

I  Epidotie 
louthi  and 


Limestone 
e's  Mount- 


Con^ 

GarboiJf. 
ne  Orit. 

Carbonif. 
>n,  In  "Hand- 
believed  to  be 
qnartz  mines. 
■-,  also  contain 
strike  of  the 
is  rametimes 
veins  is  snb- 
,  with  derived 
^er  places  may 
proclaces  con- 
e  f  oond  in  tbe 

IB  limestones, 

,  and  in  some  | 

sandstones  of 
il  is  character- 
itone  and  con* 
dstone.  ^  ^   . 

.gray  and  dart 
veins  of  iron- 


CANADA     (NEW  BRUNSWICK.) 

68 

Ms.  1      Intercolonial  Railway— Con. 

Ma.  1      Intercolonial  Railway— Con. 

180 

Macoan.  ^' 

14  b.  Middle  Carbonif. 

276 

Beaver  Brook. 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

188 

Amher8t,N.B." 

14  c.  Upper  Carbonif. 

286 

Bartibogue. 

<• 

14  c.        " 
■  14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

296 

Red  Fine. 

ti 

144 

Aalac. 

809 

Bathurst.** 

13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

147 

Sackville. 

14  c.  Upper  Carbonif. 

321 

Petite  Roche.'' 

5-7.  Silurian. 

169 

Dorchester.*' 

13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

329 

Belledune. 

(1 

167 

179 

Memramcook. 
Painsec  Juno.** 

14  a.  MUIstone  Grit. 

388 

JacquetRiv'r." 

"         and  13  a. 
Lower  Carboniferous. 

187 

Moncton.*" 

({ 

847 

New  Mills. 

5-7.  Silurian. 

195 

Berry's  Mills. 

t( 

363 

Charlo. 

13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

206 

Canaan. 

<( 

363 

Dalhousie  Jn.'^ 

<( 

216 
224 

Goal  Branch. 
Weldford. 

ii 

372 

Gampbellton. 

8-12.  Devonian  and 
Doleritic  trap. 

288 

Kent  Junction. 

t( 

885 

Metapedia.*" 

6-7.  Silurian. 

244 

BogersTllle. 

IC 

395 

Mill  Stream,  Q. 

(( 

265 

Bavnaby  River. 

l< 

405 

Assametquag'n. 

««                      * 

269 

Chatham  June. 

(t 

420 

Causapscal. 

(t 

266 

Newcastle. 

(( 

433 

Amqui. 

(( 

ore,  worlced  by  the  Steel  Co.  of  Canada.  This  vein,  or  aggregation  of  veins,  is  primarily  of  carbonate 
of  iron  and  ankerite,  with  acme  specular  iron,  and  has  been  changed  in  many  places  to  a  great  depth 
into  limonite,  which  is  the  ore  principally  worked.  Beyond  this  place  the  slates  are  seen  to  be  pierced 
by  great  intrusive  masses  of  red  syenite  and  by  dikes  of  diorite  and  diabase. 

8.  Wentworth.  The  rocks  mentioned  above  are  here  overlain  by  dark-colored  shaly  beds,  hold- 
ing fossils  of  the  age  of  the  Clinton  or  o.der  part  of  th**  Upper  Silurian.  The  gray  slates  holding 
the  iron-ore  are  obviously  of  greater  age,  but  how  muco  greater  is  uncertain.  For  reasons  stated  in 
"  Acadian  Geology,"  they  are  regarded  by  Sir  W.  Dawson  as  Lower  Silurian.  Crossing  the  Cobequid 
Hills,  conglomerates  are  seen  belonging  to  the  southern  edge  of  the  Cumberland  coal-field,  on  which 
the  road  now  enters. 

9.  Oxford.    Contactof  Lower  Carboniferous  and  millstone  grit. 

10.  Springhill.  Brines  from  Carboniferous,  utilized  on  smallscale  in  manufacture  of  salt,  2|  miles 
from  Sprlnglull  mines.  A  branch  road  leads  to  the  mines  of  the  same  name,  the  most  important  coal- 
mines on  this  railway.  Seven  coal-seams,  varying  in  thickness  from  two  feet  to  thirteen  feet  six 
inches,  are  known  in  this  district.  The  "  black  seam,"  eleven  feet  thick,  is  that  which  has  been  moat 
extensively  worked.    The  mines  supply  the  coal  used  on  the  railway. 

11.  Maccan.  Conveyance  may  be  taken  from  here  to  the  South  Joggins,  on  the  shore  of  Chegnecto 
Bay,  twelve  miles  distant.  The  section  of  the  Carboniferous  rocks  on  this  part  of  the  coast  is  one  of 
the  most  instructive  in  existence,  and  has  boon  rendered  classic  by  the  writings  of  Sir  W.  E.  Logan, 
Sir  C.  Lyell,  and  Sir  W.  Dawson.  The  section  displays  over  14,000  feet  n  vertical  thickness  of  strata, 
extending  from  the  marine  limestones  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  to  i  tie  top  of  the  coal-measures, 
and  includes  seventy  coal-seams,  of  which,  however,  only  two  are  of  workable  thickness.  Besides 
numerous  fossil  plants  (including  erect  sigillaria),  the  beds  here  yield  reptilian  remains  and  land- 
shells. 

13.  Amherst.  Near  here  fine  examples  of  the  alluvial  deposits  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy ;  more  es- 
pecially the  great  marshes  of  Amherst  and  Sackville. 

13.  Dorchester.  Good  sections  of  millstone  grit  formation.  The  contact  between  this  formation 
and  the  Lower  Carboniferous  here.  Copper-mine.  Between  Dorchetiter  and  Memramkook,  salt-marsh. 

14.  Painsec  Junction.    On  Shediac  Branch,  Carboniferous,  chiefly  or  entirely  millstone  grit. 

15.  Moncton.  From  this  point  to  near  Bath  'rst  the  railway  passes  over  the  low  Carboniferous 
plain  of  Northern  New  Brunswick,  showing  scarcely  anything  of  the  underlying  rocks. 

16.  Bathurst.  Beyond  this  point  is  the  varied  and  interesting  country  of  tlie  Bale  des  Chalenrs, 
and  tbaBestigouche  and  Metapedia  Rivers,  of  which  it  is  possible  only  to  note  some  of  the  more 
strikil^  features.    Three  miles  beyond  Bathurst,  line  crosses  dolerite{inmision  1  mUe.    A  short  dis> 

I  tance  north  of  station  good  sections  of  leda  clay  and  saxicava  sand,  with  fossils. 

17.  Petite  Roche.    From  this  station  to  Charlo,jnumerouB  massive  intrusive  bodies  of  dolerite  cnt- 
I  thig  through  the  SUufian  rocks. 

I  18.  Jacquet  River.  The  Lower  Carboniferous  here  forms  a  narrow  fringe  along  the  shore  From 
I  this  station  to  Dalhousie,  many  good  sections  of  leda  clay  and  saxicava  sand,  with  rossils. 
I  19.  Dalhousie.  From  Dalnousie  the  following  localities  may  be  visited  :  At  Cape  Bon  Ami,  near 
I  Dalhousie,  a  fine  section  of  Upper  Silurian  shale  and  limestone,  abounding  in  fossils,  and  alternating 
with  very  thick  beds  of  dark-colored  dolerite.  Apparently  resting  on  these  are  beds  of  red  porphyry 
I  nd  breccia,  forming  the  base  of  the  Devonian.  On  these,  a  little  west  of  Campbellton,  rest  agglomer- 
||te  and  shale,  rich  in  rem^np  of  fishes  (C«phala»tAt,  Coecotteue,  etc.),  and  traversed  by  dikes' of  trap. 
I  Immediately  above  these,  couglomerates  and  hard  shales,  the  latter  full  of  remains  of  /WftmAyftm  and 
\Art/»rostigma,  and  at  a  sar.dstone-qnarry  at  the  opposite  side  of  the  Restigouche,  are  similar  plants, 
lltrith  great  silicifled  tmnkF.  of  Protolaxites.  All  these  beds  are  Lower  Erian  or  Devonian.  At  Scaume- 
|oac  Bay,  opposite  Dalhousie,  are  magnificent  cliffs  of  red  conglomerate  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous, 
nmd  appeanng  from  under  these  are  gray  sandstones  and  shales  of  Upper  Erian  age.  These  contain 
'    ny  fossil  fishes,  especially  of  the  genns  Pttfichthyt,  also  fossil  ferns. 

90.  Metapedia.  The  rocks  exposed  about  heve  are  principally  slates  and  shales  with  marked  slaty 
^mcture,  of  Upper  Silurian  age.  Fine  exposures  in  cuttings  Fossils  occur  in  calcareous  bands. 
?M8ing  Lake  Metapedia,  at  the  head  of  the  river,  the  railway  cuts  through  some  limestone,  probably 
n  Hudson  River  age,  and  then  passes  into  Lower  Silurian,  and  probably,  in  part,  Cambrian,  shales, 
^ndstones,  and  conglomerates,  of  which  the  greater  part  are  rererred  to  the  Quebec  group.  At  the 
Bouth  of  MetapedialUver  leda  clay  and  saxicava  sand,  with  fossils. 


64 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 

Ha.  1      IntereoloniKl  Railway— 6'or>. 

Intercolonial  Railway— C&». 

^r^       1                                      CiA.       T_l x_    *»■ —A. 

441 

Cedar  Hall. 
Sayabec. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

Ms.  1               St.  John  to  Moncton. 

448 

OSt.John,N.B." 

2.  Lower  Cambrian. 

A  K  a 

Tartague. 

j  2.  Cambrian,  and  4. 
(     Camb.  Silurian. 

3  Coldbrook. 

<i 

468 

9  Rothsay. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

469 

Little  Metis.' » 

H 

17  Nauwigewauk. 

13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

477 

St.  Flavie. 

U 

22  Hanii)ton. 

(t 

486 

St.  Luce. 

u 

26  Passekdag. 

<i 

496 

Rimouski. 

«t 

27  Bloomfield. 

u 

606 

Bic." 

t( 

88  Norton. 

<t 

616 

St.  Fabien. 

u 

89  Apohaqui. 

« 

626 

St.  Simon. 

u 

44  Sussex.*" 

t( 

634 

Trois  Pistoles. 

u 

61  Penobsquis. 

tt 

644 

Isle  Verte. 

14 

60  Anagance. 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

666 

Cacouna. 

M 

66  Petitcodiac. 

ii 

661 
867 

Rividre  du  Loup 
Notre  Dame. 

M 
M 

76  Salisbury. 

(  Contact  14  a.  Millstone 
1  Grit  and  18  a.  L.  Garb. 

678 

St.  Alexandre. 

<« 

89  Moncton.** 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

678 

St.  Andre. 

M 

681 

St.  Helene. 
St.  Pascal. 

«( 
<« 

Picton  Branch. 

687 

61 

Truro,  N.  S. 

16.  Triassic. 

691 

St.  P.  de  Ner. 

« 

70 

Union. 

18  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

696 

Riviere  Ouelle. 

« 

74 

Riverdale.*^ 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

602 

St.  Anne. 

«t 

80 

West  River. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

610 

St.  Roche. 

ti 

89 

Glengarry. 

18  a.  Lower  Garb.,  ete. 

613 

Elgin  Road. 

U 

96 

Hopewell. 

u 

617 

St.  JeanPort  Joli 

U 

104 

N.  Glasgow.  *« 

14  b.  and  c.  Coal  Meas. 

622 

Trois  Saumons. 

u 

112 

Pictou  Land'g. 

14  c.  Up.  Coal  Format'n. 

626 

L'Islet. 
L'Anse  k  Gile. 

u 
u 

113 

Fictou. 

(t 

629 

682 

Cap  St.  Ignace. 
St.  Thomas. 

u 

M 

Shediac  Branch. 

639 

179  Painsec  Jn.NB."  14.  Carboniferous. 

646 

St.  Pierre. 

tl 

184  Dorchester  Rd. 

it 

649 

St.  Franfois. 

U 

188  Shediac. 

tt 

668 

St.  Valier. 
St.  Michel. 

M 

190Pt.  duChfine. 

tt 

667 

663 

St.  Charles  Jn. 
Harlaks. 

Windsor  and  Annapolifs  Railway,  N.  S> 

672 

0 

Halifax.' 

2.  Lower  Cambrian. 

677 

Levis. 

l« 

18 

Windsor  June* 

tt 

678 

Point  Levis*' 
[op.  Quebec).** 

it 

80 

Intrusive  Granite  ti  2 
Lower  Cambrian. 

21.  Lfttle  Metis.  Catlings  in  slates  of  the  Quebec  group.  The  Rivar  St.  Lawrence,  here  thirty  miles 
wide,  suddenly  breaks  upon  the  view  after  passing  Metis  station.  Beyond  this  point  the  line  follows 
the  strike  of  tne  Quebec  group  all  the  way  to  Point  Levis,  opposite  Quebec. 

52.  Bic.    Conglomerates  here  specially  worthy  of  notice  and  well  shown  in  cuttings.  A 

53.  Point  Levis.  In  cuttings  on  a  new  connecting  railway,  about  a  mile  from  the  statioi^  beds 
holding  Oraptolitet. 

24.  The  rocks  on  which  the  city  of  Quebec  stands  arc  believed  to  be  of  Hudson  River  and  Utica 
age,  and  fossils  (,0raptolit4t)  lately  obtained  there  confirm  this  view.  The  great  Champlain  and  St. 
I^wrence  fault  cuts  the  north  shore  of  the  river  west  of  Cape  Rouge,  and  bending  round,  again  cuts 
the  shore  immediately  south  of  the  city,  and  thence  follows  the  channel  of  the  river  between  Quebec 
and  Point  Levis.  The  falls  of  Montmorenci,  near  Quebec,  are  of  great  beauty,  and  show  in  the  gorges 
Utica  shale  resting  on  Laurentian  gneiss,  which  at  the  "  natural  steps  "  above  the  falls  is  overlain  oy 
Trenton  limestone.  Half  way  between  the  city  and  the  falls,  at  a  mill  in  the  village  of  Beauport,  is  a 
bank  of  boulder-clay  overlain  by  fossiliferous  sand  and  gravel  (saxicava  sand),  rich  in  Sarleava  ru- 
gosa  and  other  shells.  Clays  with  a  somewhat  richer  fauna  (upper  leda  clay)  occur  in  the  bank  of  a 
brook  a  little  farther  from  the  road  to  the  north. 

26.  Sussex.  Brines  from  the  Lower  Carboniferous,  employed  to  a  small  extent  for  salt-manu- 
facture. 

26.  Moncton.  Between  this  station  and  Salisbury,  in  cuttings  and  gravel-pits,  leda  clays  and 
saxicava  sands. 

27.  Riverdale.  The  millstone  grit  series  consists  of  sandstones  and  shales,  often  red,  and  con- 
glomerate, associated  with  dark-colored  beds  holding  fossil  plants  and  Naiaditet,  with  a  few  nnder- 
cluys  and  thin  seams  of  coal  ("  Acadian  Geology  "). 

28.  New  Glasgow.  In  this  vicinity  several  important  coal-mines.  The  productive  coal  area,  so 
far  as  yet  proved, Ts  about  nine  miles  long  by  three  and  a  half  wide,  with  an  area  of  twenty-two  square 
miles.  Though  thus  limited  in  extent,  the  seams  are  extremely  thick.  The  most  important  of  these  are 


I 


^1 


It! 


.  <#• 


CANADA.    (NEW  BRUNSWICK.) 


85 


itatlo^  beds 


Windsor  and  Annapolis  Railway- 
Ms.  1                      Continued. 

Mew  Bmnawlek  Railway— Con. 
Mb.  1             St.  John  to  Yanceboro. 

89 
46 

41 
62 

68 

66 

10 

82 

87 

98 

101 

10*7 

116 

121 

129 

Newport. 
Windsor.*  9 
Falmouth.'" 
Hantsport. 

Wolfville." 

Port  William. 

KentviUe." 

Berwick. 

^lesford. 

Wilmot. 

Middleton. 

Lawrenceton. 

Bridgetown.*' 

Round  Hill. 

Annapolis. 

18  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

"       (Windsor  ser.) 
(t               ii 

'♦       (Horton  ser ) 

(  18  a.  Lower  Carb.  and 

(      6-7.  Silurian. 

16.  Triassic. 

16.  Triassic  &  14.  Carb. 
ii 

ti 

4i 
M 
M 
W 
U 
it 

80 
38 
86 

88 

42 

46 

49 

61 

66 

72 

76 

86 

91 

92 

118 

160 

188 

206 

Clarendon. 

Gaspereaux. 

EnnisUllen. 

Hoyt.»' 

South  Branch. 
Fredericton  Jn. 
Tracy. 
Cork. 
Harvey. 

Prince  William. 
Magaguadavio. 
McAdam. 
St.  Croix. 
Yanceboro,  Me. 
Danforth,      " 
Lincoln,         " 
Old  Town,     " 
Bangor,         " 

Granite. 

4.  Cambro^urian. 

8-12.  Devonian. 
\  8-12.  Devonian  and 
(  18  a.  Low.  Carbonif. 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

it 

<( 
it 

18  a.  tower  Carbonif. 

4.  Cambro-Silurian. 
ii 

ii 

ii 

< 
1  b.  Huronian, 

New  Bmnawlck  Railway. 

(Formerly  European  and  North  American.) 
St.  John  to  Yftneeboro. 

ii 
ii 

0  St.  Andrews. 

6  Chamcook.*9 
16|Roix  Road. 
17;G.  S.  R'y  Cross. 
20  Rolling  Dam. 
24 'Dumbarton. 
28  Watt  June." 

14  b.  Middle  Carbonif. 
ii 

6-7.  Silurian, 
ii 

4.  Cambro-Silurian.  • 
ii 

ii 

0 

4 
6 
8 

11 

St.  John." 
Carieton.'* 
Fairville. 
South  Bay. 
Sutton. 

Grand  Bay. 

Westfield.*" 

Nerepis.»« 

Eagle  Rock. 
Wellsford. 

2.  L.  Camb.  (Acadian.) 

it 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

1  a.  Lauren,  limestones. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

(  18  a.  L.  Carbonif.  & 

}    Pre-Cambrian. 
1.  Pre-Cambrian. 

t  1.  Pre-Cambrian  and 

(      13  a.  L.  Carbonif. 

Granite. 

It 

16 

20 

22 
28 

0 

6 

8 

16 

19 

St.  Stephens.'* « 
Maxwell. 
Moore's  Mills. 
Meadows. 
Watt  June. 

Granite. 

4.  Cambro-Silurian. 
ii 

ii 

ii 

the  "  main  eeam  "  and  "  deep  seam."  The  first  has  a  thickneHs  of  thirty-eight  feet  six  inches,  and  is 
capable  of  yielding  at  least  twenty-four  feet  of  coal  of  good  quality.  The  "  deep  Beam  "  (one  hundred 
and  Biz^  feet  helow)  shows  seven  feet  eight  inches  of  good  coal  with  three  feet  six  inches  of  shaly 
coal.  The  coals  are  bituminous,  and  yield,  as  a  ruie,  a  good  colce.  A  material  known  as  "  stellar 
coal,"  which  is  in  reali^  an  earthy  bitumen,  occurs  near  Stellartown,  but  is  not  at  present  worked. 
It  i«  capable  of  yielding  from  SO  to  126  gallons  per  ton  of  oil,  on  distillation.    The  New  Glasgow  con- 

Siomerate  seen  at  the  road-bridge  and  elsewhere  is  a  peculiar  deposit  locally  developed  in  the  Carbon- 
'erouB,  possibly  nearly  on  the  horizon  of  the  coals.  On  '  ^  e  East  Kiver,  above  New  Glasgow,  important 
occurrences  of  iron-ore,  limonite,  specular  iron-ore,  anu  i,  jdded  hsematite.  These  have  not  been  worked. 

SO.  Windsor.  The  Windsor  series,  or  Lower  Carboniferous  limestone  and  gypsiferous  beds,  is  a 
marine  formation,  holding  characteristic  shells  and  corals  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  period,  and  con- 
taining, in  addition  to  the  limestone,  thick  beds  of  sandstone,  marl,  and  clay,  usually  red,  and  gypsum 
("  Acadian  Geology  "). 

SO.  Falmouth.  The  Horton  series,  or  Lower  Carboniferous  coal  measures,  underlies  the  last,  and 
consists  of  hard  sandstones  and  shales,  often  calcareous,  associated  with  conglomerate  and  grit,  and 
in  some  places  with  h<ghly-bituminous  shales.  It  holds  underclays  and  thin  coaly  seams,  remains 
of  plants,  fishes,  and  entomostracans,  and  footprints  of  batrachians,  but  no  strictly  marine  remains 
("Acadian  Geology  "). 

81.  Wolfville.  iTom  this  point  to  KentviUe  the  alluviums  and  marshes  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
shores  may  be  seen  to  the  north. 

88.  KentviUe.  Though  marked  Triassic  to  Annapolis,  the  line  of  the  raUway  runs  throughont  near 
the  line  of  Junction  of  this  formation  wit'a  Silurian,  Devonian  (Oriskany),  and  intrusive  granites,  which 
form  the  tulls  to  the  south.  To  the  northward  is  visible  the  continuous  ridge  of  the  North  Mountain, 
which  intervenes  between  the  Comwallip  and  Annapolis  Yalley  and  Bay  of  Fundy  shore.  This  is  com- 
posed of  Triassic  traps,  which  overlie  tue  red  sandstones  of  the  same  formation.  Cape  Blomidon  (near 
Wolfville)  is  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  North  Mountain.  In  this  lofty  cliff  (four  uuudred  feet)  col- 
umnar basaltic  trap  is  underlain  oy  amygdaloid,  containing  numerous  zeolitic  mirerals.  The  base  is 
formed  of  red  sandBtone  with  gypsum  veins.  The  cliffs  bordering  the  coast  from  Cape  Blomidon  west- 
ward afl  >rd  many  zeolites  in  fine  crystals. 

83.  Bridgetown.  At  Paradise,  east  of  this  station,  fine  crystals  of  smoky  quartz  derived  from 
veins  in  granite. 

84.  (Jarleton.  This  town  is,  like  St.  John,  on  Lower  Cambrian  rocks,  but  tlie  railway  immediately 
enters  an  area  of  Pru-Cambrian,  and  turning  round  northward jpaBses  into  Laurentian. 

86.  Westfield.  Immediatelybeyond  Wesmeld  an  outlyer  of  Lower  Carboniferous  one  mile  wide.  Pre. 
Cambrian  rocks  then  extend  to  Nerepis,  which  is  on  (or  near)  a  very  small  Lower  Carboniferous  outlyer. 
86.  Nerepis.    Beyond  this  station  SUnrian  Ii  mile,  followed  by  granite. 


fl 


Ui 


■  II 
■iji 


18 


66 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 


Mb.  I   New  Brnnswick  Railway— Con. 


2aiWatt  Junc.^" 

29  Lawrence. 

43  McAdam  Jun.' 


Vanceboro,  Me. 
Deer  Lake. 
Canterbury. 
Benton. 
Debec.  June. 
Woodstock. 

Debec  June. 
Greenville. 
Houlton,  Me. 

Woodstock. '9 
Up.  W'dstock*" 
Newberg  June. 


Gibson. 


49 
69 
65 
76 
83 
94 

"88 
86 
90 

"94 

96 

100 

m 

107 
111 
117 
120 
123 
185 
143 
143 
149 

166 
168 
168 
188 

149  Aroostook. 
167jGrand  Falls. 
181;  St.  Leonard's. 
198  Green  River. 
201  St.  Basil. 
207|Edmund9ton. 


Hartland. 

Peel. 

Florenceville. 

Kent. 

Bath. 

Eilbom. 

Perth. 

Andover. 

Aroostook. 


Ft  Fairfield,  Me, 
East  Lyndon,  *' 
Caribou,  " 

Presque  Isle,  " 


4.  Cambro-Silurian. 
I  4.  Cam.-Silurian  and 
(    8-12.  Devonian. 

4.  Cambro-Silurian. 


4.  Cambro-Silurian. 

Granite. 

4.  Cambro-Silu.-ian. 

Syenite. 

5-7.  Silurian. 

4.  Cambro-Silurian. 


6-7.  Silurian. 


(I 
li 


4.  Cambro-Silurian. 

u 

6-7.  Silurian. 


14  b.  Middle  Carbonif. 


6-7.  Silurian. 
« 

«( 

K 

it 
il 
« 

(( 


t( 
U 
<i 
it 


ti 
it 
ti 
it 
it 
ii 


Ms.  I      Between  Gibson  and  Woodstock. 


OGibson. 

12.  Res  wick. 

20  Zealand. 
28  Upper  Keswick, 
SSMiUville. 
47  County  Line. 
62, Woodstock  Jn. 
67|Newberg  June. 
eijUp.  Woodstock. 
63  i  Woodstock.  =»  9 


14  b.  Middlo  Carbonif. 
j  4.  Cambro-Silurian  & 
i  14  b.  Middle  Carbonlt 

4.  Cambro-Silurian. 

Granite. 

i.  Cambro-Silurian. 


6-7.  Silurian. 

4.  Cambro-Silurian. 


Gamberland  Rfci>way. 


OSpringhill  Jn.'° 
"       Mines. 
Southampton. 
Half-nny  Lake. 
Parsboro. 


82 


14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 
14  b.  Middle  Carbonif. 
14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 
18  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 


Waterloo  and  Maffos  Railway. 

Province  of  Quebec. 


OiMe    ^." 

6-7.  Silurian. 

8  Castle  Brook. 

it 

5  Oxford  L. 

t( 

7  i  Amber  Brook. 

1.  Pre-Cambrian. 

9  Eastman. 

u 

llDillonton. 

ii 

17  S.  Stukely.** 

M 

28  Waterloo. 

ti 

Prince  Edward  Island  Railway." 

(198  miles  in  operation.) 
Province— Prince  Edward  Island. 
43  The  whole  of  this  island  conelBts  of  Permo- 
Carboniferous  and  Triassic  rocks,  with  general 
red  color,  which  has  also  been  communicated  to 
the  overlying  drift  and  soil.  The  surface  is  rolling 
and  generallv  drift-covered,  so  that  it  has  so  far 
been  found  Impossible  to  separate  the  two  for- 
mations above  mentioned  except  qnite  locally.  The 
remarkably  interestine  Triassic  reptile  Bathyfftut- 
thus  boreaUs  was  found  In  the  excavation  for  a  well 
at  New  London.  The  soil  of  Prince  Edward  Island 
is  remarkably  fertile  and  well  cultivated. 


.37.  Hoyt.    At  Junction  Devonian  and  Lower  Carboniferous. 

88.  Watt  Junction  to  McAdam  Junction.  Karnes  and  moraines  frequent,  and  In  some  places  cut 
through  by  the  railway. 

39.  Woodstock  to  Grand  Falls.    Fine  examples  of  terraces. 

40.  Upper  Woodstock.  A  blast-furnace  erected  here,  and  haematite  ores  from  Jacksonton  at  one 
time  smelted.    Bricks  manufactured  from  drift-clays. 

41.  Magog.  At  northern  or  lower  end  of  Lake  Memphremagog,  a  very  picturesque  sheet  of  water, 
much  frequented  as  a  summer  resort.    Orford  Mountain,  a  diorltic  intmsion  to  the  northeast. 

42.  South  Stukely.  Numerous  occurrences  of  copper-ore  in  this  vicinity.  The  Huntington  cop* 
per-mine  six  miles  distant.  The  ore  is  chiefly  chlorltfc  slate  and  diorite.  Impregnated  with  copper  py- 
rites, pyrrotite,  and  iron  pyrites.  Magnesite  forms  enormous  beds  in  Bolton  and  nelghborink' town- 
ships, in  association  with  serpentine,  dolomite,  etc.  Chromic  Iron  also  fonnd  In  serpentine.  (Bolton, 
lot  4,  range  2.) 

44.  St.  Stephen,  on  New  Brunswick  Railway :  thence  granite  4  mile,  Cambro-Sllnrlan  If  mile, 
granite  1  mile,  Cambro-Silurian  16  miles  to  Watt  Junction.  On  (irand  Southern  Railway :  thence 
granite  |_^mile.    Cambro-Silurian  4i  miles  to  Oak  Bay,  then  Silurian. 

45.  Yarmouth.  Highly  altered  rocks,  consisting  of  chlorltlc  and  homblendic  slates,  clay  slates, 
quartz  rock,  etc. 

46.  Metegan.  From  this  point  onward  the  rocks  differ  in  appearance  from  those  previously  met 
with,  and  though  colored,  provisionally,  on  the  general  map  of  the  Geolc^cal  Survey  as  Cambrian, 
may  be  Cambro-Silurian  or  Silurian. 

47.  Bloomfleld.    Exposures  of  fossillferous  Oriskany  of  Bear  River  and  Clements  near  here. 

48.  Digby.  Good  exposures  of  Triassic  red  sandstones  and  trappean  rocks  at  Dlgby  Gut  and  St. 
Mary's  Bay.  Digby  Gut  forms  the  entrance  to  Annapolis  Basin,  and  is  passed  through  by  steamers, 
connecting  with  rauway,  for  St.  John. 

4S.  Cmuncook.   Thence  Silurian  2  miles,  granite  4i  miles,  Silurian  1|  miles. 

50.  Dyers.    Oambro-SUnrian  2  miles.   Granite  8  miles,    near  Dyers,  kames  may  be  observed. 


61 

68 

66: 

68: 

63, 

67] 


0( 

91 


01 

6( 

14  i 


CANADA.    (NOVA  SCOTIA  AND  NEW   BRUNSWICK.) 


Mb.  I  Weatern  Counties  Rallwajt  N.  S. 


0 
6 
1 

10 
18 
16 
18 
21 
80 
83 
86 
87 


Yarmouth.*' 
Hebron. 
Ohio. 

Greencove. 
Brazil  Lake. 
Lake  Jessie. 
Norwood. 
Hectanooga. 
Mcteghan.** 
Saulmcrrille. 
LHtle  Brook. 
Church  Point. 


2-4.  Cambrian. 

41 

i« 
tt 
ti 
«i 
It 


4.  Oambro-Silurian  (?) 


illBelliveau. 


46 
61 
63 
66 
68 
63 
t1 


Weymouth. 
Poit  Gilbert. 
Plympton. 
North  Range. 
Bloomfield.*' 
Jordantown. 
Digby.*" 
St.  John. 
Halifax. 


6-1  Silurian  (?) 
it 

<i 

4( 


16.  Triassic. 


Chatham  Branch  Railway,  N.  n. 


Halifaz.3 
Chatham. 
Chatham  June. 
Point  Levis. 


14  b.  Middle  Carbonif. 
It 


Grand  Southern  Railway,  N.  B. 


0 
6 

14 


St.  Stephen.** 
Oak  Bay. 
St.  Andrew's  | 
Crossing,    j" 


Granite. 

4.  Cambro-Silurian. 

6-7.  Silurian. 


Ms.  I   Grand  Sonthem  Railway— Co7i. 

20  Dyer's.""  ~" 

29  Bonny  River. 

36  St.  George." 

44Pennfield.** 

54  New  River. 

—  Lepreaux."^ 

68  Lancaster.'* 

67  Pr.  of  Wales. 

70  Spruce  Lake. 

74  Carleton. 

82  St.  John." 


Granite. 
6-7.  Silurian. 
1.  Pre-Cambrian. 


18  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 
1  a.  Laurentiao. 


2.  Cambrian. 


Albert  Railway,  N.  B. 


0 
4 
10 
14 
16 
17 
20 
22 
24 
29 
81 
38 
86 
38 
40 
42 
44 
46 
48 


Salisbury. 

Coverdale 

Turtle  Creek. 

Baltimore. 

Dawson. 

Stony  Creek. 

Salem. 

Weldon." 

milsboro." 

Albert  Mines. '< 

Wilson. 

Curryville." 

Cape. 

Daniels. 

Shepody.«° 

The  Hill. 

Riverside. 

Albert 

Harvey. 


14  b.  Middlv^  Carbonif. 

H 
(I 
« 
4( 
44 

18  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

44 
44 


14  b.  Middle  Carbonif. 

44 

18  a.  Lower  Carboidf. 


14  b.  Middle  Carbonif. 


51.  St.  George.  About  three  miles  r-  rth  of  St.  George,  on  the  Magagnadavic  River,  a  red  syenite 
is  extensively  qaarried.  Water-power  is  employed  to  drive  the  polishing  machinery.  The  stone  much 
resembles  Aberdeen  "  granite,"  and  is  of  very  fine  qoality  and  color. 

6^.  Pennfleld.    Large,  broad  kame,  or  "  whaleback." 

53.  Lepreaox.  Antaracite  of  an  impure  character  occnrs  In  Devonian  beds  abont  four  miles  south 
of  station.  The  anthracite  is  very  impure,  but  is  interesting,  being  the  only  known  instance  in  America 
of  a  Devonian  coal. 

54.  Lancaster.  Between  this  point  and  next  station  (Prince  of  Wales)  line  passes  nearly  along 
.jonction  of  Lanrentian  (to  north)  aid  Devonian.    At  Lancaster,  frames. 

65.  St.  John.  Few  points  are  }f  greater  geological  interest  than  the  vicinity  of  St.  John,  where 
within  a  radius  of  a  few  miles  roci  s  occur  which  have  been  assigned  to  the  Lanrentian,  Pre-Cam- 
briar,  Oambrian,  Devonian,  and  Ik  wer  Carboniferous  formations.  The  city  stands  on  hard,  slaty 
rocks  of  the  Acadian  group,  which '  ield  Primordial  fossils,  in  some  places  in  considerable  abundance. 
The  Devonian  rocks  are  weil  expoe<  i  on  the  shores  of  Courtney  Bay,  and  also  in  the  vicinity  of  Carle- 
ton.  Abont  a  mile  rest  of  the  lait-named  place,  on  the  shore,  are  the  "fern  ledges,"  which  have 
yielded  a  great  num.  er  of  fossil  pla:  sts,  with  some  insects  and  crustaceans.  The  Devonian  rests  quite 
unconformably  on  the  Cam  :>rian  seriee,  and  is  again  overlain  unconformably  by  the  conglomerate^  of 
the  Lower  Carboniferons. 

56.  Weldon.    Between  this  point  and  Hillsboro  the  Petitcodiac  salt-marsh. 

67.  Hillsboro.    Gypsnm  qnuries  in  the  Lower  Carboniferous  rocks. 

58.  Albert  Mines.  The  mineral  known  as  Albertite,  an  inspissated  bitumen  filling  veins  in  the 
black  sLales  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous,  was  at  one  time  extensively  worked  here.  The  mines  are 
now  closed. 

59.  Curryville.    Gray  sandstone  quarries. 

60.  Shepody.    Thence  to  Harvey  principally  salt-marsh. 

61.  New  Glasgow.    (See  note  No.  28,  urder  Intercolonial  Railway.) 

62.  French  River.    Lower  Carboniferous  in  valley,  hills  on  both  sides  of  Silurian  rocks. 

68.  Marshy  Hope.  Opposite  this  point,  on  the  coast,  good  exposures  of  fossiliferons  Silurian 
rocks  of  Arisaig  noup. 

64.  Antigonisn.  Interesting  display  of  Lower  Carboniferous  rocks,  including  beds  of  limestone 
and  GTpsnmln  this  neighborhood. 

(a.  Cape  Porcupine.  On  the  shore  of  the  Strait  of  Canso,  500  feet  in  height.  The  central  mass  a 
red  syenite,  against  which  rest  slaty  beds,  supposed  by  Sir  W.  Dawson  to  be  Silurian.  On  these,  con- 
glomerates of  the  Lower  Carboniferous. 

66.  Strait  of  Canso  Wharf.  Interesting  expw  9  of  Lower  Carboniferous  rocks  at  Plaster  Cove 
and  other  places  on  north  side  of  Strait  of  Canso. 


^' 


68 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 

Ms.  1    Eaateni  Extenalon  Railway,  N.  S. 

Ma.  i  Eaatero  Extension  Railway— 6'<m. 

0 

New  Glasgow.*' 

14.  Carboniferous. 

61 

Pomqixet. 

13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

6 

Glenfalloch. 

«i 

68 

Heatherton. 

t( 

10 

Merigomiah. 

It 

66 

Bavtield  Roa'1. 

tt 

18 

French  River.s* 

ti 

67 

Afton. 

18  Piedmont. 

6-7.  Silur.  or  Cam.-Sil. 

61 

Tracadie. 

ii 

22  Avondale. 

(i 

62 

Girroirs. 

i( 

24  Baraey'B  River. 

it 

66 

Little  Tracadie. 

it 

27  Marshy  Hop8.«' 

It 

70 

Harb.au  Bouche 

ti 

81  James  River. 

13  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

73 

C.  Porcupine.*' 

18  a.  Lower  Carb.  8-7. 
Silurian  and  Syenite. 

86  Brierly  Brook. 

u 

41  Antigonish.e* 
46  Skiuth  River. 

t( 

79 

Mulgrave. 

18  a.  Lower  Carbonif. 

H 

80 

S.  of  Canso, 

48 

Taylor's  Road. 

<t 

Wh'f.66 

it 

'  M 


1^^    I 


lii     % 


liif 


(  5         ii: 


II.  #ntano  anb  ^mhe* 

List  of  the  Qeological  Formations  in  Quebeo  and  Ontario.'" 


20.  Quaternaryi  20  d.  Saxicava  Sand.* 
20c.LedaCiay.t 
20  a.  Boulder  Clay  or 
Till. 
13.  Lower  Carbonif.,  13  a.  Bonaventure 
8-12.  Devonian,  12.  Catskill  (Ont.).t 

11.  Ctiemung  and  Port- 
age.! 
10.  Hantilton,  including 
Marcellus  and  Qe* 
nesee. 
9.  Corn  iferousor  Upper 

Helderberg. 
8.  Oriskany. 


11 


ti 


*In  Central  Ontario.  SO  d.  Algoma  Sand  and 
Artemisia  Gravel 

tin  Central  Ontario.  SO  o.Sangeen  Clay;  20b. 
Zrie  Clay. 

1  In  Eastern  Qnebea    Scaamenao  beds. 

$8-13.  OaspA  Sandstones,  in  eastern  part  of 
Quebeo. 


5-7.  Silurian,  7.  Lower  Helderberg. 
"        6.  Salina  or  Onondaga. 
"     Sd.Quelph. 
"      9  e.  Niagara. 
"      9  b.  Clinton. 
"      9  a.  Medina  and  Oneida. 
4.  8iluro*Cambrian,4e.  Hudson  River 
4  b.  Utica. 
4  a.  Trenton. 
3  e.  Ciiazy. 
2-3.  Cambrian,  3  b.  Sillery  and  Levix. 
3  a.  Caleirerous. 
2  e.  Upper  and   Lower 

Potsdam. 
2  b.  Keweenian. 
2  a.  Animikie. 
1.  Eozoic  or  ^. 

Arehsan,  1  c.  Huronian. 

1  b.  Norian  or  Labrador* 
1  a.  Laurentian. 


it 
it 


tt 
it 


Grand  Trank  Railway. 

Grand  Trnnk  Railway— Con. 

Ms.  1              Portland  to  Montreal. 

Alt. 

Ms.  1              Portland  to  Montreal. 

Alt. 

0 

Portland,  He. 

1  c.  Huronian. 

14 

86 

Shelburne,  N.  H. 

1  d.  Montalban. 

709 

6 

Falmouth. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

81 

91 

(Sorham. 

tc 

793 

9 

Cumberland. 

ti 

88 

98 

BerUn  FaUs. 

Lake  Group. 

lOit 

11 

Yarmouth. 

it 

96 

122 

Groveton  June. 

1  b.  Huronion. 

889 

27 

Danville  June. 

1  d.  Montalban. 

S03 

181 

Breathes. 

li 

878 

29 

Lewiston  June. 

it 

(48 

184 

North  Stratford. 

" 

901 

86 

Mechanic's  Falls 

it 

300 

142 

Wenlock,  Vt. 

«« 

1151 

47 

South  Paris. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

39S 

149 

Island  Pond,  Y t. 

1  d.  Montalban. 

lis? 

70 

Bethel 

it 

684 

166 

Boundary  Line. 

isst 

80 

QUead. 

1  d.  Montalban. 

ri« 

Geology  in  U.  S. 

by  Prof.  Hitchcock. 

ai-bonif. 


Carb.  6-T. 

id  Syenite, 
larbonif. 


t3 


lerg. 
idagai 


leidai 
ton  River 

itoni 

*>• 
Levhu 

t, 

d   Lower 


.abrador. 


/on. 


Alt. 


70^ 

79S 

lOtI 

889 

are 

901 

llSl 

iitr 
i>«i 


CANADA.    (ONTARIO  AND  QUEBEC] 

' 

5» 

Oraad  Trank  Railway— Con. 

Orand  Tmak  Railway-  Oon. 

Ms.  1                 Lewiaton  Branch. 

Alt. 

Ms.  1  Montreal,  Richmond,  and  Quebt  "..><» 

Alt. 

29  Lewiaton  J.,  Me. 

1  d.  Montalban. 

S4B 

0  Point  Levis'* 

88  Taylor  Brook. 

it 

t08 

i^p.  Quebec).  «♦ 
7  Chaudiere  Curve 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

14 

84  Auburn. 

ii 

148 

it 

tt9 

86 1  Lewiaton,  Me. 

<t 

140 

9.ChaudiereJunc. 

it 

16  Craig's  Road. 
20  St.  Agapit 
28lMethot'B  Mills. 

a 

S35 

Portland  to  Montreal. 

It 
ti 

40S 

166 

Norton  Mills, 
Quebec.  >«" 

Granite. 

444 

87jLyster. 

it 

44S 

169 

DixTiUe. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

I1S7 

41  St.  Julie. 

it 

478 

176 

Coaticooke. 

it 

'007 

49  Somerset 

It 

441 

180 

Richby. 

ti 

819 

66  Stanfold. 

it 

Its 

188 

Compton. 

(t 

734 

64  Arthabaska. 

ti 

430 

186 

Waterville. 

<t 

646 

71  Warwick. 

It 

431 

198 

LennoxTille.'"* 

1.  Frc-Cambiian. 

800 

79|  Kingsey. 

it 

444 

196 

Sherbrocke.!" 

ti 

486 

84  Danville. 

it 

208 

Brompton  Falls. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

471 

98  Richmond. 

1.  Pre-Cambrian. 

391 

211 

Windsor  Mills. 

i( 

4S0 

187  St.  Hyacinthe. 

4  c.  Hudson  R. 

111 

221 
228 

Richmond.' ^^ 

Lifigar. 

Darhani.>"* 

1.  Pre-Cambria'^. 

it 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

391 
SS9 
609 

172|Montreal.»i° 

j  4  b.  Utica  (at  Bona- 
1   venture  Station).'* 

231 

236 

Danby. 

Acton  Vale. >"» 

it 

it 

438 
312 

Arthabaska  and  Three  Bivers  Branch 

• 

248 

0 

Arthabaska. 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

4«(> 

249 

Upton. 

it 

S04 

4 

j  Walker's  Cut- 
i     ting. 

262 

St.  Liboire. 

it 

it 

266 

Britannia  Mills. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

S<2 

11 

Bulstrode. 

it 

267 

St.  Rosalie. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

18!  Aston. 

It 

262 

St  Hyacinthe. 

it 

111 

2n  St.  Celestin. 

6  a.  Medina  and  Oneida. 

269 

St.  Madeleine. 

ti 

119 

81  St,  Gregoire. 

4  c.  Hudson  B. 

276 

St.  HiUre.106 

Y%     1        11 

86 

63  1 

86  Three  Rivers. 

II 

276 

Beludil. 

•• 

280 

St.  Brazile. 
St.  Bruno. 

M 

98 

Champlain  Division. 

282 

0 

Montreal.* »» 

(  4  b.  Utica  (at 

Bona* 

287 

St.  Hubert."^ 

it 

91 

venture  Station). 

290 

St  Lambert. 

4  b.  Utiea. 

76 

7 

St.  Lambert. 

It 

297 

Montreal.."     ,|       "      (^{^^^H 

12 

20 

Brosseau's. 
Lacadie. 

it 
it 

tioook. 


100.  The  portion  of  the  province  included  between  the  46th  parallel  and  Maine  boundary  and  the 
St.  Lawrence,  generally  designated  the  "  Eastern  Townships,"  has  given  rise  to  more  discussion  and 
difference  of  opinion  between  geologists  than  any  other  part  of  the  Dominion.  It  is  naturally  a 
region  of  extreme  geological  complexity  and  disturbance,  and  can  scarcely  yet  be  considered  as 
f ally  worked  oat.  For  a  work  like  the  present  it  is  necessary,  however,  at  least  to  denote  the  f or- 
mations  on  one  uniform  system,  whatever  doubt  may  attach  to  the  reference  of  some  of  them.  For 
this  purpose.  Dr.  Selwyn  has  kindly  allowed  the  use  of  unpublished  sheets,  colored  according  to  bia 
views. 

This  district  is  the  continuation  northward  of  the  Appalachian  region.  One  of  its  most  salient 
features  is  the  great  Champlain  and  St.  Lawrence  fault,  wnich  separates  the  undisturbed  rocks  of  its 
northwestern  from  the  plicated  beds  of  its  southeastern  part.  This  great  fracture  runs  from  the  head 
of  Lake  Champlain  to  Onebec .  .jA  beyond.    (See  Note  8,  New  York.) 

101.  LennoxviUe.  The  Hartford  Mine,  from  which  a  great  quantity  of  copper-ore  has  beer,  ex- 
tracted, is  situated  at  a  distance  of  five  m  les  '  >m  this  station.  The  ore  is  granular  iron  pyrites,  mixed 
with  copper  pyrites. 

105.  Sherbrooke.  Numerous  y^ccurrences  of  copper-ore  in  this  vicinity  and  near  LennoxviUe.  A 
bed  of  jasper  in  the  town  of  Sherbrooke. 

103.  fuchmond.  The  Rockland  and  Melbourne  slate  quarries  are  within  a  few  miles  of  this  sta- 
fion.  The  slates  here  have  been  somewhat  extensively  worked,  and  are  unsurpassed  in  quality.  A 
few  miles  south  of  Richmond,  in  Melbourne,  fine  serpentine  marbles  occur. 

104.  Durham.  The  line  between  the  Pre-Cambrian  and  Cambrian  rocks  is  crossed  at  South  Dur> 
iam. 

106.  Acton  Vale.  A  very  productive  mine  of  variegated  and  vitreous  copper-ore,  occurring  in 
brecciated  portions  of  a  limestoue-bed,  was  formerly  worked  here,  but  is  now  abandoned.  Slate  quar- 
ries also  in  this  vicinity. 

106.  St.  Hilaire.  Boloeil  Mountain,  one  of  the  remarkable  igneous  protrusions  which  penetrate  the 
flat-lying  Silurian  rocks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley,  may  be  visited  from  this  point.  The  mountain  is 
partly  composed  of  augite-syenite  and  partly  of  nepheline-syenive.  An  excellent  summer  hotel  on  the 
mountain.    (See  Note  810  on  Mount  Royal,  Montreal.) 


'.>■ 


I!R  I 


f  : 


1M) 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 


Grand  Trank  Ratlway- 

Ms.  1  Qnebco  and  Lake  Ht.  John  Railway. 

Hi.  1           Champlain  Division— Con. 

0 

4 

6 

8 

10 

14 

16 

17 

Quebec.** 
Junction. 
Little  River. 
Ancine  Lorette. 
St.  Ambrois. 
Valcartier  Sta. 
Jacques  Cartier. 
St.  Gabriel. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

44 

27 St.  Johns. '»» 

88  Grande  Ligne. 

89  StottBTiUe. 
44  Lacolle. 

50  Rouse's  Pt.,N.Y. 

4  b.  Utica. 
ii 

ti 

it 

it 

(t 

ii 

1  a.  Laurentian. 
it 

ii 

Montreal  and  Province  Line. 

t« 

28 
24 

27 

St.  Catharines. 
Lake  St.  Joseph 
Lake  Sergeant 

it 

/vIm    *     1 110      '4  b.  Utica  (at  Bona- 
OlMontreal.'^"      |j     venture  Station). 

it 

tt 

6i  St.  Lambert. 

ti 

80 

Bourg  Louis 

it 

I'iBrosseau's. 

«i 

86 

St.  Raymond. 

ti 

14iLaprairie. 

ii 

89  Cdtes  Road. 

it 

20!St.  Constant. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

4S  River  Roudeau. 

it 

28 

St.  Isidore  Juno.  8  a.  Oalciferous. 

46  Lake  Simon. 
86  Lake  Edward. 

tt 

27 

St.  Regis. 
St.  Martine. 
Howiok. 
Bryson's. 
Ormstown. 

it 

2  c.  Potsdam. 

>< 

8  a.  CalciferouB. 
ii 

it 

88 

North  Shore  RaUway.o* 

88 
44 

47 

0 
4 

Quebec.** 
Lake  St.  John  ) 
Railway  June.  J 
Lorette. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

66 

Huntingdon. 

<i 

7 

tt  , 

64 

White's. 

<i 

18 

Belair. 

It 

74 

Ft.Covington,N. 

Y.         " 

26 
80 

Point  Rouge. 
St.  Bazile. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

80 

St.  Remi. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

4  b.  Utica. 

34 

St.  Michel. 

ii 

84 

Portneuf. 

ii 

87 

Hughe's. 

8  a.  Calciferous. 

88 

Deschambault. 

"    or  4  a.  Trenton. 

89 

Johnson's. 

it 

42 

Lacbevrotiere. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

44 

Hemmingford. 

ii 

46 

Grondines. 

ti 

47 

Province  Line. 

«« 

52 

Ste.  Anne  le    ) 
Perade.        ) 
Batiscan. 

4  b.  Utica. 

60 

Moore's  J.,  N.Y. 

2  c.  Potsdam. 

67 

4  e.  Hudson  River. 

Central  Termont  Railway* 

64 

Champlain. 
Piles  Branch  Jn. 

it 

Northern  Division. 

74 

tt 

77 

as 

Three  Rivera"* 
Pointe  du  Lac. 

«t 

0 

Montreal.' >° 

It 

0 

St.  Johns. » 0  9 

4  b.  Utica. 

92 

Yamachiche. 

tt 

7 

Verselles. 

ti 

97 

Louiseville. 

4  b.  Utica. 

10 

St.  Brigede. 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

101 

Masklnonee. 
St.  Barthelemi. 

tt 

14 

W.  Famham. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

107 

it 

21 

Angeline. 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

111 

St.  Cuthbert. 

ti 

29 

Qranby. 

ti 

116 

Berthier  June. 

it 

87 

W.  Shefford.»»<» 

ti 

123  Lanoraie. 

4  c.  Hudson  R.  or  Utloa. 

48 

Waterloo. 

1.  Pre-Cambrian. 

129  La  Valtrie. 

4  b.  Utica. 

0 

Montreal*  i» 

182 

L'Assomption. 

ti 

27 

St.  Johns. »"  9 

4  b.  Utica. 

186 

L'Epiphanie. 

it 

86 

St.  Alexandre. 

it 

144 

St.  Henri  Mas- ) 

4  a.  Trenton. 

42 

Des  Riridres. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

couche.        f 

45 

Stanbridge.iii 

ii 

148 

Terrebonne."' 

tt 

62 

St.  Armand.'i» 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

164 

St.  Vincent  de  ) 
Paul.            ) 

tt 

57 

Higfagate  Sp'gs, 
E.Swanton.[Vt. 

8  b.  Levis  Limestone. 

61 

2  \  Potsdam  Slate. 

159 

St.  Martin  Jn. 

8  c.  Ghazy. 

64 

Swanton  June. 

it 

170 

Hochelaga. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

70 

St.  Albans. 

M 

171 

Montreal.* »» 

it 

107.  St.  Hubert.  Extensive  peat-bogs  in  this  vicinity,  from  which  a  considerable  quantity  of  peat 
was  at  one  time  extracted  and  manufactured. 

108.  Montreal,  Richmond  and  Quebec.  This  road  passes  for  the  most  part  over  an  alluvial  country. 
in  general  thickly  drift  covered,  and  little  is  seen  of  the  underlying  rocks,  except  in  the  neighborhood 
ofKichn^ond.    (See  Note  108.) 

109.  St.  Johns.  Pottery-works.  Bough  earthen-ware  articles  are  manufactured  from  clay  un' 
derlying  the  town.  The  clay  Is  marine  (leoa  clay),  twenty-two  feet  in  thickness,  and  covered  by  one 
foot  of  soil. 


CANADA.    (ONTARIO 

AND  QUEBEC] 

I                             61 

North  Shore  Umllwrny— Con. 

Ms.  1     The  Bay  of  Qalate  Railway. 

Ma.  1                     FUea  Branch. 

iDeseronto. 

4  a.  Trcntun. 

0,Tbree  Rivera. 

4  c  Hudson  River. 

1 

isaat  isna. 

2  Piles  Branch  Jn. 

I. 

Deseronto  Juno. 

9 St.  Maurice."* 

4  b.  Utica  &  4  a.  Trenton. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 

Napanee. 

21;  Lac  a  la  Torgue. 
29  Grand  Piles."' ' 

'   Northern  and  Northweetern  Rallwaya. 

a 

0|PortDover.>«*    9.  Comif.  and  8.  Orla. 
9;jarvi8.               :               "           [kany. 

Berthier  Branch. 

Berthierville.       4  c.  Hudson  River. 

12 

Garnett. 

Berthier  Juno.     4  b.  Utica. 

14 
16 
24 

HageraviUe.        '               " 
Ba  Isville.           6.  Onondaga. 
Caledonia.          i            " 

Quebec  Central  Railway. 

OiSherbrooke."* 

1.  Fre-Gambrian. 

29!Glanford.            6  d.  Guelph. 

4 

Lenoxville. 

It 

34Rymal.                         " 

10 

Ascot. 

tt 

40 Hamilton. '^      6  a.  Medina  and  Oneida. 

19 

Basin. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

48Burlingt'nB'cb. 

«4 

21 

Dudswell."* 

K 

61  Burlington. 

M 

86 

Weedon. 

tl 

67  St.  Ann's. 

6  c.  Niagara  (?) 

6  a.  Medina  and  Oneida. 

47 

Garthby.'"" 

(( 

69|Zimmerman. 

67 

Coleraine. 

it 

66  Milton. 

ti 

67 

ThetfdMin'8'»' 

1.  Prc-Cambrian. 

75|8tewarton. 

<« 

78 

Broughton.'" 

It 

77|Georgetown  Ju. 

u 

91 

St.  Frederic. 

tt 

77JGeorgetown. 

u 

100 

Beauce. 

ti 

79|Glenwilliam. 

u 

105 

St.  Joseph.  ^" 

2-3.  Cambrian. 

81  Salmonville. 

u 

110 

Scotts. 

It 

88  Cheltenham. 

M 

122 

St.  Anselme. 

i< 

86  Riverdale. 

M 

189 

Levis. 

<t 

98  Caledon  East. 

M 

110.  Shefford.  The  railway  here  paasce  close  to  Shefford  Mountain,  an  intmsive  mass  described 
as  a  Kranitoid  trachyte.    A  larger  mass  of  similar  trachyte  fomis  Brome  Mountain  to  the  Bonth. 

Hi.  Stanbridge.    Bog-iron-ore  in  considerable  qnantity  in  this  vicinity.    Formerly  worked. 

112.  St.  Armand.  The  limestone  belt  between  this  place  and  PhillipHbnrg  affords  several  varietiea 
of  marble  of  different  colors.  Some  of  these  have  been  quarried.  A  oluck  marble  occurring  a  mile 
and  a  half  southeast  of  Pbillipsburt;  is  particularly  worthy  of  note. 

lis.  The  line,  for  the  greater  part  of  its  length,  is  at  no  great  distance  from  the  north  bank  of  the 
b  .  Lawrence,  and,  owing  to  the  depth  of  the  drift  deposits  and  alluvium,  but  little  of  the  geological 
structure  of  the  county  can  be  seen.  The  outlines  of  the  formations,  as  represented  on  the  geological 
map  of  Canada,  are  somewhat  uncertain  for  the  same  reason,  and  must  at  present  be  consider^  a* 
approximations  only. 

114.  Three  Rivers.  The  railway  here  crosses  the  St.  Maurice,  a  river  important  from  a  lumbering 
point  of  view,  and  havins:  a  total  course  of  about  three  hundred  miles.  The  Shawanagan  Falls,  on  the 
St.  Maurice,  twenty-one  miles  distant,  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in  height.  The  falls  occur  over  Lau- 
rentian rocks,  and  are  very  picturesque.  On  the  river  below  the  falls  the  Potsdam  sandstones  may 
be  observed  to  overlie  the  Laurentian.    Extensive  brick-yards  at  Three  Rivers. 

115.  Terrebonne.  Quarries.  Chazy  limestone.  Stone  taken  to  Montreal  in  scows,  and  has  been 
extensively  used  in  enlargement  of  Lacnine  Canal. 

116.  St.  Maurice.  Iron  smelting,  on  a  smali  scale,  has  been  in  operation  here  for  one  hundred  and 
fifty  years.    The  mineral  employed  Is  bog-iron-ore. 

117.  Grand  Piles.  Navigation  by  steamer  on  the  St.  Maurice  from  this  point  northward,  into  the 
heart  of  the  Laurentian  country. 

118.  Sherbrooke.    (See  Note  103  under  Grand  Tmnk,  Montreal  to  Portland.) 

119.  Dudswell.  About  three  miles  northward,  yellow  and  gray  marbles  capable  of  receiving  a 
good  polish,  and  highly  ornamental. 

130.  Garthby.  Deposit  yiilding  native  antimony,  antimony  glance,  and  o'hcr  minerals,  five  milea 
from  Garthby,  in  South  Hunt,  lot  28,  range  1.  Lot  82,  range  (north)  1,  Garthby  ;  extensive  deposit  of 
iron  and  copper  pyrites. 

121.  Thetford  Mines.  Asbestos  extensively  worked.  The  veins  occur  in  association  with  serpen- 
tine rocks,  which  here  characterize  a  consideraDle  tract  of  country. 

122.  Bronghton.  The  Harvey  Hill  Copper  Mine,  at  one  time  extensively  worked,  but  at  present 
suspended,  near  here.  Purple  copper-ore,  copper  glance,  and  copper  pyrites,  occur  in  veins  cutting  the 
strata  and  beds  conforraable  with  the  stratification. 

123.  St.  Joseph.  On  the  Cbandiere  River.  Gold  occurs  in  placer  deposits  in  numerous  localities 
in  this  vicinity.  These  deposits  have  been  worked  to  some  extent,  but  are  as  yet  imperfectly  devel- 
oped, as  the  auriferous  alluviums  are  known  to  extend  over  an  area  of  ten  thousand  square  miles.  The 
Kilgour  nugget,  found  on  the  Gilbert  River,  weighed  51^  ounces.  A  handsome  brecciated  marble  feund 
on  the  Riviere  Gnillianme  near  here. 

124.  Port  Dover.  Comlferous  limestones,  with  pores  of  corals  frequently  filled  with  petroleum. 
Epsonites  occur  in  limestones  on  the  lake  shore. 

125.  Hamilton.  A  band  of  sandstone  known  as  the  "gray  band,"  and  referable  to  the  Medina 
formation,  is  quarried  here  and  used  in  building. 


m 


I' I  i . 


S    ' 


62 

AN  AMERICAN  GBOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 

Northern  and  Nortkwestem  BallwaT*- 

PMsampala  Railway. 

Mi.  1                       Continued. 

Ms.  1                Qaebeo  to  Newport. 

96  CentrevlUe. 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

Quebec. 

99 

Palgrave. 

it 

Montreal. 

105 

Tottenham. 

it 

(8.  E.  R'y.) 

110 

Beeton. 

II 

0 

Sherbrooke."" 

1.  Pr«-Cambriaii. 

114 

ThompsonTille. 

4  b.  Utica. 

8 

Lenoxville. 

II 

116 

AUiaton. 

i« 

8 

Capleton. 

1.  Pre-Camb.  k  2-8.  SiL 

120 

Everitt. 

It 

12 

North  Hatloy. 

II 

123 

Tioga. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

19 

Massawippi. 
Ayer'a  Flats. 

S-7.  Silurian. 

126 

Lisfe. 

II 

21 

<> 

129 

Glencaim. 

II 

27 

Libby  Mills. 

it 

161 

ColUngwood.!*" 

It 

80 

Smith's  Mills. 

II 

135 

Allandale. 

II 

84 

Stanstead  Jn*" 

Graidte. 

Barrie. 

i< 

40 

Newport,  Vt. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

Beeton  and  Barrle  Branch. 

South  Baatem  Railway. 

Main  Line.— Montreal  to  Rlchford,  Vt. 

0 

Beeton. 
Beeton  Juno. 

OMoutreftl.*"' 

9 

Cookstown. 

4  b.  Utica. 

0 

Longueuil. 
St.  Lambert. 

4  b.  Utica. 

14 

Thornton. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

2 

II 

19 

Victoria. 

II 

12 

Chambiy  Basin. 

4  0.  Hudson  RiTW. 

25 

Allandale. 

II 

IS 

Chamb.  Canton. 

— 

Barrie. 

" 

14 

Richelieu. 

19 

Marieville. 

It                   1 

*     North  Slmcoe  Branch. 

22 

St.  Angele. 

0  AUandale. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

26  St  Brigide. 

6  Colwell. 

It 

82 

Farnham. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

18  Uinesiug. 

It 

37 

Famdon. 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

16  Hendrie. 

tt 

89Brigham. 

II 

19  Phelpston. 

II 

42  East  Faraham. 

tt 

24  Elmvale. 

II 

46  Cowans ville. 

It 

26  Saurin. 

It 

47  Sweetsburg. 

ti 

SOjWyevale. 
39  Penetang. 

It 

50  West  Brome. 

1.  Pre-Cambrian. 

It 

66  Sutton  June. 
68  Sutton. 

tt 

1 

tt 

Allendale  to  Miukoka  Wharf. 

68  Ambercom. 
66  Rlchford,  Vt. 

It 

~68 

Allandale. 
Barrie. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

1  b.  Huronitn. 

64 

70 

Gk>wan. 
Oro. 

Northern  Division. 

74 

0 

Sorel. 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

78 

Hawkatone. 

6 

St.  Robert. 

tt 

87 

Orillia. 

10 

Tamaska. 

It 

90 

Atherly. 

14 

St.  David. 

It 

95 

Longford. 
Washago. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

21 

St.  Guillaume. 

It 

100 

II 

27 

Boulogne. 

It 

108  Serem. 

(1 

82 

St.  Germain. 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

ICSlLethbridge. 

It 

86 

Drummondville. 

It 

116| 

Gravenburst.      1 

It 

46 

Wickham. 

It 

116 

Huskoka  Wharf 

II 

64 

Acton. »"» 

if 

188.  CoUingwood.  The  Utica  shales  may  here  be  observed  to  overlap  the  Trenton.  These  shales 
were  at  one  time  distilled  here  for  oil. 

127.  Stanatead  Junction.  A  considerable  area  of  granite  here,  sarroanded  by  dikes  of  the  same 
material  which  penetrate  the  calcareous  strata.    The  granite  is  excellent  for  bnildlng  purposes. 

138.  Brome.  About  four  miles  sonthwest,  iron-ores  (specular  schists)  at  one  time  worked.  (See 
Note  110  on  Brome  Mountain,  nnder  Central  Vermont  Railway,  Shefford.) 

189.  Sntton.    Similar  iron-slates  to  that  above  described  in  a  number  of  places  near  here. 

130.  Abbotsford.  Yamaska  Mountain  to  the  southeast,  an  intrusive  mass  about  three  mUes  in 
diameter,  is  for  the  most  part  a  micaceous  trachyte  rock.  The  southeastern  portica  is,  however,  a 
diorite. 

131.  Rongemont.  The  Intrusive  mass  forming  the  mountain  of  Rongemont  is  chiefly  composed  of 
olivine^liabase.  This  is  one  of  a  group  of  similar  intrusions  of  wmch  Mount  Royal  and  Beloeil 
Mountain  may  be  taken  as  typical. 


CANADA.    (ONTARIO  AND  QUEBEC.) 


lb.  I 


S«alh  Baatara  Railway— 

Northern  Divlilun— Con. 


To 

Boxton  Falls. 

^-H.  Cambrian. 

«7 

South  Roiton. 

i< 

71 

Savage's  Milli. 
Warden. 

«< 

11 

1.  Pre<CainbrUn. 

80 

Waterloa 

«« 

84 

Foster. 

tt 

88 

Knowlton. 

II 

98 

Brome  Cent.*** 

II 

96 

Sutton  Juno.'*' 

II 

Champlaln  Divlalou. 


0 

Stanbridge. 

2-8.  Cambrian. 

a 

Bedford. 

II 

15 

Mystic. 

II 

14 

Fambam. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

20 

L'Ange  Qardien. 

4  a.  Trenton  and  4  e. 
Hudson  Rirer. 

— 

Papineau. 

II 

86 

Abbottsford."" 

w 

81 

St.  Pie. 

II 

89 

St.  Hyacinthe. 

4  0.  Hudson  Rirer. 

41 

St.  Rosalie  Jn. 

II 

48 

St.  Simon. 

w 

03 

St.  Hugues. 
St.  Guillaume. 

M 

61 

M 

St.  Cesalre  Branch. 


St.  Ccsaire. 

Rougemont.'^' 

Marieville. 


4  0.  Hudson  River. 
II 

«t 


St.  Lambert  to  Longneil. 


St.  Lambert. 
0.  T.  Crossing. 
Longueil. 


4  b.  Utioa. 


II 
II 


Central  Ontario  Railway. 


Trenton  June. 

Trenton. 
6  Carrying  Place. 
11  Conseoon. 
16  HiUier. 
18'Four  Comers. 
21 1  Wellington. 
26  StinsoiPs  Creek. 
28  Bloomfield. 
82  Picton. 


4  a.  Trenton. 
II 


Ma.  I 


Onui4  Tmnis  Railway. 

Montreal  to  Toronto  and  Detroit. 


Alt. 


0  Montreal.  f»^ 
8  Lachine  Jun. 

14  Pointe  Claire'" 

81Ste.  Anne.""* 

24yaudr«ull.'»« 

81  St.  Dominique. 

91  Coteau  Land'g. 

48  BainsTille. 

04  Lancaster.Ont'** 

09  Summertown. 

67  Cornwall. 

72  Mille  Roches' >e 

11  Dickinson. 

81  Farran's  Point. 

92|Morrl8burg. 

99  Iroquois. 
104  Edwardsburg. 
112Pre8cott  Jun. 


4  a.  Trenton,  14  m. 


4  a.  Black  River.      '<» 
2  b.  Potsd.  &CalcIf."« 

2  b.  Potsdam,  12  m.  ** 

It 

8  a.  Calc.  8o.  Chaiy.'" 
8  c.  Chazy,  88  miles. 
8  a.  Caldferous.  '** 
8  a.  Calcif.  &  8  o.  Chazr. 
8  a.  CalciferouB,  0m.>'* 
4  a.  Trenton,  2  miles. 
8  0.  Chazy,  80  miles. 


112  Prescott  Jun. 
164  Ottawa.* '« 


llROladstone. 

120Maitlaud. 

125'Brockvillk."^ 

129  Lvn.'" 

188  l^allorytown. 

147.Land8downo. 

105!Gananoque.'^^ 

162  Ballantyne^s. 

169|Rideau. 

172;  Kingston. '♦» 

ISO.Collins'  Bay. 

194lFrederick8b'rg. 

198'Napanee. 

21.s'Shannonville. 

228  BiLLIVILLI. 

282|Trenton. 

241  Brighton. 

249,Colbome. 

206Grafton. 

264  CoBOCRO 

270 

279 

286 

290 

294 

299  0shawa. 


Tl 


11 

II 


8  0  Chazy. 

8  a.  Caldferous. 

it 


t4t 

t4S 

•  TT 

30* 


8  a.Calciferous,40  m.*°* 
8  c.  Chazy,  7  milca. 

8  a.  Caldferous. 


2  b.  Potsdam. 
<i 


Post  Hopi. 

Newtonville. 

Newcastle. 

Bowmanville'*' 

Saxony 


tsi 

•  88 

1  a.  Laurentian.        **' 

84  ro."* 
II  aei 

tl  861 

8  a.  Caldferous.        »°» 

4  a.  Black  River.       *^* 

4  a.  Trenton,  114  miles, 
tt 

tl 

M 
II 
II 
M 
M 
II 
M 
M 
11 
It 


4  b.  Utica,  24  m. 

II 


•SI 

••f 

•94 
•tt 

•IT 
t*f 
•14 
••I 

•  6» 

380 
333 


133.  Polnte  Claire.  Black  River  limestones  in  quarry  near  station.  Highly  fossUiferous.  Much 
of  the  stone  for  the  piers  of  the  Victoria  Bridge  was  qnarrled  here. 

133.  St.  Anne.  The  west  point  of  the  island  of  Montreal  is  composed  of  Potsdam  sandstone, 
which  is  seen  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  station.  Just  east  of  this  a  belt  of  calciferons  occurs, 
and  here  yields  some  characteristic  fossils.  Scolithut  Canadtntit  may  be  fonnd  in  the  Potsdam.  The 
Potsdam  forms  an  anticlinal,  and  underlies  the  county  for  about  eight  miles  westward,  when  it  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  second  belt  of  Calciferons.    On  the  opposite  side  of  Lac  St.  Louis,  at  Eteauhamois,  six 

I  miles  from  St.  Anne,  Protichnitet  in  sandstone  quarries. 

134.  Vandrenil.  In  the  seigniory  of  Yaudreuil  bog-iron-ores  occur  in  several  places,  particularly 
I  at  cote  St.  Charles. 

136.  Lancaster.  From  this  point  to  Cornwall  the  railway  nearly  follows  the  line  of  Junction  of 
I  the  Calciferons  and  Chazy  formations. 

186.  Mille  Roches.  Quarries  in  Trenton  limestone  affording  good  building-stone.  Some  beds, 
when  polished,  resemble  black  marble. 

I  137.  Brockville.  Cliffs  on  the  river  below  Brockville  show  good  sections  of  the  Potsdam  beds, 
land  on  the  river,  two  and  a  half  miles  above  that  place,  an  outlyer  of  this  formation  occurs,  the  basal 
I  conglomerate  of  which  may  be  seen  resting  on  the  Laurentian.    In  cutting  of  Brockville  and  Ottawa 


J'L 


64 


AN  AMERICAN  0E0L06ICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 


■■/- 


Ormnd  Tmnk  Railway— 

Mb.  I  Montreal  tT  Toronto  and  Detroit— Con. 


803 
SIO 
S16 
824 
888 
841 
854 
862 
866 
868 
874 
8S1 
886 
891! 


Whitby. 

Pickering. 

Port  Union. 

Scarboro  Jun. 

Toronto. 

Weston. 

Brampton. 

OlOBOETOWN. 

Limehouse.**' 
Acton  West'*' 
Rockwood.'** 

GCKLPH.'** 

Balmoral. 
B:c9lau. 


890  Berlin. 


408  Doon. 

408Galt.i"9 

402 

406 

421 


Petersburg. 
Baden. 

STRATtORD. 


421 
432 
444 
454 

421|Stbatford. 
432  St.  Mary's. 
447lLucan 


Stratford. 
St.  Mary's. 
Thomdale. 
London. 


X68 
287 

4  cHudson  RiT,44m.'^<' 

u  S46 

tt  10  4 

<l  <86 

713 

847 

1087 

1IS9 

1183 

1068 

1085 

tots 
6.  Onondaga,  14  m.''°V 


4  b.  Utica. 

« 


6  a.  Medina,  11  m. 


6  c.  Niagara, 
it 

t( 
6  d.  Guelph. 


GrmBd  Troak  Ballway- 

Ms.  I  Montreal  to  Toronto  and  Detroit— Cim. 


464 
461 
470 
479 
496 
601 
602 
612 
667 
661 
664 


Ailsa  Graig. 

Park  Hill. 

Widder.»*» 

Forrest 

BlackweU. 

Sarnia. 

P.  Huron,  Mich. 

Ch.  &  L.  H.  Jun. 

Milw.  June. 

Detroit  Jaua 

DlIROIT. 


10b.Hanu]t.,  28  m.  '"^* 

663 


ii 


68B 
71t 


lib.  Chemung,  91m, 

M    ^  act 


u 
u 
It 
u 

« 


887 
S88 
6t3 


094 

10  b.  Hamilton,  8  m.»»^ 


u 
u 


6  a.  Guelph. 

It 


880 


6.  Onondaga. 
7&8.  Com.l6m.& 
" "     [kany. 


1811 

Oris- 

lis? 


<t 
u 

u 


u 
u 
u 
<i 


38  m. 


1  190 

1083 

936 

810 


(t  ii 
It  « 
((      t< 


26  m. 


1190 

1083 

991 


Buffalo  to  Ooderich  and  Detroit. 

0 

BCFFALO. 

9.  Comiferous,  82  m."  *  * 

2FortErie.>«8 

ti 

19  Port  Colbome. 

u 

82  Feeder. 

6.  Salina,  60  miles. 

38  Dunnville. 

ti 

69  Caledonia. 

It 

68  Onondaga. 

<i 

76 

Brantford.'*' 

<l                            708 

84 

Paris.' «9 

tt 

82 

Drumbo. 

It 

97 

Bright. 

9.  Comiferous,  68  m. 

116  Stratford. 

It                        1190 

128  Mitchell. 

It 

189Seaforth."° 

tt 

148  Clinton." » 

tt 

160GODERICH.'»« 

tl                           730 

Railway,  blue  bonlder-clay  overlaid  by  brownish  clay.  An  important  deposit  of  iron  pyrites  in  Eliza- 
bethtown,  near  Brockville.    Acid-worka. 

1S8.  Lyn.  Pot«"lain  sandstone  of  good  quality  for  building.  A  portion  of  the  stone  for  the  Parlia- 
ment buildings  at  v.ttawa  was  quarried  here. 

189.  Gananoqne.  Quarry  of  red  syenite  on  island  opposite  this  place.  The  stone  takes  a  good 
polish  and  is  used  for  monuments,  etc. 

140.  Kingston.  Clays  seen  in  railway  cuttings  near  Kingston  probably  represent  the  Saugeen 
days,  a  series  overlying  the  Erie  clays.  These  rest  on  a  glaciated  <'niestone  surface.  In  one  of  the 
cuttings  Silurian  beds,  conglomeritic,  etc.,  and  possibly  Calciferons  in  age.  are  seen  resting  on  Lauren- 
tian  gneiss.  The  Trenton  <f)  here  affords  good  building-stone.  Kingston  is  familiarly  known  as  "  The 
Limestone  City."  A  considerable  quantity  of  apatite  is  brought  out  here  from  points  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Rideau  Canal. 

141.  Bowmanvilie.    Quarry  in  upper  part  of  Trenton  limestone. 

142.  Limehouse.  Materials  derived  from  the  Clinton  formation  employed  in  manufacture  of  min- 
eral pigments. 

148.  Acton  West.    Artemisia  gravels  thirty  miles. 

144.  Rockwood.  Considerable  display  of  upper  part  of  Niagara  limestone  in  this  vicinity.  From 
Rockwood  the  lilope  of  the  country  westward  is  at  about  the  same  rate  with  the  dip  of  the  beds. 
80  that  on  arriving  at  Quelph  we  should  be  nearly  on  the  same  horizon  as  at  the  first-mentioned 
locality. 

145.  Guelph.  (>uarries  in  the  Guelph  formation  yielding  building-stone  (dolomite)  of  a  superior 
character.    Casts  of  fossils. 

146.  The  portiuu  of  this  province  lying  between  the  Great  Lakes,  and  generally  designated  the 
"  Ontario  Peninsula,"  is  geolcwically  an  extension  of  the  rock-series  of  the  adjacent  portion  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  its  formations  showing  throughout  a  close  correspondence  to  those  of  that  State. 
The  separation  marked  jy  the  lakes  and  Niagara  River  is  to  be  regarded  rather  as  accidental  than 
structural.  The  greater  part  of  the  surface  of  this  portion  of  the  province  is  heavily  covered  by  depos- 
its due  to  the  glacial  penod,  of  which  local  details  sufficiently  precise  for  mention  in  connection  with 
the  actual  lines  of  railways  are  frequentlv  wanting. 

These  superflcial  deposits  only  are  often  seen  for  considerable  distances  along  the  railways. 

The  boulder-clay,  which  is  thick  and  almost  universal,  is  overlaid  by  stratified  clays  (Erie  claye), 
which  have  not  been  found  to  hold  marine  fossils.  The  clays  with  marine  shells,  which  occur  in  the 
eastern  extremity  of  Ontario  and  in  the  Ottawa  Valley,  are  an  extension  of  those  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec,  elsewhere  described. 

The  Saugeen  clays  have  been  distinguished  as  an  upper  portion  of  the  Erie  clays,  and  are  locally 
onconf  ormable  on  them.  They  are  brownish  and  calcareous,  with  beds  of  sand.  North  of  Lake  Huron, 
and  between  Georgian  Bay  and  the  Ottawa  River,  the  clays  are  overlain  by  the  Algoma  sands,  of  which 
tho  Artemisia  gravels,  covering  a  considerable  area  in  the  Ontario  Peninsula,  are  possibly  a  local  de- 
velopment. 

147.  Widder.    Near  the  station  a  cutting  shows  forty  feet  of  the  Hamilton  formation.    The  rocks 


/ 


■Con. 

\Zm. 

7S4 
663 

68B 

,91in 

60t 

587 

588 

6t3 

594 

»n,8m.»"^ 

rolt_ 
,82  m.'' 


miles. 


706 


US,  68  m. 

'  U90 


730 

rltcB  in  BllM- 

f  or  the  Parlia- 

3  takes  a  good 

;  the  Saugeen 
In  one  of  the 
ne  on  Lauren- 
lown  as  ''The 
in  the  vicinity 

actnre  of  min- 

iclnity.  From 
p  of  the  beds, 
Irst-mentloned 

\  of  a  Bopcrlor 

Ideslenated  the 
Inortlon  of  the 
Tof  that  8tat«. 
ccldentel  than 
fered  by  depos- 
lannectlon  with 

allwavB.  , 
n  (Erie  clayy, 
feh  occur  in  the 
he  Province  of 

land  are  locally 
\t  Lake  Huron, 
iands.  of  which 
ibly  a  local  de- 


CANADA.    (ONTARIO  AND  QUEBEC.) 

65 

Ms.  1       Canada  Southern  Railway.        Alt.l 

Onwd  Trunk  Railway. 

Ma.  1             Great  Western  Viviiuou.              Alt. 

0 

RnvtTAi.n 

0   Comifpronn   ftm   ^^^ 

6 

AJ  V  M  X  A  m4\J» 

Viotoria.i*« 

6.  Onondaga,  68  m.  ^°'' 

SusP.  Bridoi. 

047 

8 

Niagara  June. 
WeUand. 

.?^                    608 

0  Clifton.  1" 

6  c.  Niagara,  9  m. 

28 

CI                          5  89 

9Thorold.>69 

II 

82 

Perry. 
Ganfield. 

t.                          590 

llSt.Cath'rine8»6« 

6  a.  Med'jia,  84  m.    3'^ 

47 

U                          681 

27Grim8by.»»« 

11                         887 

64 

Dean'B. 
Hagersville. 

(1                          63  7 

9.  Comiferou8,64m.^*° 

43, Hamilton. 
43Hamilton. 

II                         255 

64 

5  a.  Medina,  35J  m.    ««* 

12 

Villa  NoTa. 

u                          7  38 

46|Toronto  June. 

II                        30S 

88 

Windliam. 

II                          81T 

66  Bronte. 

II 

99 

Til8onburg.»66 
Springfield. 

<{                          806 

69  Port  Credit. 

4  c.  Hud.  Riv.,  7  miles. 

111 

fl                          796 

76  Himico. 

II 

124 

St.  Thomas. 

10.  Hamilton,  74  m.  ^^^ 

'                                7  £  JC 

82  Toronto. 

11 

128 

St.  Clairs  Jn. 

tl                              766 

43  Hamilton. 

6  b.  Clinton.             "» 

187 
160 

loua. 
Bismarck. 

tl                          745 
II                         711 

49Dundas."' 

1 

6  0.  Niagara.         6i7 
'  6  b.  Clinton. 
6  d.  Guelph.             '*9 

11                                751 

162 

187 

Highgate. 
Buxton. 

li                        7  39 
II                        602 

66Copetown."* 
69  Lynden. 

198 

Tilbury. 

II                        598 

62  Harrisbubo. 

II                                734 

204 

Comber. 

9.  Comiferous,  48  m.*"* 

66  St.  Georse. 

11 

213 

Woodslee. 

II                        619 

67 

Dumfries. 

6.  Onondaga. 

227 

Colchester. 

11                       611 

72 

Paris. 

"    Grav.  ridge.  «*« 

236 

AMHIRS'JfBnRQ. 

II                        600 

79 

Princeton. 

II                                  93B 

236 

Grosse  Isle. 

II 

84 

Governor's. 

9.  Comiferous.         96» 

289 

Trenton. 

II 

91  Woodstock. 

l<                             95  T 

266 

Detroit. 

10.  Hamilton,  10  m.  «'"' 
9.  Comiferous.          "'' 

,110  Dorchester, 
119  London. 

li                     ess 

0 

Buffalo. 

II                                806 

8 

Niagara  June. 

6.  Onondaga.            «"•* 
8  d.  Guelph.              »«" 

129iEomoka. 

10b.Hamilton,26m.'»" 

19 

Black  Greek. 

140  Longwood. 
116  Appin. 

II                          76  8 

26 

Chipnewa.^** 

6  c.  Niagara. 

lib.  Chemung,  23  m.'*  3 

28 

Clifton.  >'"' 

II 

166  Newbury. 

II                         702 

29 

Susp.  BridKe>*6 

It                                6  47 

168{ThameBvilIe. 

10b.Hamilton,26m.6«3 

86  Queenston. 

6  a.  Medina. 

ISRChatham. 

It                        598 

42  Niagara. 

II 

19    Prairie. 

9.  Comiferous,  36  m.»9» 

bn. 


The  rock! 


are  soft  marly  claye  with  thin  limestone  beds,  and  are  higlily  fossiliferous,  yielding  Spirigera  mucro- 
nata,  Atrypa  reticularis,  Spirigera  concentrica,  etc. 

148.  Brantford.    Erie  clay  used  in  manufacture  of  white  brick.    Artemisia  gravels  twenty  miles. 

149.  Paris.    Oypflum  quarried  in  a  number  of  places  in  this  vicinity.    Two  beds,  each  fonr  or  five 
feet  in  thickness,  separate  by  four  feet  of  shale. 

150.  Seaforth.    Salt-works.    Brines  from  the  Onondaga  formation  employed. 
161.  Clinton.    Salt  found  in  boring  at  1,180  feet. 

152.  Ooderich.    In  cliffs  on  the  Maitland  River,  near  Goderich,  sections  of  Comiferous  formation 
—sandstones  and  limestones— in  some  places  fossiliferous.  In  1866  brine  was  discovered  at  Goderich, 
i  in  a  boring  made  with  the  hope  of  obtaining  petroleum.    In  the  next  three  years  several  wells  were 
sunk  here  and  in  the  vicinity,  the  salt  being  derived  from  the  Onondaga  formation.    In  1867  Mr.  Att- 
I  rill  effected  a  boring  of  l.Slf  feet,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  amount  and  character  of  the  rock* 
(salt  which  had  been  reached  in  some  of  the  wells  made  before  that  date.    This  boring  showed  a  total 
Ithickness  of  1S6  feet  of  rock-salt  in  530  feet  of  strata.    Dr.  Hunt  conducted  analyses  of  the  specimens 
obtained,  and  proved  that  some  of  the  beds  are  extremely  pure.    He  calculates  at  880,000  lashels  to 
|he  acre,  the  yield  of  salt  from  tin-  b««t  white  layer  of  ter  and  a  half  feet  In  thickness.  The  area  under- 
laid by  these  salt  deposits  does  not  fxtenA  ns  far  north  as  Teeswater,  but  appears  to  have  a  consider- 
able extension  southward.    Owing  to  difficulties  met  with  in  sinking  a  shaft  to  the  rock-salt,  the  beds 
^ave  not  yet  been  worked,  though  a  larj^e  qaantity  of 'excellent  salt— particularly  suitable  for  daily 
I— is  manufactured  frc^-  the  brines. 
158.  Brantford.    (See  Note  148 'jndcr  Buffalo  to  G.  and  D.>    Artemisia  gravels  thirty-five  mites. 

154.  Chippewa.    Base  of  Onon<Ui;a  probably  in  this  vicinity,  but  whole  country  covered  by  claye. 

155.  Clifton.    In  the  slope  and  precipice  over  v^hich  the  Niagara  Falls  occur,  the  whole  thicknesB 
the  Niagara  formation  is  included.    On  Goat  Inland  fresh-walcr  sands  are  found  overlying  the 

DnIder-cLsy,  and  on  the  Canadian  Bide  six((>^n  species  of  fresh-water  and  land  shells  have  been  found 
1  similar  sands.    (See  Notes  89  and  42  in  New  York.) 

166.  Grimsby.    Quarries  in  Niagara  limeeitone  and  sandstone. 

157.  Dnndas.  ClosetoBtatlon,  on  north  side,  a  fine  section  of  Niagara  and  Clinton.  Quarries.  Great 
ickness  of  Quaternary  clays  in  this  vicinity.  North  of  the  town  a  gravelly  ridge  or  shore  deposit  318 
pt  above  the  lake.    Brick-yards. 

168.  Ccpetown.    Summit  of  Niagara  escarpment. 

l.'iO.  Gait.  Good  exposures  of  Guelph  formation  with  fossils.  Quarries  yielding  magnesian  lime* 
tae  suitable  for  building. 

160.  Preston.    Good  sections  of  Guelph  formation.    Fossila. 


<k:.i:>>ii^M.ij 


''1VWP'*>V'mi)«"«vp'i>"*^'wrw*««a««wBHaMiw««pM 


66 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.j 


I 


Ma.  I 


Grand  Trnnk  Railway— 

Great  Western  DiviBion— Con. 


207 
221 
229 
230 


St.  Gair. 

Tecumseh. 

Windsor. 

DiTROIT. 


9.  Comiferous. 

<l  S90 

U  B8S 

10  b.  Hamilton,  1  m. 


Great  Western  Railway  Air  Line. 


0 

16 

12 

81 

99 

102 

117 

186 

130 

146 

224 

225 


Buffalo. 

Wellaiid.»*« 

Simooe. 

Delhi. 

Coiinth. 

New  Sarum. 

St.  Thomas. 

Baird's. 

Lawrence. 

Glincoi. 

Windsor. 

Detroit. 


9.  Comiferous,  76  m. 


(t 


(See  Loop  Line,  on 
page  67.) 


lib.  Chemung,  2  m. 


Northern  Railway  of  Cannda. 


0|  Toronto. 

4  c.  Hud.  Riv.,24m.«*^ 

14,Thomhill. 

u                       633 

18  Richmond  Hill 

««                        847 

22  King. 

U                       95S 

80 

Aurora. 

4  b.  Utica,  14  m. 

84 

Newmarket. 

ii                                778 

88 

Holland. 

t(                                743 

49 

Gilford. 

5  d.  Guelph,  84  m.    ^»' 

62 

Lefroy. 

«                                7  79 

67 

Bramley. 

«                                888 

68 

Allandale. 

«                                788 

n 

Angus. 

4  b.  Utica.                 "^ 

86 

Stayner. 

«                                      717 

94 

COLLINGWOOD. 

«                                   890 

106 

Meaford. 

4c.Hud.  Riv.,  16m.  «t« 

Klnsacon  and  I 

'eaibroke  Railway. 

01  Mississippi. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

lOOso. 

u 

14  Sharbot  Lake. 

{( 

18 

Olden. 

«( 

22 

Parham. 

M 

29  HincMnbrooke. 

i( 

81 

Bedford. 

«l 

86 

Verona. 

<i 

89 

Hartington. 

Birdseye  &  Black  River. 

42 

Harro^smitk. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

47 

Murrale. 

a 

61 

Olenrale. 

a 

69 

G.  T.  Junction. 

Birdseye  &  Black  River. 

61 

Kingston. 

tt 

Cobonr*,  Peterbaronch,  and  Marmora  Ry. 

Oobourg. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

Baltimore. 

tt 

Summit. 

u 

Harwood. 

II 

Ms. 


International  Railway. 


0Sherbrooke.>"« 
LennoxTille. 
Johnville. 
Bulwer. 
Birehton. 
Cookshire. 
Robinson. 
Gould. 
Scotstown. 
McLeod's  Cross. 
Marsden. 
Sprioghill. 
Sandy  Bay. 
69  Lake  Megantic. 


1.  Fre*Cambrian. 

ti 

6-7.  SUurian. 

it 

II 
It 
It 
It 
II 
II 
11 
II 
II 
II 


Grand  Tmnk  Railway* 

Georgian  Bay  and  Lalce  Erie  Division. 


0 

8 
16 
20 
83 
36 
44 
50 
64 
69 


0 
11 
17 
22 
26 


69 

78 

88 

91 

104 

106 

112 

113 

127 

136 

141 

144 

149 

160 

167 


Wiarton. 

Hepworth. 

Allenford. 

Tara. 

Ghesley. 

Elmwood. 

Hanover. 

Neustadt. 

Harriston. 

Palmerston. 


Palmerston. 
Mount  Forrest. 
Holstein. 
Vamey. 
Durham. 


Palmerston. 

Listowell. 

Miilbank. 

Milverton. 

Stratford  June. 

Stratford. 

Travistock  Jn. 

Travistock. 

Woodstock. 

Burgessville. 

Brantford  June. 

Otterville. 

Can.  So.  June. 

Simcoe. 

Port  Dover. 


6  c.  Niagara,  4  m. 
6  d.  Guelph,  20  m. 


II 
II 


6.  Onondaga. 

Artem.  grVols. 


II 
II 
II 
(I 

It 


6.  Onondaga. 
6  c.  Guelph. 


II 
II 


6.  Onondaga. 

9.  Gomif.  k  8.  Oriskuy. 


u 

!«> 
M 

41. 
N. 
«* 
M 
«; 

m 


Wellington,  Grey,  and  Bmce  (Q.  W.  Div.). 


Brantford."' 
0,Harrisbuig. 
6:Branchton. 

12'Galt.i»9 

16  Preston. »«» 

19,Hespeler. 

27  Guelph. 

40Elora.»8» 

43  Fergus. 

49Alma. 


5  d.  Guelph. 

M 


M 

w 
« 
u 

M 
W 
U 


734 

89T 

88S 

911 

941 

1079 

119' 

13«l 


CANADA.    (ONTARIO  AND  QUEBEC.) 


«7 


iBlon. 

4'm. 
20  m. 


gr*Tel8. 


Ma 


Onuid  Tnuk  Railway- 
Wellington,  Grey,  and  Brnce  (O.  W.  Div.] 

.  I  Continued. 


65 

68 

62 

10 

76 

82 

91 

97 

101 

104 

106 

112 

118 

126 

129 


Groldstone. 

Drayton. 

Moorefield. 

PalmeratoD. 

HarristOQ. 

Clifford. 

Mildmay 

Waikerton.»" 

Dunkeld. 

Cargill. 

Pinkerton. 

Paisley. 

Turners. 

Port  Elgin. 

Southampton. 


6.  Onondaga. 
It 


it 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 

41 
it 

tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 


1461 
1394 
13.n 
1314 
1864 
1£34 
1030 
933 


861 
776 

67S 
616 


Ma.  I  Great  Weatem  DlTiaion.— Loop  Line. 


OlPalmerston. 

SGowan      wn. 

9  Listowfc. 
15  At  wood. 
19  Henfryn. 
22  Ethel. 
27  Brussells. 
84  Blue  Vale. 

Wingham  Juno. 
88  Wingham. 
44!White  Church. 
50 
63 
66 


Lucknow. 

Ripley. 

Kincardine.*^' 


1314| 

9.Comif.&8.0riBk.»"''l 

it  IS63 


It 
« 

It 
tc 
« 
« 

M 

tt 


6.  Onondaga. 


1204 
1166 
1174 
112S 
1079 

108S 

1046 

910 

807 
690 


Samla  Branch  (Q.  W.  Div.). 


0 
10 
20 
26 
88 
42 
46 
61 
61 
«1 


London. 

Eomokfi. 

Strsthroj. 

Eerwood. 

Watford. 

Wanfltead. 

Wyoming. 

Petrolia.*** 

Mandaumin. 

Samia. 

Point  Edward. 

Port  Huron,  Mic 


10.  Heunilton. 
tt 


It 
tt 


806 
888 
747 


11.  Chemung  *Port^»^ 

702 


718 

647 
089 


tt 
tt 
M 

U 
(t 
tt 
tt 


Buffalo. 

Black  Rock. 

Fort  Erie. 
16  Welland  Juna 
23  MarshTille. 
81  Moulton. 
83  Diltz. 

40  Ganfield  Juno. 
48  Cayuga. »8« 

63  Nelles'  Comers. 

61  Jarvis. 

67  Renton. 

72  Simcoe. 

76  Nixon. 

81  Delhi. 

88  Courtland. 

92|Til8onburg.'66 

94  Tilsonburg  Jn. 

99  Corinth. 
107  Aylmer. 
102N«wSarum. 


9.  GomiferouB. 


117 
122 
126 
129 
184 
139 
146 


St.  Thomas. 

Payne's. 

Baird's. 

Lawrence. 

Middlemiss. 

Ekfrid. 

Glencoe. 


«7T 


6.  Onondaga, 
tt 

tt 

tt 

t<  CIS 

<t 

9.0omif.  &8.0ri8k."* 

701 

719 

T9S 
7T6 
788 

767 
761 

767 


(I 
tt 
tt 
it 
tt 
It 
If 
It 
II 


10.  Hamilton. 


It 
It 
It 
It 
It 
It 


74* 


11.  Chem.&  Portage.^" 


London,  Huron,  and  Brnce  Division. 


0 
4 
8 
11 
16 
20 
26 
81 
37 
89 
43 
60 
87 
61 
67 
73 
74 


London. 

Hyde  Park  Jn. 

Ettrick. 

llderton. 

Brecon. 

Glandcboye. 

Centralia. 

Exeter. 

Hensall. 

Kippcn. 

Brucefield. 

Clinton. 

Londesborough. 

Blyth. 

Belgrave. 

Wingham  Juno. 

Wingham.  


9.  Gomif .  &  8.  Oriskany. 

10.  Hamilton. 
9.  Comif.  &  8.  Oriskany. 


tt 

M 
U 
M 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tl 
tt 
II 


161.  Elora.    Good  aectiona  of  Ouelph  formation  in  cliffs  aeventy-flve  to  eighty  feet  high 


If 


igb 
;ui: 


168.  Walkerton.    Good  expoaare  of  Erie  and  Saugeen  clays  at  bend  of  river,  on  S8ui  lot  of  first 
range  nortb  of  Durham  road.   The  Saugeen  clays  are  deposits  locally  developed  and  overlying  the  Erie 

clay. 


163.  Kincardine.    White  and  yellow  bricks  mnnnfactured  from  drift  claya. 

Petrolia.    The  best  petroleum  wells  of  Ontario  are  in  this  vicinity.    Surface  oU  had  been 

nown  to  eziat  for  many  years,  but  was  flrat  obtained  by  boring  in  1860.    The  oil-producing  region 

9and  Petrolia  has  an  area  of  about  eleven  aqnare  miles.  The  surface  is  level,  and  consists  of  a  blniah 

blay  to  a  depth  of  abu«t  one  hundred  feet.   Below  this  the  borings  penetrate  about  three  hundred  and 

kighty  feet  of  dolomites,  shales,  j*Dri  marls,  to  the  most  productive  stratum,  which  is  reached  at  a 

Icpth  of  four  hundred  and  eighty  fc«t     The  borings  at  first  produced  flowing  wells,  but  pnmpinff  is 

[>w  necessary.    Moat  of  tte  on  is  refined  in  London,  Out.    It  is  supposed  to  originate  in  the  Cor- 

'ferons  formation. 

165.  Oayaga.    Extenrtwt  gypsum  deposits  about  three  miles  from  the  town.    The  bed  worked  is 
bout  five  feef  in  thickitom. 

lee  Tilaonbnrg.    Pwtawlemn  has  been  obtained  in  this  vicinity. 

IST.  Bnotford.    Erif  clay  used  in  manufacture  of  white  brick.  Artemisia  gravel  thirty-flve  milea 


68 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAI7.) 


I'm 


E- 


i 


Great  Western  Division. 
Ms.  I  firantford,  Norfolk  and  Port  Bnrwell  R*y. 


0 

6 

1 

10 

14 

16 

ai 

22 
26 
27 
82 
84 


Harrisburg. 

r1  1 


67 


Brantford. 

Mt.  Pleasant. 

Mt.  Vernon. 

Burford. 

Harley. 

Hatchley. 

Norwich. 

G.B.&L.E.Gro8a. 

Middletownline, 

Springford. 

Can.8.Ry.  Cross. 
Tilsonburg.'^s 

Tilsonburg  Jun. 


6.  Onondaga. 


« 
(I 


734 
6S9 
810 

839 

844 

9.Comif.&8.0riBk.''" 

It 

U  844 

tl 
it 
U  8tl 

U  797 

U  788 

W 


Welland  Division. 

Connecting  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario. 

Port  Daltiousie  to  Port  Oolbome. 


Toronto,  G.T.R. 

Hamilton. 
0  Port  Dalhousie. 
3St.Cath'rIne8i6« 
6  Merritton. 
8Thorold.»69 

10  AUanbnrgh. 

11  Allanburgh  Jn. 
18  Port  Robinson. 
17  Welland. 

20  Wellan;^  Juno. 
24  Humberstone. 
26  R.  Colbome. 
Buffalo. 


ass 
ass 


6  a.  Medina  and  Oneida. 


6  c.  Niagara, 
it 

6  d.  Ouelpb. 

t( 

6.  Onondaga. 


It 
II 


9.  Comif.&8. 
tl 


370 

003 
091 

089 
60t 


Ori8k.'"'6 


Oaaady 


Ballwajr. 


OlMontreal.*!" 

88lCoteau. 

42  St.  Plycarpe. 

68  Glen  Robertson. 

61  i  Alexandria,  Ont 

68  Kenyon. 

72  MaxTille. 

70iRoxboroGrav.P 

87:GaflBelman. 

94  South  Indian. 
106  Eastman's  Sp'gs 
116|Ottawa.*»6 
IChaudiere  Falls 


S  c.  Chazy. 
II 

it 

4  a.  Trenton. 

It 


4  c.  Hudson  Rirer. 

4  b.  Utica. 

<i 

4  a.  Trenton. 


161 


Oraad  Tmnk  Railway. 

Midland  Division. 


0  Toronto. 

(Union  Station). 
IDon. 

9  Scarboro  Juno. 
liJAgincourt. 


4  c  Hudwn  River.  *" 

n  283 

f  '*'' 

a'  0  69 


Ms.  I 


Grand  Tmnk  Railway- 
Midland  Division— Cim. 


17 
.20 
28 
^9 
86 
88 
42 
49 
64 
67 


84 
41 
46 
49 
60 
68 
69 
68 

67 

70 
78 
76 

78 
84 

i? 

0 
6 
8 
9 
14 
18 


28 
SI 


24 
26 
28 
46 
49 
66 


62 

6S 
75 
77 
83 
87 


62 
78 


66 
78 

77 
81 


Millikens. 
Unionville. 
Markham. 
Stouffville. 


Ballantrae. 
Vivian. 
Mt.  Albert. 
Ravenshoe. 
Sutton. 
Jackson  Point. 


Goodwood. 

Uxbridge. 

Marsh  Hill. 

Wick. 

Blackwater. 

Sunderland. 

Cannington. 

Woodville. 

Lomeville  June. 


4  b.  Utica. 

4  a.  Trenton, 
it 


Argyle. 

Eldon. 

Portage  Road. 

Eirkfield. 

Victoria  Road. 

Gorson'sCross'g. 

Coboconk. 


Port  Hope  June. 

Port  Hope. 

Quay's. 

Perrytown. 

Garden  Hill. 

Summit. 

Millbrook. 


Fraserrille. 
Peterborough. 

Bethany. 

Brunswick. 

Franklin. 

Omemee. 

Reaboro. 

Lindsay. 


Mariposa. 

Manilla  Juna 

Blackwater. 

Sunderland. 

Cannington. 

Woodville. 

Oambray. 
Grass  Hill. 


Lom«ville  Juno. 
Beaverton. 
Gamebridge. 
Brechin. 


4  0.  Hudson  River. 

II 


4  b.  Utica. 


4  b.  Utica. 

It 

4  a.  Trenton. 

II 

<i 
it 


a 

II 
II 
II 
It 
II 


II 
II 
It 
It 
II 
II 
II 


II 
II 
It 
II 
tl 
II 


II 
It 
II 
tl 
It 
tt 


it 
tl 
it 
11 

It 
It 


It 
II 


ft 
it 
li 
tt 


808 


847 


600 


860 


896 


916 


106.  St.  Catherines.  Brines  obtained  in  artesian  wells  here,  but  too  impure  for  manofactare  of 
salt.    Mineral  water. 

160.  Thorold.  Ooodsectionof  Clinton  and  Niagara  in  cnttin;;  of  Welland  Canal.  Fossils.  A  band 
of  ardUacions  limestone  eight  feet  thick,  in  the  Nii^ara,  yields  an  excellent  cement. 

170.  Madoc.  Mines  of  magnetic  iron-ore.  A  blast-fnmace  was  at  one  time  in  operation  in  Madoc 
Village,  but  the  ore  is  now  exported.    This  is  the  typical  region  of  the  Hastbigs  senes  of  the  Lanreii> 


CANADA.  (ONTARIO  AND  QUEBEC.) 


ess 

8S1 

B46 
896 
SSI 

TfO 
8T0 

911 
892 
83T 

847 


481 
65t 

910 

lit 


6B0   (j 


86» 

9SB 
851 
846 

•  96 

"eTi 

T6t 

7»7 


rmanofwtnreof 

IfobsUb.  A  band 
JeratlonlnMadoc 


Ks.| 


Grand  Trank  Railway- 
Midland  Division— Con. 


84 

88 

91 

93 

94 

98 

102 

106 

106 

109 

112 

114 

116 

120 

124 

128 


Schepeler. 

Uptergrove. 

Atherly. 

Coucbiching. 

OrilUa. 

Silver  Creek. 

Uhthoff. 

Foxmead. 

Alma. 

GoMwater. 

Fesserton. 

WaubauBhene. 

Sturge«D  Bay. 

Vietoria  Harbor. 

Old  Fort. 

Midland. 


4  a.  Trenton. 


<( 
ti 
(t 
It 
t< 

<c 
<i 

<i 
(i 
it 
i( 
u 
It 
(I 
It 


Peterborongh  and  Lakefleld  Branch. 


0 

6 

8 

9 

14 

18 

23 

31 

88 

36 

40 


Ft.  Hope. 

Quay's. 

Perrytown. 

Garden  Hill. 

Summit. 

Millbrook. 

Fraserrille. 

Peterborough. 

Auburn  MiUs. 

Nassau  Mills. 

Lakefield. 


4  a.  Trenton. 


It 
<i 
tt 
« 
u 
tt 
it 
It 
tt 
tt 


481 
6S2 

910 
772 

6S0 


Belleville  Branch. 


0 
4 
9 
18 
16 
20 
27 
38 
44 
60 
63 
67 
66 


Montreal.*  1° 

Belleville. 

Corbyvillc. 

Foxboro. 

HoUoway. 

N.  Hastings  Jn. 

Stirling. 

Hoards. 

Gambellford. 

Hastings. 

Birdsall's. 

Blezard's. 

Keeno. 

Peterborough. 


4  a.  Trenton, 
tt 

t< 

ft 

it 

It 

tt 

<f 

«{ 

It 

« 

tt 

tt 


S86 


616 
415 

807 
635 


680 


Madoc  Branch. 

0 

BeUeville. 

4  a.  Trenton.            «*» 

4 

Corbyville. 

tt 

9 

Foxboro. 

ti 

13 

Holloway. 

ti 

16 

N.  Hastings. 

(t            *                 S 1 6 

17 

W.  Huntingdon. 

tt 

20 

Ivanhoe. 

It 

24 

Crookston. 

tt 

27 

Moira  Lake. 

"       (Lake.)"  19 

80 

Madoc."" 

1  a.  Laurentian.        "*♦ 

Mb.  I      Whitby  and  Halibarton  Branches. 


0 

Whitby  June. 

1 

Whitby. 

4  b.  Utica. 

S88 

6 

Brooklm. 

tt 

999 

10 

Myrtle. 

tt 

13 

High  Pofait. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

15 

Manchester. 

It 

17 

Prince  Albert. 

It 

M» 

19  Port  Perry. 

It 

•J6  Seagrave. 

It 

28  Sonya. 

It 

82  Manilla. 

tt 

»8a 

83  Manilla  June. 

It 

38  Mariposa. 

It 

S84 

42 

Ops. 

It 

46 

L  ndsay. 

It 

861 

52 

Cameron. 

tt 

66 

Halls. 

It 

69 

Fenelon  Falls. 

It 

64 

Fells. 

4  a.Birdseye  &Black  Riv. 

69 

Retties. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

78 

Einmouut. 

It 

80 

Miles  H'y  June. 

It 

88 

Miiiden. 

it 

92 

Ingoldsby. 

ti 

94 

Dysart. 

It 

99 

Gould's. 

It 

101 

Haliburton. 

II 

Toronto  to  Lindsay,  Peterboro.,  and  Port  Hope. 

0 

1 

10 

16 

18 

21 

24 

29 

35 

42 

46 

60 

61 

68 

63 

67 

70 

76 

80 

86 

87 

89 

94 

102 

107 

111 

116 

117 

120 

126 


Toronto. 

Don. 

Scarboro  June. 

Agincourt. 

Milliken's. 

Unionville. 

Markham. 

Stouffville. 

Goodwood. 

Uxbridge. 

Marsh  Hill. 

Wick. 

Blackwater. 

Manilla  June. 

Mariposa. 

Ops. 

Lindsay. 

Reaboro. 

Omemee. 

Franklin. 

Brunswick. 

Bethany. 

Peterboro. 

Fraserville. 

Millbrook. 

Summit. 

Garden  Hill. 

Perrytown. 

Quay's. 

Port  Hope. 

Port  Hope  June. 


4  c. 


4  b. 
4  a. 


Hudson  River. 
II 

II 

It 


Utica. 

ti 

Trenton. 
II 

ft 

t< 

tt 

II 

t« 

tt 

tt 

41 

tt 
tt 
tl 
ti 
it 
it 
tt 
it 
tt 
it 
It 
11 


S54 
S53 
647 
569 
«1 
6TT 
<40 
89t 
1092 
877 

•  56 


•  •4 


•  51 


'  f 


•  50 


TTI 


«6i 

•IT 


tn  of  the  late  Mr.  Vennor.  The  rocks  consist  of  qnartzites,  conglomerates,  limestones,  micaceons 
Btes,  ud  argillites,  and  are  considered  by  Dr.  Hnnt  to  represent  the  Lower  Taconic.  Dr.  flont  also 
itea  that  Montalban  gneisses  and  mica  schists  occur  in  this  neighborhood. 


r 


r 

Iff  .f'j   I 


70 

AN  Al. 

-RIGAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 

OaMidlMi  Vmtoiie  Hallway. 

|M8. 1    Ontario  Division.— Main  Line— Clon. 

Ma.  1        Ontario  Division.— Main  Line. 

268  Leslie. 

6  d.  Guelph. 

II 

loor 

0 

Smith's  Falls  Jn. 

8  a.  Caloiferous. 

264  Gait.  "9 

938 

e 

Pilio  Falls. 

" 

269  Dumfries. 

6.  Onondaga. 

12 

Perth.*  »> 

1  a.  Laurentian.        *^^ 

2741  Ayr. 

ti 

968 

ai 

BathuTBt 

"                           1279 

Wolverton. 

It           ' 

Mt 

27 

Haberly. 

:281 

Drumbo. 

II 

I0I3 

87 

Sharbot  Lake  Jn 

286 

BlanUford. 

9o.Com.andOriBk.»^* 

46 

Mountain  Grove. 

288 

Innerkip. 

u 

•  Tt 

01 

Arden. 

294 

Woodstock. 

M 

•♦» 

A2 

Kaladar. 

299 

Beachville. 

II 

71 

Sheffield. 

808 

Ingersoll. 

II 

78 

Tweed. 

4a.Tren.&la.Laur.'^^ 

808 

Putnam. 

U 

*  V 

87 

Ivanlioe.*"* 

4  a.  Trenton. 

313 

Harrietsville. 

II 

96 

Cen.  Ont  Jn."" 

it 

319 

Belmont. 

it 

105 

Blairton. 
Havelock. 
Norwood. 
Indian  River. 

it 
it 
ii 
ti 

827 

St.  Thomas. 

10.  Hamilton. 

110 
116 

Klora  Branch. 

126 

Toronto."* 

tss 

184 

Peterboro. 

Ii 

0 

Church's  Falls. 

6  c.  Niagara. 

1160 

148 

Cavanville. 

It 

6 

Erin. 

It 

1(98 

ISl 

Manvers. 

ii 

8 

Hillsburg. 

6  d.  Guelph. 

14(4 

166 

Pontypool. 

ti                         1064 

12 

Garafraza. 

1481 

167 

Burketon. 

it 

17 

Douglas. 

178 

Myrtle. 

it                                88  7 

Spires. 

182 

Glaremont. 

4  b.  Utica.               «" 

26 

Fergus. 

1187 

189 

Green  River. 
Agincourt. 
North  Toronto. 
Toronto  June. 

ti 
4  0.  Hudson  River.    "^^ 

it                        406 
tt                        394 

27 

Elora.«°6 

1801 

197 
207 

Orangeville  Branch. 

211 

Toronto.*"* 

(88 

218 

Parkdalc. 

(t 

0 

Streetsville. 

6  a.  Med.  and  Oneid. «»» 

216 

Toronto.*"* 

U                         (88 

1 

Streetsville  Jun. 

11 

883 

218 

Lambton. 

M                         41 S 

8 

Meadowvale. 

it 

866 

216 

Islington. 

U 

6 

Churchville. 

II 

219 

Dixie. 

II 

8 

Brampton. 

II 

TS4 

291 

Cooksvilie. 

M                         393 

18 

Edmonton. 

II 

214 

Springfield. 

6  a.  Medina  and  Oneida. 

17 

Campb'l's  Cross. 

II 

227 

Streetsville. 

U                    499 

18 

Cheltenham. 

It 

228 

Streetsville  Jun. 

«                      803 

21 

Riverdale. 

It 

231 

Trafalgar. 

II 

26 

(  Forks  of 
}     Credit.*" 

It 

1088 

284 

Hornby. 

tl 

289 

Milton. 

It                    66S 

28 

Church's  Falls. 

6  c.  Niagara. 

1(60 

246 

Campb'lviUe*"' 

6  c.  Niagara.             "9 

81 

Alton. 

Ii 

*-. 

248 

McRae's. 

6  d.  Guelph. 

38 

Melville  June. 

It 

261 

Schaw. 

Ii 

86 

Orangeville.*"' 

8b.Clin.&6aNiag.'"'' 

901.  Perth.  Potsdam  sandstones  overlapping  Laurentian  near  here.  The  peculiar  tracks  de- 
Bctibed  as  ProticAniteg  and  CHmactichnUet  in  qoarries  in  first-named  formation.  Daltaoosie  or  Cowan 
mines  twelve  miles  distant.    Red  hematite.    Laurentian. 

SOS.  Ivanhoe.    To  Madoc  iron-mines  (magnetite  and  hasmatite)  6^  miles  by  road. 

SOS.  Central  Ontario  Junction.  Branch  line  to  Coehill  Iron  Mine,  about  40  miles  distant.  Mag- 
netite at  junction  of  granite  and  cmitalline  limestone  in  Laurentian.  To  Delero  7^  miles  by  road. 
Marmora  gold-mines.    Auriferous  mlspickel  in  quartz  gangue. 

904.  "Pronto.  Pleistocene  clay  (Erie  clay),  extensive^  wrought  for  the  manufacture  of  cream- 
colored  brick. 

906.  Campbellvllle.  Escarpment  of  the  Niagara  limestone  here.  The  outcrop  of  the  Clinton, 
which  ia  here  tliirty  to  forty  feet  thick,  is  below  it,  but  generally  concealed  by  talus. 

906.  Elora.    Good  sections  of  Guelph  formation  in  river  cliffs. 

907.  Forks  of  Credit.  Extensive  quarries  in  Medina  sandstone,  producing  a  fine  reddish  freestone 
of  excellent  quality. 

90R.  Orangeville.    Artemiair  mvels  fifty  mUes. 

909.  Owen  Sound.  In  cliffs  along  the  fake  shore  good  sections,  extending  from  Hudson  Biver 
through  Medina  and  Clinton  formations,  with  great  mass  of  Niagara  limestone  capping  the  plateau. 
Excellent  yellowish-gray  stone  in  unlimited  quantity  afforded  by  last-mentioned  formation.  It  has 
been  used  in  construction  of  several  lighthouses  on  tne  lake.  Quarries.  Fossils.  Deposit  of  yellow 
ocher  near  the  town.  Sectiona  in  road-cuttings  exhibit  relauona  of  Brie  and  overlying  Sangeen 
claya. 


tS5 

lf60 
K95 
14<4 


13ST 
1301 


' its 

BBS 
B66 


T«4 


1018 

iteo 

,136  8 

X  trackB  de- 
isle  or  Cowan 

iBtant.   Mag- 
lUea  by  road. 

tte  of  creatn- 

the  Clinton, 

dish  freestone 

Hudson  River 
»  the  platean. 

Atlon.  It  has 
•orftofydlow 
lying  Bangeen 


CANADA.    (ONTARIO  AND  QUEBEC.) 


W 


idtaw  Paellle  Railway— Con. 
Vs.  I  Owen  Sonnd  Branch. 


6 

8 

16 

21 


34 

41 

44 

46 

48 

62 

66 

60 

64 

68 

12 

76 

81 

86 

92 

98 

102 

106 

109 

114 

118 

122 


j  Tor'nto,nnion 
J     Station. 
Toronto  J^ono. 
Weston. 
Woodbridge. 
El  -inburg. 
Bolton. 
Mono  Road. 
Cardwell  June. 
Charleston. 
Alton. 

Melville  June. 
Orangeville. 
Orangeville  Jud, 
Laurel. 
Orombiefl. 
Shelboume. 
Melancthon. 
CorbettowD. 
Dundalk. 
Proton. 
Flesherton. 
Markdale. 
Berkeley. 
Williamsford. 
Amott. 
Chatsworth. 
Rockford. 
StVincent'sR'd. 
Owen  Sound."' 


I  4  c.  Hudson  River, «" 


It 

M 
4i' 
It 
t( 


6  a.  Medina, 
it 

6  c.  Niagara. 


439 

BS8 
TIB 
838 
976 

1367 
1898 


8c.Nia.&6b.Clin.'3»« 

6  d.  Guelph. 

it 


1616 


it 
<i 
t( 
<l 
It 
(i 


6  0.  Niagara,  6  m. 
6  d.  Guelph. 


it 
tt 


16X9 


1701 
1613 
18B7 
13B9 
1329 
12I< 


6  c.  Niagara,  18  m.  ^** 

u  918 


886 


Teeswater  Branch. 


Mb. 


Toronto.* 
Orangeville. 

4  OnngeviUe  Jn. 

t  Amaranth. 
10  Waldemar. 
12  Luther. 
28  Arthur. 
80  Kenilworth. 


88 
44 
48 
66 
60 
62 
69 
74 


Mt.  Forrest. 
Pages. 
Harriston. 
Fordwich. 
Gorrie. 
Wroxeter. 
Wingham  Qoad. 
Teeswater.  ' 


S8S 

j  6b.CUn.,&6c.Ni..Ar- 

I  tern,  grav.,  45  m.  *"* 

6  d.  Guelph.  >«»« 

II  1846 

II  1498 

It  1644 

It  IB  SB 

II  1486 

II  1380 

1883 
1846 

9  c.  Com.  andOris.^*"" 

<l  1183 

tt  1183 

II 

It  1084 


6.  Onondaga. 


Perth  and  Smith's  Falls. 


0 

6 

12 


Smith's  Falls. 
Pike  Falls. 
Perth."  "> 


8  A.  Caldferous. 

II 

1  a.  Laurentian.        *^^ 


Eastern  Division. 

Between  Montreal,  Ottawa,  Pembroke,  and  Sud- 
bury. 


0 
1 
4 
8 

11 
12 
17 
19 
27 
82 
37 
48 
48 


69 
64 
74 
78 
83 
90 
93 
99 
103 
109 


Montreal.*  I  ° 
Hocbelaga. 
Mile  End. 
Sault  aux  Rec> 

oUets. 
St.  Martin. 

Martin  Juno. 
Ste.  Rose. 
Ste.  Therese. 
St.  Augustin. 
Ste.Schola8tique 
St.  Hermas. 
Lachute.*" 
St.  Philippe. 


67Gr«nville. 


Calumet. 

Pointe  au  Ghene. 

Montebello. 

Papineauv'le*" 

N.  Nation  Mills. 

Thurso. 

Rockland. 

Buckingham*'' 

L'Ange  Gardien. 

E.Templeton*" 


114  Gatineau. 
118Hull.«>» 
120  Ottawa,  Ont.«'« 
122Skead8.«i^ 
126  Britannia. 
129  Bell's  Comers. 
186Stittsville< 
189  Cleary's. 
144  Ashton. 
146  Appleton. 
149  Garleton  June. 
165  Almonte. 
169  Snedden's. 
164Pakenham."8 
172  Amprior.*'* 
175  Braeside. 
178  Sand  Point. 
184  Gastleford. 


4  a.  Trenton. 

It  TO 

It  ti« 


8  c.  Chazy. 
It 

8  a.  CalciferouB.  " 

It 

it  tST 

U  t38 

tl  88  7 

tr  82ff 

(t  868 

8  c.  Chazy.  ''o 

8  a.  CalciferouB.       ^♦^ 

1  a.  Laurentian.        >'* 

II  178 

tl  188 

It 

2  b.  Potsdam.  '"" 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

M  1«3 

II 

It  168 

it  175 

4  a.  Trenton.  "• 

It  •  .     '_.':■  ■  ; 

8  c.  Ghaiy. 

It 

It  ■'■",- 

II  . 

tl 

tl  .     •?'»'"■ 

3  a.  Calcifercns. 
It 

It 

8  c.  Chazy. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

1  a.  Laur.  &  8  a.  Calcif. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

6  and  7.  Silurian.        "< 


210.  Montreal.  The  region  about  Montreal  is  one  of  much  geological  interest.  The  following 
formations  are  represented  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  city:  Pleistocene,  Lower  Helderberg, 
Hudson  River,  Utica,  Trenton,  and  Chazy.  The  Chazy  is  here  about  two  hundred  feot  thick,  and 
consists  chiefly  of  limestone.  Exposures  may  be  seen  north  of  the  city,  as  on  the  St.  Lawrence  road, 
also  at  Cauchnawaga,  where  there  are  extensive  quarries.  The  Trenton  is  here  about  six  hundred  feet 
thick,  and  is  composed  of  gray  and  blackish  limestones  for  the  most  part.  Good  exposures,  with  nu- 
merous fossils,  in  quarries  at  the  Mile  End  and  at  Pointe  Claire.  At  the  last-named  locality.  Black 
River  beds  occur.  At  the  Reservoir,  and  at  many  points  in  Mount  Royal  Park,  limestones,  also  of 
Trenton  age,  but  differing  in  appearance  from  those  of  the  above-meutioned  localities,  are  well  shown. 
The  Chazy  and  Trenton  formations  of  the  vicinity  supply  most  of  the  building-stone  used  in  the  city. 

The  utica  shales  may  be  seen  at  the  upp         " 

their  soft  character  are  usually  i  -tnceaieA.    ' 
most  considerable  being  on  St.  7Ielen'B  Island, 


(I 


I!'.    ■  -h 


p^  m 


P     r- 


73 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.)            "' -^'  ■ 

Cmnadlan  Padllo  Railway— 

EflBtem  Division- 6'o/t. 

Eastern  Division— Con. 

Between  Montreal,  Ottawa,  Pembroke,  and  Sud- 
Ms.  1                             bury. 

Between  Montreal,  Ottawa,  Pembroke,  and  Sad- 
Mb.  1                             bnry. 

rsa 

Russell's. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

819 

Mattawa. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

191 

Renfrew. 

u 

329 

Renton. 

it 

199 

Haley's. 

41              .' 

842 

Rutherglen. 

tl 

206 

Cobden. 

It 

845 

Callander. 

M 

212 

Snake  River. 

it 

349 

Nosbousing. 

«l 

216 

Graham's. 

<t 

367 

Thomcliflf. 

«« 

219 

Government  R'd 

(i 

864 

North  Bay. 

M 

226 

Pembroke."" 

(i 

876 

Beaucage. 

«t 

236 

Pettewawa. 

ti 

381 

Meadowside. 

U 

246 

Chalk  River. 

(1 

888 

Sturgeon  Falls. 

l( 

252 

Weston. 

li 

399 

Vemer. 

tt 

268 

Bass  Lake. 

it 

1410 

Veuve  River. 

w 

265 

Moorlake. 

i( 

413 

Veuve. 

u 

278 

Mackey's. 

U 

420 

Mark  Stay. 

u 

211 

Rockllffe. 

It 

428 

Stinson. 

u 

291 

Bissett. 

it 

482 

Wahnapitae. 

u 

299 

Deux  Rivieres. 

tl 

438 

Romford. 

1  b.  Hnronian. 

809 

Klock. 

tl 

444 

Sudbury."' 

it 

ersed  by  dikes  of  ncpheline-basalt.  The  Pleistocene  is*  here  divided  into — 1.  Boulder  clay  ;  2.  Leda 
clay  ;  3.  Saxlcava  sand.  Tho  city  being  built  on  these  deposits,  frequent  opportunities  of  examining 
them  are  obtained  in  excavat'uns  for  drains,  cellars,  etc.  They  are  in  some  places  highly  fosailiferonH, 
and  are  well  shown  in  some  of  the  quarries  at  Mile  End,  where  they  overlie  glaciated  surfaces  of 
Trenton  limestone.  Near  COtc  des  Neiges  village,  a  Pleistocene  beach  with  marine  shells  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  470  feet. 

Mount  Royal  is  an  intrusive  mass,  composed  principally  of  diabase,  but  toward  the  west  end  is  an 
important  and  more  recent  mass  of  nephelinc-syenite,  whicn  is  well  seen  at  the  "Corporation  Quarry." 
Both  the  eruptive  rock  and  the  surrounding  limestones  ore  traversed  by  numerous  dikes.  (From 
"  Sketch  of  Geology  of  Montreal  and  Environs,"  by  Dr.  B.  J.  Harrington,  in  "Hand-Book  for  the 
Dominion  of  Canada."    Dawson  Brothers,  Montreal.) 

In  Peter  Redpath  Museum.  McGill  University,  good  local  and  general  geological  collections. 

Sll.  Lachute.  The  Palaeozoic  rocks  here  form  a  narrow  belt  of  flat  country  bordering  the  Ottawa 
River.  The  Laurentian  highlands  may  be  seen  to  the  north  of  this  part  of  the  railway  line,  and  gradu- 
ally approach  the  river. 

818.  Paplneauville.  COte  St.  Pierre,  one  of  the  best  localities  for  Hozoon,  is  reached  from  this 
station.    Twelve  miles  by  stage  to  St.  Andr6,  thence  three  miles  to  COte  St.  Pierre. 

813.  Buckingham  is  the  chief  point  of  shipment  on  the  railway  of  the  apatite  mined  at  namerons 
places  within  a  radius  of  twenty  to  thirty  miles.  Large  quantities  of  apatite  may  frequently  be  seen 
piled  here.    Extensive  deposits  of  plumbago  near  Buckingham  are  not  at  present  worked. 

814.  East  Templeton.    This  la  also  an  important  point  of  shipment  of  apatite. 

815.  Hull.  Within  a  few  miles  of  Hull  is  an  important  deposit  of  magnetic  iron-ore,  which  has 
been  somewhat  extensively  mined  and  is  exported.    Also  hydraulic  limestone.   (See  note  on  Ottawa.) 

216.  Ottawa.  The  Laurentides,  but  a  few  miles  distant,  belong  to  the  lower  and  middle  divisions 
of  Sir  William  Logan's  Laurentian  system.  These  two  formations,  consisting  chiefly  of  gneisses, 
granites,  crystalline  limestones,  etc.,  are  overlain  unconformably  by  continnous  and  perfectly  con. 
lorraable  series  of  sedimentary  strata  of  the  Cambro-SUurian  system,  embracing  the  Potsdam  (of  the 
Ottawa  and  Adirondack  regions),  Calciferous,  Chazy,  Bird's  Eye  and  Black  River,  Trenton,  Utica, 
and  Hudson  River  formations.  It  was  in  these  measures  that  the  late  Mr.  E.  BiUingd  made  his  earli- 
est palseontological  researches,  and  these  tiave  proved  ever  since,  as  then,  to  be  a  rich  hunting-ground 
to  the  palseontologist.  There  are  extensive  and  varied  deposits  of  marine  clays  and  sands,  gravels, 
boulders,  etc.,  of  Pleistocene  age.  The  Leda  clay  of  Green's  Creek,  Gloucester,  six  or  seven  miles 
from  the  city,  abounds  in  nodufes  holding  remains  of  the  seal,  fishes,  insects,  shells,  and  plants.  The 
total  number  of  species  representing  the  fossil  fauna  and  flora  of  this  locality  does  not  fall  far  short 
of  three  hundred.  Brigham's  Quarries,  Hull,  through  which  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  runs,  are  un- 
doubtedly the  best  Cambro-SUurian  crinoid  quarries  In  America.  Deposits  of  magnatite,  apatite,  and 
baryta  occur  within  a  short  distance  of  Ottawa.  Both  the  Black  River  and  Trenton  formations  yield 
excellent  limestones  for  lime  or  building  purposes,  while  the  Chazy  of  Nepean  afforded  much  of  the 
material  (sandstones)  used  in  the  erection  of  the  Parliament  buildings.  A  Ded  of  hydraulic  limestone 
occurring  at  the  top  of  the  Chazy  has  been  worked  and  employed  In  the  mannfactnre  of  the  "  Hall 
cement.'^  (Note  by  Mr.  H.  M.  Ami.)  In  Ottawa  the  museum  and  ofllces  of  the  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada.    Excellent  collection  of  Canadian  rocks,  minerals,  and  fossils. 

817.  Skeads.  Most  of  the  sandstone  used  in  the  construction  of  the  Parliament  buildings,  Ottawa, 
was  quarried  near  here. 

Sl8.  Fakenham.  Pleistocene  deposit,  containing  mixture  of  marine  and  fresh-water  shells  near 
Pakenham  Mills,  866  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

819.  Amprior.    Bluish  gray-banded  Laurentian  marble  somewhat  extensively  quarried  near  here. 
880.  Pembroke.    Excellent  sections  of  Lamantian  in  railway  cuttings  for  many  miles  west  of  this 

point.  The  rocks  shown  "  are  for  the  mobt  part  highly  characteristK  red,  gray,  and  dark-banded 
gneisses ;  f  elspathic  and  hombtendic,  and  frequently  gametif erous  and  micaceous.  There  are  also  some 
large  bands  of  gray  and  white  crystalline  limestone ;  but  none  of  these  are  exposed  along  the  line  of 


k 


CANADA.    (ONTARIO  AND  QUEBEC.) 


78 


Ms. 


CBBadiao  Paeifle  Railway- 
West  of  Sudbury  Junction. 


444 
45S 
460 
468 
478 
601 
610 
616 
618 
680 
682 


Sudbury."! 
Chelmford. 
Vermilion. 
Phelan'a  Pit. 
Archer. 
Pogomasing. 
Spanish  Forks. 
No.  28  Siding. 
West  Branch. 
Pass  Landing. 
Biscotasing. 


1  b.  Huronian. 

it 


1  a.  Laurentian. 


Gap  of  3S0  miles  from  Biscotasing  to  Port  Ar- 
thur, in  which  no  stations  yet  permanently  located, 
though  road  for  the  greater  part  built.— Dec,  1884, 


St.  Eustache  Branch. 


0 
19 
27 


Montreal. 

Ste.  Therese  Jn, 

St.  Eustache. 


4  a. 
8  a. 


Trenton. 

Calciferoua. 
it 


St.  Jerome  Branch. 


0 
1 
4 

8 

11 
12 
17 
19 
21 
27 


Montreal." »» 
Hochelaga. 
Mile  End. 
Sault  aux 

ollcts. 
St.  Martin. 
St.  Martin  Jn. 
Ste.  Rose. 
Ste.  Therese. 
St.  Lin  June. 
St.  Janvier. 


Rec- 


4  a.  Trenton. 


3  c.  Chazy. 


8  a, 


Galciferous. 


4  a.  Trenton. 
8  a.  Calciferous. 


70 
KtS 


8S 


S20 


Ms. 


St.  Jerome  Branch— Con. 


89 


St.  Jerome."" 
New  Glasgow. 


er 


j  1  c.  Norian  or  Upper 
(     Laurentian.       ^' ' 


St.  Lin  Branch. 


0 
19 
21 
24 

27 
30 
34 


Monft-eal.*!" 
Ste.  Therese. 
St.  Lin.  June. 
Mascouche. 
Ste.  Anne. 
Les  Plaines. 
St.  Lin. 


4  a.  Trenton. 
8  a.  Calciferoua. 
4  a.  Trenton. 


8  c.  Chazy. 

8  a.  Calciferoua. 


Aylmer  Branch. 


Aylmer. 
Duchesne  Mills. 
Belmonte. 
Hull. 
Ottawa. 


8  c. 


4  a. 


Chazy. 

(t 

« 
Trenton. 


SSfl 


185 


Brockville  Line. 


0 
6 
9 
15 
18 
21 
26 
80 
82 
84 
86 
89 
41 
46 


Garleton  June. 

Beckwith. 

Franktown. 

Welsh's. 

Smith's  Falls. 

Story's. 

Irish  Creek. 

Walford. 

Bell's. 

Jelly'a. 

Bellamy's. 

Clark's. 

Fairfield. 

Brockville. 


3  a.  Calciferous. 

« 

2  c.  Potsdam. 
It 

8  a.  Calciferoua. 
it 

it 

u 

(4 
U 
«( 
IC 

(t 

2  0.  Potsdam. 


the  railway  west  of  Mattawa,  where  it  leaves  the  valley  of  the  Ottawa  River."  (Dr.  A.  H.  C.  Selwyn, 
in  "  Descriptive  Sketch  of  Geology,  etc.,  of  Canada.") 

281.  Sudbury.  "  After  passing  the  Wahnapite  Hiver  bridge,  the  Hnronian  rocks  commence,  with  a 
series  of  flinty  felsites  or  lelsitic  qnartzites,  succeeded  by  dark-gray  quartzose  conglomeritic  beds  ; 
also  massive  crystalline  diorites,  red,  fine-grained  syenites,  and  a  great  variety  of  highly  altered  voU 
canic  agglomerates,  felspathic  and  dioritic."  (Ibid.) 

From  Sndbnry  the  Algoma  Mills  branch  runs  over  Huronian  rocks  to  the  shore  of  the  lake.  The 
main  line  westwud,  to  Fort  Arthnr  by  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  will  be  in  operation  soon. 
From  Sudbury  it  passes  for  about  seventy  miles  over  Huronian  rocks.  Thence  to  within  about  fifteen 
miles  of  the  Nepfgon  River  the  Laurentian  is  the  most  widely  spread  formation,  though  intenected 
by  belts  of  Hnronian  and  with  extensive  granitic  and  dioritic  intrusive  masses.  On  bou  sides  of  the 
Nepigon,  rocks  of  the  Nepigon  series  (Cambrian)  are  found,  and  are  separated  by  a  mass  of  intmaive 
granite  only  from  the  Animike  rocks  oi  the  vicinity  of  Port  Arthur. 

8S2.  St.  Jerome.  The  rocks  of  the  Norian  or  Upper  Laurentian  may  be  seen  here,  but  are  more 
typically  shown  at  New  Glasgow  village,  six  miles  distant,  and  the  present  terminus  of  the  railway. 

aS8.  The  numbers  affixed  to  the  Animikie,  Keweenian,  and  Upper  and  Lower  Potsdam,  in  the 
table  on  p.  58,  are  those  used  for  convenience  in  this  chapter,  but  are  not  intended  to  affirm  the  pre- 
cise correlation  of  these  with  other  formations  similarly  numbered  in  adjacent  states. 


,ear  here. 
_Mt  of  this 
•k-banded 
also  some 
le  line  of 


If 


'!> 


.  .e 


I'  I 


ll-  'I 


74 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOQICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 


in.  gtanitoba  antr  'gaxi\j-W8itnt  ©erritorji. 

Inelndlng  dlitrloto  of  Auinlbote,  Albert*,  8Mkatoh«w«n,  and  AthabaikiK  to  bu«  of  Rooky  Monntalni. 

List  of  Qeologioal  Formations. 


20.  QCATIMART. 

19.  TranART. 
18.  Cbbtaoio-Ter. 

TIART,    La- 


A 1 1 U  V  i  U  m  •    Lake  depoiits  of  Red  RWer  Valley  and  I'eaoe  River,  etc. 
Stratified  Sands  and  QravelSi  and  IMoraineSi 


Boulder  CiayorTill. 


Upper  Boulder  Clay. 
Interglaelal  Lake_Depoflt 


Of  Bonthen  Alber- 
ta, eta 


Lower  Bonlder  Olay, 
8hiDgle  Beds.  j 

Mloeene.    CoDglotnerate  Sandstone  and  Argllllte  of  Cypresa  IIUls,  ete. 

Porcupine  Hill 
Series. 

Fort  Union. 
Laramie.         j^^ 


Willow  Creek 

Seriesi 
St.  Mary's  River 

Series. 


§4 

m 


i 


Wapite  River 
Qroup. 


I 


18.  OBITAOIOrS. 


9-12.  Dkvonian. 
4.  Siluro-Camb. 

1  b.   HVRONIAN. 

1  a.  Ladrintian. 


Fox  Hill  Series. 

Pierre  Series. 

Belly  River  Se- 
ries. 

Niobrara  or  Ben- 
ton Series. 


Fox  Hill  Ser. 

Pierre  Series. 

Niobrara  Se* 
ries. 

Benton    Se- 
ries? 

Limestones  of  IVIanitoba  Lake,  etc. 

T  re  ntO  n  Q  ro  u  p  •    (limestones  of  Wiunlpeg  Lake,  Red  Rtyer  Valley,  eto.) 


J  Smoky  Riv 

'    er  Qroup. 

Dunvegan 

Croup. 
Ft.  St.  John 
Croup. 


Oaaadlaa  Pael 

He  Hallway.— Con 

a  Division. 

• 

Ms.  1  Winnipeg  and  Port  Arthur  Section— 

Con. 

Wester 

221 

Ozdrift. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

1189 

lis.  1     Winnipeg  and  Port  Arthur  Section. 

231 
241 
249 

Eagle  River. 
Yermilion  Bay. 
Gilbert. 

tt 
it 
ti 

11R3 
1118 

0 

Port  Arthur.*** 

Animikie  2.  L.  Camb.     I 

1814 

6 

Fort  WilUam. 

It 

603 

266 

Parrywood."* 

ti 

1386 

17 

HuriUo. 

i< 

944 

272 

Hawk  Lake. 

it 

1S86 

27 

Eaministiqua. 

1  b.  Huronian. 

lOIO 

284 

Beaver. 

It 

1183 

87 

Fiomark. 

1  b.  Huronian  and  I  a. 
Laurentian.      "" 

288 
297 

Rosaland. 

Rat  Portage  «*« 

Keewatin.*" 

Granite,  4  miles. 
1  b.  Huronian,  6 

11Z8 

44 

Buda.*" 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

1147 

800 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

lOTt 

66 

Nordland. 

it 

1S80 

808 

Ostersund. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

not 

69 

Dexter. 

tt 

818 

Deception. 

ti 

1133 

66 

Linkooping. 

it 

1831 

820 

Kalmer. 

II 

1(14 

76 

Savanne. 

t< 

1803 

828 

Ineolf. 

it 

1181 

86 

Upsala. 

1  b,  Huronian. 

1889 

(Manitoba.) 

98 

Garlstadt. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

ISlt 

888 

Telford. 

II 

1066 

103 

Bridge  River. 
English  River. 

ti 

1840 

848 

Renne. 

it 

1060 

116 

1  b.  Huronian. 

1314 

869 

Darwin. 

It 

••• 

128 

Martin. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

1S54 

868 

Whitemouth. 

It 

»e« 

188 

Bonheur. 

It 

I8ZT 

874  Shelly. 

It 

•;«ii 

144 

Falcon. 

It 

1804 

884  Monmouth. 

II 

«t(j 

161 

Ignace. 

ti 

1448 

394!Beau8ejour. 

20.  Alluvium. 

811 

1«0 

Butler. 

tt 

14S0 

400  Tyndall. 

II 

793 

170 

Raleigh. 

1  b.  Huronian. 

1437 

408 

Selkirk."  «* 

It 

»«> 

180 

Tach6. 

tt 

1363 

414 

Qonor. 

II 

190 

Bral6. 

it 

138S 

421 

Bird's  Hill. 

II 

202 

Wabigoon. 

tt 

lt8< 

428 

Winnipeg  June. 

II 

209 

Barclay. 

(i 

lt48 

429 

Winnipeg.* «  9 

(( 

'if 

CANADA.    (MANITOBA  AND  NORTH-WEfT  TERRITORY.) 


75 


nUlnt. 


m  Alb«r> 


liver  1 


Riv 

)up. 

;an 

)• 

John 


i 


'■11«7,  ete.) 


1 

I 


Mb. 

"O 
2 
7 

15 
29 
86 
40 
49 
56 

64 

72 

77 

86 

98 

106 

114 

128 


tt 
«i 
It 
It 
It 
It 


CanadlmD  Paelfle  Hallway— Con. 

I  Winnipog  and  Rocky  Mountain  Section. 

Winnipeg^*  • »  "  20rAllu vi«m. 

Air  Line  June. 

Bergen. 

Rosser. 

Marquette. 

Reabum. 

Poplar  Point. 

High  Bluff. 

Portage  la 

Prairie. 
Bumside."" 

Bagot. 

McGregor. 

Austin. 

Sidney. 

Carberry. 

Sewell. 

Chater. 


7»7 


77« 
■'HI 
7S1 
790 

Koa 

«30li' 


Mh.   Winnipeg  and  Rocky  Mountain  Section--  Con, 


II 

843 

1  20.  Glacial  drift, 
ably  overlying 

[    taceous. 

11 

prob- 
Cie- 

91t 
937 

It 

981 

It 

1S08 

It 

1833 

ti 

1830 

It 

118S 

1 

(  20.  Glacial  drift  over- 

188  Brandon."" 

\    lying  18.  Cretaceouei, 
(    290 in.                '>'o 

HljKenmay. 

11                             1339 

149  Alexander. 

•>                           IJtiS 

ISSiGriswold. 

II                           1399 

166  Oak  Lake. 

II                           1391 

180  Virden. 

»«                             1480 

197!Elkhom. 

<«                           1608 

an  Fleming. 

It                           17  60 

219 

Moosomin. 

it                           18  60 

226 

Red  Jacket. 

II                             1893 

286 

Wapella. 

»t                           1907 

248 

BurrowB. 

II                           1984 

249 

Whitewood. 

"                           1939 

264 

Broadview. 

11                           1936 

279 

Grenfell. 

II                           1933 

286 

Summerberry. 

It                           1914 

294 

Wolseley. 

ti                           1986 

302 

Sintaluta. 

II                           1960 

812 

Indian  Head. 

II                           1900 

HSU.  Port  Arthur.  Good  geological  headiiuarters  for  examination  of  Nepieon,  Auimike,  and  Iln- 
ronian  eerieB.  Silver-mines  in  neighborhood  and  line  crystalline  minerals.  Aftractlve  scenery.  The 
formations  assigned  to  the  various  stations  on  this  line,  from  Port  Arthur  to  Rat  Portage,  may  in 
some  cases  be  in  error,  as  no  geolngically  colored  map  ohowinK  the  precise  positions  of  stMlons  is  at 
present  available.  After  leaving  the  Animike  of  the  lake  shore,  the  rocks  are  all  Lanrentian  or  Huron- 
lan,  with  intrusive  granitic  masses.  Fine  sections  of  the  rocks  of  these  series,  and  the  dikes  and  veins 
traversing  them,  occur  in  numerous  cuttings. 

825.  Bnda.  The  reddiiih  color  of  the  drift  deposits,  characteristic  of  the  neighborhood  of  Lake 
Superior  and  northeast  portion  of  Minnesota,  ends  about  here. 

i226.  Rat  Portage.  On  northern  extremity  of  Lnkc  of  Woods  good  headquarters  for  excnrsions  on 
lake,  where  Lanremian  and  Hnronian  rocks  are  il  inpluyed  in  almost  continuous  sections  along  the  shores. 
Gold-mines.  Lake  extremely  picturesque,  with  innumerable  islands.  Both  west  and  east  from  Rat 
Portage,  on  the  railway,  but  more  particularly  to  east,  very  fine  examples  of  perched  blocks  and  glaci- 
ated rock  sarfaces.  Numerous  cuttings  In  Laurentiaii,  lluronian,  una  drift  deposits.  From  Rat  Port- 
age, In  a  distance  of  about  forty  miles  eastward  (to  near  Parrywood  station),  tne  succession  of  roclcs 
traversed  is  as  follows  :  Laurcntian,  Int.  granite,  Lanrentian,  Huronian,  Laurentian,  Hurunian,  Lao- 
rentian. 

227.  Keewatin.  Railway  twice  crosses  boundary  between  Lanrentian  and  Huronian  between  Os* 
tersund  and  this  station.    Iiere  s;ood  opportunity  of  examining  Junction. 

228.  Selkirk.    Quarries  close  to  station  in  Galena  limestone.    Fossils. 

229.  Winnipeg.  The  alluvium  of  the  Bed  River  Valley  is  a  deposit  of  a  former  great  lake  of  Post- 
Glacial  age,  wnicn  Mr.  Warren  Upham  has  proposed  to  name  Lake  Agassiz.  The  shore  lines  of  this 
body  of  water  may  still  be  traced,  at  various  levels,  to  the  east  and  west  of  the  valley.  The  lake  mnst 
have  received  the  waters  of  the  Saskatchewan,  and  had  its  outflow  southward  to  the  Mississippi.  The 
alluvial  deposits  are  of  great  thickness,  and  consist  above  of  silty  or  loess-like  material ;  below  fre- 
quentlv  of  plastic  clays  more  or  less  distinctly  laminated.  The  upper  layers  make  excellent  cream- 
colored  brick.  Alluvium  completely  conceals  the  underlying  rocks  in  this  valley  ;  but  these  are,  doubt- 
less, for  the  most  part  Silurian  limestones  like  those  of  Lake  Winnipeg. 

230.  Bumside.  In  1874  a  boring  was  carried  out  at  Rat  Creek,  near  this  place,  by  the  Geological  Sur- 
vey. The  following  section  was  obtained  :  Blue  clay,  70  feet ;  sand,  gravel,  and  stones,  with  water,  18 
feet ;  white  limestone  (probably  Devonian),  42  feet ;  gray  crystalline  rock  <I.aurentiiin  or  Huronian),  77 
feet.  West  of  Bumside  the  country  rises  considerably,  and  this  point  may  be  assumed  as  the  west- 
em  limit,  on  this  line,  of  the  Red  River  Valley  alluvium.  Not  far  west  of  this  the  edge  of  the  Creta- 
ceous probably  overlaps  the  old  rocks  found  in  the  above-mentioned  boring,  but  the  whole  surface  is 
completely  masked  by  drift  deposits.    (See  note  on  Brandon.) 

231.  Brandon.  IVoin  Winnipeg  to  Brandon,  alluvium  and  glacial  drift,  the  latter  consisting  of 
boulder-clay  overlain  bv  stratified  sands  and  gravels.  The  western  cd^e  of  the  alluvial  plain  of  the 
Red  River  Valle  is  indefinite  on  the  line  of  the  railway,  which  follows  the  wide  depression  of  the 
Assiniboine.  To  the  southeast  and  northwest  it  is  marlced  by  the  escarpment  of  the  second  prairie 
steppe  or  plateau,  constituting  Pembina,  Riding  and  Duck  "Mountains,"  and  the  Porcupine  and 
Basquia  Hills.  Sands  and  gravels  connected  with  the  western  edge  of  "  Lake  Agassiz  "  may  be  ob- 
served in  several  places.  The  underlying  rocks  are  completely  concealed  by  the  drift  deposits,  but 
the  Cretaceous  probably  overlaps  the  Silurian  and  Devonian  rocks  of  the  Winnipeg  basin  a  few  miles 
west  of  Austin  station.  At  Brandon  the  Assiniboine  Valley  itself  is  entered.  It  may  be  taken  as 
typical  of  the  wide  trough-like  valleys  generally  characterizing  the  rivers  of  the  second  and  third 
prairie  plateaus.  Small  exposures  of  Pierre  shales  (Cretaceous)  in  some  parts  of  the  Assiniboine  Val- 
ley. 

232.  Moose  Jaw.    Observe  the  line  of  the  Missouri  COtean  in  the  distance,  to  the  southwest. 

233.  Mortlach.  From  Brandon  t^  Mortlach  there  are  no  exposures  of  the  underlying  rock  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  railway,  and  over  the  second  prairie  plateau  generally,  these  are  seen  as  a  rale  only  in 
the  river  valleys.    To  Mortlach,  however,  the  whole  plain  is,  with  little  doubt,  based  on  the  Pierre 


'^ 


M 


r:H 


76 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 

OanadlBB  Paclflo  Kallway— 

Winniptig  and  Rocky  Mountain  Section. 

Winnipeg  and  Kucky  Mountain  Auction. 

Ml.  1                       Oontinutd. 

Ma.  1                       Continued. 

4fi2 

Chaplin. 

20.   Alluv.    overlvinf 
18.  Cretaceous.  •>'» 

20.  Glacial  drift  over-. 

824 

Qu'Appelle. 

'    lying  18.  Cretaceous  J 

«110 

1  20.  Glacial  drift  ovor- 

461 

Emfold.*" 

<    lying  18.  Cretaceous. 

832 

McLean. 

tt                               1188 

i                                          >«64 

841 

Balgonie. 

tl                            tl64 

471 

Morse.*" 

tt                    ttsn 

847 

Pilot  nuttc. 

tt                           1993 

480 

Herbert. 

tt                                 tliH7 

866 

Regina. 

tt                           18  61 

I  20.  Glacial  drift  over- 

873 

Pense.* 

tt                             1884 

489 

Rush  Lake. 

\     lying    18.     Pierre 

881 

Belle  Pluine. 

it                             18  7  7 

shales.             "''« 

800 

Pasqula. 

tt                             18  9  1 

496 

Waldec. 

tt                             1333 

89S 
406 

Mooso  Jaw.*'* 
Boharm. 

tt                             17  43 

tt                 17  88: 

610 

Swift  Cur'nt.«»« 

\  18.  Pierre  Shales,  111 
j      miles.              •«"" 

414 

Caron. 

tl                             1817 

619 

Leven. 

tt                            1440 

20.  Glacial  drift  over- 

629 

Goose  Lake. 

tl                             t441 

423 

Mortlach.*^' 

lying  Ft.  Union  Lar- 

638 

Antelope. 

tt                            1831 

amie.                 '»" 

646 

Gull  Luke.«»^ 

tl                            1839 

432 

Parkbeg."9 

1988 

664 

Cypress. 

tl                           t63t 

448 

Secretan.*'* 

8S88 

665 

Sidewood. 

it                             (431 

676  C7rane  Lake. 

it                             8 .1  4  4 

•  18.  Pierre  Siiales  Btrucic  in  bore-hole. 

S86  Colley. 

It                             S48S 

:  i; 


shaleB  of  tiie  Cretaceous.  Tlie  boulciur-cltty,  with  overlying  stratifled  drift,  and  fine  alluvium  marking 
Bites  of  former  lakes  or  ponds,  cover  the  entire  country.  At  or  near  Mortlacli  the  increasing  eleva- 
tion of  the  plain  brings  in  the  base  of  tlie  Fort  Union  Laramie,  but  there  are  no  exposures  near  the 
railway.  No  western  limit  is  given  for  thuBC  beds,  as  their  preciue  extent  has  not  been  determined. 
They  do  not,  however,  extend  on  the  line  as  far  ae  the  Old  Wives  Lakes.  They  are  well  shown  to  the 
soutneast  on  the  Souris  River,  and  there  hold  numerous  seams  of  lignite. 

334.  Secretan.  At  Secretan  the  drift  hills  of  the  Missouri  COti'uu  are  wiHl  displayed.  The  COtcau 
belt,  where  crossed  by  the  railway,  is  not  so  well  deftned  as  near  the  49th  narallcl,  but  may  be  said  to 
extend  from  Parkbeg  station  westward  to  a  point  four  or  five  miles  beyond  Secretan     See  Note  351). 

835.  Morse.  Between  Emfold  and  Morse  a  second  line  of  COteau-lil<e  hills  is  rosscd.  The  Old 
Wives  Lakes  (saline)  appear  to  occupy  an  interval  between  this  branch  of  the  COteau  and  that  above 
described.    They  have  evidently  at  one  time  been  much  more  extensive,  ana  have  nu  outlet. 

236.  Swift  Current.  The  Pierre  Bhales  (Cretaceous)  are  exposed  on  the  stream  a  short  distance 
north  of  the  line,  and  in  valleys  U  miles  northeast  from  station.  In  general  the  deposits  of  Glacial 
P"    "Hi  and  subsequent  alluviums  only  are  seen  near  the  line. 

;J37.  OuU  Lake.  Sections  of  Fox  Hill  sandstones  overlying  Pierre  shales  in  Cypress  Hills,  a  few 
miles  south  of  this  station.  The  Cypress  Hills  constitute  a  remarkable  plateaa,  which  may  be  seen 
extending  to  the  south  of  the  railway  for  many  miles  east  and  west.  It  is  capped  by  Miocene  Terti- 
ary beds,  of  which  the  most  characteristic  is  a  conglomerate  (formed  of  well-rolled  pebbles  of  the 
harder  rocks  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

28S.  Walsh.  The  dividing-line  between  the  Pierre  Bhales  and  the  anderlying  Belly  River  series 
probably  passes  between  Forres  and  Walsh  stations  ;  but,  as  elsewhere  in  this  region,  the  rocks  are 
generally  concealed  l)y  the  later  drift  deposits. 

ii39.  Irvine.  Half  a  mile  south  of  station  fine  sections  'showing  Pierre  shales,  with  coaly  layers 
near  base,  overlying  Belly  River  series.    Fossils. 

240.  Medicine  Hat.    Good  sections  of  boulder-clay  and  drift  in  railway  cuttings  to  eastward. 

241.  Stair.  One  mile  southward  from  this  station,  on  the  banks  of  the  Saskatchewan,  lignite  coal 
is  mined  in  rocks  of  the  Belly  River  subdivision  of  the  Cretaceous..  There  are  two  seams,  of  which 
the  lower  (about  Ave  feet  thick)  is  worked.    Fine  exposures  of  rocks  all  along  this  part  of  the  river. 

242.  Langevin.  In  boring  for  water  at  this  station,  a  copious  flow  of  combustible  gas  has  been 
tapped. 

243.  Cassels.  Here  also  combustible  gas  in  large  quantities  flows!  from  well.  The  Pierre  shales 
must  overlap  the  Belly  River  series  near  here,  but  the  surface  shows  drift  deposits  only.  On  the  river, 
a  few  miles  to  the  south,  the  base  of  the  Pierre  is  marked  by  a  fine  seam  of  coal  4'  6"  thick. 

244.  Bassano.  Good  sections  showing  base  of  Larunie  and  top  of  Pierre,  four  miles  southwest  on 
Bow  River,  where  a  coal-seam  4'  4"  thick  occurs. 

245.  Crowfoot.  Lignite  coal  9*  thick  exposed  on  Bow  River  to  south,  and  underlying  Crowfoot 
at  depth  of  about  KXH.    Shaft  sunk  to  coal  north  of  track,  135  feet  deep. 

246.  Calgary.  Excellent  exposures  of  Laramie  rocks  along  Bow  River  to  south  of  line  from  Bas- 
sano to  this  point  The  plain,  as  seen  from  the  railway,  a  gently  undulating  drift-covered  surface, 
Bb  owing  no  exposures  of  the  underlying  rocks.  At  bridge  across  the  Elbow  River,  at  Calgary,  massive 
Lnramie  sandstones.  Calgary  is  the  farthest  western  point  on  this  parallel  to  which  Lanrentlan  frag' 
ments  from  the  northeastward  have  been  traced.  The  boniders  and  gravel  farther  west  appear  to  be 
entirely  derived  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  or  of  local  origin. 

247.  Badner.  For  about  twenty-eight  miles  west  of  Calgary  the  railway,  following  the  Bow  River, 
passes  over  Laramie  rocks,  nearly  horizontal,  but  forming  the  northern  extension  of  a  wide  synclinal 
occupied  farther  south  by  the  Porcupine  Hills.  Between  Cochrane  and  Radner  the  belt  of  disturbed 
and  flexed  rocks  which  lie  along  the  base  of  the  mountains,  constituting  the  foot-hill  countary,  is  en- 
tered.   Numerous  fine  sections  of  Cretaceous  and  Laramie  in  river-banks  to  Kananaakis. 

248.  Kananaskis.    The  Cretaceous  or  Laramie  sandstones  are  here  nearly  flat,  but  appear  to  dip 


verlyinff 
M.  «"« 
ift  over- 
taceoua. 

Itlt64 
f  ISO 
>li87 

ift  over- 
Pierre 

««7S 
1333 


•  440 
1441 
*S3S 

mas 

t63t 
<431 
IA44 

S48S 


>  to  dip 


CANADA.    (MANITOBA  AND 

NORTH-WEST  TERRITORY.)                W 

CanadUn  Paolfle  Railway-             | 

Winnipog  and  Rocky  Mountuin  Hection. 

WinnlpttK  and  I{(k 

ky  Moantaiii  Uectloo. 

Ml.  1                        Continutd. 

Mt.  1                       VwUinuta, 

988  Silver  City."" • 

j  9  and  14.  Devono-Car- 
(      bonif erouB.      **** 

B06  Maple  Creek. 

18.  Pierre  ShaleB.    «*'" 

610  Forres. 

i«                             t40R 

945Eldon."> 

2-4.  Cambrian.        ♦'•• 

628  Walsh."  ^* 

j  18.  Belly  River  SorieB, 

107  m.             «*»' 

(t                           *469 
t<                             1373 
<(                             tI4I 
«                           140* 

955Laggan.*"« 

tl                        800S 

688  Irvine.* '9 
6S1  Dunmore. 
660,MedicineHat««» 

962Stenhen«»»          j  9  &  14.  Devono-Car- 
962  Stephen.              ^    bonif.  »««'«(Humroit). 

BritlHh  Columbia  boundary  line. 

668  Stair. "«' 

696Suffield. 

«                           f4Tl 

Emcrvon  Section. 

696iliangevin.»*' 

•<                             147 1 

St.  Vincent. 

20.  Alluvium. 

704lKininvic. 

It                             It408 

0  Emerson. 

713iTilley. 

t(                           t2  4  :m 

10  Dominion  City. 
18  Amaud. 

7A3 

CaBBils."*' 

18.  Pierre  Shales.    "*"' 

7B0 

Lathom. 

tt                       y  ^  3  4 

26'Diifrost. 

767 

Ba8Bano.*«« 

18.  Laramie.            '""'* 

S.'j'Ottorburne. 

766 

Crowfoot.' ♦» 

It                             ii  6  7  I 
o  a  o  '1  ' 

42  Niverville. 

776 

78S 

Cluny. 
Gleichen. 

tl                                  gHXJ 

64  St.  Norbert. 
68  St.  Boniface. 

801|Stratbinore. 

it                             300S 
11                             3S6B 

64  j  Winnipeg  June. 

819|Langdon. 
830,Shepard. 

it                             3344 

66lWinnipeg.          1             " 

889Calgary.«*« 
848Keith. 

tl                             138  8 
II                             SAS2; 

Manitoba  and  Northwestern  Railway  of 
Canada. 

862  Cochrane. 

tl                             3  7  1  « 

j  18.    Cretaceous,    and' 
18  Laramie.       ""I 

872  Radnor.*" 

1 

(J  (  Portage  la 
1  /          Prairie. 

S  Alluvium    overlying 
\      Devonian. 

88lMorley. 

tt                       4038 

9Macdonald. 

89SKananaBkiB.<**> 

it                       417  0 

16  Westboume. 

901 

TheGap.««9 

9&14.Devono-Car.*'»'' 

26|Woodside. 

906 

Canmore.*'" 

18  Cretaceous.        *"' 

84  Gladstone. 

914 

Duthil. 

it                         4348 

61  Ardcn. 

919 

Banif."' 

It                        40  31 

61  Neepawa. 

Drift  overlying  Cretao. 

927 

j  CaBtle  Mount- 
ain. 

J  9  and  14.  Devono-Car- 
(      boniferous.       **" 

66|Stony  Creek. 
78iMinnedosa. 

tl 

li 

below  the  Paleeozolc  limeatoneB  of  the  mountains,  which  are  seen  in  cutting  just  be}  or.J  this  station. 
Above  catting,  well-marked  glociation  due  to  former  Bow  Valley  Klueler.  (The  railway  here  enters 
the  Rocky  Mountains.)  Below  mouth  of  Kananaskis  River,  flne  falls  over  Cretaceous  sandstone  on 
Bow  River.  The  great  limestone  series  of  the  mountains,  characterized  above  as  Devono-Carbonifcr- 
ous,  is  the  most  important  constituent  of  the  range  in  this  part  of  its  length.  No  separation,  except 
quite  locally,  has  yet  been  found  possible  between  the  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  parts  of  the  scries. 

249.  The  Gap.  The  valley  beyond  this  point  becomes  quite  wide,  and  turns  to  the  northwest,  fol- 
lowing a  belt  of  Cretaceous  rocks. 

2M.  Canmore.  The  valley  here  floored  by  the  Cretaceous  rocks  above  referred  to,  while  lime- 
stones form  the  mountains  on  both  sides.  The  Cretaceous  is  in  the  form  of  a  long  synclinal  trough, 
compressed  and  overturned  to  the  northeastward.  Looking  southeastward  from  this  point  down 
the  valley,  a  section  of  the  overturned  rocks  is  seen  in  the  distant  hills. 

251.  Between  Duthil  and  Banff,  near  the  railway  and  to  the  north  about  two  miles  from  Banff, 
openings  have  been  made  on  anthracite  coal-seams  in  the  metamorphosed  Cretaceous.  Seams  tliree  to 
five  feet.    Coal  of  excellent  qoality. 

253.  Silver  City.  Castle  Mountain,  a  remarkably  bold  range  of  Devono-Carboniferoos  limestone, 
nearly  horizontal,  rises  immediately  behind  this  place.  Numerous  discoveries  of  copper-ore  in  the 
vicinity. 

258.  Eldon.  A  few  miles  beyond  Silver  City  the  valley  again  turns  to  the  northwest,  following 
axis  of  anticlinal,  which  brings  up  Cambrian  slates  and  quartzites.  Mountains  on  both  sides  of  valley 
still  continue  for  the  most  pm  limestone. 

254.  Laggan.    Remarkably  picturesque  lake,  with  glacier  at  head  a  few  miles  to  the  sooth. 

255.  Stephen.  Near  summit,  between  headwaters  of  Saskatchewan  and  Columbia  Rivers,  the  gen- 
era) structure  of  the  watershed  range  is  synclinal,  but  complicated  by  minor  flexures.  Cambrian  rocks 
appear  a  few  miles  down  valleys  both  east  and  west  of  the  summit.  Grand  peaks  to  north  and  south 
or  valley  of  pass,  in  several  cases  exceeding  11,000  feet  altitude.  This  is  the  only  railway  in  North 
America  from  which  actual  glaciers  of  almost  Alpine  magnitude  may  be  seen.  Observe  snow-fleld 
and  glacier  in  first  valley  from  north,  west  of  Stephen. 

250.  Stonewall.  Excellent  exposures,  in  quarries,  of  Silurian  limestones,  in  some  beds  highly  fos- 
sillferous. 

267.  Stone  Fort.    Quarries  near  Stone  Fort  and  St.  Andrews.    Fossils. 


ipppw"^ 


78 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.^ 


!'•.? 


CMiadlmn  Paellle  Rbllway— Con. 
Ms.  1           Pembina  Monntain  Section. 

Manitoba  S.  W.  Colonization  Railway- 
Ma.  1                        Continued. 

0 

4 

18 

80 

43 

Winnipeg.     «*» 

St.  James. 

Sa  Salle. 

Osborne. 

Morris. 

Rosenfeld."* 

Gretna. 

Plum  Coulee. 

Morden. 

Thomhill. 

Darlingford. 

Manitou. 

20.  Alluvium.             ^^t 
Pierre  Shales. 

14 
27 
46 

47 
61 

Headinsly. 
Starbuck. 
Elm  Greek. 
Maryland. 
End  of  Track. 

20.  Alluvium. 
« 

« 

66 
10 

Stonewall  Section. 

66 
81 
88 
96 
102 

0 

1 

13 

20 

Winnipeg. 
Air  Line  June. 
Stony  Mountain. 
Stonewall." » 6 

20.  Alluvium. 

it 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

nranltoba  8.  W.  Colonization  Railway. 

West  Selkirk  Brancli. 

0  Winnipeg. 

Stone  Fort.  "^ 
22  W.  Selkirk. 

20.  Alluvium. 

0 

1 

Winnipeg. 
Murray  Park. 

20.  Alluvium. 

4  b.  Galena  Limestone. 

258.  Rosenfeld.    Copious  flow  of  brine  struck  here  in  deep  boring  in  Silurian. 

869.  Parkbeg.  The  so-called  Continental  moraine  is  represented  in  Dakota  and  the  North- West 
Territorjr  of  Canada  by  the  Mii^.souri  Cdteau.  It  would  appear  that  this  and  the  so^alled  Cdteau  des 
Prairies  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota  are  parts  of  the  same  great  feature.  Their  elevation  is  similar,  and 
they  are  equally  characterized  by  the  immense  profusion  of  erratics  with  which  they  are  strewn,  and 
by  basin-like  swamps  and  lakes.  In  southwestern  Minnesota  and  eastern  Dakota  this  elevated  tract, 
according  to  Winchell,  called  by  the  earliest  Freiuh  explorers  Cdteau  des  Prairies,  meaning  highlands 
of  the  prairies,  is  500  to  1,000  feet  above  the  Minnesota  River,  and  1,300  to  2,000  feet  above  the  sea. 
In  the  COteau,  then,  viewed  as  a  whole,  we  have  a  natural  feature  of  the  first  magnitude,  a  mass  of 
elacial  dibrls  and  traveled  blocks,  with  an  average  breadth  of  perhaps  thirty  or  forty  miles,  and  ex- 
tending diagonally  across  the  central  region  of  the  continent,  from  the  southeastern  corner  of  Minne- 
sota far  into  northern  Canada,  a  distance  of  about  800  miles.  Dr.  George  M.  Dawson,  from  whose 
writings  this  note  is  compiled,  was  the  first  lo  recognize  the  glacial  origin  of  the  Missouri  Cdteau.  He 
pronounces  it  one  of  the  most  remarkable  feaiiires  of  the  Western  plains  in  their  northwestern  exten- 
sion, and  as  certainly  the  most  important  monument  of  the  glacial  period  existing  there.  As  to  its 
origin,  while  he  believes  that  the  CAteau  may  possibly  represent  a  Continental  moraine,  his  examina- 
tion of  it  led  him  to  consider  it  as  more  probably  due  to  a  deposit  of  material  from  floating  ice 
along  the  sloping  front  of  the  third  prairie  steppe.  It  is  a  question  which  should  not  be  prejudged,  as 
so  many  difficulties  remain  to  be  elucidated,  from  whatever  stand-point  it  may  be  regarded.  As  to  the 
similar  deposit  farther  south  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota,  etc.,  T.  C.  Chamberlin  and  other  ^t~' agists, 
who  have  critically  studied  it,  are  quite  decided  in  their  belief  that  it  is  a  terminal  moraine^   The 


superficial  deposits  are  to  be,  for  geologists,  the  great  subject  of  the  future. 


J.  M. 


,.'«. : 


CANADA.    (BRITISH  COLUUBU.) 


IV.  gritbl^  €alnmhm. 

List  of  Formations. 


Coast  Region. 

Intsiob  Bkqion. 

19.  QUATURNAKT. 

Recent  Raised  Beachus. 
Stratified  Sands,  Gravels,  and 
Clays  (Marine  Shells). 

Boulder  Clay  or  Till. 

Stratified  Sands  and  Qravels, 
"White  Silts" of  Nechacco 
Basin,  etc. 

Terrace  Deposits,  Moraines, 
Boulder  Clay  or  Till. 

10.  TisnART. 

Miocene  (Volcanic). 
Miocene  (Sedlmentaty,  generally  with 
Marine  SheUs). 

Miocene  (Volcanic). 
Miocene(8edimeDtary  with  Unites). 

Kakaimo  Babin. 

Couox  Basin. 

Ttjon  (of  CaL). 
OUeo  (of  Oal.). 

Shasta 

(ofCal.). 

Sandst.     8,894'. 
Shales        9W. 
Mzvproductive 

Up.  Cong.    820' 
Up. Shales  TTfC 
Mid.Cong.1,100' 

Mid.  Shales  w 
L.  Cong.      900' 
L.  Shales  i.ooo' 
Coal  Meas.  780' 

1 

QrKKN  CllAtt- 

LOTTB  ISLAKOS. 

• 

Aucella  Bedsof 
Quatsino  Sd. 

A.  Up.  Shales  & 
Sandst.  1.500' 

B.  Conglomer- 
ates       2,000* 

C.  L.  Shales  & 
Sandst.  b-ooo* 

D.  Agglomer- 
ate         8,600' 

E.L.  Sand- 
Stones   1,000' 

Nechacco  Series.  Skeena  R. 
Sandstones  with  Coal. 

Iltasyouco  Beds  io,ooc;  Skee- 
na Volcanic  Series;  Porphy- 
rite  Series  if)- 

Aucella  Beds  of  Tatlayoco, 
Jackass  Mt.,  and  SkagitT.ooc 
or  more;  Rorphyrite  Series  (»)• 

OoABT  Bioioir. 

Intibiob  Rboion. 

16.  Triassio. 

Monotis  Beds  and  Contempo- 
raneous Volcanic  Rocks  of 
Queen  Charlotte  and  North- 
ern Vancouver  islands. 

Volcanic  Rocks  of  Sooke  R.  (f) 

Monotis  Beds  of  Northern 
Rocky  Mts.;  Red  Beds  of 
Southern  Rocky  Mts.;  Ni- 
cola Series  (Volcanic)  of  S. 
Interior  Plateau. 

Auriferous  Schists  (in  i»rtf). 

14.  Garronifkr- 
ocB  (possibly 
in  part    De- 
Tonian). 

Crystalline  and   Metamorphic 
Rocks    of   Vancouver    and 
Coast  Range  (Iw^fly  altered  Vol- 
canic, but  include  Limestones,  etc.). 

Cache  Creek  Series. 
(Fusullne   Limestone,  Quartz* 
ites,  Volcanic  Materials,  etc.) 

9-12.   DlVONIAN. 

Limestones  of  Rocky  Mts. 

M.  Cakbbian. 

Basal  Series  of  South.  Rocky 
Mts. ;  also  largely  in  Purcefl 
and  Selkirk's   Ranges  (Au- 
riferous Schists  in  partT). 

• 

ARCH.SAN. 

Basal  Rocks  of 

Coast  Range  (f)- 

Qneissic  Rocks  and  Crystal- 
line Schists  of  Shuswap  and 
Okanagan  Lakes  and  Qold 
Ran.7e. 

1 1 

frii 


r  J. 

I"  '  '* 

lit 


til 


;i 


r^ 


?v 


80 


AN  AMERIOAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 


Ma. 


Canadian  Paelfle  Railway. 


0 

12 
20 
JO 
40 
49 

68 

68 

16 
82 
SH 
90 
100 


Port  Moody. 

Port  Hammond, 
Whannock. 
"St.  Mary  Man." 
Naoomin. 
Harrison  River, 

Agassiz 


302 


Ruby  Creek303 

Hope. 

Texas  Lake.'"* 

Emorr 

Yale.*"" 

Spuxsum. 


(19.  Tertiary  overlain 
)     by  drift. 

(I  IS 

(I  3£ 

(t  24 

U  4  2 

j  18.  Cretaceous  over- 
}  lain  by  drift.  "^ 
j  Metamorphic  rocks  of 
(     Coast  Ranges. 


u 
«( 


96 
209 
198 
182 
216 
366 


Ms.  I  Canadian  Paciflc  Rail viray— Con. 


117 
127 
137 

148 

149 
163 
160 
166 

177 

194 

206 


North  Bend. 

Keefers.*"^ 
Fraser  R. 
Bridge.30T 

Lytton.3»« 

Section  House. 
Section  Ho.'"" 
Drynok. 
Spence's  P-idge. 

j  Chinaii-  .n's 

■j      Ranch.310 
Ashcroft.''^^ 

(  Penny's 

I      Ranch.8i* 


j  Metamorphic  rocks  of 
I  Coast  Ranges.  **^ 
16.  Triassic  (?)  "* 
(18.  Cretaceous, 
}  "Shasta Group.""" 
]  Metamorphic  rocks  of 
1      Coast  Ranges.   ^*^ 

»i  766 

19b.Mio.(Volcanic).«*« 

"  769 

c<  7  89 

I  18.  Carboniferous. 

f  877 

18.  Cretaceous.  '"«> 
i  18.  Miocene  (Vol- 
(     canic). 


1276 


*  Reduced  levels  above  ordinary  high  water  of  Pacittc  Ocean. 

801.  The  rocks  forming  the  south  side  of  Burrard  Inlet,  and  underlying  the  flat  or  gently  nndu- 
lating  tract  about  the  mouth  of  the  Fraser,  are,  so  far  as  known,  Tertiary,  and,  at  least  in  part,  of  Mio- 
cene age.  The  covering  of  drift  being,  however,  thick,  and  the  region  as  yet  but  partially  explored,  it  is 
difScult  precisely  to  fix  the  limits  of  these  rocks.  Cretaceous  rocks  of  the  Shasta  group,  and  possibly 
of  the  overiying  series  to  which  the  coals  of  Vancouver  Island  belong,  also  occur. 

808.  The  Cretaceous  rocks  above  referred  to  are  supposed  to  cross  the  Fraser  about  here.  They 
are  somewhat  extensively  developed  on  Harrison  Lake,  and  hold  abundance  of  Aucella  PiocM^^  which 
may  be  considered  as  the  most  characteristic  fossil  of  the  Cretaceous  of  the  mainland  ot  British  Co- 
lumbia. 

803.  The  metamorphic  rocks  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  named  the  "  Cascade  Crystalline  series  "  in  the 
preliminary  classtflcation,  consist  of  a  great  variety  of  gneissic  and  schistose  materials.  Orthoclase 
felspars  are  seldom  developed,  and  dioritic  rocks  are  abundant.  The  scries  also  includes  limestones. 
It  is,  with  little  doubt,  of  the  same  age  with  the  similar  rocks  of  the  vicinity  of  Victoria,  and  these 
are  known  to  be  Palaeozoic,  and  probably,  in  part  at  least.  Carboniferous.  The  series  has  been  largely 
built  up  of  contemporaneous  volcanic  rocks  which  have  since  been  extremely  metamorphosed.  Large 
granitic  and  syenitic  int'  isive  masses  are  frequent. 

804.  At  Silver  Peak,  near  Hope,  at  a  height  of  about  seven  thousand  feet,  exceptionally  rich  silver- 
ores  occur.  These  exist  in  veins  traversing  a  small  outlier  of  the  Shasta  Cretaceous  which  occupies 
the  summit  of  the  mountain.    Litigation  has  so  far  prevented  the  development  of  these  mines. 

305.  At  this  point  the  line  enters  the  Ca&on  '>f  the  Fraser,  and  the  scenery  becomes  grand  in  the 
extreme,  the  river  brealdng  through  the  axial  p'M'ion  of  the  Coast  Range.  From  the  mouth  of  the  An- 
derson River  (Boston  Bar)  the  valley  becoim^.^ " ..  .in  comparatively  wide,  and  the  mountains  retreat  to 
a  greater  distance. 

806.  The  immediate  valley  of  the  river  is  excavated,  in  this  part  of  its  course,  in  dark  slaty  or 
schistose  rocks,  which  have  been  referred  to  as  the  "  Anderson  River  series  "  in  preliminary  reports. 
The  age  of  these  is  uncertain,  but  they  are  very  possibly  Triassic.  They  underlie  the  lowest  Creta- 
ceous, and  rest  between  it  and  the  older  crystalline  rocks,  and  have  evidently  been  the  source  of  the 
gold  which  is  found  on  this  part  of  the  Fraser.  The  bar  and  bench  diggings  of  the  Fraser  were  at  one 
time  very  remunerative,  and  were  the  first  in  British  Columbia  to  attract  attention  and  lead  to  an  in- 
flux of  miners.  Subsequently  the  mines  of  the  Cariboo  country  and  rich  gold  finds  in  other  districts, 
drew  away  the  mining  population. 

807.  A  trough  of  Shasta  Cretaceous  here  crosses  the  river  obliquely.  It  forms  the  hills  and  mount- 
ains which  rise  above  the  valley  on  the  east,  for  many  miles  to  the  southward.  The  rocks  consist  of 
hard,  greenish  sandstones  or  quartzites,  with  beds  of  conglomerate,  and  evidently  represent,  for  the 
most  part,  the  deposit  of  a  shore-line.  At  Jackass  Mountain,  on  the  wagon-road,  they  are  well  shown, 
and  have  Vielded  specimens  of  Aucella  FiochU  and  other  fossils. 

808.  The  line  here  leaves  the  Fraser  to  follow  the  Thompson  River.  Immediately  north  of  Lyt- 
ton  the  Cretaceous  trough  above  referred  to — which  appears  in  the  intervening  distance  to  be  inter- 
rupted—resumes,  and  characterizes  the  S^er  Valley  for  a  long  way  to  the  north. 

809.  The  Tertiary  rocks  of  this  part  of  the  province  are  all  provisionally  classified  as  Miocene,  and 
are  probably  of  the  age  of  the  "  Truckee  Miocene  "  of  the  40th  Parallel  Report.  They  consist  gener- 
ally of  sandstones,  shales,  etc.,  capped  by  a  great  thickness  of  volcanic  materials  which  are  largely 
basaltic.  The  sedimentary  part  or  the  formation  frequently  holds  lignites  or  coals,  and  a  number  of 
fossil  plants  have  been  obtained  from  it. 

310.  The  rocks  provisionally  classed  as  Carboniferous  are,  at  least  in  great  part,  of  that  age,  and 
hold  limestones  characterized  by  FunUina.  They  consist,  however,  for  the  most  part,  of  qnutzites 
and  hard  shales,  and  contain  great  beds  of  contemporaneous  volcanic  matter,  in  association  with 
which  serpentines  occur.  These  rocks  are  well  displayed  on  the  wagon-rood  from  Ashcroft  north- 
ward to  Clinton.  The  serpentines,  with  associated  conglomerates,  etc.,  are  best  seen  on  this  road  be- 
tween Hat  Creek  and  Mundorf 's. 

311.  The  rocks  in  this  vicinity  are  much  altered,  but  those  in  the  valley  appear  to  belong  to  an  iso- 
lated Cretaceous  area. 

818.  Oeneral  Note  on  Vi\flnh-kfd  Portions  of  Une  east  of  KanUoopt  Zofe.— The  line  may  now 
(December,  1884)  be  said  to  be  practically  completed  to  Kamloops  Lake,  leaving,  under  construction,  a 
length  of  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles  eastward  from  this  point  to  the  month  of  the  Kicking 
iiorse  River,  on  the  Columbia.    The  lower  end  of  Kamloops  Lake  lies  on  rocks  of  the  Cftche  Creok 


CANADA.    (BRITISH  COLUMBU.) 


81 


I  series,  which  have  been  characterized  in  a  previooa  note ;  the  greater  part  of  the  lalce  is,  however,  bor- 

Idered  by  volcanic  rocks  of  Tertiary  age.    Cherry  and  Battle  Bloffs,  on  opposite  sides  of  the  lakes,  are 

f  believed  to  represent  the  core  of  an  ancient  Tertiary  volcano.    In  the  former  considerable  veins  of  mag- 

I  netite  occur.    Remunerative  gold  placers  have  been  worked  for  many  years  on  the  Tranquille  River, 

I  which  flows  into  the  lake.    Near  the  town  of  Kamloops  the  rocks  of  the  Cftche  Creek  series  reappear 

land  characterize  the  banks  of  the  South  Thompson  River  to  the  lower  end  of  Little  ShuswapLake,  though 

■the  higher  portion  of  the  plateau  to  the  south  is  composed  of  volcanic  Tertiary  rocks.    White  sUty  cfe- 

)OBits,  due  to  the  last  stage  of  the  glacial  period,  are  cut  into  terraces  along  the  banks  of  the  river. 

Little  and  Great  Shuswap  Lakes,  with  Adam's  Lake,  are  fjord-like  bodies  of  water  occupying  deep, 

aountain-bo/dered  valleys  in  the  western  portion  of  the  Qold  Range.    The  lakes  are  bordered  by 

neissic  rocks  and  crystalline  schists,  which  have  been  referred  to  collectively,  in  the  reports  of  the 

-eological  Survey,  as  the  Shuswap  series,  and  are  now  believed  to  be  Archaean.    These  rocks  prob- 

Ebly  exceed  thirty-two  thousand  feet  in  thickness,  and  are  divisible  into  several  subordinate  seriea. 

For  further  information  on  the  country  from  the  mouth  of  the  Fraser  to  this  point,  see  "  Descriptive 

Sketch  of  Physical  Geography,  and  Geology  of  Canada,  1884,"  and  "  Report  of  Progress,  1877-1878." 

Leaving  Shuswap  Lake,  the  hne  follows  up  the  valley  of  Eagle  Creek  and  traverses  the  Gold  Range 

py  thel^le  Pass  to  the  west  crossing  of  the  Columbia  River.    Thence  it  crosses  the  Selkirk  range  to 

Me  east  crossing  of  the  Columbia,  and  follows  that  river  up  (southward)  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kicking 

pone.    This  portion  of  British  Columbia  may  be  said  to  be  geologically  unknown,  but  consists,  so 

Ear  as  ascertained,  of  rocks  similar  to  those  of  the  Shuswap  Lakes,  with  quartzites  and  Bchists  which 

re  probably  Cambrian. 


/ 


88 


AX  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAN.) 


V.  Steamboat  §l0wtjes. 


I.  Montreal  to  Qaebec*  Little  of  geological  interest  is  to  be  seen  on  this  route,  the  rivei- 
banks  b<>'ng  generally  low,  or  where  higher  usually  showing  only  drift  deposits.  Near  Quebec,  sec- 
tions o^  Cambrian  and  Cambro-Silurian  rocks. 

Q'lebec  and  Gnlf  Porta.  Quebec  to  Pictou,  Nova  Scotia,  with  calls  at  intermediate  ports. 
A  picturesque  and  geologically  interesting  route. 

Quebec.  (See  Note  24,  under  Intercolonial  Railway.)  Soon  after  leaving  Quebec,  a  fine  distant 
view  of  the  Montmorenci  Falls.  Beyond  the  east  end  of  the  Island  of  Orleans,  Laurentian  rocks  form 
the  north  shore.  At  St.  Paul's  Bay,  Little  Mai  Bay,  and  Murray  Bay,  small  outliers  of  Cambro-Silu- 
rian. Beyond  these  the  north  shore  is  entirely  Laurentian.  Behind  Murray  Bay  the  mountains  are  par- 
ticularly bold.  The  south  shore  to  beyond  St.  Anne  des  Monte  is  composed  of  Cambrian  rocka,  wnich 
form  picturesque  hills  near  Bic. 

Father  Point.    Pilot  station.    Cambrian. 

Metis.    Cambrian.    A  sea-side  resort. 

Beyond  Matanne  the  Shickshock  Mountains  to  the  south.  The  higher  portions  composed  of  Pre- 
Cambnan  rocks  with  extensive  granitic  intrusions.  Beyond  St.  Anne  des  Monts  the  south  shore  is 
fringed  with  Cambro-Silurian  rocks  to  GaspS  Bay. 

Gaspfi.  Ship  Head,  at  northern  entrance  to  Qasp6  Bay,  a  bold  promontory.  Lower  Helderberg 
limestone.  The  shores  of  Gaspfi  Bay  are  generally  characterized  by  Devonian  rocks.  Excellent  sec- 
tions. Fossil  plants.  The  south  point  of  Gaspfi  Bay  is  comuosed  of  rocks  of  the  Bonaventure  (Lower 
Carboniferous)  series.    This  occupies  the  coast  to  the  Bale  des  Chaleurs. 

Perc6  Silurian  limestones  here  appear  below  the  Bonaventure,  and  form  the  remarkable  pierced 
rock,  two  hundred  and  ninety  feet  high,  which  gives  the  place  its  name. 

Bale  des  Chaleurs.  (See  notes  under  Intercolonial  Railway.)  The  northern  shore  of  the  eastern 
part  is  principally  composed  of  Silurian  and  Bonaventure  rocks  ;  the  southern,  at  Bathurst,  Bonaven- 
ture formation;  eastward,  to  Point  Miscou,  Middle  Carboniferous. 

Miramichi  Bay.  Shores  all  Middle  Carboniferous.  Carboniferous  rocks  constitute  the  whole  New 
Brunswick  shore  to  Pictou.    Prince  Edward  Island,  Permo-Carboniferous  and  Triassic. 

Quebec  to  Sagnenay  River. 

Suebec.  (See  notes  under  Intercolo.nial  Railway  and  Quebec  and  Gulf  Port  steamers.) 
urray  Bay.  An  outlier  of  Cambro-Silurian  rocks  liere  occupies  the  coast  for  a  distance  of  six 
miles,  and  runs  up  the  Murray  River  for  a  similar  distance,  gradually  narrowing  out.  The  rocks  arc 
well  displayed  in  White  Point  at  the  wharf  and  at  Les  Ecorchfis  on  the  east  side  of  the  bay.  They 
consist  of  limestones  and  calcareous  sandstones.  Black  River,  and  Trenton,  and  arc  highly  fossilifer- 
ouB  in  some  places.  Fossiliferons  glacial  clays  on  some  parts  of  the  beach  at  low  tide.  Ancient  sea- 
margin  terraces  with  marine  shells  to  height  of  over  600  feet  in  this  vicinity. 

Rividre  du  Loup.  Cambrian,  Marine  shells  in  glacial  clays  of  beach  on  east  side  of  bay  at  month 
of  river. 

Tadousac.  At  mouth  of  Saguenay  River.  Laurentian.  Fine  examples  of  terraces  at  severiil 
levels.  The  Saguenav  River,  from  this  point  to  Ha  Ha  Bay,  is  the  finest  example  of  a  fjord  on  the 
eastern  coast  or  Nortn  America,  and  is  celebrated  for  its  grand  and  gloomy  scenery.  It  possesses  all 
the  characters  of  a  true  fjord— bold  rocky  shores  without  beaches,  uniformity  in  width,  great  depth  in 
its  upper  part,  and  comparatively  shallow  water  at  its  mouth.  From  Tadousac  to  Ha  Ha  Bay  is  a  dis- 
tance of  about  sixty  miloa.  Near  this  point  the  valley  bifurcates,  one  branch  reaching  to  Lake  St. 
John— forty  miles— by  Chicoutimi,  while  the  other  is  occupied  in  part  by  Lake  Kenogami.  Tlie 
rocks  to  Ha  Ha  Bay  and  Chicoutimi  are  all  Laurentian,  and  generally  heavily  glaciated.  Near  the 
wharf  at  Ha  Ha,'Bay  an  intrusive  mass  characterized  by  anorthosite  felspar.  Round  Lake  St.  John 
extensive  area  of  Norian  rocks,  with  overlying  Cambro-Silurian,  and  jglacial  days  with  marine  shells. 
The  existence  of  this  great  fjord  is  probably  due  to  the  greater  drainage  area  tributary  to  it  as  com- 
pared with  other  rivers  on  the  north  snore,  and  it  was  probably  in  the  first  instance  excavated  by  the 
river  at  a  period  of  greater  continental  elevation  than  the  present. 

Port  ninlgrave  to  Sydney,  C  B.  (Steamers  connecting  with  Eastcn  Extension  Railway 
at  Port  Mulgrave  and  running  through  the  Bras  d'Or  Lakes  to  Sydney,  C.  B.) 

Port  Mulgrave.    (See  Notes  05  and  66,  under  Eastern  Extension  Railway.) 

The  Bras  d'Or  Lakes  are  celebrated  for  their  picturesque  scenery.  They  ar.-  almost  altogether  sur 
founded  by  a  fringe,  of  varying  width,  of  Lower  Carboniferous  rocks,  behind  which  rise  hills  of  Pre- 
Cambrian  rocks.    The  formations  met  with  in  Cape  Breton  generally  are,  however,  very  varied. 

Sydney.    Coal -format  ion  rocks,  with  the  most  important  coal  deposits  of  Cape  Breton.  The  prin- 
cipal workings  are  in  the  Sydney  main  seam,  averaging  about  six  feet  thick,  and  these  already  extend 
in  some  places  to  a  considerable  distance  beneath  the  sea.    Fine  section  on  northwest  side  of  Sydney 
Harbor,  described  by  Mr.  Brown  as  including  thirty-four  seams  of  coal  and  forty-one  underclays  with  | 
Stigmaria.   Erect  trees  and  Calamitcs  at  eighteen  distinct  levels.    Sydney  mines  afford  good  c  .'U  for  i 
gas-makin<;  and  steam  purposes,  yielding  a  istrong  coke. 

II.  Toronto  or  Hingaton  to  Montreal  by  Steamer.    This  is  a  favorite  route  with  tourlet'. 
After  leaving  Toronto,  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  Is  composed  of  Hudson  River  rocks  for  twenty  { 
miles.    Thence  Utica  twenty  miles,  Trenton  one  hundred  miles.    The  rocks  are  generally  heavily  cov- 
ered with  drift,  which  often  forms  steep  banks.    Both  shores,  and  the  islands  at  the  eastern  extremity 
of  the  lake,  are  based  on  Black  River  limestones.  The  north  shore  is  then  occupied  by  Laurentian  for 
about  thirty  miles,  the  river  cutting  through  a  narrow  neck  of  these  rocks,  which  connects  the  sreat  j 
Laurentian  area  to  the  north  with  that  occurring  in  New  York  State.    This  produces  the  well-known  j 
scenery  of  the  Thouf^and  Islands.    For  ten  miles  above  Brockville  the  rocks  on  the  north  shore,  Pots- 
dam ;  south  shore,  Laurentian  and  Potsdam.    Thence  Calciferous  on  both  shores  twenty-flve  inilei". 
Thence  to  Mill  Roches  (twenty-seven  miles),  north  sliore,  Chazy  :  s^nth  shore,  Calciferous.    Thence 
Calciferous  on  both  shores,  twenty-four  miles.    Thence  to  Cotea  i  i,  U.  <j  i  ,•!•  es),  north  shore,  Chnzy; 
south  shore,  Calciferous.   Thence,  for  eight  miles,  both  sh  jr<  ■  nnd  Grajiu  I  -laid ,  Calciferous.  Thence,  | 
In  twenty-six  miles,  Potsdam,  Calciferous,  Black  River,  Tron'  »/,  Ciiia,  iu  :i;  u  .i.  succession  tc  .lion-] 
treal.    (See  notes  on  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  which  runs  parallel  *  >  r.'>rtb  ilicto  of  iuke  and  river.) 


STEAMBOAT  ROUTES. 


88 


ite,  the  rivet- 
Quebec,  sec- 

ediate  porta. 

t  fine  distant 
in  rocks  form 
Cambro-8Ua- 
itains  are  par- 
rocks,  wnich 


iposed  of  Pre- 
south  shore  is 

!CT  Helderberg 
Excellent  sec- 
renture  (Lower 

jkable  pierced 

of  the  eastern 
urst,  Bonaven- 

the  whole  New 


irs.)  . 

distance  of  six 
The  rocks  arf 
the  bay.  They 
ighly  f  ossilttor- 
.    Ancient  sea- 

)f  bay  at  mouth 

■aces  at  sevenil 
'  a  fjord  on  the 
It  possesses  all 

great  depth  in 
.ia  Bay  is  a  dis- 
ling  to  Lake  St. 
lenogami.  The 
[iated.  Near  the 

Lake  St.  John 
h  marine  shells. 
Kry  to  it  as  com- 
[xcavated  by  the 

tension  Railway 


It  altogether  Bur- 
lise  hills  of  Pre- 
Iry  varied. 
Teton.  Theprin- 
3  already  extend 
.  Bide  of  Sydney 
lunderclays  witb 
Vd  good  c  ;il  fot 

ite  with  touriet«, 
frocks  for  twenty 
tally  heavily  cov- 
fastem  extremity 
ly  Laurentian  tot , 
Innects  the  trreat ; 
)  the  well-kiiiiwn 
orth  shore,  I'ots- 
jventy-flve  mili'f 
Iferous.    Thence 
Ih  shore,  Chii/y. 
liferous.  Thence,  | 
Iccession  to  .lion- 1 
le  and  river,) 


Thb  Rapids  op  thb  St.  Lawrknce.— Throughout  that  portion  of  the  river  characterized  by 
Irapids,  the  rocks  are  those  of  the  Cambro-Silurian  system.  The  Lacbine  Rapids  occur  over  the  out- 
crop of  the  Trenton  limestone,  the  wide  basin  occupied  by  the  river  below  being  excavated  in  the 
softer  Utica  shales.  With  this  exception,  no  very  marked  connection  between  the  geological  structure 
and  the  existence  of  the  rapids  is  evident.  The  rapidt'  may  be  said  to  begin  below  Prescott,  but  are 
mimportant  till  the  Upper  Long  Sault  i.i  reached,  thirty  miles  below  that  place.  Four  and  a  half 
niles  below  these  are  the  Lougue  Sault  liapids,  which  ave  twt.'ve  miles  in  length,  with  a  fall  of  forty- 
ei^ht  feet.  Farther  down,  at  C6teau,  the  rapids  recomiaence,  and  are  known  as  the  Cflteau  Rapids. 
3elow  these  is  calm  water  for  about  five  miles,  when  the  Cedar  Rapids,  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  occur, 
^f  ter  three  miles  of  calm  water  are  the  Cascade  Rapids,  below  which  Lake  St.  Louis,  at  the  moutn  of  the 
Jttawa  River,  is  entered.  The  Lachine  Rapids,  between  this  lake  and  Montreal,  are  the  last,  with  a 
descent  of  forty-five  feet.  Above  the  Lachine  Rapids  (he  descent  of  the  river  is  one  hundred  and 
leventy-flve  feet,  making  the  total  descent,  from  Lak^  Ontario  to  the  head  of  ocean  navigation  in 
Iho  harbor  of  Montreal,  two  hundred  and  twenty  feet.  The  average  fall  of  the  river  is  about  eighteen 
mches  to  the  mile,  but  a  large  part  of  thii?  descent  is  accomplished  in  the  various  rapids.  These  are 
lurmonnted  by  vessels  ascending  the  river  by  a  series  of  canals,  aggregnting  forty-two  miles  in  length. 

III.  Routes  flrom  8anua,  Owen  8oand,  CoUinswood,  etc.,  to  Port  Arthur  (con- 
necting there  with  C.  P.  Railway). 

Two  main  routes  are  followed— one  to  the  south  of  Manitoulin  Islands  to'Sault  St.  Marie,  the  other 
J  the  north  of  the  islands  to  the  same  point.  The  boats  leaving  the  last-mentioned  ports  frequently 
ake  the  north  shore  route,  which,  from  a  geological  or  picturesque  point  of  view,  is  to  be  preferred. 

The  south  shore  of  the  Manitoulin  Islands  is  throughout  composed  of  Niagara  limestones,  with 
kutlying  patches  of  Guelph  in  some  places. 

After  clearing  Notawasaga  Bay,  the  northeast  shore  of  Georgian  Bay  is  Laurentian  to  and  at  KU- 
amey.  Thence  the  shore  of  the  mainland  is  for  seventy-flve  miles  Hiironian,  the  off-lying  islands  con- 
Jlsting  of  Cambro-Silurian  rocks,  from  the  Black  River  series  to  the  Niagara.  The  north  shore  is  then 
lor  twenty  miles  Laurentian,  this  formation  forming  a  narrow  band  with  Huronian  behind.  Then 
venty  miles  Huronian  to  Bruce  Mings. 

Bruce  Mines.  Good  locality  for  studying  the  Huronian  rocks.  Copper-mines  at  one  time  exten- 
ively  worked;  at  present  closed.  The  veins  traverse  a  mass  of  Interstratified  diorlte.  The  ore  is 
miefly  copper  pyrites.  From  Bruce  Mines  for  ten  miles,  north  shore,  Huronian  ;  south  shore,  Cam- 
Iro-Silurian.  Thence  to  Lake  Superior,  both  Sugar  Island  and  the  southwest  main  shore  of  peculiar 
Bd  and  spotted  sandstone  of  Potsdam  or  Chazy  age.  Thence  to  Port  Arthur  steamers  generally  run 
Br  from  land.  The  north  shore  is  principally  Laurentian  and  Huronian  to  Nipigon  Bay,  whence 
Bwer  Cambrian  rocks  characterize  the  shore  and  form  all  the  off-lying  islands  to  Thunder  Bay. 

Thunder  Bay.    (Sec  Note  224,  under  C.  P.  Railway.) 

IV.  Ttctoria  to  Nanaimo  and  Comox  and  Northward. 
Victoria.    Highly  altered  rocks  dioritic,  felspathic,  and  micaceous,  in  a  few  places  becoming  al- 

jost  gneissic,  witii  interbedded  black  argillites  and  crystalline  limestones.  The  latter  in  a  few  places 
|old  obscure  fossils,  which  are  Palajozoic  and  very  probably  Carboniferous.  Many  intrasive  syenltic, 
tc..  masses  ;  one  of  which  characterizes  both  sides  of  Victoria  Harbor  at  the  entrance.  The  rocks  or 
^is  vicinity  may  be  taken  as  typical  of  those  forming  the  axial  portions  of  Vancouver  Island,  and  are 
irgely  altered  vclcanic  products.  Limestone  may  be  observed  near  entrance  to  Beacon  Hill  Park,  and 
t  the  shore  at  the  west  end  of  the  town.  Fossils  in  limestone  on  road  near  east  side  of  Esquimau  Bay. 
fery  fine  glaciated  rocks  every\vhere  along  the  shore.  These  are  overlain  by  boulder-clay,  and  this 
gain  by  stratified  clays  and  sands  which  in  some  places  yield  marine  sheik.  Good  sections  of  all 
Bese  deposits  in  shore  cliffs.  (See  papers  in  "  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc,"  Vol.  XXXIV.,  p.  89,  and  ibid., 
Bl.) 

From  Victoria,  northward  along  coast,  similar  rocks  to  Saanich  Point,  the  end  of  which  is  fringed 
'  Cretaceous. 
Cowichan  Harbor.    South  side.  Cretaceous.    North  side,  metamorphic  rocks  (Carboniferous?). 
Maj)le  Bay.    South  side.  Cretaceous  ;  north  side  and  at  wharf,  similar  metamorphic  rocks.    From 
jple  Bay,  for  eight  miles,  coast  metamorphic,  off-lying  islands  Cretaceous.    Thence  to  Dodd  Nar- 
Itvs,  coast  and  island  Cretaceous.    (Productive  coal  measures.)    Just  north  of  Dodd  Narrows,  high 
pfis  of  these  rocks. 

Nanaimo  and  Departure  Bay.  Productive  coal  measures  (Cretaceous).  Extensive  coal-mines, 
ttms  worked  five  to  fifteen  feet.  These  are  true  bituminous  coals,  yielding  a  good  coke,  and  suitable 
■  gas  manufacture.  From  Departure  Bay,  for  fourteen  miles,  the  coast  chiefly  of  metamorphic  rocks 
ke  those  above  described.    Thence  to  Comox,  forty-two  miles,  Cretaceous. 

Comox.  An  extensive  coal-field,  but  by  reason  of  the  more  accessible  position  of  Nanaimo  the 
Sues  here  are  not  at  present  worked.  On  Texada  Island,  to  the  northeast,  fine  deposit  of  magnetic 
pn-ore. 

N.  B.— The  route  above  described  is  that  taken  by  coasting  steamers.    Steamers  bound  north- 
krd  to  Port  Simpson  and  Alaska  generally  pass  farther  out  near  the  off-lying  islands.    These  are 
Tiost  altogether  composed  of  Cretaceous  rocks,  and,  in  consequence  of  their  general  northeastward 
D,  the  outer  tier  of  islands  displays  the  higher  members  of  the  formation  as  here  developed.    The 
pithwestem  sides  of  the  islands  generally  form  low  sandstone  cl'ffs. 
Route  Northward  from  abreaHt  Comox  to  Port  Simpson  and  Alanka.    From  Comox 
'  Cretaceous  rocks  probably  extend  in  a  wide  belt  alonij  the  share  nearly  to  Seymour  Narrows,  but 
i  heavily  covered  by  drift  deposits,  which  form  white  cuffs.   High  mountains  in  the  interior  of  Van- 
aver  Island  composed,  so  far  as  known,  of  crystalline  rocks,  witli  extensive  OTanite  intrusions. 
Seymour  Narrows  and  northward  to  Alert  Bay.    Metamorphic  and  crystalline  rocks.    (See  Note 
,  Can.  Pacific  Railway,  W.  Coast  portion.)    Near  Port  McNeil,  rretaceous  rocks  again  form  a  strip 
\\ow  country,  extending  back  from  the  shore,  and  continue  to  Beaver  Harbor.    Thomas  Point  and 
Tth  shore  of  Beaver  Harbor,  and  thence  to  north  end  of  Vancouver  Island,  all  rocks  of  the  older 
ties.  Similar  metamorphic  and  crystalline  rocks,  with  Interbedded  slaty  argillites  and  limestones,  and 
pitic  intrusions  northward  to  vVrangel,  in  Alaska.  In  vicinity  of  Port  Simpson,  slaty  argillites  and 
ca  schists  with  limestones  extensively  developed.    Near  Wrangel  sunilar  mica  schists  yield  very 
!  garnet  crystals.    Wrangel  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Stickeen  River,  by  which  the  gold-mines  of  Cas- 
f  are  reached. 


>■> 


m 


If   'I 

I 
I*    ■ 


m 


■. 


!  . 


■; 


\ 


!  i 


Cl^e  Slefo  ^ttglatti)  States. 


General  Note  on  the  Geoloot  of  New  England. 

The  geology  of  the  New  England  States  is  moch  more  difficult  than  that  of  the  country  west  of 
the  Hudson  River  and  Lake  Champlaln.  The  rocks  are  very  largely  crystalline,  besides  being  greatly 
contorted  and  folded.  Both  Archaean  and  metamorphic  Paleozoic  groups  are  represented,  and  geolo- 
gists have  disagreed  as  to  the  extent  occupied  by  each  of  these  two  series.  A  quarter  of  a  century 
since  (before  1^)  the  opinion  was  commonly  entertained  that  these  crystallines  consisted  entirely  of 
Paleozoic  rocks  in  an  altered  condition ;  now  it  is  generally  concedea  that  many  of  the  older  areas 
are  to  be  found.  Different  views  are  also  entertained  as  to  the  value  of  lithologlcal  distinctions  for 
chronological  purposes.  Fortunately,  a  few  fossiliferous  areas  have  escaped  the  ravages  of  upheaval 
and  denudation,  and  it  is  only  by  a  study  of  the  relations  of  these  to  the  underlying  or  overlying  crys- 
tallines, that  any  attempt  at  correlation  is  possible.  The  principal  localities  where  fossils  are  found 
are  (1)  the  region  of  the  Taconic  schists  and  Stockbridge  limestones  :  (3)  that  of  probably  Devonian 
limestone  in  the  Connecticut  Valley  at  Bemardston  ;  and  Niagara  limestones  at  Littleton,  N.  H. ; 
and  (3)  that  of  carboniferous  rocks  in  Rhode  Island  and  their  continuation  northeastward  into  Massa- 
i  cbusetts.  Devonian  fossils  have  been  found  in  the  northern  part  of  Maine,  and  Silurian  and  Devo- 
nian in  the  eastern  part  of  Maine.  The  16.  Triassic  of  Connecticut  Valley  need  not  be  named  as  one 
of  these  doubtful  areas. 

The  scheme  of  classification  proposed  by  Prafessor  C.  H.  Hitchcock  for  the  whole  of  New  Eng- 
land is  printed  on  an  introducto^  page,  while  his  determinations  as  to  the  formation  at  each  railroad 
station  are  those  given  in  this  "  Quide  "  for  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  and  Connecticut.  In 
the  chapter  on  Massachusetts,  the  determinations  for  each  railway  station  are  given  by  Professor  W. 
O.  Crosby,  representing  a  class  of  geologists  holding  widely  different  views,  who  recognize  the  Taconic 
system  and  believe  that  the  white  crystalline  marble,  3,000  feet  thick,  in  Berkshire  Cfounty,  Mass.,  lies 
below  the  Cambrian,  and  is  a  distinct  and  much  older  formation  ;  and  claim  that  the  fossils  referred 
to  occur  in  outliers  of  the  newer,  resting  on  these  older  formations,  just  as  they  often  do  elsewhere. 
They  also  claim  that  the  highly  crystalline  Taconic  schists  can  not  be  correlated  successfully  with  the 
I  Cambrian  or  with  the  Hudson  River  group. 

The  following  scheme  of  classification  of  the  New  England  crystallines,  by  Professor  Hitchcock, 
I  is  also  very  different  from  that  given  by  Professor  W.  O.  Crosby  for  Massachusetts.    The  differences 

■  are  occasioned  chiefly  by  the  views  entertained  concerning  the  igneous  rocks,  syenites,  granite,  and 

■  "orphyry.    In  Dr.  Hitchcock's  scheme  these  are  regarded  as  of  later  origin  than  the  gnefsses,  which 
ave  been  disturbed  by  their  eruption  ;  but  Professor  Crosby  seems  to  regard  many  of  the  syenites, 

Ifelsites,  and  diorites  as  older  than  the  gneisses  ;  because  the  latter  appear  to  rest  or  lean  upon  the  un- 
Istratified  rocks.  The  difference  is  so  radical  that  the  schemes  can  not  be  harmonized.  But,  in  a  work 
|of  this  character,  it  is  right  that  the  different  views  should  be  represented. 

Professor  Hitchcock  also  thinks  that  the  word  Montalban  is  misleading,  and,  as  restricted  by  him 
■in  New  Hampshire,  it  would  not  embrace  over  one  sixth  part  of  the  rocks  so  named  by  Professor 
■Crosby.  The  typical  area  of  Montalban  in  the  White  Mountains  is  said  by  the  former  to  be  either 
|overlaid  or  cutoy  the  rock  called  Norian  by  Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt  and  Professor  Crosby.    Hence,  it  is 

claimed,  the  Norian  is  the  newer  of  the  two,  and  the  scheme  proposed  for  Massachusetts  is  by  him 

considered  erroneous. 

However  the  reader  may  differ  with  either  party,  he  will  find  much  positive  knowledge  which  all 
jciU  accept  in  these  pages,  where  the  kinds  of  rock  along  the  railroads  are  given,  i.  e.,  gneiss,  mica 
schists,  granite,  etc.,  and  we  can  leave  it  to  time  to  give  to  these  formations  of  doubtful  age  their  true 
place  in  the  series,  for  it  is  believed  that  the  discovery  of  fossils  here  and  there  about  New  England 
may,  after  a  while,  settle  the  geology  of  a  large  portion  of  that  difllcnlt  country,  and  that  even  an 
Accepted  classification  of  the  crystalline  rocks  may  be  accomplished.  J.  M. 


/ 


86      AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  ENGLAND.) 


I  >' 


'.i; 


aht  S^lmxH,  antr  Conmrtkut, 


Table  of  the  Qeological  Formations  of  the  New  England  States^ 
By  Professor  C.  H.  Hitchcock. 


Cenozoic. 


20.  Quaternary. 


19.  Tertiary. 


20  c.  Terraces. 

20  b.  Champlain  Clays. 

20  a.  Till,  drumlins, 

Terminal  Moraine. 
19  c.  Pliocene. 
19  b.  Miocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 


Mesozoic. 


16.  Triassic. 


1 16.  Triassic. 


Paleozoic. 


14.  Carbonifer's, 


8-10.  Devonian. 
« 

6-7.  Silurian. 


8-4.  Cambro- 
Silurian. 
tt 
<t 

u 

<i 

u 
« 

2.  Cambrian. 


14  b.  Coal  Measures. 

14  a.  Lower  Carboniferous. 

ilO  B.  s.  Probably  Hamil- 
ton.    Slates  of  St, 
Croix  River. 
9.  Upper  Helderberg  1.  s. 
8.  Ori^kany  Group. 
7.  Lower  Helderberg. 
6.  Niagara. 

4  d.  Magnesian  Slate  (Em- 
mons), possibly  Cam- 
brian. 
4  c.  Lorraine  Shales. 
4  b.  Utica  Slate. 

!4  a.  Trenton  Limestone. 
Black  River  and 
Birdseye  I.  e. 
8  c.  Chazy  1.  s. 
8  b.  Levis  Limestone. 
3  a.  Calcif erous  Sandrock. 

i2  b.  Potsdam  ss.  si.  qu 
Georgia  Group,  Clay 
Slate. 
'  2  a.  Acadian.  Clay  Slates 
unfossiliferous. 
Taconic  Slate  (in 
part). 


Foliated  Crystalline  Series. 

E.  Groups  of  debatable  age,  probably  pre- 
Cambrian. 
Rockingham  Group,  Slates  and  Quartzites 
'Calci/erous  Mica  Schist. 
Staurolite  Slates  and  Schists, 
Quartzites. 
Kearsaree  Group. 


Coos  Group. 


Foliated 
D.  Huronian. 


B 


A, 


Subdivided 
in  Connecticut 
Valley  into 
Auriferous 
conglomerate, 
Lymau  and 
Lisbon  groups 
Upper  ^ 

Laurentian  J 

Middle         I 
Laurentian  C 


Crystalline  Series — Con. 
'Hydromica   (talcose) 

Schists  and  Grits. 
Volcanic  Group  of  Selwyn 
Hornblende  Schist. 
Merrimack  Group  and 

Schists. 
Rockingham  Group  (in 

part). 
Ferruginous  Slates  (N.  H). 

Montalban. 


Lower 
Laurentian 


Green  Mountain  Gneiss. 
Lake  Winnipiseogee  Gneiss, 
Bethlehem  Gneiss. 
Porphyritic  Gneiss. 
Adirondack  Gneiss. 
K.  2.  and  K.  3.  of  Corm. 


Eruptive  Crystalline  Rocks. 

'  Mesozoic  Diabase  or  Dolerit& 
Older  Diabase. 
Diorite. 
Melaphyr. 
Gabbro. 

Felsite. 

Porphyry. 

Granite. 

Syenite. 

Protogene. 


Cambrian  and  Cambro-Silurian  Rocks 
of  the  Champlain  Valley,  with  their 
thickness  in  feet. 

4  c.  Lorraine  Slate 400 

Hydromica  Schist,  Taconic  Range. . . .  2,000 

4  b.  Utica  Slate 800 

4  a.  Trenton  Limestone 400-600 

Black  River,  or  La  Motti;  and  Birds- 
eye  Limestone 40 

3  c.  Chazy  Limestone 400 

3  b.  Levis  Limestone 600 

8  a.  Upper  Calcif  erous  Sandrock  ....  200 

Lower            "                 "  400 

Fucoidal  Layer . .  200 

Potsdam  Sandstone,  red 600 

"           gray 310 

"         quartzite 1,200 

Georgia  Slates 8,000 

Cambrian  Slates  and  Schists 4,000  ^ 

Total  thickness 14,150 


NEW  ENGLAND.    (MAINE.) 


87 


Eruptive  Crystalline  Rocks 
Mica  Diabase. 
Porphyritio  Diabase. 
Anorthite  Diabase. 
Olivine  Diabase. 
Basic.    ■{  Ordinary  Diorite. 
Porphyritio  Diorite. 
Mica  Diorite. 
Labradorlte  Diorite. 
Gabbro. 


of  New  Hampihire,  with  local  names. 

Felcite. 

Porphy^.  ,.    • 

Quartz  Porphyry. 

Orthoclase  Porphyry. 

Pequawlcet  Breccia. 

Muscovite  Granite. 

Muscovite  Biotite  or  Concord  Gr. 

Franconia  Breccia  Granite. 

Biotite  or  Conway  Granite. 

Mica  Hornblende  or  Ghocorua  Gr. 

Hornblende  or  Albany  Granite. 

Protogene. 

Granitell. 

Granite  of  Veins. 

Augite  Syenite. 

Hornblende  Syenite. 


Maine.' 


Mb.  I 


Maine  Central  Railroad. 


OlPortland, 

D. 

Huronian. 

1.) 

8 

Falmouth. 

B. 

Laurentian. 

*9 

16 

Yarmouth. 

i( 

88 

20 

Freeport. 

(1 

li!7 

26 

Gall  Bill. 

n 

12« 

29 

Brunswick. 

tl 

«4 

87 

Bowdoinham. 

(i 

10 

44 

Richmond. 

It 

77 

66 

Gardner. 

<l 

23 

60 

Hallowell. 

"     Granite. 

84 

62 

Augusta. 

ii           <( 

48 

10 

Riverside. 

2. 

Cambrian. 

81 

Waterville. 

(1 

117 

89 

Clinton. 

D. 

Huronian. 

133 

94 

Bumham. 

tl 

187 

101 

Pittsfield. 

(i 

210 

108 

Newport. 

Ii 

200 

117 

Etna. 

11 

126 

Herman  Pond. 

(1 

136 

Bangor. 

II 

13 

Skowhegan  Division. 


0 
11 
19 


Waterville. 
Pishon  Feny. 
Skowhegan. 


2.  Cambrian. 
D.  Huronian. 


117 


Ms. 


Lewlston  Division. 


0 
8 
19 
29 
86 
46 
66 
61 
74 
84 


Portland. 

Falmouth. 

Gray. 

Danville  Junc'n, 

Lewieton. 

Leeds  Junction. 

Winthrop.  • 

Readfield. 

North  Belgrade. 

Waterville. 


D.  Huronian. 

B.  Laurentian. 

Ii 

C.  Montalban. 

II 

II 
II 


2.  Cambrian. 


-7? 

49 
106 
200 
200 

IT» 


117 


Belfast  Division. 


0 
8 

12 
22 
82 
84 


Bumham. 
Unity, 
Thomdike. 
Brooks. 
City  Point, 
i  Belfast. 


D.  Huronian. 

II 


B.  Laurentian. 
E.  Pre-Cambrian. 


18? 

IS 

376 

29 


29 


Dexter  Division. 


0 

1 

14 


Newport. 

Corinna. 

Dexter. 


D.  Huronian. 

II 


I.  The  eruptive roclia  of  Maine  have  not  been  studied  yet.  The  "traps"  along  the  sea  shore  are 
I  of  at  least  four  different  ages.  The  oldest  is  porohyritic  ;  the  second  metalliferous j  the  third  was 
ejected  earlier  than  the  Devonian  ;  while  the  fourth  uas  cut  Uamilton  sandstones,  ui  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  is  a  trappean  conglomerate,  with  pebbles  more  than  a  yard  in  diameter.  A  light- 
colored,  coarse  diorite  forma  a  mountain  mass  in  Rangely,  and  the  same  material  is  commingled 
with  serpenrine  fai'tber  north,  nearer  the  Canada  line.  The  granites  and  syenites  are  as  varied  as  those 
of  New  Hampshire.  The  granite  of  Biddeford  is  the  same  as  the  Conway  granite  of  New  Hampshire, 
but  with  fewer  cavities  to  produce  disintegration.  A  drab-colored  porphyry  occurs  in  mountain 
masses  upon  Mooiietaead  Lake  and  near  Mount  Katahdin.  Siliceous  slates  and  jaspers  abound  on 
I  the  coast  of  Washington  County. 

The  Lower  Helderberg  is  also  cat  by  trap  dikes  in  several  localities. 


88      AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  ENGLAND.) 


U  ■ 


e 


:P: 


Ma.  I 


Malae  Centml  Railroad— Con. 

Androscoggin  Division. 


0 
9 
20 
i1 
84 
44 
04 
67 
74 


Batb. 

Brunswick. 
Lisbon. 
Lewiston. 
Leeds  Junction. 
North  Leeds. 
Livennore  Falls. 
Wilton. 
Farmington. 


[B.  Laurcntian. 

/  " 

0.  Montalban. 


It 
41 


64 

100 
t71 
180 


D.  Huronian. 
B.  Lake  Gneiss. 

E.  Pre-Gambrian. 


Bangor  to  Vanceboro. 


0 

4 

7 

9 

10 

12 

18 

14 

19 

28 

27 

81 

86 

45 

66 

68 

66 

79 

88 

98 

98 

102 

114 


Bangor. 

Yeazia. 

Buson  Mills. 

Orono. 

Webbter. 

Great  Works. 

Old  Town.* 

Milford. 

Costigau. 

Grcenbush. 

Olamon. 

Passadumkeag. 

Enfield. 

Lincoln. 

Winn. 

Mattawamkeag. 

Kingman. 

Bancroft. 

Danfortb. 

Eaton. 

Forrest 

Toma. 

Vanceboro.' 


D.  Huronian. 

iC 

it 
(I 
(( 
II 
l( 
II 
II 
II 
II 


11 

110 
06 


88 


111 


181 
131 


"and  granite.!  9° 

goa 


801 

388 
333 
379 
400 

438 


8-4.  Camb.  Silurian.  3  9* 


Bangor  to  Mt.  Desert. 


187 
148 
164 
166 
176 

179 


Bangor.^ 
Holden. 

Ellsworth  Falls. 
Ellsworth. 
Hancock. 
Mt.    Desert 
Ferry. 


7  Mt.    Desert  | 

(     Ferry.       J 


D.  Huronian. 

Granite. 

D.  Huronian. 

D.  Huronian. 
<i 


18 


Ma. 


Knox  and  lilaoola  Railroad. 


OBath. 


11 
18 
80 
87 

4fi 

49 


Wiscasset. 
New  Castle. 
Waterloo. 
Warren. 

Thomaflton.' 

Rockland. 


B.  Laurentlan. 
i< 

u 

<i 
<i 

j  8-4.  Limestone.  Cam< 
(  bro-Silurian. 

"  and  Quartzite. 


Bansor  and  Plaeataqolo  Railroad. 


OlBangor. 
12  Old  Town.* 
21 1  Alton. 
81jLagrange. 
40|Milo. 
68!  Dover. 
61  Guilford. 


64 
66 
81 
88 


Abbot. 
Blanchard. 
Shirley. 
Greenville  and 
Moosehead. 


D.  Huronian. 


II 
II 
11 


TT 

88 


2.  Cambriaa 


II 
II 

u 
11 
11 


Portland  and  Rooheater  Railroad. 


0 
8 
6 
6 

10 
16 
18 
21 
26 
28 
82 
86 
48 
49 
62 


Portland,  Me. 
Westbrook. 
Cumberland  Mb. 
Saccarappa. 
Gorham. 
Buxton  Centre. 
Saco  River. 
HoUis  Centre. 
Cen.Waterboro. 
S.  Waterboro. 
Alfred. 
Springvale. 
E.  Lebanon. 
E.Rochest.,  N.H. 
Rochester. 


D.  Huronian. 
0.  Montalban. 

E.  Pre-Cambrian. 


19 

as 


It 
II 
It 
It 
It 


Syenite. 

C.  Montalban. 

E.  Eearsarge  Group. 


Someraet  Railroad. 


0|  North  Anson. 

41  Anson. 
12|Norridgewock. 
26iOakland. 


D.  Huronian. 

ti 

II 
II 


2.  Livennore.  Station  at  gorge  in  Pemigewasset  River,  and  shows  finely  several  dikes  of  igneooa 
rocks  of  different  ages.  As  carefully  stndied  by  Dr.  Hawes,  they  are  diabase,  olivine  diabase,  olorite, 
syenite,  and  granite. 

8.  Thomaston.  The  location  of  the  limestone-qoarries  f  omiBhing  the  famous  Rockland  or  Maine 
lime. 

4.  Oldtown.  Most  of  the  ancient  valleys  of  New  England  have  an  escar  or  ridge  of  coarse  envel 
and  sand  following  the  channel  of  the  current  as  the  ice  of  the  glacier  period  began  to  melt.  These 
ridges  are  more  common  in  Maine  than  elsewhere. 

6.  Vanceboro.  The  pale  argilUtes  along  the  St.  Croix  River,  near  and  below  Vanceboro,  are 
called  Devonian  by  Messrs.  Bailey  and  Matthew,  provincial  geologists  of  New  Bmnswick,  because  of 
the  discovery  of  the  remains  of  Lepidodendron  in  it  in  the  Magaguadavic  Valley. 

6.  Eastport.  These  same  authors  regard  the  red  sandstones  near  Eastport  as  of  Lower  Carbon* 
Iferons  age,  instead  of  the  Hamilton  Devonian,  as  they  have  been  heretofore  referred.  St.  Andrews, 
N.  B.,  or  Calais,  Me.,  is  the  nearest  railroad  station  to  Eastport. 


/ 


NEW  ENGLAND.    (NEW  HAMPSHIRE.) 


89 


New  Hampshire/ 


Ms. 

~o' 

6 
11 

18 

27 

86 

41 

47 

«ft 

05 

70 

80 

86 

91 

98 

103 

122 

184 

142 

149 

166 

176 


Oimnd  Trnnk  Railway. 


Portland,  Me, 
Falmouth. 
Yarmouth. 
Pownal. 

Danville  Juno'n. 
Mechanic  Falls. 
Oxford. 
South  Paris." 
West  Paris. 
Locke's  Mills. 
Bethel. 
Oilead. 

Shelbume,  N.  H, 
Gorham.   ■ 
Berlin  Falls* 
Milan. 
Groveton. 
North  Stratford. 
Wenlock. 
Island  Pond. 
Norton  Mills. 
Coaticookc. 


D.  Huroniau. 
B.  Laurentian. 

41 

0.  Montalban. 
i< 

II 

It 

B.  Laurentian. 
<i 

li 

K 

G.  Montalban. 

it 


B.  Lake  Group. 

i( 

D.  Huronian. 

II 

(iranite. 
II 

II 

E.  Calcife's  Mica 


49 

94 

143 

too 

•  98 
131 

a«9 

483 
718 
646 
711 

704 

794 

1016 

1060 

884 

902 

1  168 

1197 

13S7 

Schist. 


(Continued  in  Canada.) 


Portland  and  Oadenabnrc  Railroad. 


0 
6 
11 
17 
24 
82 
86 
48 
49 
66 


Portland,  Me. 
Westbrook 
So.  Windham. 
Sebago  Lake. 
Steep  Falls. 
Baldwin. 
Hiram. 
Brownfield. 
Fryeburg. 
Conway  C.N.H. 


D.  Huronian. 

0.  Montalban. 
<i 


<i 
II 
II 
II 
II 
11 


Conway  Granite. 


16 
19 


«74 
308 


396 
4t0 
400 


Ms.  I  Portland  dc  Ogdonsbars  R.  R.— Con. 


60 

66 

72 

78 

87 

91 

96 

100 

104 

114 


North  Conway.^ 
Glen  Station. 
Upper  Bartlett. 
Bemis. 

Crawford's.'" 
Fabyan's. 
TwinMount'n." 
Bethlehem  June. 
Wing  Road. 
Liineiiuurg,  Vt. 


Conway  Granite. 
Albany  Granite. 
Conway  Granite. 
C.  Montalban. 


B.  Bethlehem  Or. 
i< 

A.  Laurentian. 
D.  Huronian. 


S30 
660 
19« 
1903 
1871 
1378 
1187 
1019 


Boston  and  Lnwell  Railroad. 


0 
10 
18 
27 
83 
48 
61 
69 
67 
71 
84 


Concord. '  ^ 

Canterbury. 

Tilton. 

Laconia. 

Weirs.  »* 

Ashland.*' 

Plymouth. 

Ruraiiey. 

Wentworth. 

Warren. 

Haverhill. 


48S 


Concord  Granite.      •'* 

E.  Rockingham  Schist. 

B.  Lake  Gneiss. 

G.  Montalban. 

A.  Porphyritic  Gneiss. 
II 


9;,  Wells  River. 


103 

118 
120 
124 
129 
134 
1'20 
128 
186 
146 


Lisbon. 
North  Lisbon. 
Littleton.'^ 
Willy  Road. 
Bethlehem. 
Twin  Mountidn. 
Fabyan's. 
Wing  Road. 
Daltou. 
Lancaster. 
Groveton  June. 


C.  Montalban. 
II 

B.  Lake  Gneiss. 

11 


474 
810 


736 
413 
443 


D.  Huronian. 

"        Lyman. 

"        Lisbon.'" 

6.  Niagara.  «•' 

E.  CoosandS.Niag."" 

A.  Porphyritic Gn.  '"» 

B.  Bethlehem  Gn.  »'" 

"(Loc.Glacier)»"» 

C.  Montalban.         i»^* 
A.  Porphyn.ic  Gn.  i°>9 

D.  Huronian.  ««» 

l<  8  70 

II  901 


7.  The  New  Hampshire  formations  are  believed  to  poBsess  thickness  as  follows :  Niagara,  500 
feet ;  Calciferons  mica  schists,  4,800  feet ;  CoOs  group,  7,300  feet ;  Cambrian  slates  of  Connectient 

I  Valley,  8,000  feet ;  Kearsarge  group,  1,300  feet ;  Rockingtiam  mica  schists,  6,000  feet ;  Merrimack 
group,  4,300  feet ;  Huronian,  13,000  feet ;  Montalban,  10,000  feet ;  Lake  Winniplseogee  gneiss,  18,000 
feet ;  Bethlehem  gneiss,  6,000  feet ;  porphyritic  gneiss,  6,000  feet. 

8.  Paris.    Locality  of  the  famous  red  and  green  tourmalines.    At  least  one  hundred  remarkably 
^J  fine  specimens  of  tourmaline  have  been  taken  from  this  vein  and  placed  in  museums  or  cut  as  gems. 

les  of  ignepoB     ^1  Forty  varieties  of  minerals  occur  in  a  coarse  granite,  one  of  which  is  mica  in  large  plates. 
Ibase,  morite,     ^m      i.  North  Conway.    Mount  EUarsarge.  in  Full  view  from  the  station,  is  a  conical  mass  of  Albany 
^n  granite  which  has  broken  tiirough  both  the  Conway  granite  and  a  slate,  and  contains  numerous  frag- 
Iments  of  both  these  rocks  in  its  igneous  embrace. 

I  10.  Crawford  House.  The  railroad  passes  from  here  through  the  well-known  notch  of  the  White 
iMonntains  and  around  the  base  of  Mount  Wiliard,  a  region  as  famous  for  its  varieties  of  granite  as  for 
iKenery.  The  cut  at  the  summit  is  through  typical  Montalban  schists.  Opposite  Dismal  Pool  it  ia 
■traversed  by  an  enormous  vein  of  fine-grained  granite,  which  has  also  cemented  together  immense 
Ifragmentsof  the  Montalban  schists.  The  junction  between  this  Franconia  breccia  and  the  sacceeding 
iConway  granite,  may  be  followed  up  a  cliff  for  one  thousand  feet  higher  than  the  railroad,  the  latter  rock 
,  ^Jhavine  oeen  erupted  last.  Between  this  Conway  granite  and  a  dark  slate  often  filled  with  large  pencils 

Iwer  Cwbon*     ^Bof  andalosite  is  the  interesting  vein,  three  hundred  feet  wide,  of  Albany  granite,  which  illustrates  the 
1st  Andrewfli     ^■action  of  a  melted  rock  upon  slates,  giving  rise  to  "  contact  phenomena."    The  slates  have  been  ren« 
dered  more  crystalline ;  have  been  altered  Into  homstone ;  the  broken  pieces  have  been  cemented  by  a 
siliceous  paste  full  of  microscopic  tourmalines;  and  Carlsbad  twin  crystals  of  orthoclase,  with  dihex- 
lagonal  pyramids  of  quartz,  are  developed  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Albany  granite.   All  these  and  other 
linteresting  phenomena  mur  be  seen  along  the  railroad  in  a  walk  of  half  a  mile. 
]      11.  Twin  Mountain.    The  large  boulders  of  granite  east  of  the  hotel  are  part  of  the  moraine  of  a 
jlocal  glacier  which  has  moved  in  a  northwest  direction.  The  boolders  have  certainly  been  tranaported 
■from  some  ledge  nearer  Mount  Washington  than  Fabyans's.        ' 


ma 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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■^  i^    |2.2 

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► 

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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREIT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  •72-490& 


qv 


4? 


o 


"-^ 


6^ 


^'1 

lit 


"  III 


^'  ' 


P  :f 


1 


90      AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  ENGLAND.) 


Boston  and  liOwell  Railroad— Con. 

Ms.  I  Concord  to  Nashua. 


0 
6 
9 
13 
18 
26 
29 
86 


Concord. 

Suncook. 

Hooksett.!^ 

Martin's. 

Manchester.*^ 

Reed's. 

Thornton's. 

Nashua. 


Concord  Granite. 

C.  Montalban. 

it 

B.  Lake  Gneiss. 

it 

u 

i( 

D.  Merrimack  Gr'up.*'° 


SSI 
S06 
199 
181 
137 
185 


Sancook  Valley  Branch. 


OiHboksett.*^ 
20!Fittsfield. 


eo6 


C.  Montalban. 

E.  Rockingham  Sch.  *»» 


Northern  Division. 


0 
1 
14 
11 
26 
81 
44 
62 
69 
66 
69 


Concord. 

Penacook. 

Nor.  Boscawen. 

Franklin. 

East  Andover. 

Potter  Place.  i« 

Grafton." 

Canaan. 

Enfield. 

Lebanon. 

W.  R.  Junction. 


Concord  Granite. 
G.  Montalban. 


tt 

«c 


<sf 

S68 
S90 
363 
((  661 

E.  Kearsarge  Gr.      ^'^ 

A.  Porphyr.  Gneiss.  *** 
D.HomblendeSchist.^" 

B.  Bethlehem  Gneiss.  ^  <" ' 
u  s  10 

D.  Hornblende  Sch.  ^^9 


Concord  and  Claremont  Division. 


0 
8 
12 
18 
28 
2t 
84 
43 
48 

_51 
12 
20 
27 
88 


Concord.' 9 

Mast  Tard. 

Contoooook. 

Warner. 

Roby's  Comers. 

Bradford. 

Newbury. 

Newport. 

Eelleysville. 

Claremcnt. 


Contoocook. 
Henniker. 
Hillsboro. 
Antrim. 


ZS2 

D.  Fernig.  Schists.  ^'" 
Concord  Granite.  '^' 
B.  Lake  Gneiss.  *" 
A.  Porpbyiitic  Gneiss. 

««  679 

1130 

892 

707 


<( 

B.  Lake  Gneiss. 


E.  Calc.  Mica  Sch.     b*3 


373 


Concord  Granite 

A.  Porphyr.  Gneiss.  *l^ 

B.  Lake  Gneiss. 


S74 


Ms.  I    Concord  and  Claremont  Division.— Con. 


85  Bennington. 
87  Hancock  Junct 

A.  Laurentian. 

« 

44Peterboro. 

B.  Lake  Gneiss. 

744 

Nashua  to  Eeene. 

0 

Boston. 

135 

40 

Nashua. 

D.  Merrimack  Gro 

'p.'«<» 

46 

S.  Merrimack. 

t( 

48 

Amherst. 

B.  Laurentian. 

61 

Milford. 

"      and  granite. 

66 

East  Wilton. 

C.  Montalban. 

3SS 

69 

S.  Lyndeboro. 

E.  Rockingham. 

624 

66 

Greenfield. 

C.  Montalban. 

800 

71 

Hancock  Junc'n. 

A.  Laurentian. 

75 

Hancock. 

it 

82 

Harris  rille. 

'    (( 

1334 

89 

Marlboro. 

C.  Montalban. 

789 

96 

Eeene. 

B.  Bethlehem  Gr'up.*8« 

Mt.  Washingtc 

an  to  Wing  Eoad. 

0 

Mt.  Washington. 

C.  Montalban. 

6291 

8 

BaseMt.W'n.«° 

ii 

2668 

9 

Fabyan'fl. 

ti 

1S71 

10 

Wh.M't'n.  House 

Conway  Granite. 

14 

TwinMt.H'se." 

B.  Bethlehem  Gr. 

1376 

19 

Bethlehem  Jun. 

it 

1187 

28 

Wmg  Road. 

A.  Laurentian. 

1019 

Pemlgewasset  Valley  Branch. 


0 

2 

4 

7 

9 

18 

16 

20 


Plymouth. 
Livermore  Fls.* 
Campton. 
Campton  Vill. 
Thornton. 
W.  Thornton. 
Woodstock. 
N.  Woodstock. 


C.  Montalban. 


A.  Laurentian. 

(i 

B.  Laurentian. 


474 
S31 
839 
683 
685 
880 
642 
734 


Profile  and  Franeonia  Notch  Railroad. 


0 
10 


Bethlehem. 
Profile  House. 


B.  Bethlehem  Gr.    '*" 
A.  Laurentian.        '9S7 


12.  Potter  Place.  Mount  Kearsarge  may  be  reached  from  this  station,  or  from  Warper  npon  the 
Concord  and  Claremont  Railroad.  The  rock  is  an  andalnsite  mica  bchist,  the  same  with  that  of  Mount 
Monadnock  in  Jaflrey  and  the  base  of  Mt.  Kiarsarge  near  North  Conway.  (Please  notice  the  spelling 
of  Xi  and  ir«arsarge.) 

18.  Grafton.  Locall;,y  of  the  largest  beryl  known,  weighing  two  and  one  half  tons.  This  was 
formerly  preserved  beneath  a  rade  shed  built  to  protect  the  mineral,  but  the  shed  and  crystal  have 
now  fallen  into  detay.  Very  large  crystals  of  the  same  mineral  are  now  found  occasi^^nally  in  one 
of  the  mica-quarries. 

14.  Weirs.  About  half  a  mile  from  the  station  is  a  thick  bed  of  clay  lying  between  the  lower  and 
npper  till. 

15.  Ashland.  Between  Weir's  and  Ashland  many  excellent  exposures  of  porphyritic  or  oldest 
gneiss  may  be  seen  along  the  railroad.  Over  twenty  of  these  areas  have  been  described  in  the  State, 
and  are  supposed  to  represent  the  euliest  known  ejections  of  igneous  matter,  in  which  foliation  has 
been  superinduced  in  concentric  layers  resembling  strata. 

16.  Littleton.  The  fossiliferous  limeetone,  here  first  called  Lower  Helderbere,  is  regarded  by  Pro- 
fessor B.  P.  Whitfield  as  Niagara,  because  of  the  presence  of  the  chain  coral  and  of  ^ntatnerue  ny- 
Hm. 

17.  Hooksett.  The  railroad-bridge  over  the  Merrimack  River  rests  npon  islands  of  a  white  qaartz, 
which  are  the  outcrops  of  a  remarkable  vein,  traced  for  over  125  miles,  from  Royalston,  Alass., 
to  Bridgeton  in  Maine.  A  second  vein,  parallel  to  this,  crosses  the  river  Just  north  of  Manchester,  ten 
miles  distant. 

18.  Manchester.  The  prevailing  rock  is  a  coarse  seocharoidal  gneiss,  believed  to  correspond  veiy 
closely  in  lithological  cspcct  with  the  typical  Laurentian  of  New  York  and  Canada. 

10.  Concord.  Tho  traveler  will  do  well  to  visit  the  State-Honse,  with  its  large  relief  map  of  the 
State,  and  the  large  quarries  of  Concord  granite  two  miles  toward  west  Concord. 


NEW  ENGLAND.     (NEW  HAMPSHIRE.) 


91 


a. 

iss. 

744 

138 

k.  Gro'p 

180 

n. 

md  granite, 
a.           "• 
am.        "* 
n.           *"• 

in. 

1334 

m'Gr'up.*«« 

oad. 

in. 

6S91 
S668 

1571 

anite. 

em  Gr. 

u 

1378 
1187 

Ian. 

1019 

fncta. 

an. 

474 
831 

639 

883 

ian. 

885 
880 

;ian. 

64S 
734 

'arret  upon  ihe 
ithatoiUonnt 
ice  the  spelling 


n  the  lower  and 

yritic  or  oldest 
«d  in  the  State, 
sh  foliation  has 

egarded  by  Pro- 
Bentatnerut  ny- 

J  a  white  quartz, 
jyalBton,  uasB., 
Manchester,  ten 

correspond  very 

elief  map  of  the 


Mb.  I 


Monadnoek  Railroad. 


0 

7 

11 

17 


Peterboro. 
Jaffrey. 
Rindge. 
'  Winchen- 
don,  Mass. 


EVIUUK. 

j  Winchen-     ) 
"l    don,  Mass.  ) 


B.  Lake  Gneiss. 

G.  Montalban. 
It 

Gneiss. 


744 
103< 
1003 

C93 


Coneard  and  Portsmouth  Railroad • 


0 
8 
18 
24 
81 
41 


Manchester. 

Auhum. 

Raymond. 

Epping. 

New  Market. 

Portsmouth. 


B.  Lake  Gneiss. 
■i 

D.  Huronian. 

E.  Rockingham. 
Exeter  Syenite. 
E.  Rockingham. 


181 
289 
173 
154 
52 


Manchester  and  Lawrence  R.  R. 


0 

8 

14 

22 

26 


Manchester. 

Wilson's. 

Windham. 


B.  Lake  Gneiss. 
D.  Merrimack  Group. 


Lawrence. 


181 


384 


65 


Maneheater  and  North  Weare  Railroad. 


0 
11 
19 


Manchester. 
Oil  Mills. 
North  Weare. 


B.  Lake  Gneiss.         ^  ^  ^ 
"        and  A. 

«  48  i 


Cheshire  Railroad. 


0 
4 
10 
22 
82 
87 
43 
46 
54 
64 


Bellows  Falls." 

Walpolfi. 

Westmoreland. 

Ecene. 

Trov. 

Fitzwilliam. 

State  Line. 

Winchendon. 

S.  Ashburnbam. 

Fitchburg. 


C.  Montalban.  ^os 
E.  Coos  Sch.  &  Qu.   "' 

D.  Eomblende  Sch.  "* 

B.  Bethlehem  Group.  *66 

C.  Montalban.  i""* 
Concord  Granite.  ^°^' 
C.  Montalban.  "S* 

U  448 

<i  1014 

«  430 


Aahnelot  Railroad. 


0 

8 

16 

24 


Eeene. 
Westport. 
Ashuelot. 
South  Vomon. 


B.Bethlehem  Group.*  6  6 

A.  Forphyr.  Gneiss.  *'* 
E.  Coos  Quartz. 


Ms.  I  Whltelleld  Ac  JeflTorson  R.  R.— Con. 


Whltefleld  and  JeflTerson  Railroad. 


Whitefield  Jun. 
Wbitefield  Vill. 
Hazen's  Mills. 


D.  Huronian. 
u 

B.  Laurentian. 


931 


7 
10 


Cherry  Pond. 
Jefferson.* 


B.  Laurentian. 

it 


Montpeller  and  Wells  Rlrer  R.  R.,  Vt. 


0 
6 
10 
16 
21 
28 
34 
88 


Moctpelier. 
E.  Montpelie: 
Plainfield. 
Marshfield. 
Summit. 
Groton. 
Boltonrille. 
Wells  River. 


Clav  Slate.  *»* 

E.  Galcil'e's  Mica  Schist. 

(I  751 

tt  1140 

Granite. 

E.Calcif.  Mica  Sch.  "» 

tc  614 

]X  Huronian.  *** 


This  railroad  is  in  yermont. 


Saratoga  and  Ohami^laln  Railroad. 


0 
Jll 

8 
19 
26 
34 


Rutland. 
Castleton. 


Granville,  N.  Y. 
Rupert. 
Salem. 
Eagle  Bridge. 


Calcif.  Sandrock. 
2.  Cambrian  Slates. 


519 
478 


tt 
it 
It 
tt 


Worcester,  Nashna  and  Rochester  R.  R. 


0 
9 
10 
12 
17 
19 
26 
28 
32 
86 
40 
46 
49 
62 
66 
68 
65 
70 
74 
79 
88 
93 
96 


Worce8t'r,M8.** 

W.  Boylston. 

Oakdale. 

Sterling  Junc'n. 

Clinton. 

Lancaster. 

Harvard. 

Ayer  Junction. 

Groton. 

Pepperell. 

Hollis,  N.  H. 

Nashua. 

Hudson. 

W.  Windham. 

Windham. 

Hampstead. 

Sandown. 

Fi'emont. 

Epping. 

Lee. 

Harrington. 

Gonic. 

Rochester. 


Mica  Schist, 
tt 


E.  Pre-Cambrian. 


It 

tc 


4  73 
44t 

38)t 

43S 

309 

<t  S5» 

tt  288 

D.  MerrimackGroup.'"' 

SOS 
(08 


198 
ISO 


&  B.  Lau'n. 

B8S 


iS* 


"  k  B.  Lar.'D 
E.  Eearsarge  Group, 


286 


RailroudB  not  found  under  New  Hampshire 
heading  will  be  found  in  MaBaachusettB. 


80.  Mt.  Washington.  Boulders  that  have  been  transported  aa  much  as  twelve  miles,  and  up-hill 
nearly  four  thoueand  feet,  by  the  ice  sheet,  occur  upon  tne  top  of  this  mountain.  Striae  occur  here 
and  m)on  all  the  Presidential  Bummits,  running  Bontheasterly. 

23.  Worcester.  Mr.  Joseph  H.  Perry  announceB  the  discovery  of  a  Lepidodendron  in  the  plum- 
bago  of  Worcester.  Lesquereux,  after  examination  of  photographs,  pronounces  it  to  be  like  the  L. 
acuminatum  of  the  Carboniferous  limestone  of  Siberia.  If  there  is  no  mistake  about  this  discovery, 
it  will  prove  the  existence  of  an  outlier  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  in  Central  MaBBachusetts.  The 
schists  nave  been  supposed  by  us  to  belong  rather  to  the  Huronian  or  Cambrian. 

♦  Upon  July  10, 1885,  a  new  slide  scarred  the  north  side  of  Cherry  Mountain.  It  originated  in  the 
giving  way  of  a  ledije  near  the  top  of  the  Mountain,  when  the  ground  was  exceedingly  wet.  The  earth 
sM  one  and  a  half  miles  in  about  four  minutes'  time,  killing  cattle  in  the  field  and  fatally  wounding 
one  man.    The  lower  end  is  very  near  this  station. 


Mi 


;  ^   i  I' 


% 


'  I  !.l 


92     AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAT  GUIDE. 

(NEW  ENGLAND.) 

Vermont." 

_    i  .   ■  ■ 

Ms.; 


Central  TeTinoBt  Railroad. 

Southern  Division. 


12'7{Brattieboro. 
ISO'Putney. 


141 
146 
168 
168 
111 
179 
186 


Westminster. 
Bellows  Falls.' « 
Ch'rle8t'wn,N.H. 
Glaremont,  N.H. 
Windsor.*  » 
North  Hartland. 
White  River  Jn. 


2.  Cambrian. 
E.  Cods  Schist. 
2.  Cambrian. 

C.  Montalban. 
E.  Goor>  Group. 
E.  Calcife's  Mica  Schist. 

(1  331 

2.Camb.&D.Huro'n.'" 

D.  Hombl.Sch.   "    »6« 


<S8 

SS7 
S64 
«7e 
378 


Central  Division. 


ivi, 

198 
206 
216 
217 
228 
282 


249 
268 
266 
272 
281 
286 
289 


Hartford. 

Sharon. 

Royalston. 

Bethel. 

Randolph. 

Braintree. 

Roxbury. 

Northfield. 

Montpelier. 

Waterbury. 

Bolton.  "6 

Richmond. 

Essex  Junc'n. 

Winooski. 

Burlington. 


2.  Cambrian.  ♦«» 

E.  CalcifsMicaSch.""' 

<{  817 

D.  Huro'an  Soapst.  "« 

(t  698 

t<  784 

"VerdeAnt.»o'6 

D.  Huro'an  Soapst.   ^»9 

"&ClaySlate."9 

U  4t,4 

B.  Green  Mt.  Gneiss.  >«" 
D.  Huronian.  '" 

Clay  Slate.  "" 

8b.Camb.SiLLime8.*9° 
2  Potsdam  Sandst.  "*°9 


Mb. 


Central  Division— Cort. 


292IMilton. 
296  Georgia.^'* 
806  St.  Aibans. 


2  Potsdam  Limes.  »" 
Potsdam  Slate.  *8o 
2  Potsdam  Slate.      »»" 


Rutland  Division. 


0 
6 
10 
22 
27 
84 
89 
46 

62 

69 

69 

74 

79 

86 

89 

98 

99 

104 

108 

118 

120 


Bellows  Falls.** 

Rockingham. 

Chester. 

Cavendish. 

Ludlow.*^ 

Summit. 

E.  ;rallingford. 

E.  Clarendon. 

Rutland."       [ 

SutherlandFalls. 

Brandon. 

Leicester  June. 

Salisbury. 

Middlebury. 

Brooksville. 

New  Haven. 

Vergennes. 

Nor.  Ferrisburg. 

Charlotte.«9 

Shelbume. 

BurlJHgton. 


C.  Momelban.  «"» 
E.  CalcifsMicaSch.'" 
B.  Lake  Gneiss.        "°^ 

«  »ti 

D.  Huronian.  »»«» 
B.  Green  Mt.  Gneiss. 

119C 

8  b.  Camb.  Sil.  Limest 

2  e.  Calcifer's  Sandrook 
(Stockbridge).  "> 

8  0.  C^azy  Marble. 
19a.EoceneTert'y."' 
8  c.  Chazy  Marble.    »" 
8  b.  Levis  Limest.     *«« 

341 

3  c.  Chazy  Limest.    '"^ 

4  a.  Trenton  Limest.*" 
8  c.  Chaiy  Limest.    «"» 

131 
161 
ISl 
109 


<« 

II 


2j 


Potsdam  Sand, 
u 


23.  List  of  Eauprmt  Bocks  or  Vkrxomt.  —  Diabase,  diorite,  trachytic  porphyry,  mnscovite 
granite,  mica  hornblende  eranite,  protogece,  granitell,  concretionary  granite,  granite  of  veins,  sye- 
nite, brecciated  syenite.  The  trachytic  porphyry  ib  supposed  to  have  been  erupud  at  the  close  of  the 
Silnrian. 

84.  Bellows  Falls.  The  finest  exhibition  of  terraces  along  the  Connecticut  River  north  of  Mas- 
aachnsetts  is  jnst  south  of  the  village  of  Bellows  Falls. 

25.  Windsor.  An  interesting  escar  bas  been  traced  from  Lyme,  N.  H.,  to  Windsor,  Vt.,  about 
thirty  miles  long.  Portions  of  it  have  been  removed  by  the  wearing  action  of  the  Connecticut.  It 
appears  to  have  oeen  deposited  by  a  powerful  current  derived  from  the  melting  of  the  glacial  sheet 
prior  to  the  accumulation  of  terraces.  Mt.  Ascntney,  8,186  feet  high,  is  proved  to  be  an  eruptive  mass 
of  syenite  and  granite  which  has  been  protruded  through  a  narrow  orifice  and  poured  out  over  a  floor 
oi  the  calciferoua  mica  schist  about  one  thousand  feet  above  the  sea,  very  much  as  lava  accumulates 
around  a  volcanic  vent.  The  melted  material  penetrated  cracks  in  the  underlying  calcifercas  mica 
schist,  forming  veins  indurating  the  clayey  layers,  calcining  and  glazing  the  limestones,  but  where  it 
flowed  over  gneiss  the  floor  remained  uuEmected.  Many  other  granite  mountains  in  Northern  New 
England  show  similar  proofs  of  protrusion  at  the  surface. 

96.  The  center  of  the  anticlinal  axis  of  the  Gre«;a  Mountains.  At  least  eight  of  tae  general  sec- 
tions of  the  Vermont  survey  show  this  feature  of  structure,  proving  this  formation  to  be  older  than 
the  Huronian  adjacent  upon  bo\';h  sides.  This  structure  was  denied  oy  Lofi»n  for  the  continuation  of 
the  Vermont  rocks  in  Canada  in  his  generalizations,  but  his  descriptions  of  the  rocks  confirm  the  views 
of  the  Vermont  geologist.    Dr.  Selwyn,  the  snccesso?  of  Logan  in  office,  accepts  the  Vermont  view. 

37.  Ludlow.  In  Plymouth,  ten  miles  north,  gold  is  now  (1886)  being  profitably  milled  from  quartz. 
It  is  in  the  Huronian,  which  may  be  f ollowei  continuously  to  Zoar  ana  (tester,  Mass.,  upon  theFiteh- 
buigRailroad. 

lis.  Butland.  The  Rutland  Railroad  follows  the  Champlain  Valley,  noted  for  the  presence  of  the 
entire  series  of  Lower  Silurian  groups.  The  valley  itself  m  a  part  of  the  great  Appalachian  Valley, 
extending  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Alabama,  and  constituting  a  natural  and  well-marked  boundan 
between  the  cryste 'line  groups  on  the  east,  known  as  the  Oreen  Mountains,  Highlands  of  New  York 
and  New  Jersey,  Blue  Ridge  of  Virginia,  and  the  true  Appalachian  MountahiB  on  the  west  from  the 
Catskills  to  the  Cumberland  plateau,  in  Tennessee. 

29.  Charlotte.  Champlain  clays.  The  bones  of  a  Beluga,  a  species  of  white  whale,  were  found 
nevT  here  while  excavathu  a  railroad  cut  in  1849,  one  hundred  ana  fifty  feet  above  the  ocean.  The 
flubdivision  proposed  by  C.  B.  Adams  in  1846  was  that  of  the  lower  "  Blue  clay,"  contahiing  a  deep-sea 
fauna,  and  an  upper  "  Brown  clay,'*  carrying  littoral  species.  Several  years  later,iDawBon  proposed  the 
names  of  "  Leda  clay  "  and  "  Saxicava  sand  "  for  the  synchronous  deposits  in  the  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 

80.  Qeorgia.  This  town  has  furnished  thirty  or  forty  species  of  trilobltes  and  other  foaillf  of  the 
Middle  Cambrian,  or  a  horizon  between  the  Potsdam  sandstone  of  New  York  and  the  St.  Johns  o* 
Acadian  group  of  New  Brunswick  and  Eastern  Massachusetts. 


NEW  ENGLAND.    (VERMONT.) 


north  of  Mas- 


Ms.  I      Central  Venaont  Rmilroad. 

Western  DiTieion. 


0|St.  AibauB. 
9Swantoa. 


2  1.  Potsdam  Slate.   3«" 

a  160 


Northern  Division. 


0  St.  Albans. 
Georgia."" 
9  East  Swanton. 
17  Province  Line. 


2  j.  Potsdam  Slate.  3»° 


S  b.  Levis  Limestone. 


Eastern  Divibiun. 


0 
10 
18 


St.  Albans. 
Sheldon. 
Enosburg  Falls. 
Richford. 


Hnronian. 


390 
374 
436 
473 


Addison  Division. 


0  Leicester  June. 
3  Whiting. 

1  Shoreham. 
9  Orwell. 

16  Larabee's  Point. 
leiTiconderoga. 


8  c. 


Chazj. 


"T»i 


"    and  8  a. 
2  c.  Calcifer's  Sandrock. 
4  a.  Trent.  &  La  Motte. 
8  a.  Galciferous  s.  a. 


Woodstock  Railroad. 


0 
1 
6 
7 
11 
14 


White  River  Jn. 

Hartford. 

Dewey's  MiUs. 

Qneechee. 

Taftsville. 

Woodstock. 


Ms.  I  Bennington  and  Kntland  R.  R.— Con. 


D.  Huronian. 
Caldf .  Mica  ScbUt. 


«< 


369 
48S 

600 
6S7 
697 


Bennlugton  and  Rutland  RaUroad. 


OIRutland. 

6 'clarendon. 

9|Wal1ingford. 
ISiS.  Wallingford. 
.gDanby  and       ) 
"i      Mt  Tabor,  f 
26  East  Dorset. 


2  a.  Caldf  sSandr'k."!' 

li  639 

tt 

8  0.  Chazy  Marble. 
8  a.  Galcif  B  Sandstone. 
"ftChazyMarble 


30 


Manchester.'* 


89  Arlington." 
44  Shaftsbury. 
61  In.  Bennington. 
65!Bennington. 
61  T.  &;B.  Junc'n. 


8  b.  Camb.  Sil.  Limest. 

t«  471 

H 

U 

(( 

2.  CambrIan(TacoDio)  sL 


Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad* 

Vermont  Division. 


0 

7 

18 

21 

83 

41 

49 

87 

62 

70 

78 

78 

86 

104 

118 

120 


Lunenburg. 
Miles  Pond. 
West  Concord. 
St.  Johnsbury." 
Danville. 
Walden. 
Greensboro. 
Hardwick." 
Wolcott. 
Morrisville. 
Hyde  Park. 
Johnson. 
Cambridge  Jun. 
Sheldon. 
Swanton. 
Maquam  Bay. 


Lyman  Gp.  and  D.  Hur. 
C,  Montalban.  •" 

E.  Cods  Group.         •" 
E.  CaIcifsMicaSoh.s9i 


M 
U 
tt 
tt 

D.  Huronian. 

Ci 

(i 
(( 
(I 
ti 
tt 
tt 


137S 
167S 
lltiS 
881 
705 
639 
088 
641 
473 
874 
160 


PasBumpsle  Railroad. 


0 
8 
12 
80 
84 
40 
4A 
66 
68 
76 
84 
87 
94 
106 


Sherbrooke,P.Q. 
Lennoxville. 

1.  Pre-Cambrian.      *•« 

tt                             6  00 

North  Hatley. 

"  &  2-7.  SUur'n. 

Smith's  Mills. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

Stanstead  June. 

Granite. 

Newport,  Vt. 

E.  Calc.  Mica  Schist^ <>• 

Coventry. 
Barton. 

tt 

tt                   9S9 

West  Burka 

tt                  1040 

Lyndonville. 
St.  Johnsbury." 
PasBumpsic. 
Bamet. 

tt                     741 
tt                    8S1 

if                    466 

Weils  River. 

D.  Huronian.             *** 

81.  Arlington.  A  few  miles  east,  in  the  edge  of  Snnderland,  is  the  best-known  exposure  of  the 
Junction  of  the  Potsdam  qnartzite  with  the  anconformably  underlying  gneiss  ot  the  Oreen  Moont- 
ains.  The  blue  quartz  of  the  granite  veins  crossing  the  gneiss  is  recogmzed  as  the  source  of  the  grains 
of  sand  in  the  quartzite.    Also  an  excellent  locality  forihe  SoolUhtu. 

88.  St.  Johnsbnry.  Bastem  Vermont  is  largely  underlaid  by  a  mica  schist  having  a  micaceons  lime- 
stone interstratifled  with  it,  to  which  the  name  of  '*  calciferons  mica  schist "  is  appued  In  the  State  re- 
ports. It  is  called  "  Silnrian  "  when  it  passes  into  Canada,  and  "  Montalban  mica  schist "  in  Massa* 
chnsetts.  Protracted  studies  show  the  strata  to  be  disposed  in  a  synclinal  attitude,  overlyinsclay  slate. 
Numerous  areas  of  granite  have  been  erupted  through  it,  both  in  Vermont  and  Canada.  There  is  an 
excellent  development  of  this  rock  at  St.  johnsbury  Center  and  at  Danville. 

88.  Fairlee.  A  few  miles  west  of  this  station  is  the  famous  Ely  copper-mine^or  many  yean  tho 
greatest  producer  of  the  meta)  from  the  yellow  sulphuret  of  any  mine  in  the  united  States.  Six 
miles  west  of  Pompanoosuc  are  other  copper-mines,  and  an  establi^nment  producing  copperas. 

84.  Norwich  and  Hanover.  A  few  rods  east  of  the  station,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Connectl* 
cut,  the  escar  has  been  cut  through  by  erosion,  showing  an  anticlinal  ridge  of  gravel  underlying  the 
terraces  of  Hanover  Plain.  The  same  ridge  has  been  cut  by  White  River  at  white  River  Junction, 
where  the  same  structure  is  observable. 

85.  Hanover.  The  collections  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  the  State  are  placed  In  the  Museum  of 
the  State  Agricultural  College.  A  marked  feature  is  the  arrangement  of  over  three  thousand  Utho- 
logical  specunens  In  geographical  order,  taken  along  thirteen  parallel  sectional  lines  across  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont.  Colored  geological  profiles  accompany  the  specimens,  with  the  locations 
and  dips  hidlcated,  so  that  one  can  discover  the  mutual  relations  of  tne  rocks  without  the  labor  of 
traTelfng  over  the  country.  In  the  same  room  is  a  huge  relief  map  of  the  same  States,  colored  geo- 
logically, upon  the  horizontal  scale  of  one  mile  to  the  inch. 


M 


y 

II.  1 


94      AN  AMERICAN  0E0L06I0AL  RAILWAT  GUIDE.    (NEW  ENGLAND.) 


Mb.  I        PaMonipsle  Railroad.— Con. 


110 

lis 

117 
124 


Newbury. 
(  S.  Newbury ) 
<    &  Haver-    \- 
i     hill,  N.H.  ) 

Bradford. 


\  Fairlee  b      ) 
,N.Ht 


i  Orford,: 


D.  Huronian. 


4a6 

412 

410 
438 


Ms.  I        Pasaiunptlo  Railroad.— Cton. 


129 
181 


141 


North  Thetford.lD.  Huronian. 
^^**'e  N.H.  \  E-  ^"»  G«>"P- 

5«li34  ■  \ 


Lyme, 
Norwich"  ■• 
&  Hano- 
ver,3»N.H. 
146!White  River  Jn 


■Jol 

41* 


D.  Hornblende  Sch.  *°^ 


369 


Connecticut."^ 


New  York,  New  Haven  and  Hartford 

Hartford  Division.— Cbn, 

Railroad. 

86  Wallingford. 
SOYaleaville. 
92  Meriden. 

16.  Triassio. 

New  York  and  New  Haven  Division. 

0 

New  York. 

C.  Montalban.             »« 

l»l 

11 

W'ms  Bridge. 

Crystalline  Limestone. 

99  Berlin. 

•  • 

14 

Mount  Vernon. 

ii 

105,Newington. 

17 

New  RochcUe. 

B.  Mid.  Lau'n  Gneiss.^' 

110  Hartford. 

ii                             ** 

(9 

21 

Mamaroneck. 

(( 

11 6,  Windsor. 

22 

Harrison. 

u 

1 21 1  Windsor  Locks. 

49 

24 

Rye. 

u 

1 221  Warehouse  Pt. 

26 

Port  CheBtar. 

u 

124 'Enfield  Bridge. 

29 

Greenwich. 

It 

127  Thompsonville. 

80 

Cob  Cob. 
Stamford,  Conn. 
Noroton. 
Darien. 

it 

U                           IS 
M 

186 

Springfield. 

84 
91 

Shore  Line  Division. 

88 

|New  York. 

0.  Montalban. 

42 

South  Norwalk. 

u 

0  New  Haven. 

16.  Triassie. 

10 

4n 

Westport. 

4( 

2  Fair  Haven. 

ti 

60 

Southport. 

« 

8  Branford. 

Laurentian  Gneiss. 

ni 

Fairfield. 

M 

11  Stony  Creek. 

II 

66 

Bridgeport. 

ii                         9 

16;Guilford. 

Anthophyllitic  Gneiss. 

€0 

Stratford. 

E.  Caldf  s  Mica  Schist. 

20  Madison. 

II 

61 

Naugatuck  Jun. 

<i 

23|Clinton. 

II 

«4 

Milford. 

D.  Huronian. 

28Westbrook. 

Gneiss. 

74 

New  Haven. 

16.  Triassie.                " 

81  Saybrook. 

88  Conn.  River. 
84,  Lyme. 

89  South  Lyme. 

"     light  colored. 

Hartford  Division. 

Laurentian  Gneiss. 

74 

New  Haven. 

16.  Triaasia                »» 

80 

North  Haven. 

(1 

48  East  Lyme. 

M                        •  '  ' 

88.  Hardwick.  A  few  miles  north,  in  Craf tesbory,  is  the  celebrated  concretionary  granite,  in 
which  concentric  balls  of  mica  are  numerously  interspersed,  to  which  the  local  name  of  "  petrified 
buttemnts  "  has  been  applied. 

87.  Nora.— The  very  minute  description  of  the  foliated  crystalline  rocks  of  Connecticut  by  J.  G. 
l-:>TCival  famishes  the  basis  for  the  following  attempted  correlation  of  them  with  similar  gronps  else, 
where.  The  Trias  divides  the  crystalline  into  an  eastern  and  western  "  Primarv  "—and  Soman  letters 
were  used  by  Percival  for  the  subdivisions  of  the  western  primary  group.  A.  is  undoubtedly  the  Hu« 
Ionian  of  the  upper  Conneei^icut.  B.  is  the  range  of  clay  slate  to  the  west,  the  same  with  that  in  Ber- 
nardston.  near  Guilford,  Vt.,  and  the  Ammonoosnc  gold-field,  N.  H.  C.  is  the  calcif erous  mica  schist. 
D.  is  probably  Middle  Laurentian.  E.,  F.,  O.,  H.,  and  I.  belong  to  the  Green  Mountain  gneiss,  per- 
haps pwtly  Montalban.  K.  is  Lower  or  typical  Laarentian.  L.,  M.,  N.,  O.,  and  P.  are  the  Cambro- 
tSilnrian  lime-stones  and  schists  called  Taconic  by  Emmons.  The  A.  and  B.  of  the  eastern  Primary 
comprise  both  Lower  and  Middle  Laurentian.  Cf.  is  probably  Montalban.  D.  and  B.  are  the  south- 
ward  extension  of  the  ancient  Laurentian  gneiss  of  Worcester  County,  and  F.  is  closely  allied  to  the 
Montalban. 

Percival  did  not  determine  the  nature  of  the  "  traps  "  of  Connecticut,  but  showed  their  arrange* 
ment  in  curves ;  Professor  Dana  determined  the  constituent  minerals  to  be  pyroxene  and  labiadonte 
with  magnetite.  Dr.  G.  W.  Hawes  confirmed  this  determination,  but  uses  the  name  diabase  instead 
of  dolerue ;  Percival  found,  in  both  the  eastern  and  western  primary,  systems  of  dikes  parallel  to 
the  borders  of  the  Trias  entirely  through  the  State;  these  are  anhydrous,  while  those  in  the  sandstones 
are  mostly  hydrous  and  amygdaloidal. 


ideSch.  ♦»•      11 

369 


lary  granite,  in 
le  of  "petrified 

ectlcntbyJ.O. 
liar  gronpe  else- 
d  Boman  letters 
abtedly  the  Hu- 
rtththatlnBer- 
ooBinlcaschiBt. 
tain  aneiis,  per- 
are  tne  Cambro- 
eastem  Primary 
S.  are  the  aouth- 
lely  allied  to  the 

a  their  arrange- 
and  labradorlte 
diabase  inatead 
likee  parallel  to 
the  aandatoneB 


NEW  ENGLAND. 

(CONNBCTIOUT.) 

,       ;             95 

Ms. 

Shore  Line  DiviBion.— Con. 

Mb.  1          8hopaa«  Rallroad-Cbn. 

Waterford. 

Laurentiai  Gneiss. 

24 

Roxbjry  Falls. 

iB.  Middle  Laurentian. 

60  New  London. 

«                            9 

27 

Shepaug. 

II 

112  Providence. 

14.  Coal  Measures. 

82 

Hawle^lle. 

M                \' 

166 

Boston. 

2.  Cambrian. 

88 

Bethel. 

II 

New  Canaan  Railroad. 

Naa«atnck  Railroad. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

New  Haven. 

16.  Triassic. 

9  Stanford. 

it 

0 

8 

6 

14 

Bridgeport. 
Stratford. 
Junction. 
Derby. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

E.Calcifer'8  Mica  Schist. 
It 

Danbnry  and  Narwmlk  Railroad. 

Wilson  Point. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

<i 

0 

South  Norwalk. 

it 

16 

Ansonta. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

18 

Sanford. 

tt 

20 

Seymour. 

II 

24 

Bethel. 

<i 

23 

Beacon  Falls. 

(1 

21 

Danbury. 

Limestene.                ^^^ 

27 
28 
82 
36 
88 

Naugatuck. 
Union  City. 
Waterbury. 

II 

Kidgefleld  Branch. 

It 

0 

Bidgefield. 
South  Norwalk. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

(i 

Oakville. 
Watertown. 

It 
It 

Hmuatonlo  Railroad.                   | 

86 
42 

Waterville. 
Thomaston. 

n 

New  Haven. 

16.  Triassic. 

11 

0 

Bridgeport. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

47 

Campville. 

M 

10 

Stepney. 

49 

Litchfield. 

li 

16 

Botsford. 

62 

Torrington. 
Burrville. 

A.  Lower  Laurentian. 

19 

Newtown. 

« 

67 

K 

28 

Hawleyville. 
Brookfield  Jun. 
Brookfield. 
New  Milford. 

(1                      S06 

B.  Mid.  Laurentian. 

«                      338 

Limestone  abundant"  * 

61 

Winsted. 

ti 

27 
?,9 

Hartford  Sc  Conn.  Western  R.  R. 

86 

0 

Hartford. 

16.  Triassic. 

42 

Merwinsville. 

u 

6 

Bloomfield. 

ii 

48 

Kent. 

u 

10 

Scotland. 

It 

61 

Cornwall  Bridge. 

A.  Lower  Laurentian. 

12 

TarifEville. 

Diabase  Range. 

61 

West  Comwa  1. 

«t 

16 

Simsbury. 

16.  Triassic. 

65 

Lime  Rock. 

3-4.  Camb.  Sil.  Limest. 

22 

Canton. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

67 

Falls  Village. 

t( 

24 

Collinsville. 

it 

78 

Canaan. 

«                      6S7 

28 

Pine  Meadow. 

11 

76 

Ashley  Falls. 

l< 

29 

New  Hartford. 

it                      889 

79 

Sheffield. 

<l 

86 

Winsted. 

A.  Lower  Laurentian. 

86 

6t.  Barrington. 

U 

Naugatuck  Dep. 

it 

87 

VanDeusenville. 

<c 

86 

West  Winsted. 

ti 

89 

Housatonic. 

« 

Colebrook. 

it 

91 

Glendalr. 

u 

46 

Norfolk. 

ti                     ItiO 

98 

Stockbridge. 

(t 

48 

West  Norfolk. 

B.  Middlo  Laurevtian. 

96 

South  Lee. 

u 

62 

East  Canaan. 

2  b.  Potsdam  Quartzite. 

99 

Lee. 

il 

66 

Canaan. 

3-4.  Camb.  Sil.  Limest. 

101 

Lenox  Furnace. 

it 

60 

Cbapinsville. 

Cambro-Silarian. 

102 

Lenox. 

It 

62 

Salisbury. 

Camb.  Sil.  Limestone. 

106 

Dewey's. 

It 

64 

Lakeville. 

ii                      6T0 

110 

Pittsfield. 

It 

66 

Ore  Hill. 

4  c.  Lorraine  Group. 

North  Adams. 

II 

67 

70 
74 
78 
84 

State  Line  June. 

8-4.  Camb.  Sil.  Limest 

87 
96 
98 

VanDeusenville. 
W.  Stockbridge. 
State  Une. 

ii 

« 

8-4.  Camb.  Sil.  Schists. 

Mount  Riga. 
Boston  Comers. 
Copake. 

it 

it 

2-4.  Camb.  SiL  Schista. 

it 

Shepanc  Railroad. 

86 
1  9i 

Gallatinville. 
JacksonCorners. 

0 

Litchfield. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

u 

6 

Morris. 

It 

96 

Ellerslie. 

M 

8 

Romford. 

It 

108 

Red  Hook. 

« 

li 

New  Preston. 

Limestone. 

107 

Rhmebeck. 

M               -  ' 

18 

Washington. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

Rhinecliff. 

tt: 

20 

Roxbury. 

«     . 

110 

Rhinebeck  June. 

"■          M      .: 

'V 


■,.l\ 


k.    I. 


i::l 


'!.< 


i'A 


Hi, 


/     f'h 


m 


96 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  ENGLAND.) 

Mb.  1       Ceatnl  Ycraioat  Ballroad. 

Mb.  1  N.  T.  «e  New  Baglaad  R.  R.-ClE>n. 

2S6 

Stafford. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

74 

Hampton. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

262 

Tolland. 

<i 

86 

Willimantio. 

A.  Laurentian.         •»» 

266 

Merrow. 

u 

96 

Andover. 

ii 

268 

Mansfield. 

w 

106 

Vernon. 

ti                          84S 

270 

Eagleville. 
WlllimantL*. 

11 

109 

Manchester. 

C.  Montalban. 

276 

H 

116 

E.  Hartford. 

16.  Triassic. 

280 

S.  Windham. 

0.  Montalban. 

117 

Hartford. 

tl                              3» 

288 

Lebanon. 

121 

Elmwood. 

II 

286 

Franklin. 

128 

Newington. 

it 

289 

Yantic. 

127 

New  Britain. 

ii                                17» 

298 

Norwich. 

182 

Plainville. 

ii         ^                191 

296 

Mohcgan. 

183 

Forrestville. 

it 

298 

Maasapeag. 

A.  Older  Laurentian. 

186 

Bristol. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

800 

MontTille. 

ii 

140 

Terryville. 

ii 

808 

Waterford. 

ti 

148 

Waterville. 

it 

806 

New  London. 

M 

160 
168 

Waterbury. 
Towantio. 

it                     BOO 

««                 , 

ProTidence  and  Worcester  Railroad* 

161 
164 

Aw**  Chaa  HAV* 

Southford. 
Pomperaue  Val. 
Sandy  Hodi. 

tt 

0 

Providence. 

14.  Coal  Measures. 

16.  Triassic. 

4 

Pawtucket. 

t< 

169 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

6 

Valley  Falls. 

(i 

171 

Newtown. 

Ii 

7 

Lonsdale. 

8-4.  Camb.  Silurian. 

174 

Hawleyville. 

it                       306 

9 

Ashton. 

t( 

180 

Danbury. 

it                        897 

11 

Albion. 

it 

186 

Mill  Plain,  N.  Y. 

11 

13 

Manville. 

M 

191 

Brewster. 



ii                      406 

16 

Woonsocket 

u 

196 

Towner's. 

A.  Older  Laurentian.*" 

18 

Waterford. 

A.  Laurentian. 

198 

Patterson. 

It 

BlackBtone. 

It 

204 

Pawling. 

A.  Older  Laurentian. 

20 

MUlvUle. 

(i 

207 

Poughquag. 

3-4.  Camb.  Sil.  Limest. 

26 

Uxbridge. 

t( 

210 

Stormvillc. 

it 

26 

Whitins. 

(t 

216 

Hopewell. 

t< 

81 

Nortbbridge. 

u 

219 

Brinkerhoff. 

t«                      S83 

83 

F&mum's. 

tc 

221 

Fishkill,  N.  Y. 

It                      813 

84  SaunderBTille. 

«t 

226 

Matteawan. 

2  b.  Potsdam.      , 

8S  Sutton. 

t< 

228 

Fishkill  Land'g. 

4  0.  Lorraine. 

88Mmbur7. 

Mica  Schint. 

229 

Newburgh. 

It 

43  8.  WorccBtep. 

44Worce8ter. 

c« 

Norwich  Dlvifllon. 

"roTtdeace  Railroad. 

Stoalnctoa  and  V 

0  Worcester. 

1  S.  Worcester. 

Mica  Schist. 

0 

New  London. 

A.  Laurentian. 

II 

9 

Mystic. 

11 

6  Auburn. 

it         .    , 

12 

Stonington. 

(1 

9  North  Oxford. 

It 

18 

Westerly. 

it 

11  Oxford. 

It 

26 

Wood  Riv.  Jun. 

(t 

16  North  Village. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

86 

Kingston. 
Wickford  June. 

« 

16  Webster,  Mass. 

tt 

42 

it 

,rt  i  N.  Grosven- 1 
^^  }    ord'le,Ct.  \ 

M 

48 

Greenwich. 

14.  Carboniferous. 

U 

68 

Hill  Grove. 

It 

21  Grosvenordale. 

67 

Auburn. 

u 

24  MechanicsTille. 

l( 

62 

ProTidenee. 

tt 

26  Putnam. 

C.  Montalban. 

New  York  and  Nc 

w  Baclaad  Railroad. 

81 
84 
89 

Dayrille. 

DanielsonTille. 

Waure{>n. 

it           ^-  J  ,^. 
It             -, ».. 

0 

Boston. 

3-4.  Cambrian. 

tt      -     '    ■'',' 

46 

East  Douglass. 

Quartzite. 

40 

Central  Village. 

It 

68 

E.Thompson,MB. 

C.  Montalban. 

44 

Plainfield. 

It 

67 

Thompson,  Ct. 

It 

60jJewett  City. 

It 

61 

Putnam. 

II 

68|GreeneTiUe. 

M 

66 

Pomfret. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

60:Norwich. 

tl 

t8 

Abington. 

ti 

78 

'New  London. 

Laurentian. 

NSW  ENGLAND. 

(CONNECTICUT.) 

87 

N.  T.  4»  New  Brslwid  R.  VU—COn. 

Ms.  1  N«w  HaTeii  de  N'thanpton  R.  R.— Con. 

Mi.  1                 Hartford  Dlvl»lon. 

SllFarmlngton. 
87IAVOB. 

16.  Triassio.             '°* 

0  Springfield. 

10.  Triossio. 

(1                               (4fl 

8 

Armory  Station. 

89{Weatogue. 

11 

4 

Water-Shops. 

42Simsbury. 

tl                            16T 

1 

E.  Longmeadow. 

47 

Oranby. 

It                               t04 

10 

Shaker  Station. 

Coneamond. 
South  wick,Ma8S. 

II      -                        StT 

12 

Hazardville. 

06 

It                               84S 

16 

Melrose. 

61 

Westfield. 

« 

n 

Broad  Biook. 

68 

Sovthampton. 

■1                              198 

19 

Osbom. 

71 

Easthampton. 

It                            169 

28 

E.  Windsor  Hills. 

76 

Northampton. 

16.  Triassic  and  Syenite. 

26 

South  Windsor. 

SO 

Hatfield. 

II       ' 

27 

Buniham's. 

86 

Whately. 

16.  Triassic. 

29 

East  Hartford. 

88 

South  Deerfield. 

It 

81 

Hartford. 

93  Conway. 

96  j  Conway  June. 

99  Shelburne  Falls. 

E.  Calcifs  Mica  Schist. 

Melroee  Branch. 

It 

16 

Melrose. 

16.  Triassla 

Middle  Laurentian. 

17 

Sadd's  Mills. 

tl 

108  Charlemont. 

B.  Huronian. 

19 
21 

Ellington. 
Windermere. 

tl 
0.  Montalban. 

lllZoar. 

116  Hoosac  Tunnel. 

It 
B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

23 

West  Street. 
Bockville. 

It 
tl 

123  North  Adams. 

S-4.  Camb.  Sil.  Limest. 

24 

Boston  and  New  York  Air  Une, 

Providence  Divieion.                        | 

0 
6 

New  Haven. 
Montowee. 

16.  Triassic. 

0 

Providence. 

14.  Coal  Measures. 

4 

Cranston. 

It 

8 

Northford. 

1 

Oak  Lawn. 

It 

12 

Wallingford. 
Middlefield. 

Fontiac. 

<t 

18 

9|Naticl<. 

Laurentian. 

19 

"    Centre. 

11  River  Point. 

It 

20 

Rockfall. 

Arctic. 

it 

24 

Middletown. 

tt 

iCenterTille. 

26 

Portland. 

ii 

ISQuidnick. 

30 

Cobalt. 

C.  Montalban. 

1 4!  Anthony. 

S3 

East  Hampton. 

It 

16  Washington. 

36 

Lyman  Yiad. 

It 

18|Coventry. 

39 

West  Chester. 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

^Summit. 

A.  Laurentian. 

44 

Turnerville. 

it 

24  Greene. 

II 

49 

Liberty  Hall. 

It 

27  0neco. 
29  Sterling. 

It 
It 

64 

Willimantic. 

It 

82Moosup. 
85Plainfield. 

It 
0.  Montalban. 

ADDITIONAL  RAiLROADS  IN  MAINE. 

iPackerville. 

It 

1; 

St.  Croix  and  Penobscot  Railroad. 

40|Canterbury. 

~0 

Calais. 

Granite  and  Syenite. 

j  Jewett  City. 

It 

2 

Milltown. 

11                  It 

46Ver8aiUei. 

It 

6 

Barine,  N.  B. 

Syenite. 

48  Baltic. 

It 

Princeton,  Me. 

Calcifcrous  Mi«a  Schist. 

61  Scotland. 
66  S.  Whidham. 

It 

B.  Middle  Laurentian. 

Sandy  RlTor  Railroad. 

68  Willimantic. 

0 

Farmington. 

E.  Fre-Cambritm. 

11                 «»•           rt    i_i    » 

New  Haren  aid  Northampton  R.  R. 

8 
11 
18 

N.  Farmington. 

Strong. 

Phillips. 

"        Mica  Schist. 

It                ii 

OlNew  Haven. 

»'n X ill- 

16.  Triassic. 

"    with  Limestone. 

6 

9 

vemreTiiie. 
Mount  Carmel. 
Cheshire. 

It                                114 
It                   .166 

Ban«or  and  Katahdln  Iron  Works  R.  R« 

h6 

0 

Bangor. 

Huronian. 

^B( 

Hitchcock. 

It 

39 

Milo  Jumction. 

tl 

H^ 

Plantsville. 

II 

46 

Brownville. 

Cambrian  slave  quarries. 

^B2 

Southington. 
Plainville. 

It                              18S 

Katahdin  I.  W. 

Bog  ore  making  char- 

B^ 

It                            191 

ccal-iron. 

The  Railboass  or  Bbodb  Island  are  given  in  the  chapters  on  Massachnsetts  and  Connecticat. 


'    I'ti 


•8 


AN  AMIRIOAN  OBOLOOICAL  RAILWAT  GUIDE. 


This  blank  sptco  ia  intended  for  additional  geological  notes  in  pencil  by  the  traveler. 


..*.' 
rf 


(     \ 


|lri|lf! 


iMs. 


161 

18] 


■81  R( 

■_  1.1 

■  l.'l 

■  8.1 

MASSACHUSETTS. 


00 


Massachusetts. 


Bt  PBoriaaoK  W.  0.  Oiosbt,  or  tbi  MASSAOHCtirrs  Imtruti  or  Tiohmoloot, 

Boston,  Mam. 


Tabit  of  the  Qeologloal  Formations  of  MassaohusettSi 


Cenozoic. 


ao.  Qustemsry. 


19.  Tertiary. 


>  b.  CbampUin  Clay  and 
Gravel. 
20  a.  Olacial  Drift. 
19  b.  Miocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 


Mesozoic. 


16.  Triassio.       |16.     Triasaio. 


Paleozoic. 


14.  Carbonifer's 

6.  Silurian. 
6.  Cambrian. 


14  b.  Goal  Measures. 
14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 
6.       Lower  Helderberg. 
S.       Acadian. 


Eozoic. 


14 


4.  Taconian. 
it 


8.  Montalban. 


it 

4t 


M 


a.  Huronian. 


« 
u 


M 

I.  Norian. 


4  e.  Taconian  Schist. 

4  b.  Stookbridge  Limestone. 

4  a.  Quartzite. 

8  f.  Serpentine  and  Chlor- 
ite Schist. 

8  e.  Hornblende  Rock  and 
Schist,  and  Hydro.* 
Mica  Schist. 

8  d.  Argillite  and  Quartzite. 

8  c.  Mica  Schist  (many  Tari- 
eties). 

3  b.  Gneiss  (many  Tarieties) 

8  a.  Granite. 

2  e.  Limestone  and  Serpen- 
tine. 

2  d.  Stratified  Diorite,  Slate, 
Quartzite,  etc. 

2  c  Eruptive  Diorite,  eta 

a  b.  Petrosilez  and  Felsite. 

2  a.  Granite. 

1.     Syenite,  etc. 


IMS. 


Baatem  Rallromd. 


Alt.  Ms.  I 


Bmatem  Railroad— Con. 


Alt. 


0 
2 
3 
6 
6 

11 

IS 

16 

18 

VI 

28 
128 
181 
184 


Boston.^ 

Somerville. 

Everett 

Chelsea.' 

Revere. 

Lynn." 

Swampsoott. 

Salem. 
Beverly. 

North  Beverly. 

V/enham. 
Ipswich. 
Rowley. 
Knight's  Cross. 


20  a.  Glacial  Drift.     >° 

fi.  Acadian  Slate.         * 

20  b.  Clay  and  Gravel. 

ao  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
It 

a  b.  Petrosilex  and 

Felsite. 
a  c.  Eruptive  Diorite, 
etc. 
1.  Syenite, 
a  a.  Granite, 
j  a  c.  T!ruptive  Diorite, 

{     etc. 

tt 

a  t .  Gran.  &  a  a  Diorite. 

tt 

**  and  a  b.  Felsite. 


87 
89 
48 
41 
61 
67 
68 
68 
67 
70 
76 
80 
89 
94 
96 
108 
1 108 


Newburyport. 

Salisbunr. 

Seabrook. 

Hampton. 

Greenland. 

PortsmouHi. 

Kittery. 

Elliott 

Conway  Juna 

S.  Berwick  Jn. 

North  Berwick. 

Wells. 

Kennebunk. 

Biddeford. 

Saoo. 

Scarboro. 

Portland. 


2a.  Gran.&aaDio.^'* 

tt 

8  c  Mica  Schist 
It 

tt 

n 

•t  if 

M  tt 

It 
tt 
It 

2  a.  Granite. 
6.  Cambrian. 

"        and  Granite. 
6.  Cambrian. 
2.  Huronian 

II  13 


1.  The  central  portion  of  Beaton,  embracing  the  termiui  of  all  the  railroada  entering  the  city,  resta 
I  an  unbroken  drift  formation :  bnt  nomeronn  ezcavationa  and  boringa  have  shown  that  the  onder- 
rlng  rock  ia  the  Acadian  or  Braintree  elate.  Arteaian  wella  on  Canaeway  and  Providence  Streeta  have 
enetnted  the  alate  to  deptha  of  1,700  and  SJSOO  feet. 
8.  The  hiUa  in  Chelaes  and  vicinity  are  fine  examplea  of  lenticolar  drift  hilla  or  dromlins. 
8.  The  adjacent  rocky  peninaola  of  Nahant  conaiats  chiefly  of  coarae  diabaae,  which  interaects 
icadian  alate  and  limestone  at  Baat  Point 

4.  This  ia  an  intereating  locality.  Sonth  of  the  atation  ia  the  Parker  River  baain,  which  ia  a  cloaed 

aclinal  of  Acadian  alate  and  conglomerate,  reating  on  banded  petroeilex,  and  inclnding  contempom- 

BOOB  beda  of  melaphyre.  Within  half  a  mile  of  the  atation,  toward  the  northwest,  are  the  Devil'a  Den 

td  DeTil'a  Baain,  abandoned  qnarriee  of  limestone  and  sei^entine,  which  have  afforded  specimens  of 

— on. 


1: 


'i 


'      i 


100 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOQIOAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MASS.) 


Ml.  I 


Eutcm  B«llr«»4— Con. 
Saoguf  Branch. 


8 
6 
7 

•s 

10 

11 

12 


Weat  Everett. 

Maiden. 

Maplewood. 

Linden. 

Cliftondale. 

SauguB. 

East  Saugus. 

Raddins. 


20  b.  Claj  and  Orarel. 
5.  Acadian  Slate. 

20  a.  Glacial  Driit. 
2  b.  Petrosilex  k  Felaite. 

u 
<1 
it 


Swampscott  Branch. 


IS 
IS 
16 
17 


Swampscott. 
Phillip's  Beach. 
Clifton. 
Marblehead." 


2  c.  Eruptive  Dior.,  etc. 


«i 
<t 


South  Reading  Branch. 


18 
22 
28 
26 


Peabody. 
I^nfield. 
Montrose. 
Wakefield. 


2  c.  Erupt.  Diorite,  etc. 

2  a.  Granite. 

2  c.  Erupt  Diorite,  etc. 


Salem  and  Lawrence  Branch. 


18 
20 
21 
22 
26 
29 
84 
86 


Peabody. 
Danversport. 
Danvers. 
Beaver  Brook. 
Middleton. 
Boxfo..' 
North  A  idover. 
Lawrence. 


2  c.  Erupt.  Diorite,  etc. 


2  d.  Stratified  Dior.,  etc. 
2  c.  Erupt.  Diorite,  etc. 
8  b.  Gneiss. 


8  c.  Mica  Schist. 


68 


OloncoHfcr  Branch. 


18  Beverly. 
22  Beverly  Farms. 
25  Manchester.^ 
27 1  Magnolia. 
81  Gloucester. 
86Rockport.^ 


'2  a.  Granite. 

(C 


Essex  Branch. 


28{Wenham. 
24  Hamilton. 
28lEssex. 


2  a  Erupt.  Diorite,  etc. 
2  a.  Granite. 


Amesbary  Branch. 


89ISaliBbur7. 
48|Ame8bury. 


2  a.  Granite. 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift 


Dover  Branch. 


67iPort8mouth. 
SllNewington. 
66  Cushing'a. 
68  Dover. 


8  c.  Mica  Schist. 
II 


'8  a.  Granite. 


Ma. 


Conway  Branch. 


67 

Conway  Juno. 

8  c.  Mica  Schist. 

69 

Salmon  Fa' d. 

8  d.  ArgilUte. 

78 

Great  Falls. 

a 

79 

Rochester. 

8  c.  Mica  Schist. 

87 

Milton. 

ti 

97 

Wolfboro  Juno. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

104 

N.  Wakefield. 

II 

114 

Osstppee. 
Madison. 

II 

124 

II 

188 

Conway. 

8  a.  Granite. 

Wolfboro  Branch. 


97,Wolfboro  Jn. 
1091  Wolfboro. 


8  b.  Gneiss. 

11 


Boston  and  Mnlae  Railroad. 


OBoston.' 

2;Somcrvillo. 

4.Edgewortb. 

6  Maiden. 

6 1  Wyoming. 

7 1  Melrose. 

8|Stoneham. 

9,  Greenwood. 
lOi  Wakefield. 
12Reading. 
16 1  Wilmington. 
18| Wilmington  Jn. 
20  Lowell  June. 
2S;Andover. 
27 
82 
88 
86 
88 
41 
46 
61 
64 
67 
62 
64 
67 
72 
78 
86 
90 
100 


2  b.  Petrosilex  and 
Feldite  Breccia. 
2  b.  Petrosilex  &  Fehite. 
2  d.  Strat.  Dio.,  etc.  ^^ 
2  b.  Pet.  &  Fel.  Breccia. 
2  b.  Petrosilex  &  Felsitc. 
2  c.  Erupt.  Diorite,  etc. 
2  a.  Granite. 
8  b.  Gneiss.  *'* 

II  l<4 

•I  ,103 


Lawrence. 

Bradford. 

Haverhill. 

Atkinson. 

Plaistow. 

Newton. 

East  Kingston. 

Exeter. 

S.  Newmarket. 

Newmarket. 

Durham. 

Madbury. 

Dover. 

Salmon  Falls. 

N.  Berwick. 

Wells. 

Kenuebunk. 

Saco. 

109Scarboro, 

116iPortland. 


20  a.  Glacial  Drift 
6.  Accdian  Slate. 


13 


3  c.  Mica  Sch.,  Argil.  ♦» 

33 


11 
«t 
W 


(«  9t 

U  Itl 

II  130 

11  88 

3  a.  Granite. 

u  40 

II 

8  d.  Argillite,  etc. 
8  a.  Granite.  '' 

8  d.  Arpillite.  "' 

8  c.  Mica  Schist,  ArgiL 
8  a.  Granite. 

6.  Cambrian. 

li 

2.  Huronian. 

II 


Medford  Branch. 


Somerville. 

Glenwood, 

Medford. 


6.  Acadian  Slate. 
20  b.  Champlain  Claj. 
6.  Acadian  Slate&Congl  l 


5.  The  rocky  peninsula  of  Marblehead  Neck,  lying  opposite  the  town,  across  the  harbor,  is  coal 
posed  chiefly  of  gntnite  (2  a)  and  many  varieties  of  petrosilex  and  felsite  (2  b).  Oii  the  shore  north  o!| 
the  town  are  fine  exposures  of  the  Norlan  syenite  (1),  both  stratified  and  eruptive. 

6.  The  celebrated  singing  beach  is  not  far  from  the  station. 

7.  The  most  important  of  the  Cape  Ann  granite-quarries  are  in  the  town  of  Rockport. 


KiSSAOBUSETTS. 


101 


II  Sch.,  Argil.  *» 

It 

3} 


the  harbor,  is  COB- j 
^theBhorenortlioil 


Bottaa  and  Malae  Railroad— C'ewi 

Mb.  I  Georgetown  and  Newburyport  Branch 


10  Wakefiflld. 

18  Lynnfleld. 
15  W.  Peabody. 

19  Danvcrf 
'JSTopsfleld.    ' 
'28  Boxford. 

81  Georsetown. 

84  Byfield. 

40  Newburyport. 


2  0.  Erupt.  Diorlte,  etc. 
2  e.Limeflt.  &  Serpent'ne 
2  0.  Eruptire  Diorite. 

2  a.  Granite. 

2  d.  Strat.  Diorite,  eto. 

2  0.  Erupt.  Diorite,  eto. 

2  a.  Granite.  >'« 


Georgetown  and  Bradford  Branch. 


81 
84 

88 


Georgetown. 

Groveland. 

Bradford. 


i  0.  Erupt.  Diorite,  eto. 
8  c.  Mica  Schist,  A*^!. 


Lowell  and  Andover  Branch. 


20  Lowell  Juno. 
22  Tewiisbury. 
27  Lowell. 


8  b.  Gneiss. 
8  0.  Mica  Schist. 


103 

114 

09 


Dover  and  Alton  Bay  Branch. 


67  Dover. 
75  Gonic. 
77  Rochester. 
85  Farmington. 
91  New  Durham. 
94|Alton. 
96lAlton  Bay. 


8  a.  Granite. 

8  d.  Argillite,  eto. 

8  0.  Mioa  Schist. 


It 


3  b.  Gneiss. 


BoBtea  aad  Lowell  Railroad. 


i  Boston.' 
Somerville. 
,  College  Hill, 
i  West  Medford. 
8{Winche8ter. 
lOWobum. 


20  a.  liiacial  Drift     ^ 
5.  Acadian  Slate.        ' 

II  31 

<i  ti 

2o.  Erupt  Dior.,  etc.* ^ 


11 


Stoneham. 


16  Wilmington. 

19  Billerica. 

22  North  Billerica. 

26!Lowell. 

28!  No.  Chelmsford. 

82;Tyngsboro. 

40Na3hua. 

45  Merrimack. 

48  Amherst. 

SlMilford. 

66  Wilton, 

69  So.  L/ndeboro. 

66  Greenfield. 

71  Hancock  Juno. 

75  Hancock. 

82  Harrisville. 

89  Uarlboro. 

96Eeene. 


8  b.  Gneiss. 

u 


8 


Mioa  Schist 


8  a.  Granite. 

8  0.  Mica  Schist. 

8  d.  Ar^llite,  etc. 

3  b.  Gneiss. 
II 

8  0.  Mioa  Schist. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 
II 

It 

ct 
It 
tl 
II 


9T 
110 
110 

99 
106 

134 

S5S 

S44 
3<8 

838 


878 


BoatOB  aad  Lowell  Railroad— Con. 

Ma.  I  MlddleBex  Central  Branch. 


8 
4 

6 
6 
9 
11 
16 
19 
21 


Somerviile. 
W.  Somerville. 
Arlington. 
Arlinst'n  U'ghts, 
East  Lexington. 
Lexington. 
Bedford. 
Concord. 
Prison  Station. 


6.  Acadian  Slate.         ^ 
II 

2  a.  Granite. 

2  0.  Erupt.  Diorite,  eto. 


3  b.  Gneiss. 
II 


tss 


Salem  and  Lawrence  Branches. 


26  Lowell. 
31|Tewkitbury  Jn. 

"ssfiagget's! 
88  Lawrence. 


84  Wilmington  Jn. 
88  NortVi  Reading. 
43  West  Peabody. 
4ft  Peabody. 
48  Salem. 


8  c.  Mica  Schist 
8  b.  Gneiss. 


114 


8  b.  Mica  Schist.        " 

8  b.  Gneisa.  '• 

2  d.  Strat.  Diorite,  eto. 

It 

2  0.  Erupt.  Diorite,  etc. 
1.  Syenite,  eto. 


Stony  Brook  Branch. 


26 
29 
81 
83 
86 
86 
42 


Lowell. 

N.  Chelmsford. 

W.  Chelmsford. 

Westford. 

GranitcTille.* 

Forge  Village. 

Ayer  Junction. 


8  a  Mica  Schist        >> 
tl 

8  a.  Granite. 

II  tot 

tl 

II 

3  0.  Mica  Schist       '><> 


Nnshna  and  Acton  Branch. 


Nashua. 
Dunstable. 
9  East  Groton. 
16  Westford. 
16  East  Littleton. 
20 1  North  Acton. 
22{  Acton. 
28  Prison  Station. 


8  c.  Mica  Schist. 
8  b.  Gneiss. 
8  c.  Mica  Schist 
8  a.  Granii». 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

tl 


81 


44 


BoatOB,  RoToro  Beach,  and  Lyaa  Rail- 
road. 


0  Boston.^ 

1  East  Boston. 

3  Winthrop  Jun& 

4  Beachmont' 
ftlAtlantie. 
7lPoint  of  Pines. 
9  West  Lynn. 

10  Lynn. 


20  a.  Glacial  Drift    *<> 


tt 
It 


20  b.  Beach  GraveL 
11 

2  b.  Petrosil.  and  Felsite 


8.  The  Chelmsford  granite,  so  called,  is  extensively  qaarried  near  this  station. 

0.  This  railroad  mns  from  Beachmont  to  Point  of  Pines  on  the  crest  of  Revere  Beach,  a  remark- 
[able  barrier  thrown  np  by  the  surf  between  the  sea  and  the  marshes  of  Revere  and  Sanens. 
I       10.  The  celebrated  Trilobite  qnarry,  a  quarry  In  the  Acadian  slate,  which  has  afforded  large  and 
I  fine  specimens  of  Paradozides  Harlani,  is  on  the  banks  of  Hayward's  Creek  and  Weymoath  Fore 
I  River,  two  miles  southeast  of  Quincy  station,  and  one  mile  north  of  Bast  Braintree  station. 

11.  Fall  River  is  on  the  boundary  between  the  Carboniferous  conglomerate  and  the  Montalbao 


jS'- 


-"'■i 


ll 

1 

' 

1 1 

' 

■ 

1 

r 

i 

!  i 

1 

lit. 


> 


M 


103 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MASS.) 


Mi. 


Old  Colrny  Railroad. 


0  Boston.^ 

5  Savin  Hill. 

4  Harrison  Square. 

6  Neponset. 

6  Atlantic. 

7  Wollaston. 
8Quincy.'° 

9  Quincy  Adams. 

10  Braintree. 

11  South  Braintree. 
14  Randolph. 

17  Stoughton. 
22  North  Easton. 
24  Easton. 
30  Raynham. 

86  Taunton. 

87  North  Dighton. 
89  Dighton 

42  Somerset. 
48  Fall  River." 
64  Tiverton. 
66  Bristol  Ferry. 
68  Portsmouth.  >  2 

68  Newport.  *' 


20  a.  Giecial  Drift. 
6.  Acadian  Conglom. 


20  a.  Giecial  Drift. 
6.  Acadian  Slate. 
2  a.  Granite. 


2  c  Eruptive  Diorite. 

2  a.  Granite. 

14  b.  Goal  Measures. 


14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

<( 

it 
(I 
(t 


14  b.  Coal  Measures. 


10 


Bridg.  water  and  Myrick's  DiviBion. 


1 1 1  South  Braintree. 

ISHolbrook. 

17 {East  Stoughton. 

20Brockton. 


21 
26 
84 
42 
46 
60 


Campello. 

Bridgewater. 

Middleboro. 

Myrick's. 

Assonet. 

Fall  River." 


2  a.  Granite. 


14. 


Carboniferous. 


9b 


8  a.  Granite. 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 


Shawtnnt  and  Milton  Branches. 


Harrison  Square. 
Shawmut. 
Cedar  Grove. 
Milton  L.  Mills. 
Mattapan. 


5.  Acadian  Conglom. 

6.  Acadian  Slate. 

6.  Acadian  Conglom. 


Granite  Branch. 


Atlantic. 
E.  Milton. 
West  Quincy.'* 


6.  Acadian  Conglomer. 
6.  Acadian  Slate. 
2  a.  Granite. 


Ms. 

1  Plymouth  and  South  Shore  Division. 

lOBraintree. 

2  a.  Granite. 

HE.  Braintree.'" 

6.  Acadian  Slate. 

12  Wevmouth. 

and  2  a. 

18 

N.  Weymouth. 

2  a.  Granite. 

16 

East  Weymouth. 

ii 

16 

West  Hingham. 

6.  Acadian  Conglom. 

17 

Hiugham. 

2  a.  Granite. 

19 

Nantasket. 

«                               1S8 

22 

Cohasset. 

«( 

25 

Egypt. 

« 

27 

Scituate.*' 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

SO 

E.  Marshfield. 

u 

84 

Marshfield. 

u 

86 

Webster  Place. 

ti 

88 

Duxbury. 

t« 

89  South  Duxbury. 

u 

42 

Kingston. 

ct 

46 
11 

Plymouth." 
South  Braintree. 

" 

2  a.  Granite. 

16 

S  Weymouth. 

It 

18 

N.  Abington. 

tt 

21 

S.  Abineton.ie 

14.  Carboniferous. 

24  South  Hanson. 

(1 

80|Plympton. 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

83 
IS 

Kingston. 

tt 

N.  Abington. 

2  a.  Granite. 

20 

Rockland. 

" 

25|HanoV'j..-» 

14.  Carboniferous. 

Cape  Cod  Division. 

84 

Middleboro." 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift.    "6 

89 

Rock. 

3  a.  Granite. 

46 

Tremcnt. 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

49!Wareham. 

<t                  f 

54 

Buzzard  Bay. 

M 

62 

Sandwich. 

{(                           13 

69  jW.  Barnstable. 

t(                           37 

73  {Barnstable. 

U                           ST 

76  Yarmouth. 

ti                           40 

80  So,  Yarmouth. 

U 

84|Harwich. 

U 

89iBrewster. 

u 

941  Orleans. 

«t                           44 

97 

Eastham. 

ti                           18 

108 

Wellfleet. 

11                           14 

111 

Truro. 

t( 

120 

Provincetown. 

M 

49] 
62] 
67] 
62: 


86' 
42] 
49] 
63. 
66] 


86 
40 
46 


pranite  (3  a).    There  are  important  quarries  in  the  granite,  and  the  qnartzite  pebbles  in  the  conglom-    ^m   12 
erate  contain  Primordial  forms  of  Llngula.  ^M  -r- 

13.  The  most  extensive  coal-mines  in  New  England  are  at  the  Coal  Mine  Station  in  Portsmouth. 
IS.  The  shore  east  and  south  of  the  city  gives  a  very  good  section  of  the  Carboniferous  strata. 

The  chasm  called  Purgatory  is  on  the  shore  two  miles  from  Newport.    Newport  Neck  is  chiefly  com- 
posed ofsranite  and  metainorphic  slates. 

14.  The  important  granite-qnarries  of  Quincy  are  chiefly  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  this  village. 

15.  Outcrops  are  almost  unknown  between  Scituate  and  Plymouth,  but  the  drift  probably  rests  at 
most  points  on  Hnroniau  granite  (2  a). 

16.  Tlie  drift  of  this  region  is  thick  and  unbroken,  and  there  is  much  doubt  concerning  the  bound- 
aries of  the  underlying  formations. 

17.  South  and  east  of  Middleboro  the  rocks  are  very  rarely  exposed,  and  Barnstable  Oonnty.  in 
which  the  gieater  part  of  this  division  lies,  does  not  include  a  single  outcrop.  The  cliffs  near  High- 
land Light,  in  Truro,  on  the  extremity  of  Cape  Cod,  afford  fine  sections  of  the  drift  deposits,  and  also 
include  fragments  of  calcareous  sandstone,  filled  with  characteristic  Eocene  fossils,  indicating  the 
occurrence  of  Eocene  strata  under  this  part  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 


80 
31 
82 
SS 
87 
40 


ICASSACHUSETTB. 


108 


In  the  conglom- 

_  Portsmonth. 
oniferous  strata, 
k  is  chiefly  com- 

f  of  this  village. 
probably  rests  at 

mlng  the  botmd- 


eposits,  and  uso 
8,  indicating  the 


IMS. 


OM  Cvlany  Battreal— Cbn. 

Fair  Haven  Branch. 


46iTremont 

SO'Marion. 

55  Mattapoisett 

eoFairhaven. 


20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
8  b.  Gneias. 

iC 


Wood's  Holl  Branch. 


64 

Buzzard  Bay. 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

68 

Pocasset. 

li 

62 

N.  Falmouth. 

It 

65 

West  Falmouth. 

II 

71 

Wood's  HoU." 

M 

Midvlleboro  and  Taunton  Branch. 

84 

Middleboro. 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift.     »« 

89 

East  Taunton. 

14.  Carboniferous. 

44 

Taunton. 

II 

Pall  River,  Warren,  and  Providence  Division. 


49 
62 

JO 
68 


Fall  River.i  ^ 

Swansea. 

Warren. 


Bristol. 


Providence. 


14.  Carboniferous. 
II 


893 


Fall  River  Branch. 


49 
62 
67 
62 


Fall  River." 
nemlock. 
N.  Dartmouth. 
New  Bedford. 


14.  Carboniferous. 

8  a.  Granite. 

8  b.  Gneiss, 
li 


New  Bedford  Branch. 


85 
42 
49 
63 
66 


Taunton. 
Hyrick's. 
Braley's. 
Acushnet. 
New  Bedford. 


14.  GarbonifcrouB, 

u 

8  a.  Granite. 
8  b.  Gneiss. 


Attleboro  and  Taunton  Branch. 


86 
40 
46 


Taunton. 
Barrows  ville. 
Attleboro. 


14.  Carboti.ferou8. 

li 

14  b.  Goal  Measures. 


Fitchbnrg  and  Taunton  Division. 


8 

6 

_9 

_ia 

18 
16 
18 
20 
23 
80 
31 
82 
86 
87 
40 


Fitchburg.** 

W  Leominster. 
Leominster. 
Pratt's  Junction. 


Sterling. 


Clinton. 

Bolton. 

West  Berlin. 

Berlin. 

Northboro. 

Marlboro. 

Southboro. 

Fayville. 

Framingham. 

S.  Framingham. 

Sherbom. 


j  8  0.  Mica  Schist  and 

(      8  a.  and  b.  *»" 
8  e.  Mica  Schist. 

II  373 

II  4(9 


8  d.  Argillite,  etc. 
8  a.  Granite. 
8  c.  Mica  Schist. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

i< 

2  d.  Stratif . 

3  b  Gneiss. 

li 


309 


Diorite."" 

aoT 


II  18  8 

II  163 

Sd.StratDior.,eto.i^^ 


Ms.  I  Fitchburg  and  Taunton  Division— Cim. 


46 
60 
63 
66 
68 
63 
66 
69 


Medfield. 

Walpole. 

South  Walpole. 

Fozboro. 

Mansfield. 

Norton. 

Grane'i. 

Taunton. 


2  d.  Strat.  Dior.,  eto. 
14a.MUl8toneGrit.i" 

il  2ST 

2  a.  Granite.  ««* 

14  b.  Coal  Measures.^ ^' 
II 

14.  Carboniferous. 


Lowell  and  Framingham  Division. 


0 

4 

6 

9 

18 

16 

18 

20 

22 

26 


Lowell. 
Chelmsford. 
S.  Chelmsford. 
Carlisle. 
Acton. 

Concord  Junct. 
North  Sudbury. 
Sudbury. 
South  Sudbury. 
Framingham. 


8  c.  Mica  Schist.        »» 

8  b.  Gneiss, 
il 

il 

il  44 

II  135 

2  d.  Strat.  Diorite. 

ii  IST 

3  b.  Gneiss. 

il  188 


BoatoD  and  ProTidenev  Btallroad. 


0  Boston.^ 
2  Roxbury. 
4  Jamaica  Plain. 
6  Forest  Hills. 

6  Mount  Hope. 

7  Clarendon  Hills. 
S.Hyde  Park. 

9  Readville. 


U 

16 

21 
18 
22 
24 
26 

11 
S6 

88 
39 
40 


Canton  Junct. 


Canton. 
Stoughton. 


Sharon. 
East  Foxboro. 
Mansfield. 
West  Mansfield. 
Attleboro. 


North  Attleboro. 


Hebronville. 

Pawtucket. 

Providence. 


20  a.  Gladal  Drift.      » 
6.  Acadian  Conglom.  "* 

II  3  3 

il  36 

6.  Acadian  Slate. 

lb.  Petrosil.  &;Fels.'>o 

6.  Acadian  Conglom. " ' 

II  61 

2  a.  Granite. 


2  c.  Erupt.  Diorite. 

ii 


101 
820 


2  a.  Granite. 
14  b.  Coal  Meas. 


(i 
li 


sso 

Sll 
169 

1S9 


11 
II 


14.  Carboniferous. 


Dedham  Branch. 


6 

6 

8 

10 


Forest  Hill. 
Roslindale. 
West  Roxbury. 
Dedham. 


6.  Acadian  Conglom.  ^^ 

6.  Acadian  SUite. 
It 

2  a.  Granite. 


N«w  York  and  New  Bacland  Raflraai. 


0  Boston. 

8  Dudley  St. 

4  Mount  Bowdoin. 

6  Dorchester. 

6  Mattapan. 

8  Hyde  Park. 
10|Readville. 
lllElmwood. 


18 
16 


Ellis. 
Norwood. 


20  a.  Glacial  Drift.     ^^ 

5.  Acadian  Conglom, 
li 

5.  Acadian  Slate. 

2  b.  Petrosil.  &  Felsite. 

6.  Acadian  Conglom.  '  ^ 

ii  61 

2  a.  Granite. 

il  -      ~ 


,1  Si^l 


104 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MASS.) 


New  York  sad  New  Enslaad  Railroad- 
Ms.  I  ConUnved. 


19  Walpole. 
23  Norfolk. 
27  Franklin. 
SO  Wadsworth's. 
86:Blackstone. 
40  Ironstone. 
46  East  Douglas. 
'48  Douglas. 
62  East  Thompson. 


14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 
2  c.  Eruptive  Diorite. 


8  c.  Mica  Schist. 
8  b.  Gneisa. 


197 


SIT 


tt 
it 


Southbridge  Extension. 


62 
68 
69 
64 
61 
VO 


East  Thompson. 
East  Webster. 
Webster. 
Quinncbaug. 
West  Dudley. 
Southbridge. 


3  b.  Gneiss. 
3  c.  Mica  Schist. 


8  b.  Gneiss. 


Woonsocket  Division. 


0 

10 

12 
14 
16 
80 
26 
89 
86 
88 


Boston.^  20  a.  Glacial  Drift.     ^° 

|Ne^onUpperj5^^,,^Congl. 

Needham. 

Charles  River. 

Dover. 

Medfield. 

Medway. 

N.  Bellingham. 

E.  Blackstone. 

Woonsocket. 


2  b.  Petrosil.  k  Felsite. 
2  a.  Granite. 

1  " 

2  c.  Eruptive  Diorite. 


3  c.  Mica  Schist. 


Norwich  Division. 


0  Worcester." 
I 

4  Auburn. 

9  North  Oxford. 
11  Oxford. 
16  Webster. 


(8  c.  and  d.  Argilli>,<^ 
(     and  8  a.  and  b.*^" 
8  0.  Mica  Schist. 


8  b.  Gneiss. 


Hartford  Division. 


Springfield. 

E.  Longmeadow. 


16.  Triassic. 


171! 


Providence  Extension. 


27 
81 
88 


Fraiiklia. 

W.  Wrentham. 

Diamond  HilL 


2  c.  Erupt.  Dio.,  etc.*" 

2  a.  Granite. 

3  b.  Gneiss. 


ProTldeaee  and  Worcester  RatlrMU.^. 


16  Woonsocket. 
18  Blackstone. 
86  ITxbridge. 
81  Northbridge. 
86  Sutton. 
8^  MiUbury. 

44iWoroe8ter.*' 


8  c.  Mica  Schist. 

«  197 

8  b.  Gneiss.  "i 

it  t69 

ii  331 

U  S93 

(  8  c.  and  d.  Ari^lllte, 
}     and  8  B.  and  b.  4^" 


Ms.  I    Beaten  and  Albany  Railroad. 


0 
6 

1 

12 
13 


Boston.^ 
Brighton. 
Newton. 
Aubumdale. 


S  Newton  Lower 
)     Falls. 


Wellesley  Hilla. 


15  Wellesley. 

IslNatick. 

21  S.  Fratningham. 
24 1  Ashland. 
28iSouthville. 
32  Westborough. 
38  Grafton. 


44 


Worcester.*' 


68  Rochdale. 
67  Charlton. 

62  South  Spencer. 
67  Brookfield. 

69  West  Brookfield, 
73  Warren. 

79  West  Brimfield. 

84  Palmer. 

89  N.  Wilbraham. 

92  Indian  Orchard. 

99'Springfield. 


108 
116 
120 

126 

181 
186 
188 
142 
146 
161 
169 
168 


Westfield. 

Russell. 

Huntington. 

Chester.*  9 

Middlefield. 

Becket. 

Washington. 

Hinsdale. 

Dalton. 

Pittsfield. 

lUchmond.*" 

State  Line. 


20  a.  Glacia!  Drift.     " 
6.  Acad.  SI.  &  Congl.  ** 

ii  4  6 

it  63 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 


2  a.  Granite. 

Ii  140 

2  a.  and  d.  Granite  & 
Strat.  Diorite. 

3  b.  Gneiss. 

ti 


ii 
ii 
ii 


170 
163 
184 
<63 
3  00 
368 


ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 
ti 
ti 


16.  Triassic. 


8  c.  Mica  Schist. 


89S 

ito; 

1437 
1431 
1191 
1013 
1047 

4c.  Taconio  Schists.  ^'^ 


Brookllne  and  Newton  Highlands  Branch. 


Boston.* 
Brookline. 
Reservoir. 
Newton  Centre. 
Newton  Highl'ds 


80  a.  Glacial  Drift.    ■" 
6.Acad.  Sl.&OongI.  " 


It 
It 
It 


4( 


Milford  Branch. 


21 
36 
26 
SO 
12 


S.  Framingham. 
East  Holliaton. 
HoUiston. 
BraggrUle. 
Milford. 


8  b.  Gneiss. 


163 
169 
191 

t4t 


18.  The  Worcester  slates  Include  a  bed  of  anthracite  one  mile  east  of  the  city.    It  was  mined  tiitj 
yean  ago.  and  granite  is  now  quarried  in  that  vicinity,  on  Millstone  Hill. 

19.  The  emery-mine,  one  half  mile  from  the  station,  is  an  important  mineral  locality.    One  mU< 
west  of  the  station  the  railroad  crosses  an  immense  bed  of  serpentine  (8  f). 

90.  The  Taconian  llmonlte  deposits  are  extensively  mined  in  Richmond,  and  the  celebrated  bonldtf 
trains  are  in  the  western  part  of  tLj  town. 


!8  c.  &  d.  Schist  &  Ar.  |j 
gillite,  also  8  a.  &  b. 
Gran.  &  Gneiss.  *'"^ 
8  b.  Gneiss.  "' 


888 
704 
606 
604 
893 
391 
336 
t6t 
S41 
70 
147 
S73 
ti  8  73 

j  3  c.  Mica  Schist  and 
(     3  e.  and  f  . 

3  b.  Gneiss. 

It 

it 
ti 

4  a.  Quartzite. 

4  b.  Limestone. 

it 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


105 


road* 

JMftT"^ 

&Congl." 

I  46 

(  63 


icial  Drift 

e. 

140 

d.  Granite  & 
Diorite. 


ITO 
163 
184 
S63 
300 
368 

.  Schist  &  Ar. 

also  8  a.  &  b. 

AGneiBB.  *" 

888 
704 
606 
604 
093 
391 
136 
t64 
S41 
70 
141 
873 
373 

ca  Schist  and 
andf. 


BIC. 


Schist. 


iSS. 


rtzite. 
estone. 


nic  Schists. 
mds  Branch 


0911 

lio: 

1431 
1431 
1198 
1011 
1041 
9U 


SdiiPrift.  ;;; 

SL&Ck)ngl.  " 


it 


»iM. 


46 


163 
169 
191 


144 

t  vraa  mined  flttj 


Boston  and  Albany  Railroad— Con 

• 

Worcester,  Nashua,  and  Rochester  RalU 

Ms.  1                   Webster  Branch. 

Ms.  1                       road— Con. 

44  Worcester.*' 

8  c.  &d.  &3a.&b.*'»{ 

46 

Nashua. 

8  c.  Mica  Schist. 

48 

Jamcsviile. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

oe« 

49 

Hudson. 

tt                          881 

54 

N.  Oxford  Mills. 

ii 

67 

Windham. 

t< 

56 

Howarth's. 

ii 

63 

Hampstead. 

tt 

60 

Webster  Mills. 

(t 

70l 

74 

Fremont. 
Epping. 

tt                        60 

Ware  River  Branch. 

tt 

RO 

T^„ 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

8  c.  Mica  Schist. 
tt 

ii 

0  Winchendon. 

6  Baldwinville. 
10  Templeton. 
16  Williamsville. 
22  Cold  Brook. 

3  b.  Gneiss. 
<> 

t< 

993 
901 
964 
833 

0\J    AJVC* 

88  Barrington. 
93Gonic. 
95!  Rochester. 

« 
(t 

678 

888 

Boston,  Barre,  and  Gardner  Railroad. 

25;Barre  Plains. 

0;  Worcester.** 

8c.&d.and3a.&b.'*^* 

33'Gilbertville, 

41 

S46 

3 

Barber's. 

8  e.  Mica  Scliist. 

87Ware. 

iC 

489 

6 

Chaffin's. 

ti 

46iThorndike. 

« 

348 

8 

Holden. 

tt                    TSS 

49 

Palmer. 

It 

336 

10 
13 

Jefferson's. 
Brooks. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

Athol  Branch. 

it                     so 

16 
20 
2*7 

Princeton. 
Hubbardston. 
Gardner. 
Winchendon. 

0  Springfield. 
1 1ndian  Orchard. 

16.  Triassic. 

(t 

70 
t41 

ti                          1009 

11  Red  Bridge. 
l7,Three  Rivers. 
19  Bondsville. 

3  b.  Gneiss, 
ti 

38 

it                            993 

tt 

380 

Fitchborff  Railroad. 

23  West  Ware. 

M 

387 

Hoosac  Tnnnel  Route. 

27  Enfield. 
81  Greenwich. 
88  North  Dana. 

(( 

418 
443 

0 

Boston.* 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift.     *^ 

'tl 

462 

3 

Somerville. 

6.  Acadian  Slate.         * 

40  New  Salem. 
43  South  Athol. 
49!Athol 

U 
tt 

861 
846 

4 
6 
7 

Cambridge. 

Belmont. 

Waverly. 

"     and  2  c." 

tt               ii       13t 

tif '  J\vl±\I*» 

10 

Waltham. 
Stony  Brook. 
Weston. 

tt               ii 

Pittsfleld  and  North  Adams  Branch. 

12 
13 

2  c.  Erupt.  DJor.,  etc.'* 

0,Pittsfield. 

4  b.  Limestone. 

1018 

ti                        9S 

SColtsville. 

tt 

17 

Lincoln. 

2  d.  Strat.  Dior.,  etc.*"' 

CjBerkshire. 

it 

20 

Concord. 

S  b.  Gneiss.             *3" 

9lCheshire.«i 

(t 

22 

Concord  June. 

it 

12  Cheshire  Harb'r. 

(t 

25 

South  Acton. 

tt                           199 

14  Adams. 

it 

^2 

Littleton. 

"       and  8  c.«" 

20  North  Adams.* • 

tt 

686 

36 

40 

Ayer  Junction. 
Shirley. 

8  c.  and  8  d.            «»» 
8  d.  Argillite.           «»• 

Worcester,  Nashua,  and  Rochester  RalU 

42 

Lunenburg. 

tt 

road. 

45 
60 

Leominster. 
Fitchburg.** 

8  c  Mica  Schist.      »" 

0 

Worcester.** 

3c.&d.  and8a.&b.*^» 

"   &8a.&b.*3» 

9 

West  Boyiston. 

8  c.  Mica  Schist. 

448 

64 

Wachusett. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

12 

Sterling  June. 

it 

60 

Ashbumham. 

Ii                         1106 

17 

Clinton. 

3  d.  Argillite  and  ( 

!.  '"^ 

65 

Gardner. 

ti                    ^    1000 

19 

Lancaster." 

tt 

"  88  9 

71 

Baldwinville. 

ti                         S9t 

26 

Harvard. 

"    and  8 

a."' 

77 

Royalston. 

«♦ 

28 

Ayer  June. 

*'    and8< 

■,   830 

83 

Athol. 

it                          8  46 

31 

Groton. 

3  c  Mica  Sohiit. 

303 

87 

Orange. 
Wendell. 

*'       and  8  a. 

36 

Pepperell. 

it 

808 

90 

8  a.  Granite  and  8  b. 

41 

Hollis. 

II 

92 

Erving. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

tci 


allty.   One  mile 
lelebtatedbonld* 


21.  The  celebrated  Berkshire  sand,  used  in  glas^-makin);,  results  from  the  disintegration  of  the 
Taconic  qnartzite,  and  is  most  extensively  quarried  in  t^f^  town  of  Cheshire. 

22.  At  the  Natural  Bridge,  one  and  a  half  miles  'luiwu^...  of  the  station,  la  a  fine  gorge  cut  out  of 
the  Taconic  limestone,  and  a  large  marble-quarry. 

23.  The  micaceous  argillite  of  Lancaster  is  noted  for  the  nnmerons  and  fine  crystals  of  chiastolite 
which  it  contains. 

24.  Rollstone  Hill,  immed*ately  south  of  the  city,  and  Pearl  Hill,  two  miles  north,  are  interesting 
localities  for  minerals  and  rocks.    Rollstone  EUll  is  a  boss  of  micaceous  granite  (8  a.)  which  is  exten- 

;  sively  quarried. 


106 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAT  GUIDE.    (MASS.) 


'  'I  i! 


.    i 


Hill 


I    ''> 


Mb. 


FItehbarc  Rallromd— 

HooBac  Tannel  Bonte— Con. 


98  Miller's  Falls. 
102  Montt^e. 
106  Greenfield. 
110  West  Deerfield. 
114  BardwelPs. 
..Q  j  Shelbnme 
"*'  1     Falls." 
122Buckland. 
128  Charlemont. 
132  Zoar. 
186  Hoosac  Tun'l.'e 

Hoosac  Mount. 

Do.,  E.  Summit, 
over  Tunnel. 

Hoosac  Tunnel, 
East  Portal. 

Do.,  Cent.  Shaft. 

Do.,West  Portal. 
!48  North  Adams." 
148  Williamstown. 
162  Pownal. 


8  b.  Gneiss  and  8.    *^' 

16.  Triassic.  '" 

"  Sandst.  &  Trap. 

"and  8c.  »»' 

8  c.  Mica  Schist.  '3< 

Ub.  Gneiss.  «»" 

8  c.  Mica  Schist. 


8  e.  and  8  f. 


4  b.  Jdmestone. 


*810 

SS69 

769 
819 
789 
686 
880 


and  4  c. 


Watertown  Branch. 


•Ki  sh  Pond. 
oiJfount  Auburn. 


8 
10 


Watertown. 
Waltham. 


120  b.  Champlain  Clay. 
J  6.  Acadian  Slate. 


Marlborongh  and  Hndeon  Branch . 


26 
28 
81 
82 
84 
88 


South  Acton. 

Ma3n)ard. 

Whitman's  Cros. 

Rockbottom. 

Hudson. 

Marlboro. 


3  b.  Gneiss. 


199 


8<1 

37  b 


Ma.  I 


Peterboro  and  Shirley  Branch. 


86 
40 
44 

46 
48 
62 
66 
60 


Ayer  Junction. 
West  Groton. 
Townsend  Harb. 
Townsend  Cent'r 
V7.  f  ownsend. 
Mason  Centre. 
Pratt's. 
Greenville. 


8  c.  and  8  d.  «»• 

8  d.  Argillite. 
«t 

3  c.  Mica  Schist. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

(t 


Turner's  Falls  Branch. 


OjGreenfield. 
3 1  Montague  City. 
6  Turner's  Falls." 


16.  Triassic. 


181 
1Z9 
170 


New  liondon  Northern  Railroad. 


60 
61 
66 


Stafford. 
Monson. 
Palmer. 


68  Three  Rivers. 

70  Barrett's  June. 

76  Belchertown.* 

SODwight's. 

86  Amherst. 

88  North  Amherst. 

91  Leverett. 

94  Mount  Toby. 

96  Montague. 
100  MUler's  Falls. 
103  Northfield  F'ms. 
109  Northfield. 
Ill  South  Vernon. 
116  Vernon. 
121  Brattleboro. 


3  b.  Gneiss, 
ii 

(( 

i( 

3  a.  Granite. 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

it 

3  a.  Granite. 

t< 


338 

319 
460 
S4S 
23S 


« 
(t 


16.  Triassic. 

129 

and  8  b.  »9« 

8  b.  Gneiss. 

16.  Triassic. 

8  0.  and  3  d. 
<. 


26.  The  falls  of  the  Deerfield  River  are  near  the  station,  and  arc  interesting  on  account  of  the 
numerous  large  pot-holes  exposed,  and  the  contortions  and  metamorphism  of  the  gneiss,  which  here 
marks  an  important  anticliuKl  axis.  One  mile  west  of  the  station  ancient  pot-holes  are  exposed  in 
the  raUroad  cut,  fifty  feet  above  the  present  bed  of  the  river, 

36.  The  rocks  traversed  by  the  tunnel  are  well  shown  In  the  vast  deposit  of  dibris  between  the 
station  and  the  eastern  portal.  The  side  of  the  mountain  above  the  portal  is  serpentine,  the  same  belt 
that  crosses  the  Boston  and  Albany  Sailroad  near  Chester.  One  half  mile  east  of  the  station  is  a 
quany  in  soapstone  and  chlorite  schist,  a^ording  green  foliated  talc. 

Travelers  on  the  Boston  and  Albany,  and  Fitcm)ui«  Railroads,  have  a  good  opportunity  to  observe 
the  stratigraphy  of  the  mountainous  district  between  the  Berkshire  and  Connecticut  Valleys. 

The  main  Hoosac  range  is  probably  an  overturned  or  broken  anticlinal,  the  exposed  beds  nearly 
all  dipping  to  the  east.  A  synclinal  axis  is  reached  at  Chester,  on  the  Boston  and  Albany  line,  and 
near  zoar,  on  the  Fitchburg. 

Beyond  this  the  strata  dip  to  the  west  until  we  reach  the  anticlinal  axis  at  Shelbnme  Falls,  on  the 
Fitchburg,  beyond  which  they  dip  to  the  east  again  for  about  eight  miles,  or  until  covered  by  the  Tri- 
assic beds. 

The  second  anticlinal  is  not  exposed  on  the  Boston  and  Albany  road,  passing  under  the  Triassic 
before  it  reaches  that  line. 

37.  The  noted  locality  of  fossil  footmarks  '.a  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river,  one  and  a  half  miles 
above  the  village.  W.  W.  Draper  was  the  first  person  tO  observe  them,  in  1886.  He  suggested  that 
they  were  "  turkey  tracks  made  two  thousand  years  ago."  His  impressions  were  communicated  to 
Colonel  Wilson,  who  called  the  attention  of  Dexter  Marsh  to  them.  Mr.  Marsh  collected  many  fino 
slabs,  and  showed  them  to  Dr.  James  Dean,  who  requested  Professor  B.  Hitchcock  to  investigate  them 
scientifically.  Thie  was  done,  and  the  results  accumulated  in  the  Hitchcock  Ichnological  Museum  at 
Amherst,  where  are  over  twenty  thousand  separate  ichnites,  illustrating  about  one  hundred  and  sixty 
species,  all  f ron  the  Connecticut  Valley. 

88.  This  is  ibe  locality  furnishing  for  the  Amherst  Museum  the  large  rows  of  tracks  of  Brontotaum 
Oiganteum,  the  largest  of  the  Triassic  birds.  Across  the  river,  in  South  Hadley,  is  an  excellent  local- 
ity of  Otoxoum  Moodli,  so  named  for  Pliny  Moody,  who  was  the  first  person  in  the  Connecticut  Valley 
known  to  have  observed  any  of  the  footmarks.  A  specimen  is  preserved  which  he  dug  up  in  1800, 
sayine  that  "  the  tracks  were  made  by  Noah's  raven.'' 

29.  This  is  the  town  where  the  celebrated  Helderuerg  limestone  crops  out.  It  is  believed  to  be  a 
remnant  of  a  once  extensive  deposit,  preserved  accidentally  from  erosion,  and  resting  upon  or  folded 
beneath  the  Coos  quartzite. 


V 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


107 


Mb.  I     CoBneetleat  RlTer  RaUroad. 


181 
129 
170 

Ibany  line,  and 


ier  the  Trlassic 

ndahalf  nulcB 
)  BuggeBted  that 
jimnnnlcateQ  lO 
ected  many  flue 
nvestlgate  them 
'ical  MUBeum  at 
ndred  and  sixty 

iot  Brontotcum 
I  excellent  local- 


0  Springfield. 
4  Gbicopee. 
6  Gbioopee  Falls. 
8  Holyoke. 
18  Smith's  Fern. 

16  Mount  Tom.** 

17  Northampton. 
21  Hatfield. 

14  North  HatfielJ. 
26  Whateley. 
28  South  Deerfield. 
88  Deerfield. 
36  Greenfield. 

48Bemardston.'^ 

60  South  Vernon. 


16.  Triassio. 

it 

«( 
(« 
« 

i( 

16.  Triassio. 
II 

II 

It 

II 

It 

It 

and  d. 
3  c.  and  8  d. 


TO 
79 


94 
Its 


and8a.i«« 

178 
186 
807 
2<1 
181 

and  8  c. 

309 


New  Haren  and  Northampton  Railroad. 


47  Granby. 

16. 

Triassic. 

56 

Southwick. 

tl                              S4( 

61 

Westfield. 

tt                              147 

68 

Southampton. 

tt                            195 
tt                            169 

72 

Etisthampton. 

77 

Northampton. 

"      and3a."« 

New  HaTen  and  Nortkanptoa  Railroad- 
Ms.  I  Continited. 


SOlFlorence. 


82 
84 
86 

88 
98 
99 


Leeds. 

Haydenville. 

Williamsburg. 


South  Deerfield. 
Conway. 
Shelb'me  F'ls." 


8  a.  Granite. 

tt 


S7» 
,    38ft 
<t  43t 

"    and  8  c.  «« 


16.  TriasRic. 
8  c.  Mica  Schist. 
3  b.  Gneiss. 


107 


430 


Honeatonle  Railroad. 


76  Ashley  Falls. 


79 
86 
87 
89 
91 
93 
99 
102 
106 

no 

87 
96 
98 


Sheffield. 

Gt.  Harrington. 

Van  Deusenville. 

Housatonic. 

Glendale. 

Stockbridge. 

Le^.'" 

Lenox. 

Deweys. 

Pittsfield. 


4  b.  Limestone. 

II 

It 
It 

4  a.  Quartzite. 

"       and  4  b. 

4  b.  Limestone, 
tt 

«« 


Van  Deusenville. 
W.  Stockbridge. 
State  Line. 


It 

II 


1013 


4  b.  Limestone. 

It 

4  c.  Taconian  Schists. 


30.  The  Taconic  limefltoZ"  's  here  a  beautifal  white  marble,  and  it  is  extensively  quarried.  Less 
important  quarries,  worked  for  lime  or  marble,  occur  the  entire  length  of  the  Berkshire  Yaller. 

31.  Amesbury.  This  and  the  adjoining  towns,  also  the  immediate  city  of  Boston,  are  chiefly  oc- 
cupied by  a  profusion  of  lenticular-shaped  drift  hills,  believed  to  be  moraines  of  ancient  glaciers,  and 
dinerent  from  the  usual  ground  moraine  of  glacial  drift.  The  hills  may  be  two  hundred  feet  high, 
and  their  longer  axes  run  southeasterly,  being  parallel  with  the  course  of  the  striae  in  the  neighbor* 
hood.  They  consist  of  till,  and  resemble  the  drumlins  of  Scotland.  They  also  occur  conspicuously 
in  southern  New  Hampshire,  and  other  parts  of  New  England,  and  in  western  New  York.  In  the  Mer- 
rimack imd  Connecticut  Valleys  a  few  have  been  found  uaving  a  d*rection  to  the  south  and  west  of 
south,  but  agreeing  with  the  course  of  adjoining  striae. 

32.  Plymouth.  This  tOMmship  is  said  to  contain  three  hundred  and  fifty-six  ponds.  These  lie  in 
I  hollows  of  the  drift. 

33.  Wood's  Holl.  The  extreme  terminal  moraine  of  the  ice-sheet,  which  constitutes  the  "  back* 
I  bone  "  of  Long  Island,  also  Block  Island,  and  the  hilly  part  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  from  Gay  Head  to 

Vineyard  Haven.  It  also  appears  at  Chappaquiddick  and  Tuckemuck  Islnnds,  and  forms  Saul's  Hills 
and  Sankaty  Head  on  Nantucket.  A  second  terminal  moraine,  five  to  fifteen  miles  north  from  the 
foregoing,  extends  on  the  north  shore  of  Long  Island,  from  Port  Jeflersoa  to  Orient  Point,  forms  Plum 
and  Fisher's  Islands,  reaches  along  the  south  shore  of  Rhode  Island,  from  Watch  Hill  nearly  to  Point 

I  Judith,  forms  the  chain  of  Blizabeth  Islands,  and  continues  on  the  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  from  Wood's 

I  Holl  to  North  Sandwich,  and  thence  east  to  Orleans. 

TL?  nortions  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  Nantucket,  and  Cape  Cod,  south  of  thes<t  moraines,  and  also 

I  Eastham,  Wellfleet,  and  Truro,  are  modified  drift. 

Manomet  Hill,  east  of  Plymouth,  is  a  moraine  connected  with  that  of  Cape  Cod  and  the  Elizabeth 

I  Islands. 

34.  The  numbers  attached  to  the  Norian,  Huronian,  Montalban,  and  Taconian,  and  their  subdivl- 
Isions,  are  used  for  convenience  in  this  chapter;  they  only  apply  to  Massachusetts,  and  are  not  ia- 
I  tended  to  indicate  correlation  with  formations  similarly  numbered  in  other  parts  of  the  book. 

Notes  81, 83,  and  33  are  by  Prof.  Warren  Upham ;  and  28  and  29  are  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Hitchcock, 

IfrQm  the  first  edition. 


•^ 


108 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


This  blank  space  is  intended  for  additional  geological  notes  in  pencil  by  the  trareler. 


i 


R     'M 


m 

mm 


•N' 


1 


M 


•'I! 


i'.ill 


lillj 


NEW  YORK. 


109 


New  York. 


Bt  James    Macfarlane.* 


CEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK.a 


FORMATIONS  AND  SUB-DIVISIONS. 


12.  Cattkitl. 
11  b.  Chemung. 


a 
o 
► 
» 


20.   Quaternary. 


16.  Triaisict 


f  2'  £o'1?8«  «vS'. 
11  a.  Portaee.  i  2.  Qardeau  shales. 
C 1.  Chasaqua  shales. 

10  c.  Qenesee. 

(3.  Tully  Limestone. 
10  b.  Hamltton,-{  2.  Moscow  shales. 

C 1.  Hamilton  snales. 

10  a.  Marcellus. 

.  .  1 4-.  Seneca  I.  s.  , 

9e.U.Held'berg  J  3.Corniferqus  l.s. 
or  Corniferoui,  1  2.  Onpnd^a  I.  s. 


9  a.  Cauda  Gain. 
3  0riskany. 


.  I.Schoharie. 


•Consisting  in  the  ascending  order  of :  1,  the 
Tentacu'.ite  limestone ;  2  Pentame.'us  limestone ; 
3,  Delthyrus  shaly  limestone ;  4,  Encrinal  lime- 
ttone;  and  6  Upper  Pentamerus  limestone. 


FORMATIONS  AND  SUB-DIVISIONS. 


a 
.S3 

a 

in 
u 


7.  Lower  Helderberg.* 

6.  Waterlime. 

6.Salina  or  Onondaga  Salt  group. 

5  c.  Niagara! 

9  b.  Clinton. 

9..  Medina,  {2,-.  8«ntegS"nJttr- 


.IM      OS 

lOD   O 


4  c.  Hudson  Riv6r,-|2!  Pranlcfoit. 
-  ,    ,,^,  I      sh.  9cs.  s. 

4  b.  Utica. 

4  a.  Trenton.i  *',  Black  River  I.  s. 
l  i.  Birdseye  l.s. 


il'^^l^^''. 


erous. 


2bi  Potsdam=dicer.ocephalu8  beds. 
2  a.  Acadian^paradozides  beds.     [NoMt 
2  d.  Georgian  =olenellu8  beds. 


(= 

S3 

V 

o 


Id.  Montalban. 
1c.  Norian. 
la.  Laurentian. 


General  Notk.  The  State  of  New  York  is  to  the  geologist  what  the  Holy  Land  is  to  the  Chris- 
tian, and  the  works  of  her  Fal8eontn!o(rist  are  the  Old  Testament  So.riptures  of  the  science.  It  is  » 
Laurentian,  Cambrian,  Silurian  and  Devonian  State,  containing  all  the  groups  and  all  the  forma- 
tions of  these  long  ages,  beautifully  developed  in  belts  running  nearly  across  the  State  in  an '3a8t 
and  west  direction,  lying  undisturbed  as  originally  laid  down.  Railroads  running  north  and  south 
T  ass  over  a  number  of  the  formations  in  short  distances,  while  those  running  east  and  west  run  for 
long  distances  on  the  same  formation,  as  for  example  the  N.  Y.  C.  ft  H.  R.  R.  R.  on  the  6.  Salina,  and 
the  Erie  Railway  on  the  11  b.  Chemung.  In  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  the  formations  are  more 
irregularly  disposed.  New  York  localities  are  those  to  which  we  must  always  go  back  as  the  stand- 
ard by  which  any  disputed  formation  of  these  ages  is  to  be  tested. 

1.  The  author  has  bestowed  more  of  his  own  labor  and  research  on  the  local  geology  of  this 
Slate,  than  any  other,  having  besides  diligent  study  of  all  the  official  reports,  made  personal  observa- 

I  tinns  of  the  exposures  of  the  formations  In  traveling  for  many  years  on  all  the  railroads.   It  was  trom 

making  geological  notes  on  the  margin  of  railroad  timetables  that  he  conceived  the  idea  of  this 

1  geological  railway  guide  book  for  the  State,  and  by  calling  in  the  aid  of  scientific  gentlemen  of  other 

I  States,  he  has  been  enabled  to  extend  it  over  the  whole  United  States  and  Canada.    To  Prof.  James 

I  Hall,  of  Albany,  the  State  Geologist,  he  is  indebted  for  much  information  as  to  some  of  the  localities 

ia  this  State.    TNote  to  first  edition.]    In  revising  this  chapter  the  editor  has  made  changes  in  tho 

first  edition  only  where  recent  investigations  have  rendered  them  necessary.    In  the  revision  he 

1  has  been  advised  by  the  gentlemen  whose  names  appear  as  authority  for  new  lines  and  new  notes 

I  and  especially  by  Prof.  W.  B.  Dwight  of  Vassar  College.    When  no  authority  is  given  for  any  portion 

of  the  chapter,  it  will  be  understood  that  it  has  been  taken  from  the  first  edition.  J.  R.  M. 

2.  The  table  here  given  is  not  oatisfactory  to  all  of  the  contributors  to  this  chapter,  but,  where 
terms  are  used  by  them  in  a  different  sense,  the  change  is  indicated  by  the  numoer  or  otherwise. 

!  The  Cambrian,  as  given  in  tho  table,  is  also  divided  into  Lower  (2  &),  Middle  (2  a.)  and  Upper  (2  b.). 

I  In  the  first  edition  "Cambrian"  included  2  b.— 4  o.andwp^  divided  into  Lower  (2  b.),  Middle  (3 a., 8  b. 

(Quebec),  and  3  c.  (ChazyH,  and  Upper  (4  a.,  4  b.,  and  4  c.)  J.  R.  M. 

3.  N.  T.  C.  ft  H.  R.'R.  R.  Gbadxb  causid  bt  Geolooical  Stbuotubi.— This  railroad  undoubtedly 
occupies  the  finest  locality  for  an  east  and  west  raiiroad  h\  the  United  States.  It  owes  this  to  geologi- 
oal  structure,  the  outcrop  of  the  formations  running  eaiit  and  west,  and  the  Salina.  or  Onondaga, 
Utica  and  Hudson  River  soft  shales  are  cut  into  lo^'.  valleys  through  which  the  railroad  and  Erie 
Canal  are  built.    If  the  formations  had  run  north  and  south,  as  they  do  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  etc.. 


,     I  1  .,11 


11 


I 


i:H 


1 





110 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOQICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.     (N.Y.) 

New  York  Central  and  Hudaon  River 

Mew  York  Central  and  Hudson  Rlwr 

Ms.                          Railroad.  8 

Alt. 

Ms.                Railroad.— CbnMnuwf.                 Alt. 

0 

New  York.iTs 

See  Note  4. 

ai 

84 

Croton. 

1  a.  Laurentian.  28  m«. 

11 

Spuyten  Duyvil. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

87 

Crugers. 

12 

Riverdale.^ 

88 

Montrose.^ 

13 

Mt.  St  Vincent. 

41 

Peekskill. 

"       '? 

15 

Yonkera. 

fFt.  Montgom- 

19 

Hastings. 

45 

ery. 

«                 B 

20 

Dobb's  Ferry. 

12 

(  Highlands. 

22 

Inrington. 

49 

j  Garrison's. 
\  (West  Point.) 
Cold  Spring. 

'*                           p 

25 

Tarry  town. 

a 
a. 

29 

Scarborough. 

52 

u                       a 

30  Sing  3ing.» 

9 

54 

Cornwall.* 

I  and  been  turned  up  edgewise,  the  hard  sandstones  would  hare  been  high  ridges  and  perhaps  moun- 

I  tains  to  orercome^  thev  are  every  ;vhere  from  the  Mohawk  Valley  to  Alabama.    If  even  the  lime- 

I  <  stone  ridge  of  the  Helderberg  range,  which  bounds  this  valley  on  the  south,  had  taken  a  northern 

diraetion,  as   the  2-4.    formations   do,  a  tunnel  would   probably    have  been    necessary.      :a 
'i  the  western  part  of  the  State  these  Helderberg  limestones  continue,  but  not  as  a  prominent  ridhe. 

:  i  The  road  via  Oeneva,  runs  on  them  at  Auburn,  Clifton  Springs,  etc.,  but  with  less  favorable  grades 

I  '  than  the  direct  road,  and  at  Buffalo  they  are  level  with  the  plaiu.    It  should  be  added  that  the  old 

'  Laurentian  mountains  at  Little  Falls  and  at  Peekskill  have  been  cloven  from  top  to  bottom,  thu« 

1  opening  the  gateways  for  the  traffic  and  travel  of  the  West.    The  popular  impression  that  New  York 

'  is  a  level  plain  like  the  prairies  of  the  West,  derived  f^om  traveling  on  the  N.  Y.  C.  A  H.  R.  R.  R,, 

i    .  is  altogether  erroneous.    There  is  only  a  narrow  trough  through  the  centre  of  the  State,  in  which 

i  the  rauroad and  canal  are  located,  that  isof  this  level  character. 

;    ,  4.    New  York  island  ie  12  miles  long  aud  nearly  two  miles  wide.    The  widest  point  is  two  and 

;  one-quarter  miles  at  14th  St.    Below  Grand  street  it  gradually  becomes  narrower  as  well  as  at  the 

i  north  end.    The  lower  part  of  the  city,  below  Wall  street,  is  half  a  mile  wide.     The  rock  of   the 

I  island  is  gneiss,  except  a  portion  of  the  north  end,  which  is  limestone.  The  south  portion  is  covered 

!  with  deep  alluvial  deposits,  which  in  some  places  are  more  than  100  feet  in  depth.   The  natural  oiit- 

I  croping  of  the  gneiss  appeared  on  the  surface  about  16th  street,  on  the  east  siae  of  the  city,  and  ran 

I  diagonally  across  to  31st  street  on  10th  Avenue.    North  of  this  much  of  the  surface  was  naked  rock. 

It  contains  a  large  portion  of  mica,  a  small  proportion  of  quartz  and  still  less  feldspar,  but  generally 
'  an  abundance  of  iron  pyrites  in  very  minute  crystals,  which,  on   exposure,  are  decomposed.    In 

consequence  of  these  ingredients  it  soon  disintegrates  on  exposure,  rendering  it  unfit  for  the  pur- 
poses of  building.  The  erection  of  a  great  city,  for  which  this  island  furnisnes  a  noble  site,  has 
very  greatly  changed  its  natural  condition.  J.  M. 

I     1  Dr.  Hunt  claims  that  the  New  York  gneiss  is  in  great  partof  Montalban  age  (1  d.)  and  the  same 

'  with  that  of  Philadelphiau  Baltimore  and^Wash'ngton,  and  that  it  rests  upon  the  Laurentian  gneisit 

I  of  the  Highlands,  which  he  says  is  the  surface  rock  in  the  northern  part  of  the  island,  but  Dr.  J.  D. 

Dana  thinks  it  extremely  probable  th&t  the  lir/iestone  and  conformably  associated  rocks  of  Westches- 
ter County  and  New  York  Island,  as  well  r^s  those  of  the  Green  Mountain  region  firom  Vermont  to 
New  York  Island,  are  metamorphosed  Lower  Silurian  (including  Cambrian)  strata.        J.  R.  M. 
6.    Ontheoppositesideoftne  river  may  here  be  seen  for  many  miles  the  Palisades,  a  long,  rough 
'  mountain  ridge  close  to  the  water's  edge.    Its  upper  half  is  a  perpendicular  precipice  of  bare  rock  of 

columnar  structure  from  100  to  200  feet  in  height,  the  whole  height  of  the  mountain  being  genernlly 
'■  from  400  to  600  feet,  and  the  highest  point  in  the  range  opposite  Sing  Sing  1,011  feet  above  the  Hud- 

I  son,  known  as  the  High  Tom.  The  width  of  the  mountain  is  from  a  half  mile  to  t,  mile  and  a  half,  the 

1 .  western  slope  being  quite  gentle.    In  length  it  extends  from  Bergen  Point  below  Jersey  City  to  Hav- 

<  1  erstraw,  and  then  westward  in  all  48  miles,  the  southern  portion  being  merely  a  low  ridge.    The 

\   \  lower  half  of  the  ridge  on  the  river  side,  is  a  sloping  mound  of  detritus,  of  loose  stones  which  has 

!/  '  accumulated  at  the  base  of  the  cliff,  being  derived  from  its  weathered  and  wasted  surface.    This 

talus  and  the  summit  of  the  mountain  are  covered  with  trees,  with  the  bare  rocky  precipice  called 
the  Palisades  between.  Viewed  from  the  railroad  or  from  a  steamboat  on  the  river,  this  lofty  mural 
I  precipice  with  its  huge  weathered  masses  of  upright  columns  of  bare  rock,  presenting  a  long, 

i  straight,  unbroken  ridge  overlooking  the  beautlAil  Hudson  River,  is  certainly  extremely  pictur- 

'  esque.    Thousands  of  travelers  gaze  at  it  daily  without  knowing  what  it  is.  J.  M. 

This  ridge  consists  of  a  great  sheet  of  basalt  lying  upon  16.  Triassic  sandstone,  shales  and  con- 
glomerates, which  are  often  exposed  along  the  river  bank  extending  up  the  face  of  the  ridge  often 
i  for  a  considerable  distance  to  an  irregular  contact  wlth;the  igneous  rock.    Ithae;  been  found  that 

F   >  the  trap  has  come  from  below  as  a  diice  through  a  long  rentjor  fissure  and  then  extended  eastward 

'  I  by  intrusion  between  the  layers  of  sedimentary  rock.    Subsequent  erosion  has  removed  the    overly- 

t  Ing  strata  near  the  crest  line  and  for  some  distance  back  but  at  many  points  along  the  western 

'  side  of  the  ridge,  the  dike  structure  and  relations  to  the  overlying  strata  are  finely  exposed. 

;  See  Notes  14S  and  134.  N.  H.  Dabton. 

i  (Seedescriptionof  the  16.  Triassic  formation  and  Its  Trap  Dikes.)  Here  is  a  remarkable  but  not 

uncommon  instance  of  a  great  geological  blank.  On  the  east  side  of  this  river  the  formations  be- 
long either  to  the  Archaean  and  oldeitt  rocks,  or  to  the  Cambro-Lower  Silurian,  metamorphosed, 
;i  whfle  on  the  west  side  they  are  No.  16.  all  the  intermediate  Silurian,  Devonian  and  Carboniferous 

formations  being  wanting.    This  state  of  things  continues  all  aloug  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Georgia, 
•  the  18.  Cretaceous  or  17.  Jurassic  taking  the  place  of  the  16.  Triassic  farther  south.  J.  M. 

6.  38  Montrose  to  64  Cornwall  This  celebrated  passage  of  the  Hudson  through  the  Highlands, 
is  a  gorge  nearly  20  miles  long  f^om  3  miles  south  of  Peekskill  to  Fishkill,  and  is  worn  out  of  the  1  a. 
Laurentian  rocks  far  below  mean  tide  water.  The  hills  on  its  sides  rise  in  some  instances  ai 
much  as  2,600  feet,  and  in  many  places  the  walls  are  very  precipitous.  The  rook  is  gneiss,  of  a  kind 
that  ii  not  easily  disintegrated  or  eroded,  nor  is  there  any  evidence  of  any  ooaTUlslTe  movement. 


NEW  YORK. 


Ill 


itian.  23  m». 


Mew  York  Central  ft  Hudaon  River  Ball- 
Ms.  road.— Cbn«nu«d.7  Alt. 


67 

68 

62 

64 

69 

78 

78 

83 

88 

94 

98 

104 

107 

109 

114 

118 

121 

128 

129 

138 

142 

142 

148 


(Dutchess  and 
Columbia 
Junction.  ^ 
Fiahkill. 
Low  Point. 
NewHamb'g.ii* 
Camelot. 

Po'ighke'psie."* 
Hyde  Park. 
Staatsburg. 
Rhinebeok. 
Barry  town. 
Tivoli. 

Germantown. 
Livington. 
Catskili. 
Hudson.* 
Stockport. 
Coxsackie. 
Stuyvesant. 
Sohodack.»,  no 
Castleton. 
East  Albany. 
Albany.io, »" 
Troy. 


7     10 


4  0.  Hud.  Riv.  Group. 

213 


M 

« 

Caici  ferou8>Trenton . 

4o.Hud.Riv.Gr'p.i»» 
<« 

« 

40.&H.R.  2d.&2b.Gam. 
« 

M 
M 
<( 
(I 

4  b.  Utica. 

2  d.  Cambrian. 
« 

4c.H'd.R.&2d.0am. 
4  0.  Hudson  River.    ^ ' 

«  2  8 

(I  8  0 

4c.Hnd.R.&2d.Cam. 


New  York  Central  Si  Hudson  River  Ball* 

Ms.  road.— Cton^iinuad,  Alt. 


142 
145 
160 
169 
174 
176 
182 
187 

192 
196 
198 

200 

206 
209 
216 
228 
225 
227 
237 
241 
244 


Albany.  10,1" 
West  Albany.  11 
Schenectady.12* 
Hoffman's  Ferry. 
Crane's  Village. 
Amsterdam.  i> 
Tribes  Hill.ii^ 
Fonda.  18 

Yost's.!* 
Spraker's.  i  * 


Palatine  Bridge. 

[15^X80 

Fort  Plain.  16 

St.Johnsville.i80 

East  Creek. 

Little  Falls.  i» 

Herkimer.no 

Ilion. 

Frankfort. 

Utioa.i* 

Whitesboro.io 

Oriskany.^o 


{ 


4  c.  Hudson  Riv.,  27  m. 

4  b.  Utioa,  »*• 

4b.Utioa,  Tmiles.'"* 

(I  170 

4  a.  Trent.  10  ms.  >'' 
"  quar.  1  m.''^ 

4  b.  Utica,  5  miles."* 
r  Two  bluffs  or  noses 
\of  Calo.  onLaur.'O" 

3  a.  Calo.  hill.  Laur'n 
at  R.  R.  traok.3  01 

4  a.  Trent.  3  ms.^o* 
1  Hills  to  north  Calcif. 
I  4  a.  Trenton,  18  ms. 
tandHuds'nRiv.'os 

«  319 

«  884 

1  a.Lauren'an,  1  m.8'« 
4  b.  Utioa,  28  miles.*  »» 

«  400 

M  402 

«  410 

«  415 

4.  c.Hud.Riv.  8m.*2» 


It  is  clearly  a  case  of  erosion,  but  not  by  the  present  river,  which  has  but  very  slight  fall  in  cross- 
ing  them  to  Join  tide  water  near  Peekskili.  This  therefore  was  probably  a  work  mainly  per- 
formed in  some  past  period  when  the  continent  was  at  a  higher  level.  Most  likely  it  is  a  valley  of 
great  antiquity.    Also  see  note  17. 

7.  From  Dutchess  Junction  to  Troy,  revised  bv  Prof.  W.  B.  Dwight,  from  Rhinebeok  to 
Troy  the  stratigraphy  being  given  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  S.  W.  Ford,  except  that  his  nomenclature 
has  oeen  modified  so  as  to  harmonize  with  that  adopted  in  this  chapter. 

8.  Sehodaek.  A  series  ofgreat  dislocations  with  upthrows  on  the  east  side  traverse  eastern  North 
America  flrom  Canada  to  Alabama.  One  of  these  great  faults  has  been  traced  from  near  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  River,  keeping  mostly  under  the  water  up  to  Quebec  Just  north  of  the  fortress, 
thence  by  a  gently  curving  line  to  Lake  Champlain  or  through  Western  Vermont  across  Washing- 
ton and  Rensselaer  Counties  into  Columbia  County.  The  line  of  faulting  has  been  recently  traced 
southward  to  Schodack.Landiug  and  tothesouthof  Poughkeepsie  and  is  supposed  to  run  in  to  anoth- 
er series  of  faults,  probably  of  a  later  date,  which  extend  as  far  as  Alabama.  It  brings  up  the  rocks 
of  the  2  b.  Potsdam  group  in  Vermont  and  New  York  on  the  east  side  of  the  fi'acture  to  the  level  of 
the  4  c.  Hudson  River  and  « a.  Trenton  1.  s.  on  the  west.  In  some  places  the  Trenton  appears 
on  the  east.  J.  M. 

This  fault  is  met  with,  a  little  more  than  half  a  mile  east  of  Troy  along  the  line  of  Jacob  street.  The 
rocks  upon  its  eastern  side  (Potsdam)  there  hold  an  interesting  fauna.  From  that  point  the  fault 
takes  a  somewhat  irregukr  course,  being  nearly  two  miles  inland  from  the  Hudson  at  OreenbusL 
and  comes  out  upon  the  Hudson  about  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  Sehodaek  landing.        S.  W.  F. 

9.  CattkiU  Mountaitu,  For  many  miles  on  this  railroad  are  beautiful  views  of  the  Catskili 
Mountains,  3,000  feet  high,  (12.  Catskili,)  several  miles  distant  on  the  opposite  or  west  side  of  the  river 
and  which  furnish  the  name  /or  the  Catskili  formation.  The  wide  valley  between  them  and  the 
river  is  composed  of  11  b.  Chemung.  10.  Hamilton,  7  Lower  Helderberg  and  4  c.  Hudson  River.  The 
geology  on  the  east  or  railroad  side  is  entirely  ditturent. 

10.  Albany.  The  clay  beds  at  Albany  are  more  than  100  feet  thick,  and  between  that  city  and 
Schenectady  tney  are  underlaid  by  a  bed  of  sand  that  is  in  some  places  more  than  SO  feet  th  xk. 
There  is  an  old  glacial  clay  andlraulder  drift  below  the  grovel  at  Albany,  but  Professor  Hall  says  't  is 
not  the  estuary  stratified  clay.  At  the  south  end  of  the  city  of  Troy  the  gravel  and  sand  beds  are 
subject  to  dangerous  land  slides.    See  also  Note  121. 

11.  The  distant  mountain  to  the  southwest  is  the  Helderberg  range.    See  notes  24  and  41. 

12.  Amsterdam.  Precipice  of  4  a.  Trenton  limestone  back  ofthe  town,  and  quarries  at  the  track. 
For  40  miles  to  Little  Falls  the  railroad  runs  on  Trenton  limestone  3  a.  Calciferous,  4  b.  Utica  and 
4c.  Hudson  River  irregularly  alternating.     See  also  Note  W\j, 

13.  Branch  railroad  north  to  Johnstown  and  Qloversville,  in  a  valley  of  Utica  slate. 

14  Between  Fonda  and  Palatine  Bridge  are  fine  bluffs  of  8  a.  Calciferous.  The  talus  of  fl:\<$> 
nients  of  rock  at  the  foot  ofthe  precipice  whiten  out  in  weathering  like  the  stones  about  an  old  lime* 
kiln.  It  is  from  the  cavities  of  the  Calciferous  that  the  beautiml  quartz  crystals  are  produced,  of 
which  great  quantities  have  been  found.    A  similar  bluff  on  south  side  of  river.    No  Potsdam  here. 

15.  The  railroad  skirts  along  the  base  of  a  ridge  of  Trenton  limestone  here  and  at  Fort  Plain. 

16.  At  Fort  Plain  village  the  transition  firom  the  Birdseye  to  the  Trenton  limestone  is  to  be 
seen,  the  first  layers  of  the  latter  being  of  a  drab  color. 

17.  At  Little  Falls  for  one  mile  it  a  rare  opportunity  of  seeing  tha  1  a.  Laurentian  formatlwa 
beingagorgeout  by  the  Mohawk  River  through  a  spur  ofthe  Adirondack  Mountain,  which  here 
crosses  the  railroad.    Touarenowon  the  l)ottom  rooks  ofthe  geological  series,  fornothing  olubT 


Ij      V 

I 

I 


h'l 


m 


if.i 


Si  i;'i 


111 


!!•  :ii 


> 


m 


WA 


/ 


112 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  Y.) 


New  York  Central 
Ms.  road. 

561 


A   Hudaun  River  Rall- 

-ContiwuA.  Alt. 


255 

259 
264 
266 

269 


Rome.ii  «^s 

Green's  Cora.  2 » 
Verona.  2  3       *«» 
Onelda.2*       **<> 
Wampsville. '  * 

Cacastota."  *»« 


4  0.  Hudson  Riyor. 

6  a.  Medina,  2  ma.^^o 

4  b.  Clinton  9  miles. 

4  0.  Niagara.   8  miles. 
« 

(6.  Salina  or  Onon- 
daga Salt  group. 
23  milea. 


New  York  Central  Si  Hndton  Kli^er  Ball* 
Mh.  road.— Cbnftnu«i.  Alt. 


278 

275 
279 
282 
289 


Canaseraga.   *^> 

Chittenango. 
Kirkville. 
Manlius. 
Syracuse. »»,»«! 


{" 


The  railroad  via  Auburn  Ib  better  than  the  Di- 
rect road  to  Rooiiester  for  geological  oLserTation. 


\k 


has  ever  been  found  beneath  them.  The  scenery  has  Ruddenly  chanrjed,  and  nothing  is  seen  but 
bare,  weatherworn  preoipices  of  crystalline  rocks,  from  which  all  the  eljmentH  throuKli  all  the  ageti, 
have  failed  to  produce  a  soil,  yet  a  certain  strange  interest  is  attached  to  them.  The  oldest  picture 
in  the  world,  the  oldest  statue  or  other  work  of  art,  would  excite  the  greatest  attention,  yet  what  are 
these  In  antiquity  compared  with  these  grand  old  Laurentian  rocks,  the  oldeHt  formation  and  the 
oldest  drv  land  on  the  face  of  the  earth  gating  farbackoftheflrst  appearance  of  eith'^ranimalorTcg- 
etable  life  of  any  kind  on  our  planet.  The  river  channel  through  these  rocks  is  an  u'lequivocal  exam- 
ple of  river  erosion,  as  pot-holes  are  found  at  various  heightx.    See  also  notes  0  and  56. 

18.  Vtica.  The  4  o.  Utica  slate  was  named  from  this  city.  To  study  the  Trenton,  Black  River 
and  Birdseye  limestones  at  their  original,  historical  localities,  change  cars  at  Iticaandgoup  tho 
Utlca  and  Back  River  Railroad  to  Trenton  Falls.  (Seo  tho  within  guide  for  that  railroad).  You  can 
then  Ro  on  to  Watertown  on  these  limestones.  Return  by  the  Rome,  Watertown  k  Ogdensburg  Rail- 
road to  Rome  or  Syracuse,  examining  the  Loraine  shales  at  Adams  and  Pulaski. 

19.  From  here  to  Syracuse  there  is  no  lock  in  the  canal.    This  long  level  is  427  feet  above  tide. 
90.    OiiMkany.    The  formation  of  this  name,  is  not  exposed  here,  but  at  Oriskany  Falls  on  the  D.  L 

&  W.  B.  R.  from  which  the  name  is  derived.  The  best  fossils  of  it  are  found  east  of  Union  Springs  in 
Cayuga  Countv.  Along  the  part  of  the  road  east  of  Oriskany,  the  Uti^a  shale  forms  the  bottom  of 
the  valley.  The  south  wall  of  the  valley  con.«iat8  of  the  outcrops  of  the  4  c.  Hudson  River,  6  a.  Onei- 
da Conglomerate,  6  b.  Clinton,  the  6  Wateriime  and  9.  Upper  Helderberg.    See  191. 

21.  JZom<.  No  more  2-4  formations  west  of  this  in  New  York.  From  Home  to  Buffalo  and 
from  Lake  Ontario  south  to  the  Pennsylvania  line  all  the  formations  are  6-11  Pilurian  and  Devonian, 
and  ttiev  are  flnelv  displayed  in  numerous  gorges,  ravines,  canons  and  precipiceti.  very  regularly 
disposed  in  belts  of  outcrop  running  east  and  west.  The  typical  localities  from  which  most  of  the 
formations  were  named,  are  situated  in  this  district.  It  is  all  historical  geological  ground,  and  you 
can  scarcely  go  amiss  in  looking  for  fossils. 

22.  West  of  Little  Falls  the  lower  formations  pass  abruptly  to  the  north  and  cross  under  Lake 
Ontario  into  Canadt>.  The  4  c.  Hudson  River  first  crosses  the  valley,  and  then  the  Oneida  conglom- 
erate. Other  rock  formations  nowappear  between  Rome  and  Oneida,  which  had  no  existence  In  the 
basin  east  of  LittleFalls.  The:.e  are  the  S  a.  Medina  and  Clinton,  which  ovcrlio  the  Oneida,  and  forr^ 
all  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  extend  across  Canada  West.  Also  5  c.  Niagara  and  the  C. 
Salina  or  Onondaga  salt  group,  on  which  the  N.  Y.  C.  ft  H.  R.  R.  R.  runs  f^om  Oneida  nearly  to  Roches- 
ter. The  non-existenoe  of  these  extensive  formations  east  of  Little  Falls  (the  5  a.  Medina,  5  b.  Clin- 
ton, 6c.  Niagara  and  6.  Salina),  which  cover  the  best  part  of  Western  New  York,  must  be  owinp  to 
the  two  parts  of  the  State  being  separated  in  these  early  ages  by  the  old  LAurentine  ridge  at  Lit- 
tle Falls  into  separate  basins, In  which  the  rock-forming  conditions  were  different. 

23.  Verona.    The  Clinton  fossil  iron  ore  crops  out  on  the  railroad,  but  not  of  a  good  quality. 

24.  On^da.  The  prominent  ridge  bounding  the  valley  on  the  Nouth  of  Utica,  Oneida  and  Syra- 
cuse, called  Stockbridge  Hill,  Pompey  Hill,  Cazenovia  Hill  and  Onondaga  Hill,  isi  the  Helderbcrg 
range,  a  continuous  mountain  800  feet  high,  forming  the  back-bone  of  the  State,  and  composed  at  its 
baseof  the  6  Wateriime,  of  the  Salina  group,  all  the  members  of  the  7.  Lower  Helderberg  being  want- 
ing as  well  as  the  8.  Oriskany  sandstone  and  other  sandstones  that  separate  the  Lower  and  Upper 
Helderberg,  except  a  mere  trace.  On  the  Wateriime  rests  the  Onondaga  limestone,  the  most  valu- 
able bulldmg  stone,  and  above  this  the  Comiferous.  Over  these  three  great  limestone  formations  la 
alwavs  found  the  10  a.  Marcellus  shales,  the  10  b.  Hamilton  and  the  10  c.  Genesee,  forming  the  fine 
fertile  country  extending  south  from  this  ridge.  Still  farther  south  is  the  11  a.  Portage  with  its 
glens,  gorges  and  precipices,  and  lib.  Chemung,  extending  to  the  Pennsylvania  State  line.  The 
Oneida  conglomerate,  which  is  30  or  more  feet  thick  in  Herkimer  and  Oneida,  gradually  attenuates 
ingoing  west,  being,  a  grey  band,  ftom  4  to  6  ft.  thick  at  Rochester.  It  was  named  from  Oneida 
County. 

25.  IFampavtUa.  Numerous  fragments  of  Niagara  limestones  are  seen  mixed  with  the  soil, 
showing  its  existence  underneath.  The  Niagara  limestone  and  sh.'.les  which,  at  Niagara,  Lockport 
and  Rochester  are  150  ft.  thick,  thin  out  in  going  eastward,  being  vuly  two  or  three  ft.  thick  at  Sa- 
quoit  Creek  near  Utica. 

26.  CaiMsboto.  Stop  off  and  take  the  branch  railroad  to  Cazenovia,  rising  750  feet  in  IS  milea. 
Fine  geological  sections  of  6.  Siilina  with  gypsum  beds,  9  Uppor  Helderberg  and  10  b.  Hamilton.  Mag- 
nificent view  across  Oneida  Lake  and  a  beautiful  village  and  lake  at  Cazenovia. 

,  27.  Sj^ocuce.  Onondaga  Lake,  which  is  in  sight  andon  the  north  side  of  the  railroad  at  the  west 
end  of  Syracuse  City,  is  5  milea  long  ,  1  mile  wide;  its  greatest  depth  is  60  feet,  and  its  surface  la  863 
feet  above  tide  water.  It  is  excavated  in  the  red  shale  of  the  (6.)»alina  formation.  The  lake  is  what 
remains  of  an  ancient  much  more  extensive  and  deeper  excavation,  all  of  which  has  been  filled  in 
vith  sand,  gravel  and  rolled  stones,  except  the  part  occupied  by  the  lake.  The  bottom  and  sides  ot 
the  lake  are  covered  with  lake  marl  six  feet  thick.  The  ancient  excavation  underneath  answers  an 
excellent  purpose  as  a  reservoir  into  which  the  salt  waters  are  received  and  retained,  and  the  marl  of 
the  bottom  of^the  lake  serves  an  equally  good  purpose  by  separating  the  fresh  water  of  the  lake  from 
the  salt  water  stored  away  in  the  basin  or  reservoir  of  sand  and  gravel  beneath.  There  could  be  no  bet- 
ter material  for  the  purpose.  Into  this  basin  the  various  borings  of  the  salt  wells  are  made,  not  through 


Ms. 


.  Salina  or  Onon-    D 

I    289 

daga  Salt  group      1 

■    298 

"               *'^    1 

I    800 

«                      438      1 

■    803 

<i                      41C      1 

■    307 

«                4oa    9 

I    810 

316 

321 
326 
881 
884 


NEW  YORK. 


Ill 


Mew.  York  Oentrsl  A 
road.— 

Mb.  Old  RoHd, 


Hudvon   River  Rall- 

Continutd. 

via  Auburn.  Alt. 


289'SyraouBe 


37 


298 
300 
.303 
307 
810 

316 

.321 
326 
881 
884 

341 


Caniillus. 
Marcellus."' 
Half  Way. 
Skaneateles.'* 
Sennett. 

Auburn.  •" 

Aurelius. 
Cayuga. '• 
Seneca  Falls. 
Waterloo. 

GeneTa.** 


0.  Balina,  0  miles.  «03 
<t 

"  Gypsum  beds. 

9  0.  Upp.  Ileldorberg, 

or  Cornifer.  14  m.  "i" 
«« 

u  715 

Quar.  of  Corn.  1.  s. 
6.  Salina,  10  miles. 
"  (Lake.8  8  8^ 
0  0.  Com.  1.  B.  8  miles. 
9  0.  Seneca  limestone. 

(Deep  drift  overlying 
6.  Salina  and  9  c. 
Cornifer.  l.s.     *»» 


New  York  Central  A   Hudson  River  R»U< 
voad. 

Mb.       Old  Road,  via  Auburn— Cbn(mu<ii.       Alt. 

846 
849 


858 
858 
364 
868 
369 

370 

874 
879 
384 
888 
892 


Oaks  Corners.*  > 

Phelps. 

Clifton  8prl'gs.*o 

Shortsville. 

Canandaigua.i'^ 

Paddleford. 

Farmington. 

W.  Farmington. 

Victor.  '•« 
Fishtr's.»«a 
Pittsford. 
Brighton. 
Rochester,  3 «,»»» 


9c.Comlf.  r.B.,  18  m^ 


It 
u 


•  tlv 


10  Hamilton  0  ms.  »«• 

u 

9  0.  Comifcr's  1.  8. 
and  Salina.  , 


{ 


D  c.  Salina  11  miles'. 
« 

5  c.  Niagara,  4  miles. 
>«  to* 


or  into  rock,  but  only  through  the  lake  marl  and  other  loose  material  mentioned ,  ton  depi  h  of  Ifiu  to  4M 
feet.  No  rock  salt  or  bed  of  ealt  has  ever  been  discovered  in  this  State,  although  it  has  been  in  Canada: 
>iut  in  this  Salina  formation  are  twoporous  or  Vermicular  mai^ses  of  limestone,  looking  as  if  perforated 
by  little  worms,  and  hence  the  namo ;  and  between  them  ar^  certain  hopper  shaped  cavities  in  the 
shale  in  which,  as  well  as  in  the  perforations  of  these  limestones,  salt  in  a  crytalline  and  solid  state, 
it  has  been  conjectured,  formerly  existed,  the  saline  materials  of  which  have  been  dissolved  in 
water  which  percolated  through  the  formation  and  passed  into  the  basin  where  it  is  now  found,  the 
bed  of  marl  on  which  is  Onondaga  Lake,  being  afterwards  formed  over  it.  But  the  origin  of  the 
salt  water  may  be  said  to  be  at  present  unknown.  Forty  gallons  of  the  brine  pr  duce  r  bushel  of 
salt,  weighing  60  pounds.  These  are  the  most  productive  salt  wells  in  the  world  in  so  sniall  a  terri- 
tory—two mites  long  end  one-fourth  of  a  mile  wide. 

28.  Marcellus,  from  which  the  formation  ia  named,  is  three  miles  south  of  this  station. 

29.  Skaneateles.  From  the  Junction  wHh  the  N.  Y.  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  R.  the  Skaneateles  railroad  rons 
south  up  the  outlet  of  the  lake  of  that  name  over  the  Corniferous  limestone.  The  lake  outlet 
with  its  falls,  amounting  to  463  I'eet  to  Jordan,  affording  excellent  mill  sites  and  many  exposures 
of  the  rock.  Before  reaching  Skaneateles  Village  the  railroad  passes  over  the  Marcellus  shales. 
Skaneateles  Lake,  where  the  railroad  terminates.  Is  14  miles  lone,  from  a  half  to  a  mile  and  a  half 
wide;  its  greatest  depth  south  of  Borodino  18  820  feet  and  its  surrace  879  feet  above  tide.  The  sides 
of  the  northern  end  of  this  lake,  at  the  beautiful  village  of  Skaneateles,  gradually  slope  to  the  water, 
corresponding  in  inclination  to  each  other  and  adding  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  lake.  The  v.  -\ter 
line,  with  the  exception  of  the  south  part,  is  excavated  in  the  Hamilton  group.  The  south  part  of  the 
lake  is  more  narrow,  and  the  banks  rise  abruptly  to  a  considerable  height  above  the  water>  The 
Tully  Imestone,  at  the  top  of  the  Hamilton,  and  over  that  of  the  Genesee  slate,  appear  to  the  south 
of  Borodino,  rising,  when  flrst  seen,  160  feet  above  thu  lake,  and  the  south  end  or  head  of  the  lake 
is  surrounded  by  the  Portage  group.    Fossils  along  the  lake.    G/athophvUoid  corals. 

30.  Auburn.  The  Corniferous  member  of  the  9.  Upper  Helderberg  Timeptone  and  the  Onondaga 
llmestoae,  which  is  its  lower  member,  are  extensively  quarried  at  Audu^'u.  The  State  Prison  and 
the  facings  o' many  of  the  buildings  of  this  hand.jome  little  city  areenHrely  made  of  this  limestone, 
and  several  fine  churches  are  built  of  it.  The  formation  ends  at  the  main  street  where  the  10  a. 
Marcellus  shale  begins,  and  it  extends  in  the  stream  up  to  the  outlet  of  the  lake.  Beginning  below 
the  city  and  following  up  the  stream  to  the  State  Prison,  the  outlet  exposes  the  following  section: 
eight  feet  of  the  upper  part  of  6.  the  Waterlime  of  the  Salina  formation,  one  foot  of  8.  Oriskany  sand 
stone,  over  eight  feet  of  9  o.  Onondaga  11  imestone  and  twenty-seven  feet  of  the  Corniferous  exclusive 
of  its  upper  member  the  Seneca  limestone. 

31.  Oeneva.  The  Seneca  limestone  of  the  upper  part  of  the  9.  Upper  Helderberg  disappears  near 
Waterloo  and  reappears  at  a  distance  of  six  or  seven  miles  west  near  Oaks  Corners.  The  whole 
mass  of  limestone,  and  all  the  rocks  north  of  it  to  Lake  Ontario,  have  been  removed  from  all  tho 
intermediate  space,  and  along  the  shore  of  that  lake  the  great  depth  of  alluvium  conceals  the  rock 
if  any  be  present.  Near  Oaks  Corners  the  limeSiOne  suddenly  terminates  as  if  broken  off  an<'^ 
removed,  leaving  an  abrupt  descent  to  the  east  which  bears  evidence  of  the  erosive  action  of  water. 
Seneca  Lake  and  Lake  Ontario  probably  originally  communicated  by  this  deep  old  channel.  Ontario 
is  196  feet  lower  than  Seneca.  The  same  state  of  things  seems  to  exist  north  of  Cayuga  Lake,  where 
the  drift  material  causes  the  Montezuma  marshes  and  the  shallowness  of  that  lake  at  that  end.  Sen- 
eca Lake  is  40  miles  long,  3  miles  wide,  630  feet  deep,  and  its  surface  is  441  feet  above  tide  water. 

32.  Jordan.  Between  Skaneateles  Junction  and  Elbridge  the  Oriskany  sandstone  is  over  30  feet 
thick,  being  at  its  maximum.    At  Auburn  it  is  from  six  inchos  to  two  and  a  half  feet  thick. 

33.  Weeatport.  At  many  points  between  Syracuse  and  Rochester,  and  on  the  Southern  Central 
and  other  cross  roads,  are  seen  numerous  hills  or  short  ridges  running  ftom  north  to  south,  from 
fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  high,  with  steep  slopes  and  very  sharp  crests.  These  are  not  of  drift  or 
alluvium,  as  they  appear  tCtbe,  but  are  in  reality  outliers  of  the  marly  deposits  of  the  Salina  or  On- 
ondaga salt  group,  with  only  a  thin  covering  of  loose  materials.  Mount  Hope  at  Rochester,  the  hllln 
soath  of  Brighton,  Fort  Hill  Cemetery  in  Auburn,  James  street  hill  and  ^T.^.lreisity  hill  in  Syracuse, 
and  numerous  hog-back  ridges  al>out  Jordan  and  other  places,  are  of  this  character,  being  Salina 
shales  in  place,  spared  when  the  adjoining  valleys  were  eroded.  There  are,  however,  some  hills 
composed  of  gravel,  or  a  mixture  or  gravel  and  sand,  but  very  little  glacial  drift  on  this  B.  R. 

34.  Great  crops  of  peppermint  are  raised  here,  and  this  place  supplies  the  world  with  pepp«r> 
mint  oil.  There  seems  to  be  some  peculiarity  in  the  soil  which  adapts  it  for  the  production  tf 
this  plant 


a 


m 


iiii 


J;; 


> 


:il 


114 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  Y.) 

Mew  York  Central  A   HiuUon  River  lUU- 

New  York  Central  *  Hudson  Blver  lUll. 

ro»d.— ( 

OmtUue-l. 

road. 

Ma.                      Direct  Hoad.                         Alt. 

Mh.       Mngara  FbIIh  Division.— Cbn«nu«(l.       Alt. 

280 

Syracuse.  »%>»» 

j  6.  Salina  or  Ononda. 
\8altgr'p,  71  ms.*"* 

426 
480 

Lockport.**    '"o 
Look  port  Juno. 

60.  Niagara,  10  miles. 

•<                       628 

290 

Warner's. 

<i                    437 

486 

Hall's. 

6.  Salina,  12  miles. 

802 

Memphis. 

«                    410 

441 

Tonawanda. 

4t                       660 

807 

Jordan. »» 

«                     406 

448 

Black  Rook.«o 

9  c.  Corn.  1.3.  4  ms.*»» 

811 

Weedsport.»« 

<«                    404 

449 

Intern'l  Bridge. 

II                      608 

814 
824 

828 

Port  Byron. 

Sarannah.**,'* 

Clyde. 

Lyons. 

Newark. 

«                   40« 

*»»          ««      Marshes. 

«                       t>6 
«                      40  T 

462 

Buffalo.*" 

<4                      884 

Direot  Route. 

886 

870  Rochester. »",»»» 

6  O.Niagara,  16  mi.*o* 

840 

«                    411 

877  Coldwater. 

11                      488 

848 

Palmyra.** 

«                    48) 

881  Chili. 

<i 

868 

Macedon. 

«                      4T1 

885  Churchviile.  »»« 

6.  Salina,  17  miles. 

860 
8C6 

Fairport. 
Brighton.* » 

«                      4t6 

6  c.Niagara  1.  s.  10  ms. 

388  Bergen. 
391  West  Bergen. 

«                       60 « 
II 

870 

Rochester.* «,»»» 

<i                       6  08 

895  Byron. 

II                       «»t 

Niagara  Fi 

kll8  Division. 

402 

Batavka.*»      ••» 

9  c.  Corniferous,  8  ms. 

408 
414 

Crofts.             ••* 
Corfti. 

10  b.  Hamilton  18  ma. 

870  Rochester,  a «,»" 

5  c.  Niaga.,  lOms.  »»* 

^  ^v       ^^9    9^V9^Mm  m  m  v%^  AA^      ^  4^      AAA  D) 

«                      8  68 

880 

Spencerport.  »•" 

6  b.  Clinton,  12  miles. 

418 

Crittenden.     «*• 

"  9  c.  Comif. 

■  Railroad    runs    be- 

421 

Wende. 

9o.  Comifer.,  20  ma. 

888 

Adams  Basin. 

tween  Clinton  and 

423 

Town  Line. 

«                      742 

Medina. 

428 

Lancaster. 

M                      •8S 

880 

Brockport. 

•<                      54  S 

438 

Buffalo.*' 

<i                     184 

802 
806 

Holley.            >»a 

Murray. 

Albion. 

6  a.  Medina,  23  miles. 

«                        668 

»«                    HI 

■ 

ButTalo  and  Niagara  Falls  DlTiaion. 

481 

0 

Buffalo.           »»* 

9  0.  Comif.  1.  B.  6  ms, 

407 

Knowlesville. 

u 

8 

Intern'l  Bridge. 

<l                       6»i 

411 

Medina.  *' 

(f                        645 

6 

Black  Rock.*" 

<l                       8  98 

416 

Middleport. 

5  b.  Clinton,  4  miles. 

11 

Tonawanda. 

6.  Salina,  16  miles. BOO 

420 

Gasport. 

<t                        621 

17 

La  Salle. 

ii 

426 

Lockport." 

5  c.  Niaga.,  21ms.soo 

22  Niagara  Falls.*  8 

5  c.  Niag.  4  miles.''* 

487 

Sanborn. 

« 

24 

Suspens.  Bridge. 

i<                      S80 

446 

Buspens.  Bridge 

II                       5  8  (> 

nn 

Tj>iir<i>«nn    4  2        SB8 

rS  b.   Clinton,  6  a. 
\  Medina.    Lake,  245. 

447 

Niagara  Falls.** 

<l                      6  74 

OV    «^V  »T  AObVAAl   - 

36.  Irondequoit.  A  few  miles  east  of  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee  River,  the  Irondequolt  Creek 
empties  into  the  lake,  ^flowing  in  a  deeper  channel  than  the  Oenesee,  but  through  deposits  of  sand 
and  gravel.  Professor  Hall  suggests  witn  much  probability  that  the  Genesee  ran  in  the  channel  of 
the  Irondequoit,  but  when  that  was  filled  with  gravel  and  the  region  elevated,  the  Genesee  was 
turned  westward  and  compelled  to  cut  its  pretaent  rocky  bed  like  the  Niagara.  This  phenomenon 
is  not  rare,  but  is  many  times  repeated  in  this  State.    See  notes  31, 38, 30  and  110. 

36.  Boehe$ter.  See  Genesee  Falls  out  of  the  car  windows  on  the  north  side  at  the  east  end  of 
the  station  house.  The  gulf  of  the  Genesee  River,  from  Rochester  to  Charlotte,  is  renrarkable  for 
the  striking  example  of  erosion  which  it  exhibits.  The  distance  is  seven  miles,  in  which  the  river 
forms  three  cataracts  over  three  distinct  formations,  the  Medina  sandstone  the  lowest,  84  feet  fall ; 
the  Clinton  25  feet  one  and  three-fourth  miles  below,  and  tho  Niagara  group  96  feet  fall,  close  to  the 
railroad  bridge.  It  is  evidentlv  the  different  hardness  of  the  groups  or  their  varying  facility  of  de* 
composition  that  have  produced  these  falls.  These  three  falls  at  first  were  but  one,  ana  at  this  time  the 
lower  ones  are  gaining  probably  on  the  upper  one  and  the  time  may  come  when  they  will  unite  again. 

37.  The  6  a.  Medina  formation  is  named  after  this  place.  Layers  filled  with  Lingula  and  Lqi>enUia. 

38.  At  Lockport  is  a  repetition  of  the  Rochester  and  Niagara  Falls  ravine  in  the  Niagara  lime- 
ritone  and  shales  here  crossed  by  the  railroad  on  a  high  bridge.  Here  too,  a  mile  west  of  the  city, 
you  can  see  on  the  north  side  of  the  railroad  an  old,  dry  channel  from  which  the  stream  was  diver- 
ted by  the  drift,  corresponding  to  the  Irondequoit  at  Rochester  and  St.  David's  at  Niagara  Falls. 
There  is  another  of  these  dry,  old  channels  at  Oak  Orchard.    Niagara  fossils  found  here. 

39.  Niagara  Falls  are  six  and  a  half  miles  south  f^om  Lake  Ontario  at  Lewiston,  and  the  whole 
distance  the  river  runs  in  a  gulf,  which,  at  the  falls,  is  160  feet,  and  at  Lewiston,  300  feet  deep  and 
seneraily  about  twice  as  wide  at  the  top  as  at  the  bottom.  The  rocks  pass«l  through  by  the  receding 
nils  are  the  Medina  sandstone,  the  Clinton  group  of  limestone  and  snale,  and  the  Niagara  limestone 
and  shale.  These  rocks  have  a  slight  southerly  dip,  and  all  except  the  Niagara  group  have  disap- 
peared beneath  the  bed  of  the  river,  the  falls  being  now  in  the  Niagara  group  entirely,  the  shale 
lying  beneath  the  limestone.  At  the  whirlpool,  a  little  more  than  three  miles  mIow  the  falls,  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  river,  the  continuity  of  the  rock  forming  the  bank  is  interrupted  by  a  deep  ravine 
filled  with  drift  material.  This  ravine  many  be  traced  two  miles  in  a  northwest  direction,  and  from 
thence  another  depression  can  be  followed  to  Lake  Ontario  at  St.  David's  four  miles  west  of  Queens- 
town.    When  the  ravine  to  St.  David's  was  blocked  up  by  drift  materials  the  stream  would  be  forced 


NEW  YORK. 

lis 

New  York  Central  A  HudMO  River  iUll- 

M«w  York   Central  *  Hudion  River  Rail. 

roMd.  —ContinuaA. 

romd.—Continu&i. 

Ms.    CananauigURsndTonawBmda  Divlaion.  Alt. 

Ms.                    Charlotte  Brandt.                     Alt 

0 

Canandai({ua.i*T 

10b.aamin,16m.r«'): 

;nO  Rochester. »«,»•» 

fSc.Niagara  »»• 
\  G  b.  Clinton. 

8 

East  Bloomfleld. 

4<                       18  3 

• 

12 

Miller's  Cor's.»»» 
West  Bloomfleld. 

«                       198 

f< 

879  Charlotte.  3 » 

6  a.  Med.,  (Lake, 246) 

16 

18 

Honeoye  Falls. 
West  Rush. 
Erie  R.  R.  June. 

9o.  Comifer.  2  ms."' 

Troy  A  Boheneotadjr. 

21) 

0.  Salina,  22  miles. 
« 

26 

148,Troy. 

Hud.  Riv.&  2  b.  Poti. 

28 

Maxwell's 

<i 

161  Cohoes. 

«•    Falls,  70  Feet. 

88 

Caledonia.!  a* 

«               ass 

154  Crescent. 

" 

40 

LeRoy.»»» 

9o.  Comif.,  25ms.»T« 

IGO  Niskayuna. 

II 

44 

Stafford. 

II                       8  94 

166  Aqueduct. 

4  b.  Utioa. 

60 

Batavia.^i 
East  Pembroke. 

10  b.  Hamilton.      •»» 
9  0.  Corniferous.     » » * 

nOiSchnectady. 

*t 

67 

68 

Richville. 

It                       818 

Skaneatelos  Railroad,  a  9 

66 

Falkirk. 
Akron.  1" 

It                       848 
II                       T«ft 

67 

1  Syracuse, 

(As  before.)  *<»» 
9  c.  Corniferous.     •»• 

74 

Clarence  Centre. 

6.  Salina,  21  miles.' «• 

0;Skaneateles  Jo. 

77 

Transit. 

II 

8  Mottville. 

10  a.  Marcellus. 

80 

Gettzville. 

i« 

4  Kellogg's  Mills. 

ti 

86 

Tonawanda. 

<l                      SIO 

6|SkaneateleB.>B 

10b.  Hamilton.       "'o 

to  find  itspresent  rooky  channel.  Even  though  the  drift  rose  only  a  foot  higher  than  the  rooks  It 
would  as  etfectually  force  the  water  over  the  rocka  as  if  it  formed  a  mountain.  Could  the  river  have 
once  surmounted  the  drift,  Its  work  would  have  been  comparatively  easy  in  wearing  out  a  bed 
through  the  old  ravine,  but  till  it  was  able  to  flow  over  the  barrier  it  would  have  no  power  over  it, 
and  must  commence  its  slow  work  of  wearing  away  the  solid  rock.  The  present  gulf  shows  us 
what  it  has  done  since  the  drift  period.  J.  Hall  and  Bib  Cbahlu  Ltul. 

40.  At  Black  Rock  there  is  only  fh>m  6  to  14  inches  of  the  Onondaga  limestone  which  is  of  a 
grayish  color,  crystalline  and  contains  few  fossils.  The  Corniferous  limestone  above  it  is  26  to  80  feet 
containing  abundance  of  hornstone.    It  is  dark  colored,  fine  grained,  and  in  its  fresh  fhioture,  and 

Sarticularly  when  wet,  it  presents  an  almost  black  appearance,  which  has  given  the  name  of  Black 
:ock  to  the  place.  It  affords  good  auarries  of  excellent  building  stone.  From  t4ie  occurrence  of 
the  Corniferous  along  the  south  end  of  Lake  Erie  and  its  dip  southward,  it  seems  probable  that  the 
bed  of  this  lake  has  never  been  excavated  below  it,  and  that  it  now  forms  the  floor  beneath  the  de- 
posit of  alluvium.  It  seems  that  there  are  others  of  the  lake  bottoms  composed  of  limestone,  espeo- 
lally  Lake  Ontario.  See  note  71.  This  is  probably  for  the  reason  that  it  received  a  polish  from  the 
action  of  glaciers  which  then  passed  over  it,  while  the  resistance  of  the  grit  of  the  Handstones  and 
shales  was  more  favorable  for  deeper  excavation.  Lake  Erie  is  230  miles  long,  SO  miles  wide,  140  feet 
deep  and  its  surface  is  569  feet  above  tide. 

41.  Batavia  is  the  highest  point  on  the  N.  T.  G.  A  H.  R.  R.  R.,  and  one  of  the  highest  in  V.'estern 
New  York,  being  895  feet  above  tide.  This  is  caused  by  there  crossing  the  9  c.  Helderberg  forma- 
tion, which  maintains  its  elevation  although  not  observable  as  a  mountain  range,  being  overcome  by 

I  easy  grades.    Noi.''ie  the  elevations  of  the  railroad  crossings  of  the  Helderberg  and  Hamilton  range, 

although  the  railroad  seeks  the  lowest  points;  Buffalo,  684;  Batavia,  896;  Le  Roy,  872;  Canandaigua, 

740;  Auburn,  716;  Skaneateles,  890;  Tuliy,  1249;  Cazenovia,  1249;  Coopers  own,  1193.    When  the  valleys 

cut  throush  the  limestone,  the  summit  is  farther  south  on  the  Hamilton  or  Portage. 

j       42.    Lewitton.    Tourists  should  not  fail  to  go  down  to  Lewiston,  the  terminus  of  the  Buffalo  and 

Niagara  Falls  division.    This  railroad  ride,  although  little  known,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  United 

States.    It  follows  the  bank  of  the  Niagara  River,  affording  admirable  views  of  the  rapids  and  the 

I  formations  displayed  in  the  gulf.    Nowhere  in  the  State  are  there  better  geological  sections.    On  the 

Canada  side,  also  the  Canada  Southern  Railway,  running  to  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  River  at  Niag- 

I  ara  City,  affords  one  good  view  of  the  falls,  but  no  such  remarkable  sections  of  the  rocks  as  on  the 

I  American  side,  where  the  railroad  overhangs  the  fearful  torrent  of  the  river  for  several  miles. 

I       43.    Knowertville.    The  Helderberg  mountain  shows  finely  on  the  left  or  southwest  side  of  the 

railroad  opposite  Guilderland  and  Enowersville.    The  railroad  passes  through  it  between  that  place 

aad  Duanesburgh.    The  mountain  is  capped  by  the  7.  Lower  Helderberg  limestone  forming  a  steep 

I  precipice  along  its  summit,  and  this  rests  on  the  4  0.  Hudson  River  slates.    Back  of  Knowersville 

liwonotchesareoutoutof  the  mountain  by  two  streams,  leaving  a  picturesque,  fortress-like  bluff  of 

I  the  limestone.    The  Helderberg  formations  are  named  from  this  mountain.    See  Note  168. 

I      44.    At  Howe's  Cave  large  quarries  on  the  railroad  track.    Good  place  to  examine  Lower  Helder- 

I  berg  limestone  and  to  collect  fossils.  The  cave  is  an  old  underground  water  channel,  and  it  is  several 

■  miles  long.    Notice  that  the  limestone  at  Cobleskill  is  ITpper  Helderberg  and  that  at  Howe's  Cave 

ILoutr  Helderberg.    On  no  other  railroad  can  you  see  them  both. 

I  45.  Cooperstown  is  seated  at  the  south  end  of  Otsego  Lake  on  a  dike  of  alluvium.  This  lake. 
I  is  a  handsome  sheet  of  water  seven  miles  long,  one  and  a  half  wide,  1193  feet  above  the  ocean. 
lit  has  a  high  ridge  of  the  Hamilton  group  on  the  east  side,  a  low  and  interrupted  range  of  the  same 
Ion  the  west  side,  and  an  elevated  projection  on  the  northeast  end.  This  lake  is  one  of  the  head 
Iwaters  of  the  Susquehanna,  the  valley  spreading  out  to  the  southwest.  See  also  186. 
I  46.  Sharon  Springs.  All  the  large  sulphur  sjprings  of  the  State,  Avon,  Clifton,  Richfield,  eto., 
land  many  small  ones,  rise  trom  the  waterlime.  Glacial  Striae  here  and  at  Cherry  Valley. 
I  47.  Cherry  Valleu.  The  railroad  is  on  Corniferous,  but  the  olitb  and  gorge  are  Waterlime,  Lower 
■Helderberg,  Cauda  Galli,  and,  slightly,  Oriskany.  Marcelhu  and  Hamilton  form  the  bills  on  the  south. 


mm 


116 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  Y.) 


U 


■i;il!i 


Delaware  &  Hudson  Canal  Co's  Railroads 

Ms.      Albany  and  Susquehanna  Railroad.       Alt. 


OAlbany.10,121 

6  AdamsTille. 

7  Slingerlands. 
11  New  Scotland. 
14Quilderliind.is'» 
17  Knowersville.*' 
24  Duanesburg.  » » ' 
27  Quaker  Street. 

81  Esp^^'ance. 

86  0  %.Tal  Bridge. 

89  Howe's  Cave.** 

45  Cobleskill.      9o» 

60  RicIimondTille. 
67  East  Worcester. 
62  Worcester,    mo 
67Schenevu8.    12^2 
70  Maryland.    1220 
yr   f  Cooperstown 

(.Junction.** 
76  Colliers. 
79  Emmons. 

82  Oneonta. 

90  Otego. 

95  Wells  Bridge. 

99Unadilla.'«* 
103  Sidney.  »»« 

108  Bainbridge. 
114  Afton. 
119  Nineveh. 
127  Tunnel. 
182  Osbom  Hollow. 
184  Port  Crane. 
142  Binghamton.  ^  *  * 


0 
15 
29 

45 

60 
54 

59 
68 


Saratoga. 

Ballston. 
Schenectady. 
Quaker  Street, 


265 


3X0 


Cobleskill.      9o» 
Hyndsville. 
Seward. 

Sharon  Spr'gs.*^ 
Cherry  Valley.*^ 


4  c.  Hudson  River.    *  " 
«  21a 

0  214 

«  82  7 

«  329 

«  439 

*'   and  Utica. 

«  789 

7.  L.  Helderberg. 

«  78  2 

8,  Oriskany.  ^ 

9c.U.Helderb'gl.8.| 

10  a.  Marcellus.        m 

ii»3     "    10b.  Ham.* 

10  b.  Hamilton.  * 

« 


11  a.  Portage. 


B 


11  b.  Chemung,  »  in 8 


«  1054 

«  10  19 

«  1022 

12.  Catskill,  synclinal. 

«  9»4 

979 
1032 


lib.  Chemung. 


Ills 

1041 

£59 


3  a.  Calciferous  and 

4  a.  Trenton.         8°* 
4  0.  Hudson  River. 

i<  246 


9  c.  Upper  Helderberg. 
<<  1112 

"  1177 

7.  Low.  Helderb.  i»»3 
9o.  Corn.&Marc.isi' 


Cooperstown  and  Susquehanna  Valley  R.  R. 


75|Junction. 

91 'Cooperstown.** 


Ill  a.  Portage. 
110  b.  Hamilton. 


1193 


Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal    Company's 
Railroads.— Cbnttnued. 

Middleburg  and  Schoharie,  and  Schoharie  Val- 
Ms. ley  Railroads.  Alt. 


8 

6 

9 

12 


Central  Bridge 
or  Schoharie 
Junction. 

Hollenbeck's.*' 

Schoh'eC.  H.*» 

Borst's. 

Middleburg. 


1 


4  c.  Hudson  River. 


9  b.  Schoharie  grit.^ » 0 
7.  Lower  Helderberg. 

10  a.  Marcellus.      6*0 


Nineveh   Branch. 


119 
122 
127 
130 
133 
140 


Nineveh. 
Centre  Village. 
Ouaquaga. 
Windsor. 
Comstock. 
Jefferson  June. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


1082 

964 
991 


Saratoga  and  Champlain  Division. 


0 

6 

9 

12 


0 
6 
12 
25 
32 
43 
49 
67 
60 

64 


71 


7 
10 
14 


20 
22 


24 


Aiuanv.i°,i''^ 
West  Troy. 
Cohoes.*" 
Albany  Junction. 


Troy. 

Albany  June, 
l^echanicsville. 
Ballston. 
Saratoga.        2  8  5 
Gansevoorts. 
Fort  Edward. 
Smith's  Basin. 
Fort  Ann. 

Comstock's. 


White  Hall.  "9 


White  Hall  SI 

Chubb'sDock. 
Dresden. '2 

Putnam. 


Pattuiwa. 
(Mt.  Defiance.) 
Ft.  Ticonderoga. 
(Ticon'ga   Creek, 
(Tunnel.) 
Addison  June. 


4  c.  Hudson  River.   ' « 

"  Falls  70  ft. 
« 


4  a. 


Trenton 
ft 


& 


.iO 


?10 

Calcif. 


«  141 

"      quarries. 
<i 

(2  b.  Potsdam.  Fine 
surface  exposures 
for  4  miles. 
I  2  b.  Potsdam.  Fine 
<  expos'rs  on  1  a.  Lau- 
(  rentian  gneiss.     ' ' ' 


"    Lake,    " 

3  a  Calciferous. 

■'  &  1  a.Laur.  back. 

1  a.  Laurentian.      *i' 
<f 

3  a.  Calciferous  bluff. 

4  a.  Trenton.     Valley. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 
« 

outlet  of  Lake  George,) 
4  a.  Trenton. 

"    large  valley. 


48.  On  either  side  of  the  valley,  according  to  Prof.  Hfcill,  is  the  following  section:  Pyritifprous 
shales,  (Clinton  group);  Coralline  limestone,  (Niagara);  Waterlime,  (Salina):  Tentaculite;  Pentamerus; 
Delthyris  shaly  limestone  ;  Upper  Pentamerus,  (Lower  Helderberg);  Oriskany;  Cauda  Galli ;  Scho- 
harie grit;  Onondaga  limestone,  (Upper  Helderberg).  At  Hollenbeck's  are  cliff's  of  Hamilton,  "Vro- 
man'sNose." 

49.  The  Schoharie  grit  formation  was  named  Arom  this  place.  The  fossils  peculiar  to  it  are 
found  in  the  mountain  one  and  a  half  miles  northwest  and  northeast  of  Schoharie.    See  note  159. 

BO.    See  from  car  windows  the  great  falls  of  Mohawk,  70  feet  high,  over  Hudson  River  slate, 
SI.    White  Ha'l  is  usually  called  the  head  of  Lake  Champlain,  but  the  lake  for  16  miles  is  rarely 
more  than  100  to  160  yards  wliie.  It  is  in  fact  a  mere  channel  between  mud  flats  and  clayey  alluvium, 
Lake  Champlain  is  1X2  miles  long,  600  feet  deep,  and  the  surfaoe  being  only  96  feet  above  tide,  It  j 


NEW    YORK. 


117 


Delaware  and   Hudson  Canal   Company's 

Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Company's 

Railroads.— Con. 

Railroads.— Cbn. 

Ms. 

Saratoga  and  Champlain  Division.— Qin.  Alt. 

Ms.                    Ausable  Branch.                     Alt. 

1  a.  Lauren tian  bluff. 

0 

Plattsburg. 

2  b.  Potsdam.          ii» 

4  a.  Trenton. 

6 

Salmon  River. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

32 

Crown  Point. 

1  a.  Laurentian  bluff. 

8 

Laphams  Mills. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

4  a,  Trenton,  7  miles. 

10 

Peru. 

(1 

Val'y  chiefly  1  a.  Laur. 

14 

Harkness. 

« 

40 

Port  Henry.  5  8 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

17 

Ferronia. 

« 

(Tunnel.) 
Westport.s* 
Wadham's  Mills, 

« 
« 

20 

Ausable.*' 

(( 

61 

Glens  Palls  Branch. 

64 

49  Fort  Edward. 

4  a.  Trenton.           m 

57 

Whallonsb'gh.*' 

For  13  miles   deep 
cuts  through  bluffs. 

63  Sandy  Hill. 
55  Glens  Falls. 

•< 

'•  Utica  si.  above. 

Willsborough." 

Port  Kent. s  8 
(AusableR.)5» 

Valcour. 

Plattaburg. 

1  a.  Laur'n.     Beau- 
tiful sections. 

1  a.  Laurentian  ends. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

f  2  b.  Pots'm.    Heavy 
\  beds  of  sand  &  clay. 

«                        119 

64 

Lake  George  Branch. 

77 

22  Ticonderoga,          1  a.  Laurentian. 
9-,  Baldwin  on  Lake  1              „ 
^'1        George.  5  9       / 

84 

Rutland  and  Washington  Division.  164 

90 

0 

Rutland,  Vt. 

Calciferous-Trenton. 

95 

Beekmantown. 

r  4  a.  Trenton  and 
\  3  b.  Chazy. 

4 
10 

W.    " 
Castleton,  Vt. 

"      &4c.  H.R. 
2  Lower  Cambrian. 

99 

West  Chazy. 

« 

14 

Poultney,  Vt. 

K                       (i 

100 

Chazy.6« 
Sciota. 

21 

Middle  Granville 

&  4  c.  H.  R. 

105 

«                     ° 

26 

Granvi'e,N.Y.i4o 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

111 

Mooer's  June. 

«           s 

30 

W.  Pawlet. 

L.Camb.&4c.  Hud.R. 

118 

Champlain. 

■  3  a.  Calciferous  &  ^ 
■.3b.  Chazy.             g 

37 
45 
52 

Rupert,  Vt. 

Salem,  N.  Y. 
Shushan. 

2  Lower  Cambrian. 
«            « 

99 

West  Chazy. 

"S 

2L.Camb.&Hud.  Riv. 

122 

Rouse's  P'nt.i' 9 

i<                                  QQ 

50 

Cambridge. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

(Con.  in  Canada, 

see  Grand  Trk.  R'y.)  ^•■ 

62 

Eagle  Biidge.i*o 

i<                   u 

extends  50O  feet  below  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Its  bed  is  a  deep  chasm  in  the  Laurentian  or  Primitive 
rocks.  On  the  wesi  side,  where  the  mountain  ranges  reach  it,  the  slope  is  abrupt,  but  on  the  east 
side  it  is  longer  and  mora  gradual.  At  many  places  the  lake  is  bordered  by  steep  b^nks  of  blue  and 
yellowish  brown  clay  and  yellowish  brown  sand,  rarely  over  1.5  feet  thick,  but  its  greatest  height  is 
100  feet  at  Burlington.  It  contains  marine  fossils  in  the  mixture  of  clay  and  sand,  but  none  in  the 
clay  beneath.  This  drift  formation  extends  north  to  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  In  Al- 
bany County  it  is  an  immense  mass  and  is  itnown  as  the  Albany  clay. 

52.  From  Dresden  to  Port  Kent,  67  miles  the  Laurentian  hills  are  the  western  boundary  of  the 
valley  of  Lake  Champlain.  But  at  many  points  this  mountain  ridge  recedes  from  the  lake,  leaving 
nooks  and  valleys,  in  which  are  patches  of  3  b.  Chazy  and  4  a.  Trenton  limestone  along  the  railroad. 

53.  The  magnetic  iron  ore  mines  backoi  Port  Henry  are  worth  a  visit,  the  bed  oi  the  ore  being 
more  than  100  feet  thick.    The  mining  of  these  heavy  beds  Is  on  a  grand  scale. 

54.  From  51  Westport  to  77  Port  Kent,  the  formation,  according  to  Dr.  Hunt,  is  1  c.  Norian  or 
Upper  Laurentian. 

55.  At  the  village  of  Essex,  on  the  lake  and  between  Whallonsburgh  and  Willsborough  stations, 
is  a  bold  bluff,  100  to  200  feet  high  above  the  lake,  of  3  b.  Chazy  limestone. 

56.  The  Adirondack  Mountains  commence  at  Little  Falls,  rising  suddenly  from  the  Mohawk 
Valley,  and  run  northeast  to  Port  Kent  on  Lake  Champlain.  The  most  elevated  peak.  Mount  Marcy, 
is  5,467  feet  high,  the  summit  being  just  upon  the  region  of  perpetual  frost.  There  are  four  other 
pertks  5,000  feet  nigh,  each  distant  about  6  miles  from  the  other.  This  group  of  Adirondack  Moun- 
tains is  the  culminating  point  of  the  State  around  the  sources  of  the  Hudson,  Auaable,  Racket  and 
Black  Rivers,  and  dividing  the  north  half  of  the  State  into  two  separate  geological  basins.  They 
are  directly  west  of  Westport,  several  miles  to  the  west  of  the  railroad.  Only  a  glimpse  of  one  of 
them  can  be  had  from  the  railroad.  In  the  Adirondack  pass  in  Essex  County,  is  a  perpendicular 
precipice  or  naked  vail  of  rock  1,000  feet  high  and  more  than  half  a  mile  long.    There  is  not  prob- 

I  ably  m  the  Eastern  t'tates  an  object  of  the  kind  so  vast  and  imposing  as  this.    Emmons,  218. 

57.  Stopat  Port  Kent  and  visit  the  Ausable  va'.ley,  which  is  interesting  for  the  Ausable  chasm, 
where  for  at  least  two  miles  the  Ausable  River,  a  large  and  rapid  stream,  is  compelled  to  flow 

I  through  a  rocky  gorge  in  the  2  b.  Potsdam  sandstone  with  perpendicular  walls  of  100  feet  with  a  width 
only  varying  from  20  to  40  feet.  Here  the  lingula  antiqua  is  found  in  great  abundance,  and  there  is 
hereabetter  development  of  the  Lower  Silurian  or  Cambrian  rocks  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 
State.    Emmons,  267.    Lingula  and  trilobites  near  foot  of  Cathedral  rocks. 

68.  The  3  b.  Chazy  formation  wan  named  from  this  locality.  Off  line  of  R.  R.  are  abundant 
Chazy  fossils,  Madura  Rht/nefMnella,  etc.    See  Note  65.    Also  as  to  Isle  La  Motte  see  Note  67. 

59.  The  rock  which  forms  Diamond  Island  in  Lake  George  is  a  good  example  of  3  a.  Calcifer- 
ous.  Lake  George  is  30  miles  long,  1}^  miles  wide,  and  its  surface  is  about  80  feet  above  tide  water. 


I 


''    'iiiiS!! 


iji 


M 


1  r.'.i  ii 


"■> 


■  ni 


r 
I. 


118 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  Y.) 


Ms. 


Adirondack  Railroad. 


Alt.    Ms.    Utioa  and  Blaclt  River  B.  B.— Con.  Alt. 


0 

Saratoga.        so* 

4  a. 

Trenton  &  3  a  Cal. 

6 

Greenfield. 

2b 

Potsdam. 

564 

10 

King's.  8° 

« 

888 

13 

South  Corinth. 

« 

606 

17 

Jessup'sLanding. 

i< 

606 

22 

Hadley.6" 

la. 

Laurentian. 

606 

80 

Stony  Creek. 

« 

569 

36 

Thurman. 

<( 

68B 

44 

The  Glen. 

II 

712 

47 

Washbu'n'sEddy. 

>i 

60 

Riverside. 

II 

816 

58 

North  Creek. 

II 

970 

Cliateaugay  Bailroad.164 


0|Plattsburg.i6i 

4  a.  Trenton. 

8  Morrisonville. 

2  b.  Cambrian.  (?) 

12 

Cadyville. 

II 

17 

Danneniora. 

1.  Laurent.  &  2.  b.  Cam 

22 

Saranao. 

« 

34 

Lyon  Mt. 

K 

Crown  Point  Iron  Go's  B.  B. 


0' Crown  Point. 
ISlHammondville. 


1.  Laurt.  &4  a.  Trent. 
1.  Laurentian. 


Utioa  and  Black  Biver  B.  B. 


0 
6 
10 
12 
16 
18 
19 
21 


Utica. 
Mp.rcy. 
StittviUe. 
Holland  Patent. 
Trenton. 
Trenton  Falls. «» 
Prospect.** 
Remsen. 


4  b.  Utica,  12  ms.  **« 

II  S87 

•I  560 

4a.Trenton,32m8.o»<* 

•c  840 


840 
1010 
1185 


25 

28 
35 
38 
42 
45 
51 
54 
58 
66 
70 
74 
81 
83 
85 
92 


104 

~U 
92 
98 
101 
108 
74 
83 
87 
90 
93 

95 

101 
108 
113 
118 
128 


East  Steuben. 
Alder  Creek. 
Boonville.** 
Leyden. 
Port  Leyden. 
Lyons  Falls.** 
Glendale. 
Martinsburg.** 
Lowville. 
Castor  Land. 
Deer  River. 
Carthage.' 8 
Great  Bend. 
Felt's  Mills. 
Black  River. 
Watertown.*' 


Sacket's  Harbor 


Carthage.** 
Theresa  Juno. 
Orleans  Corners. 
Lafargeville. 
Clayton. 


Carthage.  *  * 
Sterlingsville. 
Philadelphia. 
Shurtliff's.       *»* 
Theresa  Juuct. 

Theresa. 

Redwood. 
Rossie.  •'* 

Hammond. 
Briar  Hill. 
Morristown.    '*» 


4  a.  Treuton. 


|(  900 

1  a.  Lauren.  1  m.    i**' 
4  a.  Trent.,  28  ms.  '""> 


II 
« 
« 


760 
749 


1  a.  Laurentian.      ''*'> 
4  a.  Trent.  18  ms.  **» 

l<  620 

«  897rR575 

Tren.,Bli'dseye  &B1ack 


4SS 


1  a.  Laure'n  6  ms.  ''*" 

2  b.  Potsdam.  "J 

3  a.  Calciferouii. 

u 

2  b.  Potsdam. 2" 

1  a.  Lauren   iTm.    ^ 

3  a.  Calcif  1  m.      »»* 

2  b.  Potsdam,  8  m8.*«» 
*•        Iron  ore. 

<l  40i 

1  a.  Laurentian  and 

2  b.  Pots.  18  m8.8«« 

*'  Lead     mine, 
2  b.  Pots.,  10  ms.    *♦» 

i<  2  76 

<*  &la.  Laur'n. 


60.  This  railroad  cuts  ttirough  Trenton,  CalciferouR  and  Potsdam  within  less  than  10  miles  of 
Saratoga.  Fine  sections  of  ripple  marked  Potsdam  in  railroad  cut  in  Greenfield.  The  Ausable  chasm 
is  repeated  at  the  High  Falls  of  the  Hudson  at  Luzerne  or  Hadley  station  on  the  Adirondack  Rail- 
road, in  Warren  County,  where  the  river  flows  for  a  mile  through  a  gorge  at  the  Junction  ot'  the 
Potsdam  sandstone  and  the  gneiss.   The  walls  rise  in  some  places  to  a  height  of  one  hundred  feet 

61.  Potsdam.  This  is  the  locality  which  gave  the  name  to  the  Potsdam  sandstone.  See  the 
description  of  ttiat  formation  in  another  part  of  this  volume. 

62.  Trenton  Falls.  For  about  three  miles  between  Trenton  Falls  station  and  Prospect  station  and 
a  mile  or  two  east  of  the  railroad,  the  East  Canada  Creek  has  cut  a  passage  through  the  Trenton 
limestone,  the  sides  of  the  excavation  rising  vertically  with  an  average  he'gnt  of  over  100  feet.  In 
this  passage  are  the  Trenton  Falls  or  Cascades  which  have  given  so  much  celebrity  to  the  place,  just- 
ly meriting  by  their  number,  beauty  and  position,  the  admiration  they  receive.  Including  the  one 
at  Prospect  villaKe  there  are  six  falls,  five  of  which  are  placed  at  intervals  somewhat  regular  and 
occupy  the  middle  part  of  the  excavation.  The  rock  is  m  thin  layers  of  from  6  to  10  inches  in  thinli- 
ness,  separated  by  tnin  layers  of  shale,  and  contains  trilobites  in  prodigious  numbers.  The  forma- 
tion derives  its  name  from  this  place.  It  is  600  feet  thiclc  and  about  seven  miles  in  breadth.  Going 
east  or  south  it  grows  thinner  and  is  about  30  feet  thick  in  the  Mohawk  Valley.  The  stone  quarried 
at  Prospect  and  used  at  Utica,  is  the  upper  part  of  the  Trenton,  which  is  here  of  a  gray  color  and  o( 
a  more  solid  and  crystalline  structure  and  appearance.  Going  on  north  by  this  railroad  you  travel 
fur  many  miles  on  a  terrace  of  the  limestones  of  this  group,  forming  the  banks  of  Black  River, 
which  has  its  rocky  channel  in  this  formation  all  the  way  to  Watertown,  with  three  important  falls 
at  Lyons,  Carthage  and  Watertown  and  many  cascades.  Very  picturesque  scenery  and  interest- 
ing geology,  with  an  abundance  of  fossils. 

63.  Boonville.  The  first  range  or  cliff  of  limestone  on  Black  River,  extending  by  the  side  of  the 
river  from  opposite  Boonville  to  Watertown,  is  the  Birdseye  limestone.  It  is  ofa  light  dove  <'olor 
which  by  long  exposure  to  the  weather  becomes  of  a  light  ash  gray  or  white.  It  is  in  thick,  straight 
layers,  with  straight,  vertical  Joints,  giving  the  rock  when  quarried  the  appearance  of  a  wall,  and  it 
has  a  compact  grain  and  smooth  fracture. 

64.  At  Lyons  Falls,  Black  river  falls  63>^  feet  over  gneiss  or  1  a.  Laurentian  rock.  Thence  to 
Carthage  it  fails  but  9  feet  and  there  is  another  fall  over  gneiss  rock. 

66.    The  high  hills  west  of  Martinsburg  are  of  the  Hudson  River  group. 


NEW  YORK. 


110 


R.-Con.  Alt. 


ect  station  aod 
;h  the  Trenton 
sr  100  feet.  In 
the  place,  just- 
luding  the  one 
it  regular  and 
iches  in  think- 
The  formn- 
.•eadth.  Goine 
stone  quarried 
ay  color  and  of 
tad  you  travel 
Df  Black  River, 
Important  falls 
and  interest- 


Borne,  Watertownand  Ogdensburg 
Ms.  Railroad.  Alt, 


0 
11 

14 

18 

23 

28 

31 

87 

42 

47 

52 

54 

59 

63 

72 

73 

78 

83 

90 

96 

101 

108 

115 

123 

129 

134 

142 

42 
47 
50 
55 
60 
63 
_71 

73 
72 

76 
86 
89 
93 
_97 

123 
131 
142 
148 


Rome. 
Taberg. 


44e 


McConnellaTille. 

Camden. 
West  Camden. 
Williamstown. 
Kasoag. 
Albion. 
Richland,*  « 
Sandy  Creek.6  8» 
Mannsville.     ^26 
Pierrep't  Manor. 
Adams.*  9        *99 
Adams  Centre. 
Watertown  June. 
Watertown.*^ 
Sanford'sCorners 
Evan's  Mills. 
Philadelphia. 
Antwerp. 
Keene's. 
Gouverneur. 
Richville.        »»» 
De  Kalb  Juno. 
Rensselaer  Falls. 
Heuvelton. 
Ogdensburg. 


Richland.*  8 
Pulaski.  7  0 
Sandhill. 
Mexico. 
New  Haven. 
Scriba. 
Oswego.  *i 


2eu 


Watertown.*' 
Watertown  June. 
Brownville.^' 
Chaumont. 
Three-Mile  Bay. 
Rosiere. 
Cape  Vincent. 


De  Kalb  June. 
Canton. 
Potadam.*! 
Potsdam  Juno. 


! 


4  c.  Hudson  River. 
"11  miles. 
5  a.  Medina  and 
Oneida   Conglom- 
erate, 31  miles. 

«  I>2  0 

« 

«  60i 

«  086 

"  547 

« 

4  0.  Hudson  R.  12  ms. 

"    Lora.  shales. 

"  deep  gulfs. 
4  a.  Trenton  limestone. 

«  619 

Tren.,  Birdseye  «S 
and  Black  Riv.;§  40  3 

(^455 

3  a.  Calciferous.  "p 
2  b.  Potsdam.      jg*«5 

1  a.  Laure'n,  Iron  ore. 

«  i< 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

"      Iron  ore. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

« 

3.  a.  Calciferous.     2*8 


5  a.  Medina. 

4  c.  Hudson  River.s?' 

5  a.  Medina.  'i^ 

«  3  75 

«  306 

II 

"    Lake,  245 


4  a.  Trenton. 


li 
II 
II 
II 
II 


455 
403 

294 


2S3 


1  a.  Laurentian. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

II 

3  a.  Calciferous. 


Ronie,Watertown  &  Ogdensburg  B.  B.— Con. 
Ms.  Syracuse  Division.  Alt 


0  Syracuse.  2 » 

6  Liverpool. 

8  Woodward. 
11  Clay. 
15Brewerton.ioa 

1  ^j  Central  Square. 

22  Mallory. 

24  Hastings. 

27  Parish. 

31  Union  Square. 

34  Holmcsville. 

39  Pulaski.  »o 

45  Sandy  Creek  Ju, 


/  6.  Salinaor  Ononda- 
\     ga  Salt  group.* 08 
11 

5  c.  Niagara. 

6  b.  Clinton. 

II  384 

6  a.  Medina. 
II 

i< 

«  474 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

II  330 

II  Ml 

<i  5  59 


Lake  Ontario  D  ivision,  West. 


0 

4 

7 

10 

13 

16 

20 

26 

31 

36 

38 

41 

47 

62 

66 

59 

64 

66 

70 

76 

80 

83 

86 

90 

92 

97 

100 

103 

106 

110 

114 

118 

123 

127 

128 

132 

147 

156 


Oswego. '1   2  80 

Furniss. 

Wheeler's. 

Hannibal. 

Sterling  Valley. 

Sterling. 

Red  Creek. 

WolCOtt.  360 

Rone. 

Alton. 

Wallington. 

Sodus. 

Williamson. 

Ontario.  *18 

Union  Hill. 

Webster. 

Pierce's. 

Sea  Breeze.'* 

Charlotte.  8* 

Greece 

North  Parma. 

East  Hamlin. 

Hamlin. 

East  Kendall. 

Kendall. 

East  Carlton. 

Carlton. 

Water  port. 

Carlyon 

Lyndonville. 

County  Line. 

Somerset. 

Hess  Road. 

Newfane. 

Coomer  Road. 

Wilson. 

Rawsonville. 

Lewiston.**    88  8 


5  a.  Medina.  Lake,  246. 


5  b.  Clinton. 
II 

11 

II  sas 

"Fossil  iron  ore. 
i< 

u 

II 

II  480 

II  604 

"Fossil  iron  ore. 
II  II 

<i 

II 


6  a.  Medina. 


II 
II 
i< 
It 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
ti 
II 
II 
II 
« 


355 


»19 


84* 


8«a 


SCO 

Lake,  245. 


66.  The  Laurentian  rocks  cover  the  whole  of  the  country  east  of  the  Black  River  and  the  later 
formations  west  of  the  river,  the  opposite  sides  forming  the  strongest  contrast  imaginable  as  to 
rocks,  soil,  vegetation  and  population. 

67.  At  Watertown  the  banks  of  the  Black  River  present  fine  sections  of  the  limestone  visible 
from  the  car  windows,  showing  the  Trenton  limestone,  Black  River  limestone  and  the  Birdseye 
limestcne.  There  is  a  mass  forming  the  Black  River  sub-division,  known  toqnarrymen  as  the  seven 
feet  tier,  lying  between  the  Birdseye  and  Trenton  limestone.  At  the  Isle  LaMotte,  near  Chazy,  in 
Lake  Champlain,  H  is  a  black  marble,  but  at  Watertown  it  is  only  suitable  for  ordinary  purposes. 


ii  r. 

1     1.- 


% 


ill 
111 


'iiiii  ji 


1% 

is. 


> 


i 


120 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (N.  Y.) 


Delaware,   IJackawanna   and  'Western 
Ms.  Kailroad.  Alt. 


0 
7 
11 
21 
23 
80 
85 
44 
47 
64 
59 
61 
66 
73 
_80 

80 

92 

98 

104 

116 


Biaghamton.  *  *  * 

Chenago.190 

Chenango  Forks. 

Whitney's  Point. 

Lisle. 

Marathon, 

State  Bridge. 

Cortland.i"! 

Homer. 

Preble.  "«8 

Tully.^'         12  00 

Apulia. 

Onativia. 

Jamesville.^* 

Syracuse.*' 


Syracuse.'' 7 

Baldwinsville. 
Lamson's. 
Fulton.  7  5 

Oswego.'*       ^'o 


11  b.  Chemung.       »*^ 


901  « 


Moraine. 


«  102  6 

"  Moraine. 

11  a.  Portage  "  ms 

(I                   «  113  1 

10  a.  Genesee," 
10  b.  Famil'n, " 

«                 «  12  2  7 

10  c.  Marcellus. 

9  c.  Corniferous.  '  *  * 

6.  Sttlina.  «o» 


403 


390 


6.  Salina. 
6  c.  Niagara. 
6  b.  Clinton. 
5  a.  Medina. 

t<  88  7 

«       Lake,  245. 


Cayuga  Division. 


0 
4 
10 
14 
88 
SS 
0 
11 
19 
26 
29 
88 
41 
47 
62 
57 


Owepo.i" 
Cattatonk. 
Candor. 
Wilseyville. 
Ithaca  on  hill. 
Ithaca  on  Lake. 


Bingham  ton.  i** 
Chenango  Forks. 
Greene.  ^  * ' 
Brisbin.^** 
Coventry.!** 
Oxford. -8»      9*0 
Norwich.       looi 
North  Norwich. 
Sherburne. 
Earlville.94,191 


11  b.  Chemung.       822 


« 


822 

11  a.  Portage.         6*° 
"  Striae.  »*° 

18  9  «  8  9  2 


lib.  Chemuug.       *** 
901  ««      Moraine. 

«  91  C 

is 

•I 


W 


10  a.  Portage. 

10  b.  Hamilton.  S 

«  p 

«  104  2 

«  10  71 


Delaware,   Liackawanna  and  Western 
Mb.  Railroad.— Con.  Alt. 


60 
64 
68 
72 
73 
78 
81 
84 
86 
87 
98 
91 
95 

'81 
85 
86 
88 
90 
92 
99 

102 


0 
4 

9 
11 
14 
18 
21 
24 
26 
29 

~0 
2 
3 
5 
7 
13 


Poolville.       1099 
Hubbardsville. 
Nor.  Brookfield. 
Sangerfield  Cen. 
Waterville.18* 
Paris.  1*22 

Richfield  Ju. 
CIayville.191 
Sauquoit 
Chadwick's. 
Washing'n  Mills. 
New  Hartford. 
Utica.i* 


Richfield  Junc'n. 
Bridgewater.i9° 
Unadilla  Forks. 
West  Winfield. 
Cedarville.i»8 
Miller's  Mills. 
South  Columbia. 
Riclifield  Spgs.*^ 


Utica.is 

New  Hartford. 

Clinton. "  ^ 

Franklin  I.  W. 

Deansville. 

OriskanyFalls.20 

Solsville.191 

Bouckville. 

Peaksport. 

Hamilton.i9» 

Smith's  Valley. 


S' 
^ 


10  b.  Hamilton. 

9c.  Cornife's.    izs*  g 

3 
O.Waterlime.     la's  » 

1087   * 
888    ^ 

6  a.  Med'a.8.8.     "2*  g. 

"  67  7   o 

«  677   '^ 


410   s* 

a 


5  b.  Clinton. 


4  b.  Utica. 


6.  Waterlime. 


s 


10  b.  Hamilton." »»  S. 

11  b.  Chemung." 94  3 
12Catskill  Synclin.  a 
10  b.  Hamilton. 


9  c.  Upper  Helderberg. 


4  b.  Utica. 
13  L    Clinton. 


Clinton."  8 

Kirkland. 

Clark's  Mills. 

Westmoreland. 

Bartlett. 

Rome. 


410 


683 


•J  c.  Niagara. 
6.  Salina. 

8.0risk'yon7L.H'g.956 
10  b.  Hamilton. 

"    Valley  drift. 


« 
(I 


310 


6  b.  Clinton.  ««» 


« 
« 
« 


640 
628 
528 
568 


4  c.  Hudson  River.*** 


The  Falls  of  BlacK  River  in  Watertown  are  ,S5  feet  perpendicular  over  the  limestones  at  the  Suepen- 
sion  Hridee,  and  112  feet  within  the  city  limits  in  six  separate  falls.    Good  locality  for  fossils. 

68.  Tn(>i  are  two  miles  of  rapids  in  Salmon  River,  which  terminate  in  a  fall  of  107  feet.  At 
high  water  the  .sheet  of  water  is  250  feet  wide,  and  at  low  water  about  half  that  extent.  The  fall  is 
over  the  grey  sandstone  of  the  5  a.  Medina,  and  i.s  seven  miles  northeast  from  Richland. 

69.  Adams.  The  Gulf  of  Loraine,  on  South  Sandy  Creek,  is  a  genuine  canon  upon  a  small  stream 
flowing  through  the  Loraine  or  Hudson  River  slates,  Utica  slate  and  Trenton  limestone  in  the  town 
of  Loraine,  from  which  some  geologists  prefer  that  name  for  the  formation.  The  walls  are  perpen- 
dicular and  vary  in  height  from  lOU  to  30U  feet,  and  the  gulf  varies  in  width  up  to  16  rods.  There  are 
several  of  these  gulfs  in  Jefferson  County,  some  of  them  12  miles  in  length,  reaching  to  the  starting 

ftoints  of  the  streams.  A  convenient  place  to  study  the  Loraine  shales,  a  huge  mass  of  mud  rook, 
s  the  p'.easant  village  of  Adams.  There  are  two  of  the.se  gulfs  within  two  niiles  southeast  in  the 
tovirn  of  Loraine,  but  not  on  the  stream  in  the  village,  which  is  on  Trenton  limestone.  On  the  way 
observe  a  remarkable  moraine  of  naked  Laurentlan  boulders,  some  of  them  very  large.  This  ridge 
orosses  the  railroad  just  south  of  Adams,  where  are  many  boulders  in  the  fields,  and  is  said  to  ex- 
tend from  Lake  Ontario  south  of  Woodford  northeast  into  Canada.  The  ridge  road,  which  runs  all 
along  Lake  Ontario,  also  occurs  here  a  little  nearer  the  lake  than  the  ridge  of  boulders. 

70.  The  shales  and  sandstones  at  Pulaski  are  the  upper  part  of  the  4  c.  Hudson  River,  which 
were  at  first  called  Pulaski  Shales,  or  the  Shales  of  Salmon  River,  and  Loraine  Shales.  It  is  the  only 
rock  at  Pulaski  village  and  is  full  of  fossils,  while  the  lower  or  Frankfort  division  has  very  few. 

71.  Oswego.  Lake  Ontario,  like  all  other  New  York  lakes,  is  a  lake  of  excavation.  Along  its 
northeast  shore,  in  Canada,  is  the  4  a.  Trenton  limestone.  On  its  south  or  New  York  shore  we  find 
the  6  a.  Medina  sandstone  extending  from  Oswego,  the  whole  length  of  the  lake  to  Hamilton  in 
Canada.  The  lake  is  excavated  60  feet  in  the  red  and  100  feet  in  the  gray  5  a.  Medina  formation, 
S90  feet  in  the  Hudson  River  and  120  feet  in  the  4  b.  Utica  slate,  the  whole  making  a  thickness  of 
too  feet  or  the  real  depth  of  the  lake,  the  surface  of  the  4  a.  Trenton  limestone  being  ita  bottom. 
It  is  180  miles  long,  40  miles  wide,  492  feet  deep  and  its  surface  is  245  feet  above  tide  water. 


NEW  YORK. 


121 


3on  River.*** 


Delaware,  Laokawaiuia  and  Western 
Railroad.— 0>n. 

Ms.  Binghp-nton  to  Buffalo.  Alt, 


207Binghamton.'>o 
215  "Vestal. 
221  Apalachin. 
228  0wego.i«« 
233  Lounsberry. 
236  Nichols. 
242  Litchfield. 
246  Waveily.i»8 
250  Willi  wanna. 

Lowmansville. 
263  Elmira. 
267  Korseheads. 
272  Big  Flats. 

Gibson. 
278  Corning.'^  *  » 
281  Painted  Post. 
284  Coopers. 
287  Curtis. 
289  Campbells. 
293  Savonia. 
298  Bath."* 

302  Kanona. 
806  Avoca. 

Wallace. 
314  Cohocton. 
319  Bloods. 
327  Perkinsville. 

Wayland. 
832  Dansville. 
332  Groveland. 
846  Mt.Morris. 
849  Leichestor. 
858  York. 

863  Roch.  &  Pitts.  Ju, 
867  East  Bethany. 
874  Alexander. 


11  b.   Chemung. 


It 
(t 


Fossils.    " 


« 

« 


(I 
« 

t< 
<« 

<> 


11  a.  Portage. 
(< 

10  c.  Genesee, 
it 


10  b.  Hamilton. 


863 
828 
819 
81S 

789 

826 
801 
828 
8ES 
911 
906 

929 

945 


1015 

1101 

1193 
1232 
1287 
1317 

1359 

loss 

698 
574 
650 
929 

908 
890 


Del.,  Lack.  A  Western  R.  R.— Om. 

Ms.  Blnghamtoa  to  Buffalo.— Con.        Alt. 


SSOlDarien. 
387Alden. 
396  Lancaster. 
408  East  Buffalo. 
409lBufralo.9o 


800 


10  b.  Hamilton.  •?» 
10  b.  Ham,  &  9  c.  Com. 
9  0.  Comiferous.     «8» 

«  8  77 

«  58S 


Northern  Central   Railroad. 


0 
6 

10 
13 
19 
22 
29 
31 
33 
87 
41 
45 
49 
61 
55 
58 
61 
63 
69 


0 
4 

6 
10 
13 
16 
20 
22 
23 
27 
31 
84 


Elmira.10  8 
Horse  Heads. 
Pine  Valley. 
Millport. 
Havana.8  5,191 

Watkins.8«,i9* 

Rock  Stream. 

Big  Stream. 

Starkey. 

Himrod's. 

Milo. 

Penn  Yan.sT 

Benton. 

Bellona. 

Hall's. 

Stanley. 

Lewis. 

Hopewell. 

Canandaigua.sB 


Sodua  Point. 

WalUngton. 

Sodus  Centre. 

Zurich. 

Fairviile. 

Newark. 

Marbleton. 

Outlet. 

Phelps. 

Orleans. 

Flint. 

Stanley. 


lib. 

88S 

11  a. 

478 


Chemung.       8  8* 
"    Valley  drift. 

«  <t        8  65 

Portage. 

•<  447 

"  Lake,4*i 
10  0.  Genesee,  Gulf. 

«  810 

«  790 

'«  857 

78«      •«      &  Portage. 
t<  (t 

10  b.  Hamilton.      868 

«  004 

d 

<i  8  50 

740 


Lake,668«« 


5  a.  Medina,  Lake  246. 
5  b,  Clinton. 


6  c.  Niagara. 
6.  Salina. 


418 


9  c. 


Comiferous. 


10  b.  Hamilton.       '04 


72.  Midway  between  Watertuwn  and  Brownville  the  whole  river  fells  60  feet  iu  less  than  Haifa 
mile,  running  in  a  gorge  with  higli  banks. 

7;i.  TuUy.  The  Tuily  limestone,  sepwating  the  Hamilton  from  the  Genesee,  which  is  named 
from  this  place.is  not  seen  on  the  railroad,  butls  found  further  to  the  west.  Outcrop  in  grove  S.  E. 
of  the  village.    The  swamp  near  Preble  is  supposed  to  be  underlaid  by  the  Tully  limestone. 

74.  Between  Syracuse  and  Jamesville  are  good  natural  sections  of  the  6.  Waterlime  and  9. 
Onondaga  and  Comiferous  limestones,  many  quarries  and  natural  cliffs.  Beyond  Jamesville  observe 
the  transition  into  the  Hamilton  group  where  the  high  hills  begin,  the  Marcellus  shales  being 
deeply  excavated.    Visit  Oreen  Lake,  near  Jamesville. 

75.  The  red  sandstone  of  the  5  a.  Medina  formation  is  well  displayed  at  Fulton,  in  Oswego  County, 
where  it  causes  the  Oswego  Falls  and  forms  the  banks  and  bed  of  the  river  above  and  for  naif  a  mile 
below.    The  upper  layers  are  covered  with  Fueoidea  Harlanx,  some  of  them  of  gigantic  size. 

7tt.    The  6  b.  Clinton  formation  is  named  from  this  place. 

77.  This  is  one  of  the  best  railroads  in  the  State  for  geological  observations.  There  are  many 
points  on  the  Cayuga  Railroad  where  the  junction  of  the  Hamilton  with  the  Tully  limestone  and  of 
the  latter  rock  with  the  Oenesee  shale,  and  of  the  Oenesee  with  the  Portage  group  are  perfectly  seen 
In  juxtaposition.  The  lake  affords  every  evidence  and  facility  for  geological  sections,  with  fossils. 

78.  Cayuga  Tjake  is  40  miles  long,  Z%  miles  wide,  390  ft.  deep,  and  its  surface  is  376  ft.  above 
tide. 

79.  The  gypsum  beds  are  finely  displayed  Just  north  of  Union  Springs,  and  large  quantities  are 
produced  for  market.  South  of  the  town  the  Q.Upper  Helderberg  range  crosses,  and  causes  an  islet 
In  the  lake.    Its  lower  layers,  the  Onondaga  limestone,  make  beautiful  quarries. 

80.  The  low  clayey  land  extending  nearly  to  Levanna  is  on  the  10  a.  Marcellus  shale.  The  first 
rock  south  of  this  is  the  dividing  line  oetween  the  Marcellus  and  Hamilton. 

81.  The  10  b.  Hamilton  presents  its  first  bluff  south  of  Aurora,  20  to  60  feet  high,  containing 
numerous  fossils.  Further  south  are  many  others,  some  of  them  100  feet  high,  extending  for  miles. 
Nothing  could  be  finer  than  these  geological  sections  of  the  Hamilton. 

82.  The  Tully  limestone  first  appears  at  Lake  Ridge,  fi>om  which  the  station  is  named.  It  is  the 
dividing;  line  between  the  10  b.  Hamilton  and  the  10  o.  Oenesee.  It  dips  as  you  go  sooth  and  rises 
again.  This  looks  liki  a  flexure  of  the  formations,  but  it  is  caused  by  the  otiange  in  the  course  of 


iili 


> 


122 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (N.  Y.) 


1:1-''.  1:1 


m 


m 


,:  nil 
1 


Lehigh  Valley  Bailroad. 

Ms,  Cayuga  Branch.  7  7 


Alt. 


0  Cayuga.  7 »       8»« 

6  Union  Springs.^' 
394 

lOLevanna.^o 

18  Aurora.*  1 
16  Willett's. 
20  King's  Ferry. 
22  Atwater's. 
25  Lake  Ridge.*  a 
27  Taughannock. 

82Ludlowville.8» 

S96 

38Ithnca.8* 


6  8alina.     Lake,  376. 

(6.  Salina,  with  Gyp- 
sum beds.    9  c.  Cor- 
niferous  quarries. 
/ 10  a.  Marcellus. 
\  10  b,  Hamilton. 

«  925 

«  40S 

3  94        "  Bluffs  100  ft. 

«  8  94 

ioi       «  Tully  limes, 

411         «  « 

{10  c.  Genesee  and 
Portage, 
lib.  Portage. 


892 


Pa.  &  N.  Y.  Canal  &  B.  R. 


OSayre.io* 

7  Barton. 
10  Smithboro. 
14  Tioga. 
20Owego."» 
24  Flemingville. 
29  Newark  Valley. 
35  Berkshire. 
39  Richford. 
43  Hartford  Mills. 
45Hartford.i»8 
51  Dryd6n.i96  »°79 
64  Freeyille. 
56  Peruville. 
59Groton.i»6 
66Locke.i»» 
69  Moravia." 
78  Cascade. »» 
76Scipio.»9  7 

70Wyckoff's.»9 
(Foot  of  Lake.) 

86  Auburn.so 

90  Throop. 

95Weedsport.8» 

99  Brick  Church. 
104  Cato. 
108  Ira. 
112  MartTille. 

115  Sterling. 

116  Fair  Haven. 

118  N.  Fair  Haven.'i 


lib.  Chemung. 


<< 
« 
« 


774 
so 

.<=>  aos 

<j    822 
£j    907 


966 
1045 


3.1097 
1186 

"Sum'it,1215 
11  a.  Portage.       io<9 
<i 

«  997 

79»      II   onlOcGen. 

i«  T120 

10  b.  Hamilton.  »«*  | 

7  30         i< 


(Glen.) 

726 

9c.Comiferoufl.  ••«« 
6.  Salina,  13  miles. 

II  429 

II 

i<  423 

5  0.  Niagara. 

5  c.  Clinton.  «•» 

11 

5  a.  Medina,  3  miles. 
"        Lake,  245 


Mh.       Pa.  &  N.  Y.  Canal  A  R.  It.— Con.     Alt, 
iraTPortage.      io4"» 


0 
4 

7 

10 
14 

17 
28 
27 


Freeville. 
West  Dryden. 
Asbury  Road. 
South  Lansing. 
North  Lansing. 
Genoa. 

Venice  Centre. 
Scipio.l9T 


730 


Geneva,  Ithaca  &  Sayre  R.  R. 


OSayre.10  9 

2  West  Waverly. 

9  Bingham's 
16  Van  Eitenville. 
19  Spencer.^** 
23  North  Spencer. 
27  West  Danby. 
31Newfield.i9i 
38  Ithaca  8* 
44  Willow  Creek. 
46  Taghanio  Falls. 
48  Trumansburg. 
61  Covert.  "^ 

54  Farmer. 
67  Ovid  Centre. 
61  Hayt's  Comers. 
65  Romulus. 
70  West  Fayette. 

77  Geneva."       *6  9 


11  b.  Chemung.       "< 

11  83< 


1010 
1006 

872 


w 
a  0 

■    "^  I 


11  a.  Portage. 


II 
II 


Gulf. 
s;i 

"Tully  limes. 
10  b.  Hamilton.      ««o 

<l  819 

«  3  9S 

M  719 

II  '609 

9  c.  Comiferous.  An 
ancient  deep  chan- 
nel northward,  iii'd 
_  with  gravel  dr't.*5» 


Syracuse,  Geneva  and  Corning  R.  R. 


0 

9 

14 

21 

26 
30 
33 
30 

37 


Geneva.  *  ^ 
Earle.«» 

Dresden." » 

Himrod's.   ' 
Dundee. 
Rock  Stream. 
Reading  Centre. 
Watkins  Glen. 


Glen  Bridge.  •« 

45  Beaver  Dam. 
49  Post  Creek. 
52  Ferrenburg. 
58|Coming.i** 


9  c.  Comiferous.*  •» 

10  a.  Marcellus. 

rsis     .1     Tully  lime. 

\  stone,  1  mile  south. 
10.  Hamilton.  '»» 

«  (90 

11a.  Portage,    q 

11  g.1041 

II  5*1020 

f  1021..  View  of  Glen. 
\  Bridge  150  ft.  high. 

11  a.  Portage.        »"» 
lib.  Chemung,     n" 


»43 


the  lake.    After  risinK  again  it  forms  a  beautiful  coping  of  the  Hamilton  group  for  miles  above 
Taughannock.    See  the  description  of  the  10  b.  TuUyr  limestone. 

83.  This  is  one  of  the  best  localities  of  the  Hamilton  group  which  we  know.  South  of  Ludlow- 
ville  the  10  c.  Oenesee  shale  appears  above  the  Tully  limestone.  It  is  uniformly  black,  of  a  slaty 
structure,  fine  grained,  a  hard  and  brittle  mud  rock,  its  edges  resisting  the  weather,  but  its  surface 
when  exposed  falling  into  pieces.  You  get  a  good  section  of  the  base  of  the  Portage  here.  There 
is  a  well  marked  dividing  line  here  between  the  Oenesee  and  Portage,  being  a  sandstone  2  or  3  feet 
thick,  very  compact  and  solid,  with  its  under  surface  filled  with  fucoids  raised  in  relief,  one  or  two 
inches  lon^  with  their  ends  depressed.    The  eye  readily  follows  it  as  it  dips  toward  the  water. 

84.  Evnry  part  of  the  Portage  group  can  be  inspected  in  the  ravines  and  water  falls  in  the  vicinity 
of  Ithtec-M. 

86.  There  is  a  glen  here,  one  mile  southeast  from  the  station,  quite  equal  to  that  at  Watkins.  It 
is  also  in  the  Portage.    See  Note  86. 

86.  Watkins  Olen  is  in  the  11  a.  Portage.  It  is  a  great  wonder  and  very  beautifUl.  There  is  1 
grand  view  of  the  chasm  in  crossing  the  bridge  over  it  at  Olen  Bridge  on  the  Syracuse,  Geneva  i 
Coming  Railroad.    The  r\,tB  on  that  road  are  perfectly  obaraoteriBtio  of  the  Portage  group. 


NEW  YORK. 


US 


:  miles  above 

uth  of  Ludlow- 
«k,  of  a  slaty 
but  its  surface 
»  here.  There 
itone  2  or  3  feet 
ef,  one  or  two 
ihe  water, 
in  the  vicinity 

atWatkins.  It 


Elmira. 
Horse  Heads. 
Breesport. 
Erin.  »249 

Park.  i"» 

Swartwood.  »»»» 
VanEtten.iBS 
Spencer.! »»    990 
West  Candor. 

North  Candor. 
Wilseyville.i*^ 

White  Church. 
Mott's  Comers. 
Besemer's. 
Ithaca-s^iso 

Varna. 

Snyder's. 

Etna. 

Freeville. 

Malloryville. 

McLean. 

Sou.  Cortland,  loo 

Cortland. 

D.  L.  &  W.  Dep't. 


Cortland. 

Trux*,on. 

Cuyler. 

De  Ruyter.19  0 


113S 


De  Ruyter.>»o 
Otselic. 
Plymouth. 
Norwich. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


101a 


940 
958 


(I 
« 
(I 
i( 
<( 
« 


862 

899 

1097 


11  a.  Portage. 
It 

Striae.     " 


Elinlrat  Cortland  &  Northern,  formerly 

Ms.       Utica,  Ithaca  and  Ehnira  Railroad.      Alt. 

~~0 
6 
10 
14 
17 
21 
25 
28 
32 
34 
37 
42 
44 
46 
50 
53 
64 
57 
60 
62 
63 
67 
70 

Jl 

0 

12 

16 

JO 

0 

10 

20 

28 


(t 


cs 

o 

? 

9 

cn 

a 

)45  '1 
>49  J 
840 

993 
1010 
1049 
1059 
1090 
llSl 
1116 
1116 


Ma.  New  Turk,  Ontario  ft  WeHtem  R.  R.  Alt. 


iNew  York,  (Erie 
O'Middletown. 
6: Fair  Oaks. 


198 
101 


lOjBloomingb'g, 

12jWurtzboro. 

15Summitville.i9» 

80  Fallsburg. 

39  Liberty  Falls. 

40  Liberty. 
46|Park8ville. 
51iMorseton. 
63  Cook's  Falls. 


73 

82 


East  Branch. 
Hancock.l8* 


11  a.  Portnge.        me 
"V'ydrift.ii35 

«  12  25 

10  C.Genesee.       i»»o 


lU  c.  Genesee. 
11  a.  Portage. 
11  b.  Chemung. 


1276 


1001 


Elmira,  Cortland  &  Northern  R.  11.2  6 


OCaiiastota.^e 

3Clockville.i»» 

4Colton.'96 

5  Oak  Hill. 

6  Quarries.  9  » 
8Pen'yville.«« 
9  Hyatt's. 

llChitt'goFalls.<»» 
12Bingley.i»i 

13  Shelter  Valley. 

14  Firndell. 
15Cazenovia.9»,i»t 
17  Syr.  &  Chen.  Ju. 
22  New  Woodstock. 
26Shedd'8  Comers. 
80DeRuyter.i»o 


(j. 


Saliua. 


426 
637 


"  Gypsum  in  cuts. 
9.  Onondaga  limest'ne. 

H  1041 
(( 

10  0.  MaroelluB.  i"*! 

«  1041 
<« 

10  a.  Hamilton. 

(t  117  6 

«  124  8 

<(  129  3 

«  13  8  3 

10  O.Genesee.  12^8 


89,Codosia  Summit. 

93  Rock  Rift.i»8 
101  Wiilton.i»8 
108' Zig  Zag.18  0 
117  Sidney  Centre. 
1 1 25  i  Sidney  Plains. 
127: New  Berlin  Jun, 
134|Guilford. 
143;Oxford. 
148Norwich.i9o 
163Earlville.i8» 

167  Smith's  Valley. 
172  Eaton. 
174Morri8ville.i»» 
ISlMunnsville.ioi 
j  183  Cook's  Comers. 
1 187  Oneida  Comm'ty 
190  Oneida. 
il92Durhamville. 
200  North  Bay.io  = 
;209  Cleveland. 
l216Constantia.io» 
|223  Central  Square. 
|230  Pennellville. 
238  Fulton. »» 
250  Oswego.  Ti 

iroi 

'105 

109 
|112 

118 


Railroad),  N.  W. 

4  c.  Hudson River.8 80 
« 

f  6  a.  Oneida.         ''5  7 
\    Tunnel,  3,840  feet. 

545 
f  10.  Hamilton,  11    a., 

\  Portage  &  Chemung. 

12.  Catskill.     Tunnel, 

Striae.    "        1,017  ft. 
« 

«  1798 

11.  Chemung. 


12.  Cat'l.  Tun'l,  l,10?)'ft 

<<  1462 

X  115  2 

Junc'nofthe  11.  1220 
Chem.&12.  Cat8k.io8  5 

12.  Catskill,  synclinal. 
11  b.  Chemung. 


127 
134 
140 
145 
149 


Walton.18  8 
Colchester. 
Hawley's. 
De  Lancey's. 
Delhi. 


967 


11  a.  Portage. 
10  0.  Genesee. 
10  b.  Hamilton. 
10  a.  Marcellus. 
9  c.   Comifer.  1. 
« 

6.  Salina. 
5  0.  Niagara. 
5  b.  Clinton. 


139» 


768 


8.  in 
hills. 


412 


'S.c 


"Lake.  867  S  J 


5  a.  Medina. 


g  3. 

'J35 


Lake,  245. 


(As  before.) 
12.  Catskill. 


II 
II 


New  Berlin  Jun. 
Mount  Upton. 
Holmesville. 
New  Berlin  Cen 
New  Berlin. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


10.  Hamilton. 


87.  The  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake  from  Penn  Van  to  Dresden  is  through  the  Genesee  slate,  Tally 
limestone,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  Hamilton— all  finely  dis[>"'»y""-  Crooked  Lake  is  20  miles  long, 
one  mile  wide,  lOO  feet  deep,  and  its  surface  is  718  feet  above  tide  water.  Its  northern  half  is  divided 
by  a  bluff  of  Portage  (800  feet  high)  into  two  branches- -one  of  them  12  and  the  other  8  miles  long. 

88.  Canandaigua  Lake  is  14  miles  long,  from  ona  to  two  miles  wide,  its  surface  is  668  foet  above 
tide,  and  its  greatest  depth  is  100  feet,  but  it  is  verj  shallow  at  both  ends.  It  is  excavated  from  the 
Hamilton  and  Portage  groups. 

89.  The  drift  describea  in  note  31  extends  nearly  to  Dresden. 

90.  The  D.,  L.  &  W.  From  Binghampton  to  Biiffalo  is  by  Prof.  H.  S.  Williams  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity.   Compare  formations  and  notes  on  N.  Y.,  L.  £.  t  W. 


i 


■ 

i 


m 


H? 


124 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE,     (N.  Y.) 


m 


m 


III 


II 


f> 


ill 

■ii 

■'■'ll' 

lit 

Ms.  NewYork.OntarloA  Western.— Con.  Alt, 

16 
17 

19 
23 


Middletown. 

4  0.  Hudson  River 

SummitTille. 

(• 

Phillipsport. 

« 

Homowack. 

(> 

EllenviUe. 

"   and  Tren 

Cornwall  to  Middletown. i» a 

0 

Cornwall.  ii«,i'*i' 

4  c.Hudaon  River. 

8 

Montana. 

« 

6. 

Meadow  Br'k.i 24 

Red  Grits  and  Cong. 

7 

Dennistons.i*^ 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

12 

Rock  Tavern. 

14 

Burnside. 

16 

Campbell  Hall. 

18  Stony  Fork. 

21  Ireland. 

23  Mechanicstown. 

25  Middletown. 

New  York,  LAke  Erie  and  Western  B.  B. 

(Late  Erie  Railway.) 


I  New  York. 
0  Jersey  City  loa 


Q 
11 
16 
21 
28 
26 
27 
81 
88 
84 
86 
41 
48 


03        f 

3.)       I 

'rk.  16 


(Tide  Marshes 
Rutherford  P'rk. 
Passaic.^  2^ 
Paterson. 
Ridgewood 
Hohokus. 
Allendale. 
Ramsey's. 
Suflfern,  N.J.  JOS 

Ramapo,  N.  Y. 
Sterling  Juno. 
Sloatsburg. 
Southfield. 
Greenwood. 105 


See  Note  4. 
16.  Triasic.   Tunnel 
in  intrusive    ba- 
salt sheet. 
Triassic.  *  ° 

l(  ss 

«  8  9 

«  137 

"  190 

u  270 

84S 
298 
810 


Ms.  New  York,  Lake  Erie  ft  West'n— Qm.  Alt, 


20.  Quaternary. 
1.  Archaean. 


850 

491 
S20 


47 
49 
60 
61 
63 
69 
66 
70 
76 


87 


99 
106 
110 
116 
122 
131 

136 
136 
143 
147 
154 
159 
163 
172 
176 
il84 
192 
200 


Turner's.!" 
Monroe.ias 
Schunemunk  Mt. 
Oxford. 
Greycourt.no 

Goshen. 
Middletown. 
Howell's. 
Otisville.io« 
Kittatiny,  Blue, 
or  Shnwangunk 
Mountain. 

Port  Jervis.Joi 

188 

Sparrowbush 
Pond  Eddy,  Pa. 
8hohola. 
Lackawaxen.JOT 

Pine  Grove. 
Narrowsburg.i  0 ' 
Cochecton,  N.  Y. 

Callicoon. 

Hawkins. 
Basket. 
Lordville. 
Stockport. 
Hancock. 
Hale's  Eddy. 
Deposit. 
Summit.19  9 
Susquehan'a.10  8 
Great  Bend. 200 


3?  Low.  Silur'n  1.  8.»«8 
4  c.  Hudson  River. 
10?  Middle  Devonian, 
3?Low.  Silur'ul.  8.B*') 
4o.  Hudson  River. 

«  4  31 

«  66] 

«  6  99 

U  870 

6  a.  Oneida,  or  Shaw- 
angunk  and  Medina. 
C  7.  Low'r  Helderberg, 

8.  Oriskany.        **i 

9.  Cauda  Gain  &  Up, 
[  Heldg.  &  10.  Hamilt, 

1 1  II    Portage, 
1 1  b.  Chemung, 


« 
« 


571 
641 

64S 
668 
720 
748 


12.  Catskill  ridge 
1 1  b.  Chemung. 

"  781 

12.  Catskill,(bluff8). 


11  b.  Chemung. 

12.  Catskill.  s^e 

11  b.  Chemung.  9«» 

<t  lOOB 

i8»8        "Mt.toN.Cats 

«  914 

«  884 


01.    Just  south  of  the  Erie  Canal  there  is  a  deep  cut  in  a  blutl  of  Waterlime  Group. 

92.    Picturesque  view  of  Pompey  Valley. 

83.  Cazenovia  Lake  is  a  beautiful  lake,  i}^  miles  long,  |^  mile  wide,  and  70  feet  deep,  1,189  feet 
above  tide  water,  and  is  excavated  in  the  Hamilton  group.  It  discharges  its  waters  into  Chittenaugo 
Creek,  which  runs  northward. 

94.    Lebanon  and  Earlville  are  both  good  localities  for  Hamilton  fossils. 

96.    Extensive  and  beautiful  view  extending  over  Oneida  Lake. 

96.  Cana.seraga  Falls  .similar  to  Chittenango  Falls.    Note  97. 

97.  The  Falls  are  in  sight  in  the  valley  to  the  wext.  Here  Chittenango  Creek  falls  120  feet  per- 
pendicularly into  a  canon  over  the  9.  Onondaga  limestone,  with  the  Corniferou(>  ed  over  it,  which 
forms  the  sides  of  the  creek  at  the  top  of  or  above  the  Falls.  Under  the  Onondag,*  limestone  is  the 
Oriskany  sand.stone.only  six  inches  thick.  Above  the  Falls  the  creek  flows  through  a  small,  hand- 
some valley,  its  lower  side^  formed  of  Marcellu.s,  and  the  tops  of  the  hills  Hamilton. 

98.  Moravia  is  an  excellent  locality  for  Hamilton  fossils.  The  Tully  limestone,  the  dividing  line 
between  the  Hamilton  and  Genesee,  is  half  way  up  the  hill  sides,  and  appears  to  dip  below  the  valley 
north  of  Locke.    It  is  met  with  at  the  falls  of  Dry  Creek,  south  of  Moravia. 

99.  Owasco  Lake  is  10  miles  long,  a  mile  ana  n  half  wide  at  the  north  at  Auburn,  and  a  half  mile 
at  the  south  end,  and  76()  feet  above  tide  water.    The  whole  of  the  lake  is  in  the  Hamilton  group. 

lUO.    Marl  is  here  taken  from  the  bottom  of  ponds;  dried  like  bricks,  and  burnt  into  lime. 

101.  From  Bloomingburg  tunnel  to  Sidney,  the  geology  is  the  same  as  from  Port  Jervis  to  Sus- 
quehanna on  the  Erie  Railway.    In  the  hills  at  Port  Jervis,  fossils  of  L.  H.,  Oriskany  and  Hamilton. 

102.  Oneida  Lake  is  19  miles  long,  0  miles  wide,  its  greatest  depth  not  over  40  feet,  and  in  gener- 
al it  is  quite  shoal.  Its  surface  is  367  feet  above  tide  water.  It  is  excavated  in  the  6  b.  Clinton  group 
the  rocks  of  which  appear  on  its  south  shore  and  west  end.  Its  north  shore  is  covered  with  sandy 
alluvium  which  is  100  feet  deep  at  the  east  end  and  furnishes  glass  sand  used  in  the  glass  factories 
In  this  vicinity. 

103.  The  Erie  railway  tunnel  at  Jersey  City  is  through  Bergen  Hill,  which  is  thp  southern  end 
of  the  mour.tain  ridge  of  basalt  or  trap  rock  of  the  16.  Triassic  age,  48  miles  long,  known  farther  north 
as  the  Pali  4ade  Mountain.    See  note  6. 

104.  Vhe  railroads  out  of  New  York  through  New  Jersey  pass  over  very  extensive  tide  marshe.s, 
covered  <rith  reeds  and  coarse  sedge  grass,  growing  in  soft  mud,  which  is  in  some  places  forty  feet 
deep,  and  all  overflowed  in  high  tide.  These  vast  salt  marshes  so  near  New  York  City,  which  excite 


■•) 


NEW  YORK. 


m 


t,  and  in  gener- 

Clinton  group 

ed  with  sandy 

glass  factoriea 

p  southern  end 
n  farther  north 

i  tide  marshes, 
aces  forty  feet 
',  which  excite 


nVn—Oon.  Alt, 

Ms. 
295 

N.  T.,  Lake  ISrle  &  Western.— Con.    Alt. 

Ms.  N.  Y.,  L,ake  Brie  *  Weatern.-Cbn.  Alt. 

ilur'n  1.  s."'' 

Kirkwood. 

lib.  Chemung 

876 

*                                     1 

881 

Hornellaville. 

lib.  Chemung.     n«i 

on  River. 

214 

Binghamton.io* 

(1 

<  '•"! 

840 

Alfred.*  01 

Fossils.    «              »««o 

le  Devonian. 

223 

Union. 

ii 

£.    840 

349 

Andover. 

II                   1640 

iiur'u  1.  8.*'" 

229 

Campville. 

« 

^    880 

867 

Genesee. 

<•             isaa 

son  River. 

236 

Owego.i** 

«i 

e,    822 

366 

Phillipsville. 

II                    1890 

l<                      4S1 

246 

Smitiiboro. 

i< 

3.    7  99 

?    803' 

369 

Belvidere. 

i»                    1884 

«              sei 

248 

Barton. 

K 

378 

Friendship. 

II                     188* 

i<                      6  9t 

255 

Waverly.io» 

« 

W    '"l 

382 

Cuba.             »s*2 

"Sum't,  1698. 

«                     870 

260 

Chemung. 

<f 

g     8171 

389 

Hindsdale. 

>i                   1501 

da,  or  Shaw> 

266 

Wellsburg. 

« 

394 

Olean.aoi 

11                     1418 

nd  Medina. 

273 

Elmira.io* 

•  < 

ct    868 

DC"      _    . 

398 

Allegany. 

^            .1                   1422 

r  Helderberg. 
kany.        **^ 
la  Gain  &  Up. 
&  10.  Hamilt. 

290Coming.i»» 

t< 

«     942 

407 

CarrolKon. 

P,             11                     1399 

801  Addison. 

« 

7f    998 

410 

Great  Valley. 

A*             II                     139« 
"^              II                     1384 

831  Hornellsville. 

i< 

O  1161 

413 

Salamanca. 

843|CanaBeraga. 

Mor.?       " 

5* 

421 

Little  Valley. 

3.         ♦«     Mor.  »»94 

•^age. 
inung.       ^ ' ' 

<l                        611 

355Nunda.»»i 

11a.  Portage. 

1336 

428 

Cattaraugus.2  0  8 

3>            II                   1411 

8(iirortage.J»o^i»» 

ti 

1314 

437 

Dayton. 

"     Mor.  !»♦• 

805  Castile.  1" 

<i 

1401 

440 

Perrysburg. 

II                     12  60 

t<                        648 

874|War8aw. 

<i 

1326 

447 

Smith's  Mills. 

Ii             leio 

«                        669 

880  Dale. 

<i 

1  190 

461 

Forestville. 

«              ••• 

«                        720 

891 

Attica. 

<i 

998 

464 

Sheridan. 

11  a.  Portage.         »«« 

ill  ridge.  »*» 

395 
897 

Griswold's. 
Darien.i'O 

10  b.  Hamilton 
11 

1044 

1024 

459 
76 

Dunkirk. 

II                        59  8 

imung. 

«                      781 

Avon.m         »»5 

9  c.  Cor.  &  6.  Water  Li. 

403 

Alden. 

10  a.  Marcellus.     •»* 

83 

Caledonia. 

872           II      2  S.|  8 

895                II         •"   •   S   9 

:ill,(bluff8). 
« 

406 
412 

Town  Line. 
Lancaster. 

9  c.  Corniferoiis.     '*» 

u                     68  3 

90 
94 

LeRoy. 
Stafford. 

(( 

420  East  Buffalo. 

« 

607 

100 

Rftfftvia  41 

« 

422Buffalo.*o,i»» 

»*«          "   Lake.  569. 

107  Alexander. 

10  b.  Hamilton.       "'a 

imung. 

0  Coming. 

1  Painted  Post. 

lib.  Chemung. 

E.    948 

110  Attica. 

11  a.  Portage.         »98 

cill.             9" 

76Avon.iii 

9  c.  Corniferous.      88  5 

smung.       9" 

5  Coopers'. 

<( 

^  !r 

SOSouth  Avon. 

'<  and  Marcell. 

<(                     1009 

7  Curtis'. 

<< 

e.    997 

86Geneseo. 

10  b.  Hamilton.       soo 

"Mt.toN.Cat3 

«                        911 

9  Campbell's. 
14;8avonia. 

« 

« 

3.1014 

Piors 

89'Cuylerville. 

90  Shaker's.         "* 

11                      528 

11  a.  Chasaqua  shale. 

«                        884 

20 

Bath.2  0  5 

Mor.?       " 

^1108 

9liMt.  Morris.!" 

10  c.  Genesee.         8  9* 

23 
27 
30 
36 

Kanona. 
Avoca. 
Wallace's. 
Liberty. 

II 
II 

Mor.?       " 

Bli98 
fel2S5 
55*1293 

94;Sonyea. 

98McNair. 
102  West  Sparta. 
106;Dansville.'i3 

<i              ssa 

i«                    S76 

?• 

11  a.  Portage. 

II                      691 

leep,  1,189  feet 
to  Chittenaugo 

39 
45 

Blood's. 
Wayland. 

(1 

bi'I  825 

ti 

^^  A  w  «  f 

§1889 

New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  R.  R.  i  s  e 

50,  Spring  water.  »»» 
58jVVebster.i9i 

11  a.  Portage. 
II 

5^1870 
1348 

0 

Salamanca. 

11  b.  Chemung.     i8  9» 

8  120  feet  per- 

67|Conesu8. 

i< 

1280 

12 

Steamburg. 

\  over  it,  which 

60,South  Livonia. 

11  b.  Hamilton 

1167 

18 

Randolph. 

II                   1818 

imestone  is  the 

64;Livonia. 

•i 

1030 

25 

Kennedy. 

II                   1264 

a  small,  liand- 

67 

Hamilton. 

II 

920 

34 

Jamestown."  • 

II                     1821 

e  dividing  line 

76 

Avon.m         68 « 

9  0.  Comif.  and  Water- 

89 

Lakewood.ii* 

elow  the  vnlley 

80 

Rush.              «*i 

6.  Salina. 

lime. 

41 

Ashville. 

II                     1356 

n.n<1  A.  half  mild 

82jScottsviUe. 

II 

658 

61 

Bear  Lake,  Pa. 

II                   I5S0 

ilton  group. 

86|Henrietta. 

ii 

564 

68 

Columbus. 

II                   1427 

nto  lime. 

90  Red  Creek. 

II 

82S 

61 

Corry,  Pa. 

1488        II  Carbonif. 

Jervis  to  Sua- 
and  Hamilton. 

94 

! Rochester.* a  ^" 

6  0.  Niagara, 

8  miles. 

the  wonder  of  strangers,  contain  from  260,000  to  300,000  acres  or  from  400  to  470  square  miles.  Future 
generations  may  build  dikes  and  reclaim  them,  but  at  present  they  are  dismal  swamps  without  a 
single  tree  or  shrub,  and  wholly  impassable  to  either  man  or  beast.  The  two  hills  which  rise  abruptly 
in  the  salt  meadow  south  of  the  Erie  Railway  and  north  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  are  called 
Big  Snake  Hill  and  Little  Snake  Hill.  The  large  one  is  half  a  mile  long  and  200  feet  high.  Both  of 
these  hills  are  outbursts  of  trap  from  between  the  underlying  sandstone  strata,  similar  to  the  Pali* 
sade  Mountain. 

los.   Swffem  to  Gretntoood.    Here  is  a  long  natural  gap  through  the  Laurentian  Highland  range  or 
Ramapo  Mountains. 


X, 


126 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  Y.) 


'■Ill 


■.'in 


111; 


Mew  York,  Lake  Erie  A  Weatem.— Con. 
Mr.  Suspen'n  Brid    .  St  Niagara  Falls  Branch.  Alt, 


4*20 
426 
481 
487 
442 
448 
444 


Buffalo. 
East  Buffalo. 
Main  Street. 
Tonawanda. 
La  Salle. 
Niagara  Falls.  ^^ 
Susp.  Bridge.  ^2 
Clifton,  Got. 


'J  c.  Corniferous 
« 

6.  Salina. 

5  0.  Niagara. 
<t 


0 

8 

18 

22 


Lockport  Braiich.isa 


Buffalo. 
Tonawanda. 
Hodgeville. 
Lockport  "* 


9  0.  Corniferous. 

6.  Salina. 
<< 

6  0.  Niagara. 


S8« 
60/ 

eso 

S80 
872 
874 
780 


888 


New  York,  Lake  Krie  &  Weatern.— Can. 

Mm.  Valkill  Valley  Railroad.  An. 


PiermoDt  Branch. 


9 
17 


Suffern.»3i 

Nanuet. 

Piermont.i»2 


1(5.  Triassic. 


Trap. 


a»8 

284 


Northern  Railroad  of  New  Jersey. 


0, Jersey  City.Jg* 
4Homesteacl.i3  3 


6 
7 
9 
12 
14 
16 
16 
17 
19 
21 
28 
24 
25 
29 


NewDurham.»>* 

Granton.i»» 

Ridgefield. 

Leonia. 

Englewood. 

Highland. 

Tenafly. 

Cresskill. 

Clostor. 

Norwood. 

Tappan. 

Sparkill.i»a 

Piermont. 

Nyack. 


16. 


Triaasio. 
« 


« 
« 


« 


Trap. 


Trap, 


20  Quat. 
Trap. 


0  Jersey  City. 
59  Goshen.  10 1* 
61  Ripp's. 
64  Campbell  Hall. 
66  Neely  Town. 
08  Beaver  Dam. 
69  Montgomery. 
73  Walden. 

Shawangunk. 

New  Hurley. 

Gardner. 
Forest  Glen. 
New  Platx. 
Springtown. 
Rosendale.^i* 
Katson's  Cave. 
Whiteport. 
Kingston.  1^* 


79 

82 
85 
87 
91 
04 

Its 
102 


(Sue  Main  Line  ErieR.) 
4  0.  Hudson  Riv.     «>' 

«(  3  91 

Ra.L.Sil.La.(foB.)3«> 

«  409 

«  S8« 

»5i  "        FoBsila. 

r  5  a.  On 'da  or  Shaw'k 
\   Grit  andMedi.  an 

(7.  Lower  Helderberg 
and  9.  Upper  Held'g, 
mainly  Upper. 

•«  811 

«  386 

« 

4  0.  Hudson  River.K' 


IK 


ISf 

&  Waterli 


Monticeli.)  aLd  Port  Jervls  Railroad. 


0 
6 
8 
12 
13 
16 
18 
20 
24 


Port  Jervia.ioi 
Huguenot.' 0  6 

Rose  Point. 

Paradise. 

Oakland. 

Hartwood. 

Gillman's. 

Barnum's. 

Monticello.*o' 


10.  Hamilton. 

It 

11  b.  Chemung. 


441 


« 

« 
« 
u 


12.  GatskiU. 


106.  Otisvilte.  A  short  distance  west  of  OtisTille  the  Hudson  River  Slates  are  seen  in  contact 
with  the  Shawangunk  Orits  along  a  fault  line.  This  is  the  dividing  line  between  two  of  the  great 
geological  groups  or  periods,  the  Lower  Silurian  and  Upper  Silurian.  In  a  moment  the  whole  char- 
acter of  the  country  is  changed  from  cultivated  grazing  land  on  the  Hudson  River  slates,  the  Orange 
County  milk  country  to  the  east  of  this  line,  to  a  poor,  barren,  rocky  region  on  the  Oneida  or  Shaw- 
anguDK  and  Medina  formations,  showing  in  a  striking  manner  how  the  character  of  the  country  de- 
pends on  its  geology.  In  descending  the  Shawangunk  Mountain  towards  Port  Jervls  there  is  an  al- 
ternation uf  beds  of  the  Oneida  conglomerate,  which  is  of  a  light  gray  color,  and  the  Medina  sand- 
stone, which  is  of  a  high  red  color.  Some  pockets  of  galena  were  discovered  and  mined  here,  but 
were  soon  exhausted.  AtPortJervis  we  are  in  the  Hamilton,  aformation  producing  a  country  cap- 
able of  supporting  a  population.  The  intermediate  formations  are  very  thin  and  compreiised  together. 

107.  Laekawaxen.    From  Port  Jervis  to  Narrowsburg,  the  Delaware  River  and   Erie  Railway 

Jiass  through  a  deep  and  crooked  gorge  about  25  miles  long,  exhibiting  some  of  the  wildest  scenery 
n  the  country.    The  railroad  is  cutout  of  rock  in  many  places  and  overhung  as  it  were  by  ragged 
precipices. 

108.  Binghampton.  West  of  Susquehanna  the  Erie  Railway  and  its  branches  run  for  more  than  300 
miles  on  the  11  b.  Chemung  formation.  Most  of  it  is  a  fine  fertile  country  with  some  handsome  towns, 
the  largest  of  which  are  Elmira  and  Binghampton,  in  valleys  filled  with  gravel  alluvium,  andttie 
higher  country  formed  of'the  calcareous  Chemung  shales,  is  quite  productive,  much  of  it  being  a 
good  grazing  country;  but  there  is  no  variety  in  its  geology.  East  of  Susquehanna  the  Chemung 
formation  is  composed  of  harder  sandstone.  Itcontains  less  calcareous  shale,  and  the  soil  is  poor.  The 
country  improves  rapidly  going  westward  from  Susquehanna.    See  also  186. 

109.  Just  west  of  Waverly  are  the  Chemung  Narrows,  where  100  feet  of  rook  are  exposed.  The 
quarries  have  produced  an  abundance  of  characteristic  fossils  of  the  Chemung  group  in  their  great- 
est beautv  and  perfection,  the  formation  having  been  named  from  this  locality.  Five  miles  south 
of  Waverly  the  opening  of  the  Susquehanna  Valley  may  be  seen,  where  the  Chemung  River  from  the 
west  and  the  Susquehanna  from  the  east  unite  and  traverse  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  to  Chesapeake 
Bay.  At  the  wes;,  ^nd  of  Waverly  Village  is  a  curious  flat-topped  hill,  about  60  feet  high,  called 
"Spanish  Hill."  It  is  aa  eddy  hill  of  gravel  formed  in  the  drift  period ;  but  it  can  be  seen  to  netter  ad- 
Tantage  on  the  south  side,  at  Sayre  on  the  Pa.  A  N.  Y.  R.  R.  and  the  O.  I.  A  S.  R.  R.  There  is  a  simi- 
lar eddy  hill  in  the  village  of  Union.    The  plain  at  Sayre  is  "Valley  Drift." 

110.  Portage.  Here  the  railroad  crosses  the  very  deep  gorge  of  the  Oenesee  River  on  a  high  iron 
bridge  820  feet  long  and  236  feet  high.    There  are  three  lalis  within  a  distance  of  two  miles  which 


in  River.'" 


es,  the  Orange 
aiaa  or  Shaw- 


NEW  YORK. 

127 

Mew  Tork.lAke  ErleA  Weatem.— Con.    | 

New  York,  Lake  Erie  A  Western.— Owi. 

«8. 

Buffalo,  Bradford  A  PittHburnh  R.  R.     Al'. 

Mh.                    NewburK  Brannh.iis              Alt. 

0  Carrolton. 

lib.  Chemung,     i'"" 

0 

Greycourt.i'o 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

6  Limestone. 

K                     1416 

2 

Craigville.x*' 

«i 

Ill  Bradford's,  Pa. 

«<                    14  6  4 

7 
9 

Washingtonville. 
Salisbury. 

II 

Buffalo  and  Southwestern.                   1 

""OlBuffalo.'**' 

9  0.  Comiferous.      »3e 

13 

Vails  Gate. 

<i                       2  80 

8  Junction. 

SJLimestone  Ridge. 
10  Abbott  Road. 
18  Hamburg. 

(1 

« 

10.  Hamilton.          «»» 

16 
20 

New  Windsor. 
Newburg.i8» 

II                       192 
II                          2  5 

I'ine  Island  Branch.  128 

0  Goshen.           i*«| 

4  O.Hudson  River.*** 

16  Eden  Valley. 

11  a.  Portage. 

8 

Orange  Farm. 

8?  Lower  Silurian. 

19  Eden  Center. 

II 

6 

Florida. 

II 

28  North  Collins. 

«                      S46 

12 

Pine  Island. 

II 

27  Lawton's. 
80  Collins. 

11  b.  Chemung. 
« 

SyraouHe,  Ontario  Sc  Now  York  Railroad. 

0 

Syracuse.*' 

6.  Salina.                *»■> 

S3  Oowanda. 

«                     7  76 

8 

Manlius  Cen.^^ 

7.L.H9ld.,WaterU.4»5 

89  Dayton. 

"      Moraine 

10 

Fayetteville. 

"&9.0non.l.8.»8» 

43  Pine  Valley. 
48  Cherry  Creek. 

M                        865 
« 

12 

Manlius. 

f  9.  Onondaga  limest. 
\     Heavy  beds.     ''*' 

53  Clear  Creek. 

15 

Oran.»» 

9.  Onondaga  L  B.     89  7 

50;  Randolph. 

"      Moraine. 

r  10  a.  Marcellus. 

60;  Kennedy. 

<i 

Tunnel.         '218 

lOb.Tiinnel  in  Ham- 

69|Jame8town.*i* 

"      Moraine. 

20 
28 

Cazenovia."' 
Webster's. 

ilton  sandstone. 

Tiofta,  Elmira  &  State  Line  Railroad. 

10.  Hamilton.        »i»i 

0 

Elmira.io" 

11  b.  Chemung.      •«» 

11 

1 

Erie  Junction. 

<i 

29 

Erieville. 

II                  16  7  7 

3 

State  Line  Juno. 

M                     909 

82 

Georgetown. 

«i                   14S0 

7 
"9 

Wells. 
Seeley  Creek. 

«                      99S 
14                  1041 

38 

Lebanon.'* 

f  10 0.  Genesee.    '886 
\ll  a.  Portage,  oliflfs. 

10 
12 
16 

State  Line. 
Millerton,  Pa. 
Trowbridge. 

M                     12  4  6 

12.  Catskill.         »*4o 

45 

Earlville.18* 

10c.  Genesee.        »oti 

Now  Jersey  and  New  York  K.  R.  i  2  s 

0 

Spring  Valley. 
Pomona. 
Mt.  Joy.18  0 

16.  Triassic. 

Midrtletown  &  Crawiord  Branch. 

14 

0 

Middletown. 

4(1.  Hudson  River.  s«2 

« 

3 

Crawford  June. 

11 

Thials. 

l« 

5 

Circlesville. 

•< 

9 

Haverstraw. 

II 

8 
10 
13 

Bellville. 
Thompson  Ridge. 
Pine  Bush. 

M 
« 

11 

Stony  Point. 

II 

Dunkirk,  Allegheny 

Val'yA  Pitts.  R.R.1 88 

0 
8 
6 

Dunkirk. 

Fredonia. 

Laona. 

lla.Por.&llb.Che.8»8 

Newburg  Branch.l2S  (Shortcut.) 

11  a.  Portage.          »8» 

OGreenwood. 

\  Archxan.             ^^o 

11                      810 

2 

Junction.!  2« 

3?  Lower  Silurian,  l.s 

13 

Lily  Dale. 

II 

Central  Valley. 

<« 

14 

Cassadaga. 

11  b.  Chemung.     i8  09 

5 

Highl'dMill8.i2  6 

Silurian  Grits.        *»o 

18 

Moons. 

»l                     18  03 

7 

Woodbury, 

j  10?  Green  Pond  Mt. 
\  S'rs,  Mid.  Dev'n.i*^ 

22 

Sinclairville. 

U                    18  3  0 

26 

Gerry. 

l< 

Mountainville. 

3?  Lower  Silurian,  l.s. 

29 

Ross'  Mill. 

It                     12X2 

13 

Cornwall.  12" 

4  c.  Hud.  Riv.  2  8  0,142 

:52 

Falconer, 

It                    12  6  8 

15 

Vails  Gate  June. 

<l                        38  0 

38]Junction. 

II                     12  6  2 

17 

New  Windsor. 

M                        192 

38  Frewsburg. 

II                   1261 

20 

Newburg.18  8 

u                        2  5 

|Con.  in  Pa. 

on  a  high  iron 
o  miles  which 


reW),  90  and  110  feet  high,  beoides  the  intervening  rapids.  Two  of  them  are  visible  from  the  car 
Windows  on  the  north  side.  The  bridge  crosses  the  upper  falls.  The  river  pursues  a  meandering 
nurse  through  this  deep  gorge  and  over  these  three  successive  cascades,  descending  more  than  600 
bet,  and  passes  out  into  the  Valley  of  the  Genesee  at  Mount  Morris.  The  gorge  is  20  miles  long 
^  the  river,  or  14  by  the  public  road,  and  its  depth  in  some  places  is  not  less  than  350  feet,  its  width 
inly  about  600  feet,  and  the  banks  nearly  perpendicular.  The  place  is  well  worth  a  visit.  It  is  cut 
lutofthelt  a.  Portage  group,  except  the  lower  end,  which  is  in  the  10  c.  Genesee  shale.  The 
tortage  group  was  named  from  this  place.  See  note  112,  Mount  Morris.  There  is  an  ancient  chan- 
lel  from  Portage  to  Nunda,  filled  ap  oy  drift,  compelling  the  river  to  cut  its  present  deep,  torturous 
hannel.    For  other  examples  of  this  see  notes  31, 35, 38  and  89. 

HI.   Avon.    Ton  have  9.  Upper  Helderberg,  and  10  a.  Marcellus  shale  in  the  creek. 

112.  To  study  the  Oenesee  shales  stop  at  Mount  Morris.   Qo  through  the  village  one  mile 


1 


128 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (N.  Y.) 


ii 


'     ,ll 


iiiil 


.'!!! 


ifi 


> 


m 


1 


ii  1: 


Ms. 

Lake  Bhora  *  Mloh.  Soathem  R.  R.  Al(. 

0 

Buffalo.*  0 

9c 

Corniferous 

10 

Hamburg.  *<• 

10  Hamilton. 

21 

Angola. 

II 

26 

Farnham. 

I* 

29 

Irving. 

II 

81 

Silver  Creok. 

10  0 

Genesee. 

40 

Dunkirk.        »»• 

11a 

Port.  &  Chemung. 

49 

Brocton  Junot'n. 

6I» 

«         ii 

L 

67 

Westfield. 

697 

It         (1 

65 

Ripley,  Pa. 

(1         11 

ortage  al 
nnngtotli 

78 

Nortli  East. 

tos 

80 

Harbor  Creek. 

Til 

84 

Wesleyville. 

88 

Erie. 

eae 

&g 

98 

Fairview. 

paw 

108 

Girard,  Pa. 

717 

B-^ 

116 

Conneaut,  Ohio. 

11.  Erie  Shale. 

Frs* 

128 

KingsTille. 

ava 

i< 

ti 

128 

Ashtabula.  !*• 

641 

<i 

(Continued 

in  Ohio.) 

w 

New  York,  Ohloago  &  St.  LauIs  Ry. 


0 

Buffalo. 

9  c.  Corniferous. 

2 

Erie  Junction. 

<i 

9 

Bay  View. 

10.  Hamilton. 

15 

Lake  View. 

II 

28 

Irving 

II 

82 

Silver  Creek. 

10  0.  Genesee. 

42 

Dunkirk. 

11  a.  Port.  llb.Ghem. 

60 

Brooton  Ju. 

•>              II 

58 

Westfield. 

<•              11 

66 

Ripley,  Pa. 

11                             M 

88 

Erie. 

t.                             11 

103 

Girard. 

<l                             Ii 

116 

Conneaut,  Ohio. 

11.  Erie  Shale. 

Bath  and  Hammondsport  R.  R. 


01  Bath,  a  o» 

5  Cold  Spring. 

9Ham'nd8port.»»» 


lib.  Chemung.     iio» 


Ms.  Bullklo,  Rochester  4k  Plttsb'h  B.  R.  au  | 

~0 
6 
7 

11 

14 

15 

17 

21 

26 

80 

88 

88 

48 

48 

64 

02 

05 

88 

98 

97 
102 
108 


Salamanca. 


Valley  drift.    ••    i»»M 


Buffalo   Division.  18  8 


0 
2 
5 
10 
11 
16 
21 
23 
28 
81 
88 
41 
48 


57 
62 
63 
66 
72 


Buffalo. 
Buffalo  Creek. 
W.  Seneca. 
Hamburg. 
Orchard  Park. 
West  Falls. 
Colden. 
Glenwood. 
E.  Concord. 
Sprineville. 
Rioevllle. 
W.  Valley. 
Ash  ford. 


Gt.  Valley  Cent. 
Bradford  Ju. 
Kilbuck. 
Carrolton. 
Limestone. 


9  c.  Corniferous. 
10.  Hamilton. 


i< 
II 


11a.  Portage. 


II 
II 
II 


II 
II 
II 


northwest  to  the  moutU  of  the  gorge,  where  the  Genesee  River,  after  running  20  miles  through  the 
deep  canon  fTom  Port&Ke<  breaks  out  into  the  beautiful  broad  and  fertile  Genesee  Valley.  There  ij  | 
a  good  section  close  to  the  bridge  over  the  river.  Getaboatand  row  one  mile  up  the  pool  of  the  St«t« 
dam,  which  flows  to  the  foot  of  the  preclpicesall  that  distaace.  This  is  the  finest  exposure  of  the  10 
c.  Genesee  in  the  State,  the  typical  locality  from  which  it  was  named,  and  the  scenery  Is  in  itself  re' 
markably  good.  The  cliffs  are  100  to  200  feet  perpendicuUr,  ftiU  of  Beptaria,  like  flattened  cannon 
balls  sticking  in  the  walls.  It  is  curious  that  so  soft  a  shale  rock  should  stand  the  weather  so  well  I 
and  not  form  sloping  banks  when  the  edges  only  are  exposed.    See  note  No.  110,  Portage.  I 

113.  Dansviile  is  in  a  beautiful  ampitheatre  of  Portage  hills  with  very  picturesque  views  tioal 
the  Water  Cure  and  other  elevated  points.    Moranic  Kame-like  hills  of  glacial  origin.  I 

114.  The  Rosendale  Gement,  manufactured  near  Rondout,  is  fTom  the  6.  Waterlime  rock,  which 
is  here  between  the  Medina  sandstone  and  the  Lower  Helderberg  limestone,  the  intermediate   for- 1 
matlons  being  wanting.  It  Is  a  light  blue,  finegrained  limestone,  with  smooth  conchoidal  fracture.  I 
The  same  formation  furnishes  the  Hydraulic  Cement,  made  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  and  elsewhere.        I 

US.  Jamestown.  Chautauqua  Lake  is  18  miles  long,  2  miles  wide,  1291  feet  above  tide  water  m  I 
726  above  Lake  Erie.  Its  northern  extremity  is  only  Smiles  from  Lake  Erie,  and  yet  It  empties  ill  I 
waters  by  the  Conewango,  Alleghany,  Ohio  and  Mississippi  into  the  Atlantic.  It  is  a  beautlflil  sheit  { 
of  water,  bounded  on  its  eastern  side  by  gravelly  sloping  oanks,  and  on  the  west  by  more  level  snd  I 
in  some  places  marshy  shores  It  Is  excavated  in  the  Onamung  group,  the  PortMfe  being  along  iti  I 
outlet  and  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie  below,  but  of  much  less  thtekness  than  further  east.  I 

116.  Oomwall.  .Tust  south  of  this  station  contact  of  the  Trenton  slates  (See  Note  142.)  and  tht  I 
Areheean  rocks  of  the  highlands;  the  former  overturned  and  dipping  beneath  the  latter.  See  •In  | 
Notes  130  and  126.  N.  H.  DAaTox. 


R\.  "Hester. 

6  c.  Niagara.           'm 

H 

Maple  wood. 

.< 

^m 

Brookdale. 

0.  Salina. 

Sooftsville. 

"                      111 

■ 

Garbuttsville. 

0.  Waterlime. 

1 

Wheatland. 

••                             9*0 

■ 

Mum  ford. 

"                             dll 

■ 

Lime  Rook. 

9o.  U.  Helderberg^'o 

■ 

Le  Roy. 

"                       8  71 

^M 

Pavilion  Center. 

10.  Hamilton.          »<• 

^H 

Pavilion. 

It                       940 

■       60 

Wyoming. 

10  c.  Genesee.        »•! 

Warsaw. 

11a.  Portage.        i>n 

■      63 

Rook  Glen. 

<« 

■      691 

Gainesville. 

"  Mor.    »«" 

■ 

Bliss  Comers. 

«< 

■      84] 

Eagle  Village. 

Moraine."  Sum't.  1909 

■      891 

Maohias. 

»•*•        •«&llb.Che, 

■      071 

Ashford. 

Mor.        "        " 

■    1071 

Ellicottsville. 

Moraine.          "    »"• 

■    1211 

Great  VaDey."* 

l<       ISDI 

lla.Por.    llb.ChemH   -^.^— 
11  b.  Chemung. 


12 
20 
26 
29 
33 
35 


2. 
3. 


NEW  YORK. 


120 


derberg'" 

on. 

9«t 
940 

see. 
ige. 

98) 

Mor. 

140> 

Sum't.  1909 
&  lib.  Che. 
1        « 

i< 

liiH 

4< 

IdH 

ift.    " 

139! 

ferous. 

Hon. 

< 

i< 

les  through  the 
illey.  There  ii 
joof  of  the  Start 
poBure  of  the  10 1 
•y  is  in  itself  re- 
attened  cannon  I 
reather  so  well 

ue  views  iron  I 

me  rock,  which  I 
ermediate  foil 
holdal  flracturft 
(Isewhere.        I 

tide  water  and 
et  it  empties  itil 

beaatiftil  shei^  I 
more  level  and  I 
being  along  iti 

r  GftBva  I 

ttel42.)and  the 
atter.    See  »1«| 
H.  Dabtor- 


Biiffiftlo.  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  now, 
Mh.       Western  N.  Y.  A  Penna.  R.  R.       Alt. 

BuffSa*  » 


0 

13 
17 
'22 
26 
29 
36 
39 
43 
50 
67 
63 
69 
76 
84 
89 
97 
107 

121 


Elma. 

Aurora.  ••» 

Wales. 

Holland. 

Protection. 

Arcade."*   »«»» 

Yorkshire. 

Maohias. 

FrankliDville. 

Ischua. 

Hinsdale. 

Olean.aoi 

Portville, 

Eldred,  Pa. 

Larabees. 

Port  AUegeny. 

Keating  Summit. 

Emporium.   *<>'* 


9  0.  CorniferouB.     * » • 
10.  Hamilton.         til 
"  &lla.  Portg. 

u 

u  lus 
Moraine.  "  »»•» 
lla.Por.&llb.Chem. 


Moraine. 


14SS 


lib.  Chemung. 

Vall'y  drift.   " 
«  « 

Moraine.        " 
« 

12.  Gatskill. 
« 


1S9S 
1541 
1501 
1431 
1443 
1448 
1481 

,  <>  1413 

Ii  1R81 

14  a.  CarboniferouH, 
Bummit  of  hiilu. 


PittsbuFKh  Division.isa 


0  Buffalo,* 0 
lOHamburg.i** 
40  Dunkirk. 
49  Brocton. 


56 
63 
69 
73 
79 
83 


Prospect. 

Mayville. 

Summerdale. 

Sherman. 

Panama. 

Clymer. 

(Continued  in 


See  Lake  Shore  R.  R. 
« 


11  b.  Chemung. 


« 

« 
Pennsylvania. 


673 
1321 
1800 
1628 
1568 
1545 
1146 


D.,  N.  Y.  «  P..  novr  Vf'n.  ».  Y.  A  Fa.  R.  R., 

Mi.  Rochestur  Division.— Con.  Alt 


47 
60 

63 
62 


52 
56 
69 
64 
68 
72 
76 
91 
99 
106 

0 
8 
9 

13 
19 
26 
83 
89 


Tusoarora. 
Nunda  Ju. 


Nunda. 
Swains. 


W.  Nunda. 

Lewis. 

Portage. 

Wiscoy. 

Filmore. 

Houghton. 

Caneadea. 

Cuba. 

Hinsdale. 

Olean.aoi 


Oiean. 
Alleghany. 
S.  Vandalia. 
8.  Carrolton. 
Salamanca. 
Red  House. 
Wolf  Run. 
Cory  don,  (Pa.) 


11  a.  Portage. 


It 
i< 


lla.Por.&llb.Chem. 
11  b.  Chemung. 


'•  to  Conglomer. 
<i  i< 

11  b.  Chemung. 
Ii 

II 

If 


II 
II 


Michigan  Central  Railway.    130 


0 
18 
16 
17 


Buffalo. 
Fort  Erie. 
Chippawa. 
Niajrara. 
Clifton.  (Can'da), 


9  0.  Corniferous. 
II 


6  c.  Niagara. 


Tunawanda  Valley  &  Cuba  Ry.    1:!0 


Rochester  Division.  136 


0 
6 
12 
20 
26 
29 
33 
85 
39 
41 


Rochester.**' 

Genesee  Ju. 

Scottsville. 

Avon.i** 

York. 

Pifford. 

Cuylerville. 

D.,  L.  &  W.  Cros. 

Mt.  Morriu. 

Sonyea. 


5  0.  Niag.  5  b.  Clinton, 
•I  II 

6.  Salina. 

9  0.  Cornif.  6.  Waterli, 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

« 

10  0.  Genesee. 


0  Attica. 


9 
18 
19 
26 

"36 
^9 

"301  Sandusky. 


Johnsonburg. 
N.  Java. 
Curriers, 
Arcade. 


Fairview. 
Cuba. 


11a,  Portage. 


ii 
II 
<i 


11  a.  Tor.    llb.Chem. 
11  b.  Chemung. 


Rochester  and  Lake  Ontario  Rallroad.136 


0 


Rochester. 
Lake  Beach. 


5  c.  Niag.  6  b.  Clinton. 
5  a.  Medina. 


117.  TribetHiU.  Good  Trenton  fossils  at  quarries  and  along  outcrop.  Canastota,  Cazen- 
OTia  and  surrounding  country  excellent  ground  for  Lamellibrachiati  of  Hamilton  group,  and  there 
and  at  Hamilton  best  locality  for  Homolonottu  Dekaui,       R.  P.  Whitfield,  Curator  of  Museum  of 

Nat.  Hist,  of  N.  Y. 

118.  New  Hamburgh,  Wappinger  Creek,  entering  the  River  here  is  bordered  for  nearly  its 
entire  course  of  thirty  miles  from  Stissing  Mountain,  mostly  on  west,  by  ridges  of  limestone. 
This  belt  of  limestone,  like  another  one  lying  further  east  along  the  Harlem  Railway,  traverses 
the  Hudson  River  shales  of  the  County  from  N.  E.  to  3,  W.;  like  the  shales,  it  consists  of  denuded 
folds,  dipping  mainly  eastward,  often  forced  over  so  as  to  overlie  the  youngei  sl.'\tes.  These 
limestones  have  lately  been  proved,  on  the  evidence  of  fossils,  to  comprise  at  least  the  following 
formations: 

1.  Strata  of  associated  limestone  and  quartsose  rock,  of  the   Lower  Cambrian,  containing  Olen- 
ellus  trilobites.    These  are  best  seen  at  the  bases  of  Stissing  and  Fishkill  Mountains. 

2.  Limestones  and  calcareous  shales  of  Middle  Cambrian    or  Paradoxides  horizon. 

3.  The  Upper  Cambrian,  or  Potsdam,  arenaceous  limestones  interstratifled  with  calcareous  shales 
and  sandstones. 

4.  A  prominent  stratum,  probably  Caloiferous,   but  containing   mostly  a  new  and  unique   fauna. 
Its  most  characteristic  locality  is  Rochdale,  four  miles  northeast  of  Poughkeepsie. 

5.  Trenton  limestone,  with  a  fauna  of  Canadian  type,  shown  at  Rochdale  and  Pleasant  Valley. 


u 


i 


\il 


> 


II 


■  '§ 


180 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  Y.) 


Fonda,  Johnstown  and  Oloversville 
Ms.  Railroad.  Alt. 


0 
6 

8 
22 


Fonda.  13 
Johnstown. 

Gloversville. 
Northfield.iso 


4  b.  Utica. 

"      Strifo. 
(4  b.  Utica  and 
\  4  a.  Trenton, 
f  4  b  Utica  and 
1  1  a.  Laurentian. 


299 


soo 


Lackawanna  &  Pittsburg  K.  R.136 
Olean  Division. 


0  Olean. 
4  Gordons. 

6  Postville. 

7  White  House. 
10  Ceres. 

1^  Little  Genesee. 

18  Bolivar. 

20  Richburg. 

29  Friendship. 

88  Narrow  Gage  Ju, 

44  Angelica. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


&  Conglom. 


Chemung  to  Conglom. 
11  b.  Chemung. 

« 
« 


0 
6 
16 
24 
29 
87 

0 
10 
12 


SwaiiiE. 
Nunda. 
Junction. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


Lackawanna  Diyision 

Nar'w  Guage  Ju. 

Anjjelica. 

Birdsall. 

Swains. 

Canaserago. 

Bogersville. 

Wayland. 


136 


11  a.  Portage. 


Ulster  and  Delaware  Itallroad. 


4 
9 
12 
16 
17 
18 
21 
24 
27 
82 
83 
86 

39 

44 

48 
61 
68 
67 
69 

74 


Rondout.ii* 


159 


Kingston. 
West  Hurley. 
Olive  Branch. 
Brook's  Crossing. 
Broadhead  Bra. 
Shokan.  »»» 

Boioeville. 
Mount  Pleasant. 
Phoenicia.  »»• 
Fox  Hollow. 
Shandaken. 
Big  Indian. 

Pine  Hill.    i«»» 

Griffin's  Gomera. 
Dean's  Comers. 
Kelly's  Comers. 
Halcottville.  "o* 
Straton's  Falls. 
Roxbui7.*o« 
Moresville. 
Stamford.*'* 


i  4c.  Hudson  Riv.^ 
\  6.Water  Lime. 
7.  Lower  Helderberg, 
10.  Hamilton. 
11  b.  Chemung. 
11  a.  Portage. 


S34 
504 


11.  Chem.  &11, 

12.Gat8kill. 
« 


604 

Cats. 

604 


{or 


308 


«  796 

«  1004 

«  10  7  2 

«  1  2  1  S 

••  Lowest  Pass 
the  Catskill  Mts. 

1504 

1878 
1408 

«  ISOl 

"and  Chemung. 

<f  17  7  1 


12.  Catskill 
11.  Chemung. 


12.  Catskill. 


Ms.     Liehlgh  and  Hudson  River  R.  R.    Alt. 


0 
1 
3 
4 
9 
12 


Greycourt.18  0 
East  Chester. 
Sugar  Loaf. 
Lake. 

Warwick,      m 
New  Milford 


14  0.  Hudson  River. 

« 

4  a.  Trenton.  5*2 

«  502 


New  York,  Susquehanna  &  West'u  R.  R.   123 


71 
72 

75 
78 
81 
83 
80 
88 


Quarry  ville,  N.J, 
Van  Sickles. 
Unionville. 
West  Town. 
Johnsons. 
Slate  Hill. 
Spring  Side. 
Middletown. 


c.  Hudson  River.  1*2 

X 

« 
« 


West  Shore  R.  R.    14.3 


0|Weehawken,N.  J 

2jNew  Durham. 

6j Little  Ferry. 

7}Ridgefield  Park. 

8  E.  Hackensack. 

9|Teaneck. 
10,  W.  Englewood. 
12J Bergen  Fields. 
13  Schraalenburgh. 
10  Randalls. 
18 
19 
21 
22 
24 
26 
29 
33 
37 
39 
41 


West  Norwood. 
Tappan.N.  Y.144 
Orangeburgb. 
Blauveltville. 
NyackT'pike.i** 
Valley  Cottage. 
Congers. 
Haverstraw.i*^ 
Tompkin's  Cove. 
Jones'  Point, 
lona  Island. 
43  FortMontgomery. 


47 
48 
52 

57 

61 
66 


Cranston's. 
West  Point. 
Cornwall.!  i« 

Newburgh.is8 
Clark's  Dock.i** 


Marlborough  .1  s  0 
68  Milton.  » 

72  Highland. 
78  West  Park.i»i 
80,Esopu8.i»a 
83;  Ulster  Park. 
88;Kingston.i»8 
96  Mt.  Marion.i»* 
99'SaugertieB."* 
lOSiWest  Camp.is* 


i**Tria8.;  Trapdike.* 


16 


Triassic. 

(I 

i< 
(( 
« 
« 

« 
« 
« 

« 
« 
« 


4 
> 

8 
50 
95 
74 
67 

a 

4« 
(2 
74 
93 
122 


Trap." 

«  125 

«  178 

U  75 

'*T?siates  &limest'8.5 

1  a.  Laurentian.        ' 

<<  * 


8 

4c.  Hud.  Riv.i*2     " 

{Hudson Riv. and  ^ > 
Cambro-Silu.  limest. 
f  ,8.    Lower   Silurian 
(     limestones.        i" 
4  c.  Hudson  River,  i" 
4  c.  Hud.  Riv.  Group ' 


« 


« 


9 

108 
118 
145 
18i 
191 

9  a.  Cauda  Galli.   »" 
4  0.  Hudson  River.'" 


Coraiferous. 


This  limestone  oroflses  the  Hudson  River  obliquely  in  two  strips,  between  Hampton,  Oual 
■onth  of  Marlboroueh),  and  Danskantmer  Point.  At  the  north  end  of  the  New  Hamburgh  tunnel, 
the  limestone  is  wen  shown  overlying,  by  inversion,  the  Hudson  River  shale. 

The  shales  throughout  this  County  are  mainly  of  the  Hudson  River  Group,  with  here  nnd 
th^re  Omptolitio  layers,  which  are  by  some  geologists  assigned  to  the  Utioa  slates.    W.  B.  D. 


NEW  YORK. 


181 


;'uR.K.   123 
a  River.i*2 


s  &  Umest'8.5 


Ms. 

no 

116 
120 
126 
128 
133 
141 
128 
132 
136 

142 

146 
147 
152 

160 
161 
168 
173 
174 
178 
183 

187 

193 

194 
199 
200 


West  Shore.— Cm. 


Alt. 


Catskill.i»» 
West  Athens. 
Coxsackie. 
New  Baltimore. 
Coeyman's  Ju. 
Selkirk. 
Albany. 


CoeymRn's  Ju. 

S.  Bethlehem. 

Feura  Bush. 

New  Scotland. 

Voorheesville. 

Guilderland. 

Fullers. 

S.  Schenectady. 


Saratoga. 


Rotterdam  Ju. 

Pattersonville. 

Port  Jackson. 

Fort  Hunter. 

Auriesville. 

Fultonville. 

Downing. 

Sprakers. 


809 


Canajoharie. 

Fort  Plain.      8  0« 

St.  Johnsville. 

Mindenville. 
204; Indian  Castle. 
209!Little  Falls. 
2r2:Jacksonburgh. 


217 
219 
221 
226 
229 
231 
238 
242 
247 
262 


Mohawk. 
Ilion. 

Frankfort. 
W.  Frankfort. 
E.  Utica. 
Utica. 

Clark's  Milla. 
Heckla. 
Vernon. 
Oneida  Castle. 


4o.  Hudson  Riv.?    »' 


(( 
<( 
<t 
« 


127 
137 
185 
177 

148 
18 


«  ao2 

«  aas 

t(  39  7 

«  827 

«  312 

«  28  6 

«  846 

4  a.  Trent.  &  3  a.  Calc. 
4  b.  Utica.  28" 

370 
281 
394 
303 
803 
396 

1  a.  Laur.  capped  by 
3  a.  Galcifer.  hills. 
4  a.  Trenton.  8»a 

4  a-Birdseye,  4  a.Tren. 
4  c.  Hudson  River  '  2  7 

381 
889 
882 
888 
896 
890 
898 
403 
497 


4  a.  Trenton. 
« 

(I 

4  b.  Utica. 

<t 


« 

« 

1  a.  Laurentian. 
<< 

4  b.  Utica. 
« 

« 
11 
« 


818 


4  0.  Hudson  River.'  1 « , 

5  a.  Medina.  ^27 
5  b.  Clinton.  »9  5 
5  c.  Niagara.          *'* 


Ms. 


West  Shore. — Con. 


Alt. 


i 


256  W  amps ville. 
257:Canastota. 
261:Canaseraga. 
264  Chittenango. 
268  Kirksville. 
270  Manilas  Centre. 
274  Dewitt. 
278  Syracuse. 
286  Amboy. 
288  Warners. 
290  Memphis. 
295  Jordan. 
300|Weedsport. 
803  Port  Byron. 
•307  Montezuma, 
309JSeneca  River. 
311,  Savannah. 
817!  Clyde. 
324|Lyons. 
329  Newark. 
833|Port  Gibson, 
388|  Palmyra, 
341iMacedon. 
349,Fairport. 
853,Pittsford. 
356,Edgewood. 
3G0  Red  Creek. 
362  Genesee  Ju. 

367  Rochester. 
SQ'6  Maplewood. 
365  Chili. 

368  Buckbees. 
372  Churchville. 
374  Bergen. 
381  Byron. 

387  Elba. 
392  Oakfield. 
398  Alabama. 
404  Akron. 
410  Clarence. 
416  Bowmansville. 
423  E.  Buffalo  Ju. 
426BuflFalo.i*3 


5  c.  Niagara. 

6.  Salina. 
it 

450 
432 
417 

II 

410 

II 

430 

II 

412 

II 

410 

II 

399 

II 

403 

i< 

428 

II 

408 

11 

898 

ti 

428 

II 

890 

II 

?»» 

II 

II 

4b» 

<i 

889 

II 

408 

II 

488 

II 

430 

11 

430 

II 

478 

II 

449 

II 

4T0 

II 

500 

II 

543 

5  c.  Niagara. 

II 

528 

II 

888 

II 

849 

II 

583 

6.  Salina. 
II 

567 
530 

<i 

618 

< 

reo 

II 
II 

710 

9  c.  Comiferous. 
i< 

678 
700 

<i 

6»» 

« 

11 

MO 

8»» 

119.    Poughkeepsie.    From  the  north  end  of  the  New  Hamburgh  tunnel,  with   the   exception 

of  a  short  strip  of  Potsdam  limestone  a  little  south  of  Camelot,   Hudson   River  shales  and  grits 

I  occupy  continuously  the  east  bank  of  the  River  as  far  aa  Rhinecliff  and  beyond,  passing  under 

the  city  of  Poughkeepsie.    Also  they  form  the  west  bank  from   Hampton  to  Rondout.     At  sev< 

I  eral  points  there  appear,  without  any  definite  divisional  lines,  layers  of  grsptolitio  shales  which 

I  Kome    geologists   consiaer   characteristic   of  the   Utica  Slate.     Such    layers  occur  in   the   R. 

K.  cuts  at  the  dock  opposite  the  M.  Y.  State  Hospital  for  the  Incane,  and  at  West  Park  on  the 

vrest  bank  above  the  City. 

At  a  point  immediately  south  of  the  Driving  Park,  and  on  the  Spaokenkill  road  are  looalities 
of  foesilirerous  Potsdam.  At  the  first  point  there  is  a  conspicuous  fault  between  the  Potsdam 
I  and  Hudson  River  Oroups,  which  continues  three  miles  southeasterly,  striking  the  river  in  a 
bold  bluff  south  of  Camelot  Here  are  extensive  and  valuable  beds  of  moulding  sand,  which 
are  evidently  in  part  at  least  derived  from  the  disintegration  of  the  Potsdam  arenaceous  lime- 
stone.   This  fault  is  a  part  of  the  great  system  of  faults  described  in  Note  8.  W.  B.  D. 

lao.  i^hodaek  Landing.  The  Hudson  River  shales  in  the  neighborhood  abound  in  graptolites 
and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  south  are  overlaid  in  apparent  conformity  by  schists  and  limestones, 
containing  fossils  of  the  Lower  Cambrian  group,  the  latter  rocks  makingthe  third  promontory  along 
the  R.  R.  track  south  of  the  station.  When  the  foliage  is  absent,  the  line  of  contact  of  the  two 
groups  can  be  seen  fVom  the  cars.  S.  W.  Fobd. 

121.    Albany.    Two  miles  below  Albany  at   Kenwood  in   ravine   near  Knitting  Mill  is  the  fih 
roous  locality  for  the  Norman's  Kill  graptolites  in  Utica  Slate.    Beds  nearly  covered  by  buildings 
I  at  present.   The  bed  is  seen  near  the  middle  of  D.  A  L.  R.  R.  cut.  R.  P.  W. 

Champiain  deposits  here.  T.  C  Cbamubliii. 


V'-/' 


132 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.    (N.  Y.) 

Ms.   New  York  City  &  Northern  R.  R.156  Alt. 

N.  Y.  Central  and  Hudson  River  R.  R. 

0 

156  Street.  1"* 
High  Bridge. 

Limestone. 

8 

Ms.    Harlem  Division.    162.    174, 176,  176.     Alt, 

1 

0 

New  York. 

See  Note  4. 

8 

South  Yonkerd. 

Middle  Lauren. 

145 

9 

Fordham. 

Middle  Laurentian. 

11 

N.  Yonkers. 

M 

164 

11 

Williams  Bridge 

Limestone. 

18 

Odells. 

l< 

lie 

14 

W.  Mt.  Vernon. 

(( 

15 

Ashford. 

(« 

16 

Bronx  ville. 

t* 

18 

Elmsford. 

H 

17 

Tuckahoe. 

"       Marble. 

20 

E.  Tarry  town. 

«( 

20 

Scarsdale. 

i( 

21 

Tarry  town. 

« 

22 

White  Plains. 

Middle  Laurent'n.  «<)» 

23 

Tarrytown  Hts. 

<4 

387 

31 

Pleasantville. 

Limestone.       Marble. 

27 

Whetson's. 

« 

33 

Chappaqua. 

<( 

30 

Merritts  Cora. 

M 

346 

37 

Mount  Kisco. 

a3  Middle  Laurentian. 

32 

Croton  Lake. 

l< 

40 

Bedford.          2»i 

"§         «•  Feldspar  pro- 

37 

York  town. 

« 

489 

45 

Golden's  Bridge. 

«         "  duced  for  pot- 

38 

Amawalk. 

It 

384 

47 

Purdy's. 

's)        «« teries. 

39 

West  Somers. 

« 

517; 

48 

Croton  Fails. 

|S              «                             356 

42 

Baldwin  Place. 

l( 

621 

53 

Brewster's.     *i* 

L.  Laure.   Iron  ore  W. 

44 

Mahopac. 

Lower  Laurentiar 

1.641 

56 

Dykeman's. 

«'      on  summit. 

47 

Crafts. 

<i 

4  8  2 

61 

Patterson. 

Camb.  Silurian  1.  s. 

49 

Carmel. 

« 

319 

64 

Pawling. 

(1 

52 

TillyFoster  Mines 

ii 

401 

71 

South  Dover. 

415       «    Iron  ore  W. 

54 

Brewster. 

« 

406 

70 

Dover  Plains. 

<<  Limest.  on  £, 

122.  The  limestones  and  r-andstones  used  for  flagging  and  Lai'  .  >'  in  the  various  cities 
along  the  line  of  the  N.  Y.  C.  &  H.  R.  R.  R.,  are  as  follows :  At  Albany  and  Schenectady,  4  c.  Hud- 
son River .  Utica  and  Rome,  4  a.  Trenton  limestone,  generally  of  the  Birdseye  portion,  which 
produces  t;ie  thickest  stone;  at  Syracuse,  Auburn  and  Geneva,  the  9.  Upper  Helderberg,  generally 
the  Onondaga  or  lower  portion  of  it;  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo  the  6  a.  Medina  sandstone  is  the 
favorite  for  these  purposes.  Some  5.  Niagara  limestone  are  used  at  Rochester  and  9  Upper 
Helderberg  or  Corniferous  at  Buffalo,  especially  foi  lime  burning.  But  tha  best  flagstones  are 
from  the  Hamilton  and  Chemung  formations,  and  generally  come  from  the  shores  of  Cayugt 
Lake.  Large  quantities  of  flagstones  are  also  brought  from  the  upper  part  of  the  Hamilton  group 
in  the  higher  parts  of  the  Helderberg,  and  from  the  same  geological  position  along  the  west 
side  of  the  River  Hudson  from  below  Catskill  as  far  as  Kingston. 

123.  By  Mr.  Nelson  H.  Darton,  of  the  U.  8.  Geological  Survey.  Mr.  Darton  prefers  to  lue 
the  term  4  a.  Trenton  rather  than  Hudson  River  for  the  wide  areas  of  slates  in  Orange  and  ad- 
jacent counties,  which  contain  a  mixed  Hudson  River  and  Trenton  limestone  fauna,  but  for  the 
sake  of  uniformity  Hudson  River  is  used  throughout  the  chapter. 

124.  Meadow  Brook.  About  three-fourths  of  a  mile  east,  the  railroad  crosses  the  ridge  de- 
scribed ill  note  126.  The  red  grits  near  this  station  are  the  some  as  those  in  the  ridge  there  de- 
scribed, broueht  up  by  a  synclinal.  N.  H.  D. 

125.  Caledonia  and  Stafford,  two  of  the  best  places  in  the  State  for  silicified  Upper  Helder- 
berg corals.    Akron  also.    Excellent  corals  at  Le  Roy.  R.  P.  W, 

126.  Comtoall.    Just  west  of  this  station  is  a  ridge  composed  of  red  and  grey  conglomeratei 
similar  to  those  near  Highland  Mills  and  probably  near  Oneida  in  age.    It  is  flanked  on  the  western  j 
side  by  Lower  Helderberg  limestone  from  the  Waterlime  to  the  Delthrysis  r'i  .'v  limestone,  the 
latter  holding  a  bed  of  Limonite  and  plentiful  fine  casts  of  about  a  hundrei!    ^nir'cties  of  fossils,  | 
The  occurrence  of  this  fossihferous  rock  so  far  from  the  main  mass  of  the  '  >      .   i:  i  is  very  in- 
teresting.   See  also  Note  124.  N.  H.  D. 

127.  Passaic.  South  of  this  station  the  palisadal  front  of  the  First  Wat.  :,  ar  or  Orange! 
Mountain  is  in  sight.  This  long  canoe-shaped  ridge  and  some  others  behind  it  ">  ue  west  and  I 
south  are  capped l>y  the  outcropping  edges  of  great  sheets  of  basalt  lavas,  which  w  ^e  outpoured] 
at  intervals  on  the  floor  of  the  Triassic  sea  during  the  deposition  of  the  formation.  The  u|)per| 
surfaces  of  these  sheets,  when  not  too  deeplv  eroded,  are  deeply  vesicular  and  at  some  poinul 
they  are  exposed  in  contact  with  unaltered  snaly  sediments.  The  more  or  less  vesicular  and  alt- 1 
ered  bases  of  these  sheets  lie  with  perfect  contormity  on  the  shales,  which  often  extend  fori 
some  distance  up  the  steep  sides  of  the  ridges  and  dip  at  low  angles  westward.  Basal  contact)  I 
in  the  quarries  on  the  ridge  slopes  southeast  of  Paterson  may  be  teen  from  the  cars  and  are  I 
fine  exposures  in  the  deep  gorge,  into  which  the  Passaic  River  fal.s  in  crossing  the  First  Wit-[ 
chung  ridge  in  Paterson.  N.  H.  Darton.     I 

128.  Turner's.  On  emerging  from  the  highlands  north  of  Greenwood  the  line  of  the  road  pass- 1 
esover  a  broad  valley  encirling  and  extending  northeastward  from  '.I'urner's,  and  is  in  greater  part  I 
underlaid  by  limestones  of  undeterpnined,  but  probably  Lower  Siiuriuu  age,  and  by  slates  of  Tren-r 
ton  age.  N.  H.  D.     I 

129.  JIfonroe.  A  mile  west  of  this  station  a  synclinal  holding  Middle  Devonian  is  crossed,  bull 
no  outcrops  are  visible  from  the  cars.  These  rocks  extend  for  many  miles  southward  into  New  I 
Jersey.  In  New  York  they  form  Bell  vale  Mountain  to  the  Erie  R.  R.  and  thence  extend  northward  | 
in  the  high,  rough,  double  crested  ridge  known  as  Schunemunk  Mountain.  The  lower  membeni 
are  flagstones  and  slates,  the  upper  a  coarse  pebble  conglomet-ate.  In  a  flagstone  quarry,  two  inilMl 
N.  N.  W.  of  Monroe,  the  remains  of  Devonian  plants  are  quite  abundant.  In  the  valley  westwardl 
the  series  is  underlaid  by  a  white  Quartzite  succednd  by  limestone  holding  an  Upper  Siluriul 
fauna  and  an  unfossiliferous  limestone  lying  on  Gneiss.  The  two  last  are  exposed  in  the  railroad  cull 
a  mile  east  of  Oxford.  This  gneiss  is  flanked  on  the  west  by  an  inconsiderable  thickness  of  liiBe>| 
stone  which  is  overlaid  by  tne  slates  which  are  thence  exposed  nearly  to  Oxford,    if.  H.  D. 


NEW  YORK. 


133 


702 


V,  Y.  Central  &  Hudson  River  R.  R.— Con. 
Hlg.  Harlem  Division. — Con.  Alt, 

12 

84 

87 

93 

97 
[100 
106 
109 
116 
120 


Wassaic. 

Amenia. 

Sharon. 

Millerton. 

Mount  Riga. 

Boston  Corners. 

Copake. 

Hillsdale.        «»i 

Martinsdale. 

Philmont. 


Gam.-Sil.  Schists. 

"  "  1.  8. 

"  "   "Burd'n'sgun 

"  "bar'l  iron  oreW 

"  "  I.  s.  (Summit). 

"  "    «  Iron  ore  W. 

«  «   "  Iron  Works. 

Cambro-Silurian. 

«  « 


126|Ghent. 

127iChatham. 
I    All  the  iron  ore  is  produced  on  the  west  side- 
1  none  on  the  east  .side  of  railroad. 


N.  T.f  Rntland  &  Montreal  Ry. 


0:Chatham  4  cor. 

5  Chatham. 
11  Rider's  Mill. 
18  New  Lebanon. 
27  Lebanon  Springs. 
31  N.  Stephenlown. 
84  Centre  Berlin. 
39  Berlin. 

44  Petersburg. 

45  N.  Petersburg. 

47  T.  &  B.  Junction. 
53  Bennington,  Vt 


4  c.  Hud.   Riv.  Group. 


it 
« 

« 
« 
(( 

<c 
({ 


CD 

O 

A 
CO 


-J 

t 
-4 


2.  Cambrian  si. 

3.  Lower  Silurian  1.  s. 


Ms.  N.  T.,  New  Hi&ven  &  Hartford  R.  R.  Alt. 


0 
12 

15 

18 
22 
25 
27 
30 
31 
35 


New  York  '»» 
Williams  Bridge, 

Mount  'V  ernon. 

New  Rochelle. 

Mamaroceck. 

Rye. 

Port  Chester. 

Greenwich. 

Cos  Cob  Bridge. 

Stamford,  Conn. 


See  Note  4. 

« 

fid.  Montalban, 
\  probably. 


70 


« 

If 
« 
« 


Harlem  River  Branch. 


0 
1 

o 
12 


Harlem  River, 
Port  Morris. 
West  Chester. 
New  Rochelle. 


Montalban  or  Meta- 
morphio.     See  Note  4. 


Middletown  Branch.    \\A 


0 iNew  Britain. 


3 
13 


Berlin. 
Middletown. 


16  Triassic. 


1,10.    Oreyeourt.    West  of  the  Oxford  limestone  to  the  Blue,  or  Shawangunk  Mountain,  at  Otis. 
Iville  there  is  a  rolling  country  underlaid  by  Slates,  which  have  been  recently  found  to  be  Tren- 
on  in  aee.    (See  Note  142.)  They  extend  northeastward  to  the  Hudson  River  and  south  across  pari 
of  New  Jersey.  They  are  underlaid  by  limestones,  which  hold  Lower  Silurian  faunas.  N.  H.  D. 

131.  Suffem.  A  short  distance  east  is  Union  Hill  composed  of  a  thin  sneet  of  trap  lying 
upon  heavy  beds  of  Conglomerate.  N.  H.  D. 

132.  SparkiU.  At  many  points  south  of  here  overlying  stata  are  found  in  contact  with 
Pa1i!>ade  trap  sheet,  as  stated  in  Note  6.  North  of  this  station  the  R.  R.  crosses  th')  sheet  and 
ikirts  the  east  side  of  the  ridge  at  a  considerable  altitude.  The  under  contact  of  trap  and 
pandstone  maybe  found  near  Piermont-on-the-Hill,  and  near  Grandview,  above  the  R.  R.  N.  H.  D. 
,  133.  Homestead.  See  Note  5.  This  road  crosses  the  Palisade  trap  ridge  in  the  Erie  tunnel 
^nd  Hkirts  its  western  base  to  SparkiU   where  it  reerosses  to  Piermont.    A  few  hundred  yards  S. 

of  the  station,  and  in-  sight  from  the  cars,  contact  of  trap  and  overlying  shales  is  exposed  in 
small  quarry.  N.  U.  D. 

134.  New  Durham.  Three-fourths  of  a  mile  east  in  a  cut  at  entrance  to  W.  S.  R.  R.  tunnel 
khe  dike  structure  of  Palisade  trap  is  exposed  at  unconformable  contact  with  overlying  sand- 
stones. N.  H.  D. 

135.  Oranton.  A  short  distance  north  is  a  small  dike  and  sheet  of  trap  separated  from  the 
palisade  sheet  by  a  slight  thickness  of  sandstone.  N.  H.  D. 

136.  By  Prof.  H.  S.  Williams,  of  Cornell  University. 

137.  Roshester.  Shales  below  falls  filled  with  corals  and  Braehiopod$  of  Niagara  group.  En- 
tire Clinton  exposed  and  manv  layers  filled  with  excellent  fossils.  Several  beds  of  graptolites 
known  by  the  olack  color  of  the  seam.  Lower  fall  gives  limestoue  filled  with  Pentameroua  Elong- 
ftus  and  below  Medina  sandstone  with  fucoides,  etc.  R.  P.  Whitfield. 

See  Note  36  and  Glacial  Note  181. 

138.  Newburgh.  The  city  rests  upon  strata  which  are  evidently  similar  to  those  identified 
In  Duchess  County.  Tlie  entire  water-front  is  composes  of  Hudson  River  shale,  while  that  part 
If  the  city  west  of  West  street  Is  on  the  belt  of  limostone   which   crosses  ;the   river  from  New 

aamburg  in  Duchess  County.  On  the  river  ioad  three  miles  north  of  the  city,  there  are  highly 
bsslliferous  ledges  of  the  Trenton  group,  containing  the  Coral  Solenopora  Compacta,  and  very 
srge  Crinoid  columns.  With  this  exception  this  great  belt  of  limestone  from  Hampton  to  Long 
pond  appears  to  be  entirely  without  fossils.  A  comparison  with  the  more  northern  ex- 
ension  of  the  belt  makes  it  probable  that  besides  the  Trenton,  Calciferous  and  Cambrian  strata 
ire  present.  Snake  Hill  to  the  south  and  Cronomer's  Hill  to  the  west,  are  Archcean 
Deiss.  W.  B.  D. 

139.  Mt.  Joy,    Road  crosses  Palisade  trap  sheet. 

140.  Eagle  Bridge.  At  Eagle  Bridge,  Cambridge  and  Granville,  the  railroad  passes  over  a 
karrow  strip  of  Hudson  River  Shales  flanked  on  either  side  by  broad  masses  or  Lower  Cam- 
Irian  or  "  Georgia "  shales  and  limestones,  which  are  not  more  than  a  mile  distant,  or  less. 
>t  Salem  a  broad  belt  of  Hudson  River  shale  lies  a  short  distance  to  the  west.    Fossiliferoua 

calities  of  the  Lower  Cambrian  have  been  found  near  Shushan,  Salem,  Rupert  and  Granville, 
ome  of  the  chief  localities  described  are  one  mile  south  of  Shushan  one  and  one-half  miles 
St  and  west,  and  one  mile  south  of  N.   Greenwich  (near  Salem)    two    miles  south  of  North 
Iranville,  and  at  Low  Hampton,  Ju.st  west  at  the  crossing  of  Poultney  River.)      W.  B.  D. 


Ifl«^ 


> 


■fvJ 


'^ 


mi 


184 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  Y.) 


Ms. 

Boston  and  Albany  Railroad.        Alt.; 

Ms. 

Hartford  &  Conn.  Western  R.  R.     Alt. 

0|  Albany. 

4  0.  Hudson  Biver.    ^2 

0  Rhineoliif. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

1 

Greenbush. 

«                        24 

3  Pihinebeck. 

« 

9 

Schodack.        208 

Doubtiul,  i»4,i"&i»8! 

7  Red  Hook. 

2-4  Camb.  Sil.  Schists. 

17iKinderhook. 

«                      318 

11  Spring  Lake. 

<< 

20JChatham  Centre. 

«                sib! 

17  Jacivson  Corners 

« 

24lChatham.i6  3 

4o.Hud.Riv.Gr'p.46  2 

25  Ancram. 

«< 

29! East  Chatham. 

«                       691 

35  Boston  Comers. 

3-4  Camb.  Sil.  Limest. 

34 

Canaan.1'8 

«                       8  69 

42  State  Line. 

<t 

89 

State  Line. 

<i                      914 

{                See  Con 

necticut. 

(Continued 

in  Massachusetts).       j 

Newburgh,  Dutchess  &  Conn.  Rallroad.164 

Hudson  &  Chatham  Branch.                  | 

0 
2 

Dutchess  Juno. 
Matteawan.1^0 

4  c.  Hud.  Riv.  Group, 

0  Hudson. 

4  b.  Utica. 

«                       119 

4'Claverack. 

Doubtful. 

4 

Glenham.i^o 

«                       213 

9lMillerville. 

« 

6 

Fishkill. 

Calcif.-Trcnt.(?)l'8.2n 

ll'Pulver's. 

(( 

11 

Hopewell. 

«                       25] 

ISGhent. 

(( 

13 

Clove  Branch  Ju. 

«                       289 

17  Chatham. 

4  c.  Hud.  Riv.  Group. 

17 
19 
26 

Sylvan  Lake. 

M 

New  York  &  Massachusetts  R.  R.  104 

Billings. 
Verbank. 

4  c.  Hudson  River.  3"! 

0 

Poughke'psie.iis 

4  c.  Hud.  Riv.G'p.1'9 

"                         5  63 

6 

Pleasan*  Val."' 

4  a.  Trenton. 

30 

Millbrook. 

«                       566 

11 

Salt  Point.16  6 

4  c.  Hud.  Riv.  Group. 

87 

Bangall.i'i 

l< 

13 

Clinton  Cors.ie? 

4  0.  Hud.  Riv.  Shale. 

40 

Stissing  June. 

(<                       43; 

16 

Willow  Bro'k.16  8 

Cambri.(?)  limestones.' 

46 

Pine  Plains. 

Cambrian(Upper?)*" 

18 

Standfordville. 

4  c.  Hu.  Riv.  Shale.* 23: 

47 

Bethel. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

20 
21 

Mclntyre. 

Sti8sing.i69 

Calciferous  limestODC. 
2  k  and  2  a  Cambrian. 

50 

Shekomeko.172 

f  Calciferous  and  s" 
\     Upper  Cambrian. 

27 

Pine  Plains.    *''o 

2& and 2  (?)  Cambrian.! 

52 

Husted. 

Cambrian  (Upper?) 

81 

Ancram  L'd.  Ma. 

«i               570! 

54 

Winchell'B. 

4  c.  Hudson  River.'" 

37 

Boston  Comers. 

«                      7  3  8' 

69 

Millerton. 

Calciferou8-Trent.?'»» 

141.  Warroiek.  At  Edenville,  four  miles  west,  compare  the  "blue  limestone"  of  Primor- 
dial or  Lower  Silurian  age  with  the  "white  limestone"  of  the  Archaean,  which  there  crop  out 
in  parallel  and  almost  contiguous  ridges.  The  Archeean  limestone  is  highly  crystallized  and 
contains  many  crystals  of  foreign  matter.  W.  B.  D. 

142.  This  series  of  slates,  occupying  large  areas  in  Orange  County,  New  York,  and  extend- 
ing southward  into  New  Jersey,  contains  a  mixed  Hudson  River  and  Trenton  limestone 
fauna,   and  should  perhaps  be  designated  Trenton.    (See  Note  123.)  N.  H.  D. 

143.  West  Shore  R.  R.  Stations  from  Weehawken  to  Nyack  Turnpike  are  by  Prof.    W.  B. 
Dwight  of  Vassar  College,  thence  to  Cornwall  by  Mr.    Nelson    H.    Darton,    U.    S.    Geologist, 
thence  to  Esopus   by  Prof.  Dwight,  and  thence  to  Albany  by  Prof.   Dwight  and  Hon.  James  1 
O.  Lindsey  of  Rondout.    From  Albany  to    Buffalo  the  tables  are  by  Prof.    H.  8.  Williams  of  { 
Cornell.    On  this  portion  see  notes  on  New  York  Central,  running  nearly  parallel. 

144.  For  stations  in  N.  J.  see  also  New  Jersey  Chapter 
14fi.    Nyaek  Turnpike.    From  some  distance  south  of  this    station    and   thence    northward,  I 

this  road  skirts  the  western  side  of  the  palisade  trap  sheet,  and  crossing  it  in  a  tunnel  north 
of  Congers,  follows  its  eastern  side  to  Haverstraw,  where  the  high  ridge  formed  by  the  trap, 
curves  westward  to  the  highlands.  In  the  cut  at  the  southern  end  of  the  tunnel  the  highl7 
altered  sedimentary  beds  are  exposed,  abutting  against  the  steep  trap  dike,  while  on  the  east 
side  of  tha  ridge,  they  are  exposed  dipping  gentlv  beneath  the  trap,  indicating  the  dilttl 
and  sheet  structure  described  in  Note  6.  N.  H.  D.      I 

146.  ffaverttraui.  One  mile  north  of  the  station  there  is  a  cut  through  16.  Triassic  ctl>l 
careous  conglomerate.  A  few  hundred  feet  farther,  on  Stony  Point,  the  deep  cut  gives  fine  | 
exposures  of  some  members  of  the  Cortland  series  of  intrusives  and  metamorphics.     N.  H.  D.  I 

147.  TompKi^'s  Cove.    Extensive  quarries  of  blue  and  grey  limestones  near    station.     A« 
of  the  beds  uncertain  but  probably  Lower  Silurian.    They  are  separated  from  the  Archeean  rocks  I 
of  the  highlands   by  black  slates  of  unknown  age,  which  are  exposed  at  many  points  in  thiii 
vicinity  and  southward  to  Pompton,  N.  J.  N.  H.  D. 

148.  Hamburg.  Eighteen  Mile  Creek  and  vicinity  are  roost  excellent  localities  for  Ham-. 
ilton  fossils,  along  lake  shore  and  up  stream  a  short  distance  and  also  at  Hamburg  in  cutting 
on  R.  R.  (R.  P.  W.)      ' 

Sub-aqueous  drift;  lake  terraces  along  the  lake  shore  to  Ashtabula.  (Chamberlin.) 

149.  aark'a  Dock.    Interesting  clay  beds  of  .he  Champlain  Period    deposited    in  the  form  I 
of  three  inverted,  truncated  cones,  instead  of  horizontally,  as  is  usual  in  the  beds  lining  botb 
banks  of  the  Hudson.  W.  B.  D.     1 

160.  Marlborotigh.  Hampton  Point,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  south  is  the  northern  edgectl 
the  limestone  belt  crossing  from  Duchess  County,  (See  Note  118.)  and  passing  to  the  west  of  I 
Newburgh.  Here  Kerr's  Hydraulic  Cement  Works  are  now  in  successAil  operation.  The  lime- 1 
stone  is  apparently  Cambrian  with  perhaps  Lower  Silurian.    See  Note  138.  W.  B.  D.     I 

151  West  Park.  On  the  north  side  of  a  railroad  cut  Just  south  of  Hazen's  (or  Adam's  Dock).  I 
and  between  one  and  two  miles  south  of  thA  railroad  station,  slabs  of  slate  covered  with  excellenll 
graptolites,  may  be  obtained.  These  are  referred  by  Prof.  Whitfield  to  the  Utica  slate ;  vi\ 
some   other  geologists  to  the  Hudson  River  Oroup.  W.  B.  D. 


14 

B 

19 

S 

22 

P 

25 

P 

31  P 

33  T( 

38  B 

44  M 

■-  ■/■■'. 


) 


R.  B.     Alt. 

nlliver. 

Sil.  Schists. 


Sil.  Limeat. 


Bailroad.164 
Riv.  Group. 

K  213 

•ent.(?)l'8.2i» 

i(  252 

i(  289 


NEW  YORK 


186 


3onRiver.3  9i 

II  5S3 

II  S66 

i( 

«  «3' 

,n(Upper?)*" 
jiferous. 
terousand  'os 
jer  Cambriaa 
in  (Upper?) 
Ison  River."' 
ous-Trent.?'«» 

le"    of  Priraor- 

there  crop  out 

jrvstallized  and 

■"  W.  B.  D.    ^ 

rk,  and  extend- 

inton  limestone 

N.  H.  D.  ^ 

t,y  Prof.    W.  B, 

J.    S.    Geologist, 

,nd  Hon.  Jamei 

8.  Williams  of 

allel. 

nee  northward, 
in  a  tunnel  north 
med  by  the  trap, 
nnel  the  highly 
while  on  the  east 
BatinK  the    dik» 

N.  H.  D. 
16.  Triassic  cil- 
p  cut  gives  fine 
phios.  N.  H.D. 
ir  station.  Am 
)  Archaean  rociu 
iv  points  in  thii 
'  '^N.  H.  D. 
lalities  for  H«n- 
iburj  in  cutting 
(R.  P.  W.)      ' 

(ChAMBBRLI!!.)        , 

ted    in  the  foita 

beds  lining  both 

W.  B.  I).    , 

northern  edgecl 

IK  to  the  westM 
^tion^The^ln.^ 

(or  Adam's  Dock). 

red  with  excelled 

»  Utica  slate;  tj 

W.  B.  D.     ' 


213 
233 


Ms.  Mew  York  &  New  Bngland  B.  R.164  Alt. 

1 

4 

8 
10 
14 
10 
22 
25 
31 
33 
38 
44 


Newburgh.i8* 

Fishkill.ii* 

Matteawan.i'o 

Fishkill  Village. 

BrinkerhoflF. 

Hopewell. 

Stormville. 

Poughquag. 

Pawling. 

Patterson. 

Towners. 

Brewster. 

Mill  Plain. 


4  0.  Hudson  River. 

K 
<< 

Caloif.-Trent.  I's. 
« 

(i 
II 

Laurentian. 


44  2 

406 


Troy  and  Boston  Railroad. Iij4 

(Fitchburg    Pailroad.)li3 


OTroy. 

4Lan8ingburgh. 
9  Melrose. 


13 
14 
17 
21 
24 


Schaghticoke. 
Valley  Falls. 
Johnsonville. 
Buskirk's. 
Eagle  Bridge. 


Hud.Riv.  and  Georgia. 
« 

"      Trenton? 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 
<< 

4  c.  H.  Riv.  &  Georgia. 


Ms. 


Troy  and  Boston.— Con. 


Alt. 


26iHo38ic  Junction. 
I 
State  Line. 

27  Hoosic  Falls. 

80  Hoosac. 

32  Petersburg. 
86  North  Pawnal. 
43  Willi'mstown.16  8 

45  Blackinton. 
48  North  Adams. 


4  0.  H.  Riv.  &  Georgia- 
r  4  c.  Hud.  Riv.  and 
\  Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. 

4  c.  Hudson  River, 
r  4  c.  Hud.  Riv.  and 
\  Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. 

Calcif.-Chazy-Trent. 


f  Hudson  River  and 
\  Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. 
Calcif.-Chazy-TrenlDn. 


Oreenwich  and  Johnsonville  Railroad. 

Washington  Co.  164 


9  Johnsonvilb. 
5!  Lee's. 

6JS.  Cambridge. 
SjW.  Cambridge. 
10  Summit. 


13 
16 


Easton. 
Greenwich. 


I 


4  c.  Hudson  River. 


II 
II 


Lower-  Cambrian. 
i< 


152.  Esopus.  On  leaving  the  river  in  Esopus,  before  crossing  Rondout  Creek,  going  north, 
[the  road  crosses  the  ends  of  a  synclinal  arch;  the  first  rock  is  nearly  vertical  section  of 
IMiaKara,  then  Waterlime-Pentamerus,  Catskill  Shaly,  Upper-Pentamerus,  Catskill-Shaly,  Pen- 
Itamerus,  Upper  Pentamerus.  After  crossing  the  creek,  the  road  enters  a  tunnel  the  soath 
lend  of  which  is  Catskill  Shaly,  the  middle  section  Upper  Pentamerus  and  the  north  end 
loriskany,  all  nearly  vertical.  After  the  tunnel  is  passed  the  Cauda  Galli  is  entered  and  per- 
Ihaps  Schoharie  Grit,  and  then  Corniferous  and  it  may  be  the  Onondaga.  J.  O.  L. 

I  153.  Kingiton.  Unconformabiliiy  of  Low^r  and  Upper  Silurian  well  shown  here.  Remark- 
lable  contortions  of  strata.  Fossils  abundant.  At  Rondout,  now  included  in  the  cityofKings- 
Iton,  are  seen  Hudson  River  Group;  Oneida;  Coralline  limestone  of  Niagara  Group;  all  the  di- 
iTisions  of  Lower  Helderberg:  Oriskany;  Cnuda  Galli  and  Corniferous;  all  but  the  last  two 
■quite  fossiliferous.  At  old  Kingston,  on  T'sopus  Creek,  Marcellus  and  Hamilton.  Immense 
ICement  quarries  in  Helderberg  limestor  js. 

See  '^Non-conformity  at  Rondout "  by  W.  M.  Davis,  Am.  Journ.  Science,  November,  1883. 

W.  B.  D. 

Station  is  on  terrace  of  Alluvium  and  Drift  overlying  Corniferous,  which  crops  out  in  a 
Ihigh  ridge  to  the  eastward,  dipping  to  the  northwest.  To  the  west  bluff  of  Marcellus  over- 
llymg  Corniferous.  J.  G.  L. 

I      154.    Mount  Marion.    The  road  (going  north)  continues  on  Cornifoi-ous  nearly  to  Saugerties, 
■where  it  comes  again  to  the  Cauda   Galli  and,   before   it  reaches  West  Camp,  it  passes  back 
over  all  the  intervening  layers  to  the  Hudson  River  which  it  does  not  leave,    except    a  few 
cuts  into  the  Waterlime  between  West  Camp  and  Catskill.  J.  O.  L. 

At  Glenerie  a  little  over  a  mile  southeast  from  Mount  Marion  station  along  the  east  bank 
jof  Saugerties  Creek,  are  abundant  exposures  of  Oriskany,  crowded  with  fineU'  weathered 
fossils.  W.  B.  D. 

165.    OatskiU.    The  Helderberg  rises  sharply  to  the   west  nearly  all  the  way  to  Coeyman'a. 

158.  By  Prof.  C.  H.  Hitchcock. 
167.    (Atiandaigua.    Go  up    the  lake  six  miles  to  Monteith's  Pt.  up  ravine,  most  excellent 

Hamilton  fossils,  all  classes.    Also  all  along  lake  shore  to  Black  Pt.  Heads  of  Monteith's  ra- 
Irine,  Genesee  slate  with  plants,  and  gas  springs.  R.  P.  W. 

I  1S8.  KnowersviUe  and  OuUderland.  Go  up  mountain  to  first  plateau,  rocks  filled  with  Low- 
br  Helderberg  fossils.  Tentaeutitea  and  Leperditia  at  base  of  vertical  layers.  Thompson's  Lake 
bneand  a  half  miles  back  from  top  of  bhifT  at  Indian  Ladder  road,  Schoharie  grit  and  Up- 
per Helderberg  fossils.  Also  Clarksville  12  miles  southwest  of  Albany  has  yielded  immense  num- 
ers  of  Lower  Helderberg  Bryozoans  and  Corals.  R.  P   W. 

159.  Sekoharie.    In  the  hill  east  and  west  fl-om  the  village  the  entire    Helderberg    series 
cours,  and  fossils  ore  numerous  in  the  Coralline  limestone.    Lower  Helderberg,  Oriskany  sand, 

Bcboharie  grit  and  Upper  Helderberg.  R.  P.  W. 

160.  Darien.    Best  locality  in  the  state  for  Hamilton  in    streams  at  Darien  City,  and  also 
TO  miles  west  of  Darien  Centre  in  small  stream  at    Milldam,  and  for  one  mile  below  slate 

ftd  Corals  and  Shells.  R.  P.  W. 

161.  The  formations  are  given  on  this  road  approximately,  no  definite  information  having 
en  published.    From  Dannamora  to  Lynn  Mt.    both    the    Laurentian  and  the  Potsdam  are 

tlven,  implying  that  both  strata  are  in  the  neighborhood.  W.  B.  D. 

[  162.  Revised  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Hitchcock.  From  Pawling  to  Chatham  Prof.  Dwight  prefers 
t  CalciferouB  "  or  "  Calciferous-Trenton."  This  limestone,  he  says,  is  the  eastern  fork  of  the  Copake- 
lillsdale  belt  of  which  the  Wappinger  Valley  limestones  are  the  western  fork.  Cploiferons  fossils 
Rcur  in  It.  Cambrian  strata  may  be  present.  At  North  East  Center,  one  and  one-half  miles  south  of 
lillerton.C«lciferoaB  fossils  ooour  on  Bdward  Clark's  farm. 


! 


I 


i 


> 


1". 


:i: 


ill 


■•'I 


^:il 


186 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.     (N.Y.) 

MsOgdensburg  &  liake  Champlain  R.B.  Alt.  \ 

Ms.    CatskiU  Mt.  Sc  Cairo  Itailroad.164  Alt. 

0 

9 

17 

25 

28 

Ogdensburj», 

Lisbon. 

Madrid. 

Norwood. 

Knapps. 

Brasher  Falls. 

Lawrence. 

Moira. 

Bangor. 

Malone. 

Chateaugay. 

Cherubusoo. 

EUenburg. 

Dannemora. 

Altona. 

Mooer's  Forks. 

Mooer's  Junction. 

Champlain. 

Rouse's  Point. 

Alburgh. 

Alburgh  Springs. 

Swanton. 

Swanton  June. 

St.  Albans,  Vt. 

3  a.  Calcif.  20  ms.  24B 
« 

« 

2  b.  Potsdam,  53  ms. 
« 

M 

«< 
<l 

t< 

1  a.  Laurentian,  5  ms. 

2  b.  Potsdam,  36  ms. 

« 

<l                    I  S  5  6 

4( 

« 

3  b.  Chazy. 
3a.Cal.&3b.Chazy,4ms 
8  b.  Chazy,  2  miles. 

4  b.  Utica,  18  miles. 

« 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 
2  b.  Potsdam,  6  miles. 

0 

1 

8 

14 

16 

CatskiU  Landing. 
Catskill. 
S.  Cairo. 

Mountain  House. 
Palenville. 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

7  Low.  Helderberg  I'a. 
« 
u 

86 

Stony  Clove  and  CatsklU  Mt.  Railroad.  164 

41 
47 
65 
61 
73 
81 
89 
90 

0|  Hunter. 

2iKaater8ville  Ju. 

4!Stony  Clove. 

6  Edgewood. 

9  Lanesville. 
12  Chiohesters. 
14  Phoenecia. 

12.  Catskill  s.  s. 
<i 

4< 
M 
tt 
« 

97 

Kaateraville  Railroad. 

103 
106 
114 

118 

0  Kaatersville  Ju. 
8  Kaatersville. 

12.Cat8kill  8.  s. 

Long  Island  Railroad. 

122 
126 
133 
136 

0 
10 
19 
25 

Hunter's  Point. 
Jamaica. 
Mineola. 
Hicksville. 

20.  Quartern!\ry,  with 
Tertiary  or  Creta- 
ceous. 

142 

29 

Syosset 

i< 

163.  Williamatouin.  An  important  point  in  the  typical  area  of  the  original  Taconlc  Series. 
Recent  researches  of  laborious  stratigraphic  and  paleuntological  field-work,  have  at  last  result- 
ed in  securing,  in  general,  a  well-as.sured  stratigraphy  for  this  entire  Taconic  region  includ- 
ing the  great  synclinals  of  limestones,  shales,  schists  and  quartzytes  of  the  central  mouD- 
tain  ridges  and  the  adjacent  rolling  country  on  the  east  and  west  flanks.  The  most  recent  and 
extensive  discoveries  of  fossils  were  made  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Walcott  in  1887  and  in  one  or  two 
years  previous.  Stratigraphic  maps  have  been  lately  published  by  Prof.  J.  D.  Dana,  and  bjr 
Mr.  Walcott.  These  show  beyond  question  that  the  main  central  ridges  of  Taconic  rocks  con- 
sist of  Potsdam,  Calciferous,  Chazy,  Trenton  and  Hudson  River  strata,  flanked  on  the  east  by 
a  belt  of  Potsdam  and  pre-Cambrian  rock,  and  on  the  west  by  a  wide  belt  of  Lower  Cam- 
brian somewhat    intermixed  with  Hudson  River  Shales. 

Some  of  the  principal  localities  of  fossils  are  at  Pownal,  and  three  miles  south  of  Ben- 
nington, Vt.,  north  side  of  Oraylock  Mt.,  Mass.  near  Hoosac,  and  Hoosic,  N.  Y.  and  at  other 
points  for  which  see  Note  140.  W.  B.  D. 

164.  By  Prof.  W.  B.  Dwight.  of  Va^isar  Collge. 

165.  Pleatant  Valley.  Fossiliferous  Trenton  in  cut  near  north  of  depot  and  in  quarry,  one  half 
mile  south.  Calciferous  limestone  in  ridges  west  of  the  Trenton,  at  quarry,  etc.  Fossiliferous 
Potsdam  limestone  a  little  northwesterly  from  railroad  station.  Hudson  River  shales  on  each 
side  of  the  belt  of  these  limestones.  About  half  way  between  this  and  Salt  Point  fossilifer- 
ous Potsdam  mainly  composes  hill  on  east  side  of  the  railroad  near  the  school  house.     W.  B.  D. 

166.  Salt  Point.    Limestone  belt  passes  to  east  of  depot  through  Hudson  River  shales,  At  j 
Clinton  Corners  passes  west  of  station.    Exposure  of  Trenton  and  Calciferous  limestone  with 
a  little  Potsdam  at  Wallace's  quarry  one  mile  south  of  Salt  Point.  W.  B.  D. 

167.  Clinton  Corners.  Limestone  of  Potsdam  and  Calciferous  groups  occurs  northwest  of  I 
station. 

168.  Willow  Brook.  A  ledge  of  quartsite  of  Lower  Cambrian  occurs  near  the  station  to 
the  southwest  and  some  of  the  limestone  may   belong  to  the  same  horizon. 

169.  Stissing.  Station  stands  on  one  of  the  Wappinger  limestones,  which  appears  in  place 
in  a  little  gully  near  track  and  in  cuts  to  the  north  and  south.  Being  without  fossils  its  age 
is  uncertain,  but  probably  either  Potsdam,  Rochdale  or  Trenton.  Between  this  limestone  and 
the  base   of  Stissmg   Mountain   (Archeean   gneiss)   is   a  strip   of  red   shale   of   the    Olcnellun 

roup.    On    ascending   the    southern    slopes    of   the    Mountain,   the    red    shale    is    succeeded 
_y   an    underlying   stratum    of    limestone    of   the    "Olenellus"    group,   containing    Hyolithdlmi 
Mieaua;   underlying  this  a  little  higher  up  the  declivity  is   quartzo.se   rock  also  of  the  "Ole-| 
nellus"  group   and  immediately  overlying  the  gneiss.    In  some  spots  this  quartzyte  is  ferru- 
ginous and  highly  fossiliferous  containing  Olenelfiu  ataphoidet  and  other  fossils.  W.  B.  D. 

170.  Matteaican  and  Olenham.  The  stations  (Newburg,  Dutchess  and  Conn.)  stand  on  I 
shales  of  the  Hudson  River  Group,  which  near  Glenham  become  in  some  localities  greenish 
and  also  bright  purplish  red.  Ledges  of  an  impure  irregular  granite  appear  at  some  points 
near  Fishkill  Creek  surrounded  by  shales  or  limestones.  On  the  southern  side  of  the  creek  | 
in  Matteawan  and  Glenham  are  conspicuous  ridges  of  limestone  belonging  to  the  Wappin- 
ger Valley  series,  but  not  yet  exactly  determined  by  fossils.  On  farm  or  Mr.  Charles  M.  Wol- 
cott,  southwest  from  Matteawan  and  three  miles  'firom  the  Hudson  River,  quarteite  of  the 
Lower  Cambrian  crops  out,  immediately    overlying  the    gneiss    rock  of    Fishkill    Mountain; 

W.  B.  D. 

171.  BangaU.  A  broad  belt  of  Calciferous  and  Cambrian  limestones  stretches  northerly  I 
flrom  Bangalffor  about  a  mile  and  a  half  along  the  Hull's  Mills  road;  the  Calciferous  is  quitt I 
fossiliferous  at  some  points.  In  this  vicinity  there  are  numerous  faults  between  the  Hnatoi| 
River  Group,  and  the  two  stratigraphic  components  of  the  limestone.  W.  B.  D. 


& 


NEW  YORK. 


187 


oad.164  Alt. 


ailroad.  164 


the    station  to 


Ms. 


Long  Island  Railroad.— Con.  Alt. 

20.   Quartenary,  with 


"SfHuntington. 
40  Northport. 
69  Port  Jefferson 


30|Farmingdale. 
65  Manor, 
94  Greenport. 


0  Hunter's  Point. 
3  Woodside. 
4;VVinfield. 
6' Newtown. 

8  Flushing. 

9  College  Point. 
Whitestone. 
Brookdale. 


11 
J4 
0  Brooklyn. 
8  Richmond  Hill. 


Tertiary  or  Cretaceous, 


20.  Quartenary. 


Ms. 


Long  Island  Railroad.— Cbn. 


Alt. 


10 
16 


19 
21 

"22 
36 
47 
64 


Jamaica. 
Valley  Stream. 

Ocean  Point. 
Far  Rockaway. 
Sea  Side  House. 


Freeport. 
Babylon. 
Oakdale. 
Patchogue. 


20.  Quartenary. 


Staten  Island  Railroad. 


0 


11 
18 


Stapleton. 

Richmond. 
Pleasant  Plains. 
Tottenville. 


1 


18  c.  Cretaceous. 
(Plastic  clay  forma- 
tion.) 


172.  Shekomeko,  An  independent  strip  of  limestone  ubout  six  miles  long  extends  from 
"The  Square"  two  mile  south  of  Shekomeko,  up  the  valley  to  Pulver's  Csrners.  It  consists 
of  Calciterous,  and  probably  the  Potsdam,  which  runs  frequently  into  calcareous  shales.  At 
Hasted  Station,  the  latter  formation  skirts  the  west  flank  of  Winchell's  Mountain,  and  is  well 
shown  in  a  deep  cut  just  north  of  the  station.  In  a  cut  south  of  the  Shekomeko  Station  is 
a  conspicuous  fault  between  the  Calciferous  and  Hudson  River  Group,  and  a  little  further 
south,  the  Calciferous  contains  fossils.  W.  B.  D. 

173.  CatMan  4  Comers.  The  limestone  belt  between  Canaan  4  Corners  and  State  Line  Station, 
which  with*,  the  overlaying  argillaceous  and  arenaceous  rocks,  formed  a  portion  of  the  original 
"Taoonic  Series"  of  tmmons.  have  recently  been  shown  by  indisputable  paleontologioal  evi- 
dence to  belong,  in  part  at  least,  to  Lower  Silurian  formations.  Fossils  have  been  recently 
discovered  at  the  railroad  tunnel  (No.  290)  and  south  of  it,  also  on  Drowne's  farm  one  mile 
east  of  Canaan  4  Corners.  These  fossils  mdicate  certainly  Lower  Silurian  strata,  probably 
of  the  Trenton  and    Calciferous  groups.    See  note  163.  W.   K.  D. 

Qeology  of  Eastern  New  York. 

174.  The  geology  of  the  country  between  the  Hudson  River  and  the  Connecticut  and  Massa- 
chusetts State  Line  was  involved  in  almost  entire  obscurity  until  within  a  few  years.  In  the 
State  geological  survey  of  forty-eight  years  ago,  the  slates  were  assigned,  for  stratigraphic  rea- 
sons, to  the  Hudson  River  Group,  ana  the  limestones  without  any  evidence  or  any  value 
derived  from  fossils,  was  assigned  to  the  Calciferous  and  Trenton  groups.  Afterwards,  the 
entire  mass  of  rocks  was  indefinitely  assigned  to  the  Quebec  Group  and  was  so  designated 
in  the  first  edition  of  this  Guide.  The  difficulty  uf  ascertaining  the  true  order  was  much  in- 
creased from  the  fact  that  the  strata  are  much  mei^amorphosed,  flexed  and  faulted. 

It  is  now  known,  on  abundant  paleontological  evidence,  that  the  shales  and  schists  with 
some  attendant  "grits"  are  of  the  Hudson  River  Group,  and  perhaps  of  the  Utica  Slate ;  and 
that  the  limestones  and  some  quartzytes  are  Cambrian  or  Silurian,  that  is,  comprising  strata 
either  of  the  "Georgia"  ["Olenellus"],  Paradoxides,  Potsdam,  Calciferous,  or  Trenton. 

It  is  certain  that  tne  three  latter  formations  are  largely  represented.  The  fossils  are 
unique  and  important,  but  they  are  in  general  altered,  fragmentary,  diflicuU  to  obtain  and 
difficult  to  study.  W.  B.  Dwiqhi. 

A  general  sketch  of  the  geology  of  this  region  is  given  in  Notes  176  and  176  by  Drs. 
Hunt  and  Dana,  who  represent  diverse  views  on  some  of  the  important  questions  connected 
with  the  stratigraphy,  and  much  information  will  be  found  in  the  tables  and  notes  on 
stations  in  this  region,  especially  in  Notes  118,  119,  138,  163  and  173. 

175.  To  the  east  of  the  Hudson  River  in  New  York  we  find  besides  the  Laurentian 
rocks  of  the  Highlands,  a  great  development  of  the  gneiss  and  mica-schl.^ts  of  the  Montal- 
ban  and  of  two  other  and  very  unlike  series.  The  first  of  these  is  the  Lower  Taconic,  con- 
sisting of  the  Stockbridge  limestone  with  quartzites  and  peculiar  elates.  This  series  together 
with  the  Primary  crystaline  schists,  stretches  up  northward,  passing  along  the  southeast  side 
of  th'  Highlands,  and  occupying  portions  of  Eastern  New  York  and  Western  New  England. 
On  the  northwest  side  of  the  Hignlands,  extending  northwand  along  the  valley  of  the  Hud- 
son, and  as  far  as  Lake  Champlain,  is  found  another  series,  variously  designated  as  the 
Hudson  River  Group,  the  Taconic  Slates  or  Upper  Taconic  series  of  Emmons,  and  the  Que- 
bec group  of  Logan.  These  rocks  have  been  supposed  to  be  Upper  Cambrian  or  Silurian, 
(Utica,  Loraine  and  Oneida)  but  are  now  believed  to  be  chiefiy  of  Lower  and  Middle  Cambrian 
ages.  They  are  generally  disturbed  and  often  inverted,  and  include  small  outliers  and  in- 
volved portions  of  Upper  Cambrian  and  occasionally  of  Silurian  strata.  This  Upper  Taconic 
or  Ca!*\brian  group  is  distinct  from  and  superior  to  the  Lower  Taconic.  It  is  impossible  in 
the  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  their  distribution  to  define  the  limits  of  these  various 

S roups  of  strata  to  the  east  of  the  Hudson,    or  to  say  at    what  stations  the  Upper  Taoonic, 
le  Lower  Taoonic  (Taconlan)  or  the  Primary  rocks  are  met  with.  T.  S.  Huirr. 

Note.— Dr.  Hunt  here  uses  the  terms  Cambrian,  etc.  as  given  in  the  first  edition.  See  Note  2, 
also  Dr.  Hunt's  table  in  the  Introduction. 

176.  To  the  north  of  Putnam  County,  N.  Y.,  whose  rocks  are  with  small  exceptions 
Aroheean,  there  Is  a  large  development  along  the  boundary  between  New  York  and  New 
England  of  the  "Lower  Taoonic  Series"  of  Emmons,  consisting  of  limestone,  called  in  part 
the  Stockbridge  limestone,    with    hydromica  and    mica-schists    and    quartzite.     These  rocks 


I 


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188 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAITWAY  GUIDE.    (N.  Y.) 


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extend  north  ward  over  a  portion  of  Euttern  New  York  and  neiKhboring  portion  of  Connecticut, 
Massachusetts  and  the  southern  half  of  Vermont.  The  limestones  have  afforded  Lower  Sil- 
urian fossils  in  Canaan,  (see  Note  173).  Columbia  County,  New  Yorlc  and  in  West  Rutland 
and  elsewhere  in  Central  Vermont.  Tlie  rooks  near  Poughkeepsie  were  made  part  of  the  "Low- 
er Taconlc"  and  have  recently  afforded  Lower  Silurian  and  some  Cambrian  fossils.  The 
slates  were  formerly  all  referred  to  the  Hudson  River  Group.  In  Rensselaer  Co.,  N.  Y.,  oc- 
cur slates  and  other  rocks  made  "Upper  Taconio"  by  Emmons,  containing  Cambrian  fossils 
and  similar  rocks  occur  in  parte  of  western  and  northern  Vermont.  J.  D.  Dana. 

Note  on  the  QIacial  Drift  on  Lone  Island 
by  Mr.  Warren  Upham,  Assistant  U.  8.  Qeologisti 

177.  On  Long  Island  the  terminal  moraine  of  the  continental  ice-sheet  extends  from  Fort 
Hamilton  iiwenty-four  miles  in  a  nearly  northeast  course  to  Roslyn ;  thence  it  runs  nearly  due 
east  sixtr  miles  to  Canoe  Place  and  the  Shinnecock  Hills;  next  it  turns  northeast  about  eight 
miles  to  near  Sag  Harbor;  and  thence  its  course  is  eaft  and  east-northeast  about  twentv-nve 
to  Mo::  .auk  Point.    This  range  of  hills  long  ago  was  called  "The  backbone  of  the  island." 

Trom  the  Narrows  to  Roslyn,  this  moraine  varies  from  100  to  2.W  feet  in  height,  is  mainly 
composed  of  unmodiflod  drift,  upper  till  on  the  surface,  with  glaciated  pebbles  and  boulders 
in  deep  excavations.  Its  irregular  contour  is  well  seen  in  Greenwood  Cemetery  and  Prospect 
Park   and  at  Ridgewood  Reservoir. 

East  of  Roslvn  it  is  almost  wholly  composed  of  modified  drift,  being  waterworn  grav- 
el and  sand  witn  few  or  no  boulders.  These  deposits  are  stratified,  but  often  with  oblique 
bedding  and  seem  to  constitute  the  entire  mass  of  hills  from  200  to  nearly  400  feet  high. 
Harbor  Hill,  a  half  mile  east  from  Roslvn  is  the  highest,  384  feet  above  sea,  and  is  of  this 
kind.  In  the  same  class  are  Jane's  Hill,  354  feet;  Rutland's,  340  feet;  Osborn's  or  Bald  Hill, 
a  few  miles  southwest  f^om  Riverhead,  293  feet,  The  portion  of  this  moraine  forming  the 
peninsula  of  Montauk,  ten  miles  lonr^  and  160  to  200  feet  high,  is  stratified,  but  contains 
nrequent  embedded  boulders,  which  are  also  spread  over  the  surface. 

Long  Island,  south  of  this  series  of  hills,  consists  of  plains  of  fine  gravel  and  sand  8 
to  10  miles  wide  and  lOOj  long.  The  north  portion  at  the  foot  of  the  moraine  is  60  to  IM 
feet  above  sea,  from  which  height  thev  slope  southward.  Numerous  ancient  water  courses  10 
to  26  feet  deep  and  100  to  300  feet  wide  cross  from  north  to  south.  In  some  cases  these 
channels  continue  beneath  the  the  sea  level  of  the  southern  bays  to  the  beach  ridge,  by 
which  they  are  divided  from  the  ocean. 

A  later  terminal  moraine  100  to  200  feet  high,  formed  during  a  halt  in  the  final  retreat 
of  the  ice-sheet,  of  modified  drift,  except  near  Greenport  and  Orient,  forms  the  north  shore 
from  Port  Jefterson  to  Orient  Point.  It  is  separated  from  the  extreme  moraine  by  plains,  also 
crossed  by  old  channels  of  drainage. 

QIacial    Notesi 

Bt  Pbof.  T.  C.  Cuambiblin, 
Of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  and  State  Geologist  of  Wisconsin. 
Roches  Moutonnees  at  New  York  and  for  several  stations  east  on  the  N.  Y.  &  N.  R.  R. 
Champlain. 
Striae. 

Between  Syracuse  and  Rochester  drumlins  have  yery  fine  development. 
Between  Victor  and  Fisher's,   kame-like,  semi-morainic  hills  are  well  developed. 
Kame-like,  semi-morainic  hills. 
Kame-like  gravel  hills. 
Glacial  flood  deposits. 
Gravel  hills  and  terraces. 
Moraine. 

Valley  drift,  kame-like  knolls. 
Sub-aqueous  drift. 
Valley  drift. 

Morainic  and  glacial  flood  gravels. 
Moraine  and  sub-aqueous  drift. 
Morainic(?)  hills. 
Sub-aqueous  till;  strise. 
Morainic(?)  knolls. 
Morainic  glacial  flood  gravels. 
Sub-aqueous  till.  " 

Kame-like  knolls. 
Kame-like  knolls;  Moraine(?). 

Valley  drift;   Kame-like  knolls;  MorainesfO  . 

Kame-like  and  morainic  hills.  ^ 

Valley  drift;  moraine. 
Morainic  knolls. 
Morainic  kame-like  hills. 

Kame-like  knolls  and  glacial  flood  gravels;  moraine(T).  ^ 

Valley  drift;  gravel  knolls. 
Strise;  moraine(?)  in  vicinity. 
Valley  drift;  gravel  knolls;  moraine(?) 
Moraine;  gravel  knoll. 
Glacial  flood  gravels. 
Morainic  terrace. 


NEW  JERSEY. 


18^ 


New  Jersey. 


Bt  Frorbsor  Jmo.  C.  Smock,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  New  BRTTNsrncK,  N.  J. 
Geological  Formations  or  Epochs  found  In  New  Jersey. 


20. 


Quaternary 
and  Recent 


20  b.  Champlain. 
20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 


Tertiary. 


19.  Tertiary. 

19  0.  Pliocene. 

It 

19  b.  Miocene. 

i( 

19  a.  Eocene  (Upper 

in  part). 

Marl 


Cretaceous. 


18.  Cretaceous. 
« 


16. 


18  g.  Upper  Marl  (in  part). 
18  f.  Yellow  Sand. 
18  e.  Middle  Marl. 
18  d   Red  Sand. 
18  c.  Lower  Marl. 

"  1 18  b.  Clay  Marls. 

"  18  a.  Rarjtan  Clay8orPlas- 

!  tic  Clays. 

Triassic,  or  New  Red  Sandstone. 


Devonian. 


10.  Hamilton. 
9.  Upper   Hel- 
derbcrg  or 
Corniferous 
8.  Oriskany. 


Green  Poad  Mountain 
Rocks. 
10  a.  Marcellus  Shale. 
(  9  d.  Corniferous. 
-<  9  c.  Onondaga. 
(  9  a.  Cauda  Galli. 
8.      Oriskany  Sandstone. 


Upper  Silurian. 


7.  L.Helderb'g 

it 

(t 
It 
i( 

6.  Salina. 


Upper  Pentanierus  Litnest. 
Encrinal  " 

Delthyris  Shale  '' 

Lower  Pentamerus       " 
Tentaculite  " 

6.  Water  Lime. 


Lower  Silurian. 


Medina  Sandstone. 
OneidaConglomerate 

6.  Niagara. 

6  a. 

4.  Hudson. 

4  c. 

Hudson  River  Slate. 

(t 

4  b. 

Utica  Slate. 

4.  Trenton. 

4  a. 

Trenton  Limestone. 

S.  Canadian. 

3  a. 

Magnesian  Limestone. 

2.  Primordial  or 

Cambrian. 

2  b. 

Potsdam  Sandstone. 

1.  Archaean. 

lb. 

Huronian. 

(t 

1  a. 

Laurentian. 

Notes  on  thk  Table  of  Formations.— No.  21,  Recent,  includes  the  tidal  meadows,  the  alla- 
vial,  upland  necks  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  the  sand-heaches  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  some 
of  the  peat-deposits  of  the  interior. 

Under  20  b.,  Cbahplaxn,  are  placed  the  modified  drift  bordering  some  of  the  rivers ;  and  deposits 
of  the  ancient  lake  basins. 

No.  20  A.,  Glacial,  reprt;sentB  the  glacial  drift  north  of  the  terminal  moraine. 

The  TELLOW  SAND  AND  oii.vvEL  of  the  Bouthem  part  of  the  State  is  repret<euted  as  Pliocene,  19  o. 

The  Miocene,  19  b.,  is  identified  bj  itc>  churc^^^teristic  fossilsTin  Cumberland  County,  but  it  is  not 
on  any  railroad  line. 

The  Eocene,  19  A.,  is  recognized  in  the  upper  h  jers  of  the  upper  green-sand  marl-bed. 

The  Cretaceous,  18,  includes  the  green-sand  marls  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State  and  the  plas- 
tic clays  here  designated  as  the  Raritan  clays. 

Under  16,  Tblassio,  the  trap-rock  outcrops  are  included  with  the  red  sandstone. 

The  Oreen-Pond  Mountain  series  of  shales,  sandstones,  and  conglomerates  are  of  Devonian 
age,  but  there  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  their  true  position.  They  are  provisionally  assigned  to  the 
Upper  Devonian. 

The  Marcellus  Shale,  the  Corniferous  and  Onondaga  Limestones,  the  Caxtda  Galli  Grit, 
the  Okhkant  Sandstone,  the  Lower  ^elderbero  Series,  and  the  Water  Lime  group  occur  in 
the  Upper  Delaware  Valley,  west  of  the  Eittatinny  Mountain.  No  railway  line  runs  nearer  to  them 
than  the  New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western  Railway,  at  Carpenter's  Point,  and  Port  Jervis. 

The  S  A.  E.  0.,  Maoneblan  Limestone,  is  the  equivalent  of  the  calciferons  sandstone  of  New  York. 

The  4  B.  E.  0.,  Utioa  Slate,  has  not  been  outlined  on  any  of  the  State  maps,  as  it  is  almost  im- 
possible to  separate  it  from  the  Hudson  River  slate. 

In  No.  1,  ARORiEAN,  the  subdivision  is  based  on  lithology  alone.  The  gneissic,  granitic,  syenitic, 
and  other  associated  crystaIline!rocks  are  assigned  to  the  Laurentian,  and  the  fine  crystalline,  horn* 
blendic,  schistose  rocks  to  the  Huronian. 

The  reference  to  the  newer  and  superficial  formations  is  not  made  in  all  cases  ;  and  the  more 
charncteriBtic  and  typical  localities  only  of  the  Recent  and  Quaternary  ages  are  given. 

Some  of  the  stations  are  on  the  boundaries  of  formations  and  cover  two  outcrops.  The  aim  is  to 
give  the  most  conspicuous  and  well-developed  one  in  such  localities. 


ti 


: 


1  ';;i;!!a|l 


140      AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  JERSEY.) 


Ma-  I  Northern  Kallroad  of  New  Jersey.* 


0   erseyCity.*   « 

7|New  Durham.^ 

SiGranton. 
lOlRidgelield. 
13lLeonia. 
ISlEuglewood. 
leHighland. 
ITiTenafly. 
ISjCrcsskill. 
20|Clo8tcr.* 
22  Norwood. 


1.  Archeean,  16.  Trias.  ^ 
J  16.  Triassic,  20.  Qua- 
I  ternary,  21.  Recent.* 


«t 

4« 
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4 
0 
4 
18 
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38 
40 


New  York,  Weat  Shore,  and  BulTalo 
Hallway. 


'Jersey  City. 
Weehawken." 

l|New  Durh'm.8  ^ 

BLlttle  Ferry. 

6'RidgefieId  Park. 

^jHackensack. 

9,Teaneck. 
lOjW.  Englewood. 
12^ Bergen  Fields. 
12  Schraalenburgh. 
16Randall'8. 
17 1  West  Norwood. 
19  Tappan,  N.  Y. 


1.  Arclioean.  16.  Trias.*" 
16.  Triaeaic.  '" 

i  le.Trias.,  20.  Quater. 

'    nary,  21.  Recent.    * 


(t 
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it 
it 
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it 
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10 
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80, 
78 
70 
90 
60 
00 
88 


New  York,  Snaquehanna,  and  Western 
Railroad. 


0 

1 

1 

1 

12 

12 

14 

14 

16 

17 

19 

21 

24 


New  York. 
Jersey  City. 
Schuetzen  Park. 
New  Durham.^ 
Little  Ferry. 
Ridgefield  Park. 
Bogota. 
Hackensack. 
Maywood. 
Rochelle  Park. 
Dundee  Lake. 
Paterson.^ 
Van  Winkle's.  10 


l.Archsean,  16.  Trias.'" 
16.  Triassic.  * 

16.  Trias.,  21.  Recent.  * 


tt 
tl 
tt 
tt 
tl 
tt 
tt 
it 
it 


4 

10 

S 

10 

6S 

48 

40 

100 

188 


New  York,  Snaqnehanna,  and  Weatern 
Railroad— 6'on. 


M8. 


26  Midland  Park. 

27  Wortt'iidyke. 
28;Wyckoff. 
SOCampgaw. 

81  Crystal  Lake.'* 
82^0akland.i<' 

86JPompton.'* 

SSiButler. 

44'Chariotteb'gh.»* 

46Newfo'ndland."' 

47  Oak  Ridge. 

fil  Stockholm.  16 
63 'Summit. 
64, Two  liridges. 

67|Ogden8burgh." 

60  Franklin.' 8 

63  Hamburgh. 
67  Deckertown. 
71|Quarryv-.rie.'^ 

j;6|Unionville,  N^. 

64  Two  Bridges. 
67S.Ogdensb'gh.*'' 

61 'Sparta. 

I 
63  Sparta  June.*' 

69|Washingt'nv.** 
72  Swartswood. 
76  Stillwater. 
80lMarksboro.«» 

82  Paulina. 

83  Blairstown. 
86JKalarama. 
89  Hainesburg. 
91 1  Warrington. 

92  Columbia.** 


16.Trias.,2'l.Recent««» 

875 


tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 


348 
390 
340 
878 


j  1  a.  Laurentian,  20  b. 
(     Cbamplain. 


tt 
it 


12.  Catskill  Devon. 


8  80 
360 
788 
770 

4  c.  Hudson  River  (?) 
20.  Quaternary.  "0 

1  a.  Laurentian.       ^*° 

tt  103! 

tt  sea 

1  a.  Laurentian,  20  a. 
20  a.  Glacial.        66" 

1  a.  Laurentian,  2  b. 

2  b.  Potsdam.       »" 

3  a.  Magnes.  Limest.*'" 

4  c.  Hudson  River.   *8' 

tt  860 

it  0  80 


960 


96 

98 


Dunnfield." 
Dela.  Wat.  Gap. 


1  a.  Laurentian. 

i  1  a.  Laurentian,  20  a. 

}     Glacial.  "'» 

8  a.  Magnes.  Limest.^eo 

3  a.  Mag.  Limcst.,  20 

b.  Champlain.   ««» 

4  c.  Hudson  River, 
tt 


it 
tl 
It 

8  a.  Magnesian. 

tt 

tt 
tt 


460 

390 
360 
380 
370 
380 
310 


i  8  a.  Me^esian,  20  b. 

I  Champlain.  3"" 
6a.0n'da&Medina.*»° 
6  a.  Medina. .  ^*' 


*  The  altitudes  are  from  the  topographical  sheets  of  "  Atlas  of  New  Jersey,"  prepared  by  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Professor  George  H.  Cook,  State  Geologist,  and  compiled  by  C.  C.  Ver- 
meule,  C.  E.,  topographer. 

1.  The  Archaean  rocks  are  now  all  covered  by  improvements,  and  there  are  no  outcrops  ;  bat  a 
large  part  of  the  city  has  this  formation  as  its  underlying  rock. 

2.  The  Palisade  range  of  Bergen  Hill  trap-rock  in  the  western  part  of  the  cat,  as  seen  at  the  tunnel. 

3.  The  trap-rock  of  the  Palisade  range  is  seen  on  the  east  side,  the  whole  length  of  this  road  to  the 
New  York  line.  (See  Note  5,  under  New  York.)  On  the  left  are  the  recent  formations  of  the  Hack- 
ensack meadows. 

4.  The  sandstone  lying  upon  the  trap-rock  can  be  seen  on  the  mountain'southeast  of  the  station 
and  near  its  crest. 

5.  At  the  east  entrance  to  the  tunnel  the  indurated  shale,  and  above  it  the  trap-rock,  can  be  seen. 
One  mile  to  the  south  there  are  good  exposures  of  the  latter  rock  cutting  across  the  sandstone  and 
shaly  rocks.    And  sandstone  was  met  with  in  the  tunnel-cutting. 

6.  The  sandstone  on  the  west  of  the  trap-rock  is  beautifully  exposed  in  the  west  entrance  to  the 
tunnel.    There  are  good  sections  showing  glacial  drift  also. 

7.  The  recent  formations  of  the  meadows  along  the  Hackensack  are  seen  on  the  left  or  west  side 
from  here  to  Hackensack. 

6.  (See  Notes  8  and  6.) 

9.  The  Garret  Sock  ridge  of  trap-rock  is  prominent  in  the  southwest  and  sonth  of  the  city.  Pao- 
sale  Falls,  where  the  Faesafc  River  falls  seventy  feet  over  ledges  and  through  flssares  of  trap«rock. 


NEW  JERSEY. 


141 


Mb. 


Green  Pond  Mine  Rmilroad. 


OiCbarlottebui'gb.    1  a.  Laurentian. 
6  Grcon  P'd  MinesI  " 


7«8 
940 


New  Yorki  Lake  Erie,  and  Western 
Railroad. 


New  York. 
1  Jersey  City. 
ftSecaucu8.** 
9  Rutherford. 

12  Passaic. 

UClifton. 

ISLaiceview. 

l7iPaterBon.*^ 

22'Ridgewood. 

24iHohoku8.*'» 

26  {Allendale. 


28 
_80 
10 
13 
20 


Ramsey's. 
Mahwab.       _^ 

Rutherford  Jn. 
Garfield. 
Ridgewood  Jn. 


1.  Archaean,  16.  Trias.  ^ 
16.  Trias.,  21.  Recent. " 

.(  ss 

u  ss 

«  60 

it  100 

"  20  b.  Champ." 

««  137 

•  «  197 

It  330 

H  34S 

U  2  7  .'. 


it 
It 
tl 


I  "(I 

60 

1  10 


New  York. 

1  Jersey  City. 

1. 

Arch.,  16.  Trias.       « 

9  Newark. 

16 

.  Triassic.                "> 

11  Belleville. 

it                                  38 

12  Avondalc's 

tt                               100 

13  Franklin. 

it                                  7  0 

16  Peru. 

tl                               13S 

17;Athenia. 

it                               130 

20lPatcrson. 

tl                                 7  7 

New  Jersey  and  New  York  Rallroad> 

T  C'arlstadt*  ° 


2  Woodridge. 
6  Hackensack. 
Y  Cherryville. 
9  New  Milford. 
10  Oradell. 

13  Westwood. 

14  Hillsdale. 
16  Pascack. 

16  Park  Ridge. 


16.  Trias.,  21.  Recent. " 

ii  IS 

11  10 

it  10 

ii  10 

tl  10 

ii  78 

II  68 

ii  118 

11  188 


In  MorrlB  nil],  near  the  falls,  fine  section  of  sandstone  and  conglomerate,  bedded  trap-rock  capped  by 
the  columnar  trap. 

10.  Columnar  trap-rock  seen  on  west  of  road  in  the  second  mountain  range. 

11.  Moralnic  drift  surface  is  noticeable  on  north  of  road,  from  here  to  Oakland,  where  the  modi- 
fled  or  terrace  drift  can  be  seen,  thence  to  Pompton  on  the  left  side  of  car. 

12.  Here  the  train  approaches  the  gneissic  rocks  (1  a.  Laurentian)  in  the  eastern  face  of  the  High- 
lands. 

13.  South  of  Pompton  Junction  J  mile,  and  In  the  left  bank  of  the  Pequannock  River,  there  is  an 
isolated  outcrop  of  black,  slaty  rock,  which  is  probably  Huronian.  The  locality  is  in  sight  from  the 
railroad  track.  Graphite  mine  ^  mile  south  of  Bloommgdale,  a  ilag-Htation  between  Pompton  and 
Butler.  From  Pompton  to  Charlotteburgh  the  road  follows  the  Pequannock  River,  and  excellent 
views  of  the  Highland  ranges  are  to  be  had  from  the  car-window. 

14.  The  bold  escarpment  of  the  Copperas  Mountain  here  comes  in  view,  and  west  of  this  station 
the  road  passes  through  a  gap  in  the  range.  It  belongs  to  the  Green-Pond  Mountain  series  of  Devon- 
ian age. 

15.  Green  Pond  Mountain  is  seen  to  the  southwest  of  the  station.  Green  Pond,  a  beautiful,  natu- 
ral lake,  1,048  feet  high,  is  three  miles  souch  of  Newfoundland. 

16.  East  of  Stockholm  the  line  re-enters  the  outcrop  of  the  Laurentian  rocks,  and  runs  thence  over 
them  to  Franklin  Furnace. 

17.  The  railroad  line  here  runs  on  a  remarkable  moraine,  which,  excepting  the  narrow  passage  for 
the  Wallkill,  stretches  across  the  valley  and  is  one  hundred  or  more  feet  high,  affording  pretty  views 
on  each  side.  West  of  the  station  there  are  cuts  in  the  white,  crystalline  limestone.  The  Sterling  Hill 
zinc-mines  are  southwest  of  the  station. 

18.  The  noted  Mine  Hill  is  northeast  of  and  in  sight  from  the  station.  The  zinc-mines  ot  frank- 
Unite  ore  are  here.  Famous  mineral  locality.  The  Potsdam  sandstone  is  cut  a  few  rods  northwest  of 
the  depot. 

19.  The  extensive  meadows  of  the  Drownei.  Lands  are  on  the  east  of  the  road.  Quarries  of  flag- 
ging-stone on  Flagstone  Hill  west  of  the  station. 

80.  The  valley  of  the  Wallkill  River  is  on  the  west. 

21.  Modified  drift  of  Germany  Plats  conceals  the  limestone. 

22.  The  road  here  runs  near  the  line  between  the  slate  and  the  magnesian  limestone  of  the  Paul- 
inekill  Valley.  The  ridge  bordering  the  valley  on  the  southeast  from  Washingtonville  to  the  Dela- 
ware River  is  slate. 

23.  Near  Marksboro,  ^Vhite  Pond  is  noted  for  its  shell  marl  deposits  of  Recent  age. 

24.  The  station  is  on  the  river  terrace.  Northward  two  miles,  the  road  enters  the  slate  belt.  Qnar- 
ries  of  rooflng-slate  a  little  way  east  of  the  road. 

25.  The  railroad  line  follows  the  river  through  the  gap  in  the  conglomerate  of  the  main  southeast 
ridge,  and  then  across  the  Medina  red,  gray,  and  olive-colored  shales  and  sandstones.    Grand  scenery. 

26.  The  road  here  crosses  a  low,  upland  strip  of  sandstone.  To  the  southwest  are  to  be  seen  the 
Snake  Hill  and  Little  Snake  Hill— trap-rock  hills.  The  meadows  to  the  southeast  and  to  the  north- 
west are  Recent. 

27.  (See  Note  9.)  The  modified  drift  is  beaatif ully  exposed  in  hills  east  of  the  depot  and  in  the 
city. 

28.  The  red  sandstone  is  cnt  down  deeply  by  the  gorge  east  of  the  road.  Northward  to  the  State 
line  the  rock  is  covered  by  drift,  and  several  side-cuttings  show  this  drift. 

29.  The  Belleville  quarries,  southeast  of  the  station,  yield  annually  a  great  amount  of  very  excel- 
lent brownstone. 

30.  Tidal  meadows  to  right.  Sandstone  ridge  on  left.  The  line  follows  the  Hackensack  and  then 
the  Pascack  Rivers.    Very  few  exposures  of  the  rock  ;  drift  surface  generally. 

31.  This  railway  west  of  the  Erie  line  runs  westerly,  and  cuts  into  the  sandstone  at  the  south  side 
of  Snake  Hill,  which  is  trap-rock  mainly.  West  of  Arlington  it  cats  deeply  across  the  sandstone  ridge. 


1  l*r '': 

■'  *'.« 

> 


VJ 


[ 

■ 

.■■■!i 

t 

!^   ■ 

■  i 

^! 

^ 

1       , 

1-     , 

■•til 

• 

5' 

■■■'i 

'1 

« 

ill 

I 

-, 

142 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  JERSEY.) 

N«w  York  aud  Greenwood  Lake  Ball- 

Dolaware,  LaokawKDnaf  and  Weetern 

Ma.  1                           road. 

Uallroad-6'o/t. 

0;New  York. 

1.  ArohsBan,  16.  Trias.  ^ 
16,  Triassic.              >«° 

Ma.  1           Morriti  and  Khhux  Uivieion. 

1 
1 

Jersey  City. 
Arliagton.* ' 

20  Short  Hills.** 

16.  Triassic,  20  a.  Gla- 
cial.                  «'" 

8 

Newark. 

a                              80 

21  Summit. 

tt                            It    38  1 

11 

Blooinfield. 

t<                               140 

24  Chatham. 

tl                11  till 

18 

Montclair.'" 

it                               880 

27  Madison. 

<t                         II   Hi 

16 

Montclair  H'ghts 

tt                              360 

29  Convent.** 

t>                         II  388 

17 
18 

Great  Notcli.** 
Cedar  Grove. 

a                           iOli 

16.Triiis.,20a.Glac.'«^° 

I       1 
81  Morristown. 

1  a.  Laurentian ;  16. 
Triassic.              3S6 

19 
20 

UttleFall8.»« 
Singao. 

16.  Triaasic.             "'"' 
j  16.   Tiiasaic,    20    b. 
}     Champlain,       "*» 

38  Morris  Plains.** 
87IDenville. 

i  16.    Triafifiic;    20  b. 
}      Chnmplnin.        *"» 
1  a.  Laurentian.       '*' 

22 

Mount'nView." 

M                       1  8  fl 

39Rockawa7. 

It                          887 

24  Pequannock. 

14                       180 

43  Dover.*' 

"      20  a.  Gla- 
cial                  «" 

26PomptonPlaiu8. 

tt                      190 

27  Pomptou. 

l(                     <2A 

48  Drakesvillc. 

1  a.  Laurentian.        ^^' 

82Midvalc.»8 

1 

1  a.  Laurentian,  20  b. 
Ciiamplaiu.       **" 

SiStanhope. 

tl                          873 

1  56  Waterloo.* « 

It                          7  17 

84  Ring  wood  June. 

.«                      S80 

61  Hackettstown.*^ 

8  a.  Mag.  Limestone. '^^ 

86 

Ringwood.*'^ 

1  a.  Laurentian.       ^*°\ 

67 

Port  Murray. 

4  c.  Hudson  River.  «°o 

88 
41 

Hewitt. 
Cooper.** 

«(                           4801 
«                          611 

71 

Washington.** 

1  a.  Laurentian ;  2  b. 
Potsdam.          ""o 

Surface  of  Green 

wood  Lake. 

76 

Broadway. 

1  a.  Laurentian.        ^'i 

44 

State  Line. 

tt                          630 

80 
84 

Stewart.sville. 
Phillipsburg."" 

3  a.  Magnesian.        '^^ 

Orange  Branch. 

tt                    ito 

8  Newark  and  Bloomfleld  Brnnob  B.  B. 

11 

Watsessing  Jn.    16.  Triaasic.              **' 
Orange.*"            |            "                    »6» 

11 
14 

Newark. 
4  Blnomfip^ 

16.  Triassic.               »• 

tl                                119 

Delaware,  liackawaaaa,  and  Weetem 

SJMontclaii 

It                                190 

Railroad. 

8  Paeealo  and  Delaware  R.  R. 

Summit. 
2  N.Providence." 

16.  Triassic.              »" 

0 

New  York. 

It                    tao 

1 

Hoboken.*" 

16.  Triassic. 

fi  Berkel'yH'ights. 

<l                               119 

9 

Newark. 

It                      *a 

8  Sterling. 

<l                                t30 

12 

Orange.** 

It                              188 

10  Millington. 

<l                                180 

16 

Soutli  Orange. 

tl                              140 

12  Lyons. 

(1                                319 

19 

Milbum. 

it                              147 

16|Bemard8TilIe." 

<l                             360 

A  Blight  fault  is  seen  in  this  cat.    The  historic  Schuyler  mine  (copper)  ie  one  mile  northeast  of  thia 
station. 

32.  The  road  here  approaches  the  trap-rock  range  (First  Mountain). 

33.  The  railroad  line  croBaea  the  Firat  Mountain  range  part  way  throngh  a  gap.  Good  ezposnrea  of 
trap-rock  in  cuts.  Ooing  toward  Cedar  Orove,  beautifully  glaciated  surfaces  and  good  sections  of 
glacial  drift  on  the  side  of  track. 

34.  Falls  of  Paaaaic  River  over  trap-rock  ledges  in  village  northeast  of  station.  Quarries  in  brown 
sandstone.  Fine  examples  of  trap-rock  columns  on  shale  one  mile  northeast  of  village  and  near  the 
river. 

35.  The  road  here  passes  through  a  gap  in  the  Towakow-Packanack  range  of  trap-rock  and  enten 
the  Pompton  Plains  basin,  a. part  of  the  old  glacial  Lake  Paaaaic.  The  aouthem  portion  is  still  wet, 
peaty  meadow.  Northward  a  gravelly  plain.  The  Archaean  highlands  are  seen  on  the  left— or  west 
side  of  the  plains. 

86.  The  isolated  crests  of  gneissic  ridges,  nearly  buried  in  the  driftgravel,  characterize  this  valley. 

87.  The  long-worked  and  celebrated  iron-mines  of  Cooper  and  Hewitt  are  here  reached  by  tbii 
branch  railway. 

38.  The  largest  lake  in  the  State,  lying  between  the  Laurentian  ridges  on  the  cast  and  the  rough 
Bearfort  and  Bellvale  Moontains  on  the  west.  The  latter  are  of  the  Oreen-Pond  Mountain  series  of 
rocks.  At  the  south  end  and  west  side  of  the  lake  there  are  small  outcrops  of  4  c.  Hudson  River,  5i 
Oneida,  and  Medina. 

89.  Famous  basaltic  columns  at  O'Ronrke's  quarry,  west  of  the  town. 

40.  At  Castle  Point,  north  of  ferry,  serpentine  outcrops. 

41.  (See  Note  89.)  „     ^ 

42.  Hills  of  glacial  drift  here  are  prominent ;  and  the  terminal  moraine  crosses  the  Second  MoonV 
ain  range  south  of  Summit.  Thence  to  Morristown  the  southern  edge  of  the  drift  is,  on  the  average 
•  half  mile  south  of  the  railroad. 

48.  West  of  the  station  deep  sink-holes  appear  near  the  line  of  road.        " 


: "  '.\ vii" 


NEW  JERSEY. 


UM 


rtbeast  of  thii 


)[g.  {         4  Chatter  BrsBoh  R.  R. 

1  a.  Laurentian!       '^^ 

"  20  b. 

Clmmplaln.        '"" 

1  a.  Laurontian ;  20  b. 

Cbamplain.        "" 

j  1  a.  Liiiirontian;  20  b. 

/      Champlain.        •*"* 


1.  Ai-ch'n;  16.  Trias. 

16.  Triassic. 
It 


5  Boonton  Oraneh  U.  R. 


0  New  York. 

1  noboken. 
4  Seoaucus. 
8{Kin<!;8land. 
9jLyndhur8t. 

12  Passaic. 


Paterson."* 
Little  Falls. 
M'ntain  View.'^ 
Lincoln  Park."  ^ 
Whiteiiall.''^ 

2»Montville.'8 

8l'noonton.«° 

85.Dcuville. 


16 
19 
22 
24 
26 


16.  Triassic. 


it 
it 
t( 
ti 
<t 
tt 
It 
«t 


I  a.  Laurentian. 


10 

s 

40 

to 

TO 
180 
ISA 
18S 
170 
SIA 
360 
400 
Bit 


Warren  R«  Rn  or  Main  Line.— Con. 


66  Washington.^ ' 
71  Oxford  Furnace. 

62 

76  Bridgeville. 

77  Mauunka Chunk. 

63 

80  Delaware 


'  1  a.  Laurentian ;  2  b. 

Potfldam.  <«» 

'3  a.  Magnesiiiu  ;  2  b, 

}      Potsdam.  *9« 

S  a.  Magnesian.  '^^ 

Uc.  Hudson.  »«" 

tt  t9fl 


10 
10 
10 

ts 
to 
if 

TO 

•s 

130 

"20a.Glac'l.'«» 


tt 

tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 


Mh.  I    Centml  R.  R.  of  New  Jemey 

~d^New  York. 
1  Jersey  City. 
4  Urccnvillo. 

6  liavonne. 

7  Burgon  Point.** 
DElizabethport. 

I  12Eliziibcth. 

l.^i  Hi»<Q\\c. 

l7,Cianf'ord. 

19  Wo8tfieid.«» 

2i:Fanwood. 
I  24  Plainncld.e6 

26Duncllpii. 
;  31  Bound  Brook. 
\  86  Soiucrrille. 

86Raiitan. 
I  40  North  Branch. 

46  White  Ilouae.'^ 
I  49 Lebanon.''* 

51  Aiinandalc. 
'.  58  High  Bridge." » 

66  Glen  Gardner. 

iJunction,Sum' 
mit  of  N.  J, 
C.  R.  R. 
eilAsbury.'" 
«3  Valley." 
66;BIoomsbury. 
'  68jSpringtown. 
74lPhi'!ipsburg.T« 


It 
tt 
«i 
it 
I 
It 


Archaean. 

tt 


8  a.  Magnesian. 
it 

i< 

tt 

It 


lOS 

,T 

•0 

■■/ 

•• 

:>■ 

•I 

|i 

rs 

'B 

II 

V 

lit 

^ 

t98 

H 

349 

1 

338 

I 

4Tt 

■ 

611 

438 
398 
334 
311 
tt3 


S  Newark  arnd  New  York  R.  R. 

1.  Archaean. 


Jersey  City. 
Newark. 


IC.  Triassic. 


10 
36 


44.  The  Archican  rocks  are  west  of  the  plains.    The  drift  i^  thick  and  the  plains  are  a  part  of  the 
I  old  glacial  Lake  Passaic.    The  road  enters  tne  Highlands  north  of  this  station. 

4.5.  Dover  is  the  center  of  the  iron-mine  district  of  Morris  County. 

4t).  The  Musconetcong  Valley  is  here  entered,  the  road  passing  through  the  terminal  moraine  a 
I  half  mile  north  of  Ilackcttstown. 

47.  The  beautiful  and  fertile  valley  is  here  spread  out  before  the  traveler.    Ooini:  south  to  Port 
iMorray,  deep  cuts  show  slate.    The  Schooley's  Mountain  table-land  is  seen  un  the  cast.' 
I      48.  The  railroad  cut  exposes  Potsdam  sandstone  and  Laurentian  gneiss.    The  Pohutcong  Valley 
[is  here  entered,  and  hence  to  Broadway  the  line  follows  at  the  side  of  the  valley. 

60.  The  railroad  cut  near  Phillipsburg  cuts  a  slaty  rock,  which  mav  be  Utica  slate. 

61.  The  railroad  line  runs  down  from  Summit  into  the  valley  of  the  Passaic  and  along  the  south- 
least  foot  of  Long  Hill. 

62.  Bernards ville  is  at  the  border  of  the  Laurentian  Highlands. 

63.  Modified  drift  forms  the  surface  of  these  plains. 
54.  The  road  nins  close  under  Garret  Rock.    Quarries  of  sandstone  on  the  east  side  of  this  mouft- 

Itin,  where  the  trap-rock  can  be  seen  upon  the  sanastone.  On  the  left  side  of  the  track  there  are  side 
cats  in  trap-rock  and  sandstone.  On  the  right  one  sees  the  same  rocks  exposed  in  the  bluff  west  of 
Ihe  mills.    Fine  view  of  the  city  is  here  also  bad. 

56.  (See  Note  35.) 

67.  Here  the  road  follows  on  northern  foot  of  Hook  Mountain  and  south  of  the  Pompton  Plains. 

58.  Between  Whitehall  and  Montville  there  are  very  fine  sections  of  high  terrace  hills  at  the  right 
bf  the  track.    Footprints  in  red  sandstone  at  quarry  one  mile  southeast  of  the  station. 
I     59.  Famous  locality  for  ser|)entine  and  chrysolite  at  Gordon's  qnarry  two  miles  north  of  this  sta- 
tion.   Fossil  fish  locality  is  about  two  miles  southeast. 

60.  To  the  east  and  southeast  the  passenger  looks  over  the  red  sandstone  plain— to  the  distant 
Becond  Mountain  range  of  trap-rock. 

61.  ^ee  Note  48.) 

62.  Extensive  iron-works  and  iron-mines.    Tunnel  through  the  gneissic  rocks  east  of  the  station. 

63.  Tunnel  in  slate.    Beautiful  view  of  the  Delaware  and  of  Water  Gap. 

64.  Railroad  cut  west  of  the  station,  near  Newark  Bay,  shows  old  sand-dune  upon  sandstone  drift. 
05.  Beyond  this  station,  and  on  to  Netherwood,  railroad  cuts  show  good  sections  of  glacial  drift 

rhere  the  terminal  moraine  is  crossed. 

66.  The  plahi  coontry  sonthwest  of  the  moraine  is  here  reached.    First  Mountain  (of  trap-rocw>  is 
i  the  north. 


f  V 

;  ^ 

''!iiii 


144      AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  JERSEY.) 


Us  ,  3  Delaware  and  Beaad  Break  R.  R. 


OjNew  York. 

]  Jersey  City. 
81  {Bound  Brook. 
85  j  Weston. 
41  Van  Aken. 
46iSkillmaD.^3 
48{Hopewell. 
SSiPeuiington. 
67|Ewing. 
eiiTrenton. 


i.  Arch'n;  16.  Trias,  'o 


16.  Triassic. 

(( 

({ 
<i 
<{ 
tt 
«t 

1  Archaean. 


36 


<  South  Branch  R.  R. 


OjNew  York. 
1 1  Jersey  City. 
86  SoDierrille. 
Roycefield. 
Flaggtown. 
Ncshanic. 
Three  Bridges. 
62  Flemington. 


1.  Arch'n;  16.  Trias.  »° 

16.  Triassic.  «9 

<t  109 

«  13S 

«  9  4 

tt  114 

*(  198 


3  HIch  Bridge  Branch  R.  R. 


0 
1 
68 
68 
61 
64 
66 

68 

70 
15 
18 
79 
88 


New  York. 
Jersey  City. 
High  Bridge. 
Califon.^* 
Middle  Valley. 
German  Valley. 
Naughri^'^ht. 

Bartley.'* 

Flanders. 
Kenvil.T6 
Port.  Oram. 
Dover."' 
Rockaway. 


1.  Arch'n;  16.  Trias.  >° 

tt  3  3S 

2  b.  Potsdam.  *«'' 

3  a.  Mag,  limestone,  '^°'^ 


(I 
(t 


tt 
it 


545 
578 


,  Archaean  (?) ;  20  b. 
Champlain.        ^^° 

687 


It 
tt 


727 

l.Arch.;20a.Gla'L6^'' 

870 


tt 
tt 


tt 
tt 


840 


Hibemia  Mine  B.  R. 


4|Hibemia.^*         II.  Arch. ;  20  a.  Gla'I.  «*" 


6  Ocden  Mine  R.  R. 


76 
80 

88 
90 


Eenvil. 

Hopatcong.^^ 
Surface  of  lake 
Hurdtown.^" 
Ogden  Mines. 


j  1.  Archaean ;    20   h 
I     Champlain.       '"'' 


tt 
tt 


9<6 
980 

ias6 


Ms. 


7  Chester  Branch  R.  R. 


64:  German  Valley. 
70|Che8ter.»°» 


8  b.  Mag.  limestone. "  *< 
1.  Archaean.  '♦' 


Boston  and  Amboy  R.  R. 

Lehigh  Valley  R.  R. 


0 
1 
26 
_3S 
82 
86 
47 
M 

61 
64 
60 


New  York. 
Jersey  City. 
Metuchen.*' 


Pert'i  Amboy. 
New  Market. 
Bound  Brook. 
Neshanic. 
Flemingt'n  June. 

Clinton. 


69 
71 
76 


Landsdown. 

Midvale. 

Pattenburg.^* 

West  End. 

Bloomsbury. 

Pbillipsburg. 


1.  Arch'n;  16.  Trias.  >» 
16.  Trias.  ;20a.Glac.  i » » 

18  a.  Rpritan  clays.    '« 


16. 

Triassic. 

it 

it 

39 

tt 

113 

tt 

116 

8a 

Mag.  limestone. 

200 

16. 


Triassic. 
tt 


'/(III 

380 
44S 


1.  Arch'n;  3b. Mag.  ♦»« 
8  b.  Magnesian.        ^o< 


3!I 


Pennsylvania  R.  R. 

1.  United  Railroads  of  New  Jeraey. 


iNew  York. 

1 'jersey  City.*' 

8!  Marion. 

4 1  Meadows.** 

8|Ea8t  Newark. 

9  [Newark. 
lliWaverly. 
14  Elizabeth. 
l7jLinden. 
19  [Rah  way. 
21IHoutenville. 
28JlBelin. 
24lMenlo  Park." 
26  Metuchen. 
29  Stelton. 
81  N.  Brunswick.** 
86  Adams. 
88  Deans, 
41  Monmouth  JunC' 
tion.*^ 

46  Plainsboro. 

47  Princeton  June, 


60 


61 


66 


1.  Arch'n;  16.  Trias.  '» 
16.  Trias.;  20  a.  Glac.  * 
21.  Recent;  16.  Trias.  ♦ 


16.  Triassic. 


it 
tt 
«t 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
It 
it 
ti 
tt 


10 
10 
10 
2S 
!5 
25 
39 
8!' 
90 
110 
90 

to 

110 


j  18  a.  Cretaceous, 
(         Plastic  clay.    "| 
18  a.  Cretaceous.       '' 


Princeton. 


Lawrence. 
Trenton.'" 


16.  Triassic. 


tin 


i  18  a.  CretaoeouB, 
■      Plastic  clay.       "I 
j  1.    Archaean;   20  b, 
(     Champlain.        " ' 


67.  Round  Valley  Mountain  to  the  Boathwest,  a  peculiar,  horseehoe  shaped  ridge  of  trap-rock, 
The  railroad  line  is  at  north  side  of  it. 

68.  About  half  a  mile  west  of  Lebanon  the  Archaean  territory  is  entered. 

69.  Here  the  deep  valley  of  the  north  branch  of  Raritan  is  crossed. 

70.  Limestone  dipping  under  the  gneiss  of  mountain  is  noticeable  in  the  railroad  cut  northeast  ol  I 
the  station.    Hence  to  Bloomsbury  the  line  runs  near  foot  of  the  Mnsconetcong  Mountain. 

71.  Large  iron-mines  one  mile  southwest. 

72.  (See  Note  80.)  ^  , 
78.  Sourland  Mountain  (trap-rock)  appears  on  right  side  of  the  car,  to  northwest.    Beyond  tse  | 

next  station  (Hopewell)  the  road  cuts  across  the  end  of  the  Mount  Rose  or  Rocky  HIU  range. 

74.  Here  the  road  enters  the  German  Valley,  shut  in  by  Archaean  ranges  of  mountains. 

75.  The  underlying  formation  (presumably  ArchteanHs  here  concealed  by  drift.  The  same  is  tnt  I 
at  the  succeeding  stations  of  Drakesville  and  Kenvil.  The  low  ridges  on  the  east  of  the  line  are  a| 
•aadatoue  (Green  Pond  Mountain  series). 


8EY.) 

R. 

imestcne. 
n. 

849 

.R. 

16.  Trias 
20a.Glac 

10 
100 

tan  clays. 

10 

ic. 

61 

39 

111 

.116 

limeatoDe 

ttoo 

NEW  JERSEY. 


145 


2  Woodbrldse  and  Pertb  Amboy  R.  R. 

Ms.  I 


19 
20 

22 

23 
24 
26 


New  York. 

Ruhway. 

Perth  Amboy  Jn. 

Edgar's 

Woodbridge.«9 
Spa  Spring. 
Perth  Amboy.  ^° 


16.  Triassio. 


ss 

20 

(  IS  a.  Cretaceous,  Ra- 
"1      ritan  clays.  ■"' 

18  a.  Cretaceous.        ""' 

«  10 

li  4U 


Mb.  I  Lebigb  and  Hndaon  Rtver  R.  R. 


3  a.  BelTldere  Delaware  R.  R. 


OjTrenton.^^ 
4  Asylum.^* 

8  Somerset. 

9  Wash'ton  Cross. 
lOTitusville.s* 

12  Moore's. 

16  Lambertville.9* 

19  Stockton."' 

28  Bull's  Island. 

26  Tumble. 

31  Frenchtown. 

36Milford.9« 

38  Holland. 

42Riegelsville.^* 

45iCarp'nterville.99 

PhiUipsburg.io« 

Harmony 

Martin's  Creek. 

Belvidere. 

Manunka  Chunk. 


50: 

53 
57 
64 
68 


1.  Arch'n ;  2  b.  Fotsd. 


16.  Triassic. 
(t 

(I 

(( 

K 
tt 
(i 
<l 
it 
l( 
« 
tt 


):] 

61 

64 

6S 

6T 

68 

72 

82 

95 

96 

IZS 

137 

13S 


3  b.  Mag.  limestone. ' ^^ 


tt 
(t 
tt 
It 
tt 


4  c.  Hudson. 


178 
198 
220 
831 
868 
320 


0 

60 
64 
69 
IB 

75 

81 
83 
89 
96 

98 

108 

106 


Philadelphia. 
Phillipsburg. 
Belvidere. 

Buttsvillc. 
Townsbury.'"^ 

Gt.  Meadows.'"* 

Allamuchy. 
Andover.i°3 

Sparta  Junction. 
Franklin  June. 

Hamburgh.'"* 

McAfee.'"" 
"Vernon. 


12-.^lGreycomt,  N.Y. 


3  a,  Mag.  limestone.  '*' 

268 


tt 
It 
tt 
tt 


tt 

tt 


391 
SCO 


1    20  b.  Champlain."' 

*  tt  836 

tt  8  90 

tt  8  80 

It  520 

j  3  a.  Mag.  limestone. 
}  20  a  Glacial.  "S" 
1.  Archaean.  ♦*" 

3  a.  Mag.  limestone.  * ' " 


Fleininston  Branch  R.  R. 


16 
19 
23 
26 

28 

Lambertville. 
Mt.  Airy. 
Ringoes. 
Copper  Hill. 
Flemington.'"^ 

16.  Triassic 

tt 

tt 
tt 
tt 

78 
147 
848 
189 
188 


3..  Millstone  Brancb  R.  R. 


New  York. 
New  Brunswick. 

33  MillstOiiC  June. 

34  Voorhees. 
36|Clyde. 
87jMiddlcbush. 
39|East  Millstone. 


16.  Triassic. 
tt 


so 

90 
110 
188 
IIS 


76.  Northeast  of  Kenvil,  about  one  mile,  the  terminal  moraine  is  entered,  and  the  railroad  cuts 
afford  good  eections  of  the  glacial  drift,  thence  to  Port  Oram. 

77.  (See  Note  46.) 

78.  Large  mines  of  magnetic  iron-ore,  for  which  this  road  is  the  outlet.  i 

79.  Largest  lake  wholly  in  the  State.  i 

80.  Iron-mines.    Apatite  locality.    This  railroad  line  has  its  terminus  at  large  Ogden  Mines. 
80  a.  Iron- mines  in  and  near  the  village. 

81.  The  terminal  moraine  is  crossed  by  this  u>ad  southeast  of  the  station. 

82.  Here  the  road  leaves  the  red  sandstone  territory  and  enters  the  gneiss  in  the  Miisconetcong 
tannel.  A  fold  of  the  magneslan  limestone  in  it.  At  the  west  end  entrance  of  the  tunnel  the  deep 
cut  exposes  disintegrated  gneisses,  and  to  west  the  magnesian  limestone  and  hydro-mica  slates.  West 
End  iron-mines.  , 

83.  Bergen  Cut,  in  trap-rock,  between  Jersey  City  and  Marion. 

84.  The  road  here  crosses  the  Newark  Meadows.  Much  buried  cedar  timber  in  the  black  earth ; 
I  and  the  stamps  and  fallen  trunks  may  be  seen  from  the  car-windows. 

85.  The  terminal  moraine  is  crossed  between  this  station  and  Metnchen. 

86.  The  red  sandstone  forms  bluffs  in  right  bank  of  the  Raritan,  which  are  seen  crossing  the 
I  bridge. 

87.  Low  cuts  here  and  hence  to  Trenton  in  drift  sand  and  gravel.  They  conceal  the  underlying 
I  foroiations. 

88.  The  gneissic  rocks  are  to  be  seen  in  the  Delaware  River  above  the  railroad  bridge.    Northeast 
I  of  the  station  a  long  cut  exposes  a  gravel  formation,  which  belongs  to  the  Trenton  terrace  level.  Mas- 
todon tusk  has  been  found  in  it.  Rude  flint  implements  found  by  Dr.  Abbott  in  this  formation,  south 
of  station,  in  the  river  Muff. 

89.  Center  of  fire-clay  digging  and  fire-brick  works.  Very  large  banks  west  and  south  of  the 
I  village. 

w.  Southern  limit  of  glacial  drift  at  mouth  of  the  Raritan  River 
91.  A  micaceous  sandstone  (Potsdam)  near  the  Warren  Street  p..ation. 

98.  Coarse,  T>ebbly  beds  of  the  Triassic  are  noticeable  nenr  Asylum  station.  Thence,  up  the  river, 
|many  cuts  iu  tlie  red  sandstone.    Near  Greensburg  there  ^re  larr^e  quarries  of  sandstone. 

93.  Trap-rock  of  Smith's  Hill,  north  of  TitusvlUe. 

94.  Goat  Hill  (trap-rock)  south  of  this  station.  North  of  it,  and  east  of  the  town,  remarkable  ez- 
|amples  of  indurated  Biiales.    Tonrmaline  locality. 

95.  Sandstone  quarries. 

96.  Flagstone  quarries  north  and  northeast  of  village.  Pebble  bluff,  a  huge  wall  of  red  conglom- 
erate northwest  of  the  village,  at  foot  of  which  is  the  road.  Nockamlzon  Clifls  on  opposite  (Penn- 
jiylvania)  side. 

96.  Muaconetcong  Mountain  range  of  gneiss  south  of  station. 


Ill 


i 


wmm 


fcv.       r  ,-'j) 


:> 


146      AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GTTIDE.    (NEW  JERSEY.) 


Mb.  I      4.  Koeky  HIU  Braneh  R.  R. 


41 

46 
47 


New  York. 
Mom  louth 

Junction. 
Kingston. 
RockjHill.»o^ 


j  18  a.  Cretaceous, 
l      ritan  clay. 
16.  Triaasic. 


Ra. 

9< 
60 
60 


5.  Amboy  DlTlalon. 


8 
10 
14 
16 

18 

21 
24 
27 
81 

84 


86 

87 

89 

48 
-46 
47 
49 
BO 
68 
64 
67 
61 
62 


New  York. 

So.  Amboy. '<" 

Old  Bridge. 
Spotswo<^. 
Jamesburg. 
Prospect  Plains 

Granbury. 

Hi^htstown. 

Windsor. 

Newtown. 

Yardville. 

Bordentown. 


18.  Cretaceous ;  a. 
ritan  clays. 


M 
U 


18.    Cretaceous ; 

Clay  marls. 
II 


Trenton.»°9 


White  Hm."«> 

Einkora. 

Florence. 

Burlington. 

Edgewater. 

Beverly. 

Delanco. 

Riverside. 

Riverton. 

Palmyra."' 

Fish  House."* 

Camden. 

Philadelphia. 


M 
U 

II 


1.  Archaean. 
T9. 


Ra. 

so 

10 

<9 

73 

140 

b. 

110 
99 
8S 

ISC 
83 
10 

■^3 


6.  Freehold  and  Jmrneahurg  Asrloaitwrai 
Ms.  I  B.  R. 


Cretaceous  ; 
Plastic  clays  ; 
Clay  marls. 


18.    Cretaceous 

Plastic  clays. 

II 

II 
(t 
(t 
u 

41 
U 
ti 

u 


a. 
b. 

10 


a. 

10 


41  Monmouth  Junc- 
tion. 
43  Dayton. 
49  Jamesburg 
64Englishtown."3 

68  Freehold. 
61  Howell's. 

66Farmingdale."4 

69  Allaire. 


73 
74 


Manasquan. 
Sea  Girt. 


(18.  Cretaceous ;  a.  Ra. 
(      ritan  clay.  9' 

«»  90 

««  73 

IS.Cret.;  a.  b.  Clay  m'U. 
(  "  d.  Red  sand." «« 
1  "  c.  Lower  marl. 
"  e.  Middle  marl. 
(  "  f.  Yellow  sand. 
■J      "    g.  Upper  marl. 

( Eocene. 

II 

19.  Tertiary. 
II 


7.  PembeitOB  and  Hlshtatown  R.  R. 


0  Hightstown. 

6'Sharon. 

7|Imlaystown. 

10  Cream  Ridge."" 

12  Hornerstown. 

16|NewEgypt."6 

20  Wrightstown. 


23  Lewistown. 
26|Pemberton."^ 


18.  Gret's;  b.  Clay  marls. 
II  II 

II  II 

j       "  d.  Red  sand  bed. 

I       "  c.  Lower  mrl  bed. 

"  e.  Middle  marl. 

(       "  f.  Yellow  sand. 

I       "  g.  Upper  marl. 

"  f.  Yellow  sand, 
II         II         II 

"  e.  Middle  marl. 
"  f .  Yellow  sand. 
"  6-  tTpper  marl. 


9.  BarllngtoB  R.  R. 


Burlington. 
Mount  Holly."' 


18  Cretaceous ; 
a.  Plastic  clay.        '" 
I  18.  Cret'ous;  b.  Clay 

marl;  c.  Lower  mrl; 

u.  Red  sand. 


^ilil 


90.  Pohatcong  range  of  gneiss  north  of  this  place. 

100.  Two  miles  to  north  the  railroad  line  runs  at  river  foot  of  Marble  Mountain.  Homblcndic 
■chiBte,  crystalline  limestone,  steatite  (quarries)  and  gneisses.  Some  of  these  may  be  Huronian.  River 
terraces  at  Belvidere. 

101.  The  line  skirts  mountain  on  west,  Pequest  Valley  on  east.  Teruilnal  moraine  lies  acroBS  Tui- 
ley  near  Townsbnry. 

108.  Great  Meadows  is  an  old  glacial  lake-basin  filled  by  drift  and  recei  t  alluvial  deposits. 

103.  The  once  famous  Andover  iron-mine  is  northeast  of  station  and  near  the  track.  To  northeut 
a  chain  of  natural  lakes  in  a  modified  drift,  valley  underlain  by  limestone. 

104.  A  remarkable  cut  in  glacial  drift  south  of  the  station. 

105.  Large  quarries  in  white,  crystalline  limestone  in  this  vicinity  and  near  Hamburgh.  On  eatt 
the  high  Wawayanda  Mountain ;  on  the  west,  Pochuck  Mountain  ;  both  ranges  of  gneisslc  rocks, 

1(W.  Copper-mine  west  of  town. 

107.  Trap-rock  quarries  south  of  station. 

108.  Fossil-leaf  locality  la  clay-pits  near  shore. 

109.  ^ee  Notes  88  and  91.) 

110.  Fine  sections  of  clay-marls,  and  the  clays  in  the  bluff,  and  at  clay-banks  near  Kinkora.  North- 
west of  Florence  station  and  in  the  river  bluff  the  yellow  gravel  covers  thirty  or  more  feet  of  Cretaceooi  | 
clays  and  sands. 

111.  Fine  section  of  gravel,  sands,  and  Cretaceous  clay  in  south  bank  of  the  Pensauken  Creek. 
118.  Clay-pits.    Locality  of  fossil  unios  in  clay. 

118.  Marl-pits  north  of  railroad  line— as  near  Freehold.    Red  sand  forms  surface  at  Freehold. 
114.  Bztensive  marl-pits  m  vicinity.    Lower  layer  of  upper  bed  mostly  opened.    Upper  layer  li 

Eocene.    Many'fossUs. 

116.  Lower  marl  is  opened  in  this  neighborhood  for  marls. 

116.  Good  section  along  Crosswicks  Creek,  showing  all  the  marl-beds  and  their  layers.  Uppo  I 
marl-bed  is  worked  in  vicinity  of  New  Egypt.    Many  fossils. 

117.  Large  pits  near  the  village,  in  the  middle  bed.  .T , 


NEW  JERSET. 


'  147 


Kb.  I 


8.  Klakora  Braneli  R.  R. 


e  lies  across  val- 


4 

1 

9 

10 


Kinkora."' 

Columbus.**" 
Jobstown. 
Juliustown. 
Lewistown. 


I" 

b. 


18.  Cretaceous. 
Plaauc  clay. 
Clay  marls. 
'IS.Oret's  b.Claymrl. 
"  c.  Lower  marl 
"  d.  Red  sand. 
"  e.  Middle  marl. 
"  f .  Yellow  sand. 


10. 

Camden  and  Bnrllnston  Connty  R.  R. 

0 

Philadelphia. 

1 

Camden. 

18. 

Cret's ;  a.  Plas.  clay. 

6 

Merchantville. 

t(                 « 

11 

Moorestown. 

"      b.  Clay  marl. 

14 

Hartford. 

u                                tt 

16 

Masonville. 

• 

"    c.  Lower  marl. 

18 

Hunesport. 

Ct                                it 

20 

Mt.Holly.i«i 

■ 

"    d.  Red  sand. 

22 

Smithrille. 

■ 

"    d.  Red  sand. 
"   e.  Middle  marl. 

24 

Birmingham. '*' 

<(                              <4 

26 

Pemberton. 

t(                 (( 

11.  Pemberton  and  Sea>Shore  R.  R. 


25  So.  Pemberton. 

29  New  Lisbon. 
48  Whitings. 
62  Toms  River. 
66  Island  Heights. 
68  Bamegat  Pier. 

iSeasidePark.»" 
60  Berkeley.!** 
64  Chadwick. 
70  Bay  Head. 

[Bay  Head  June. 
?1  Point  Pleasant. 
72  Brielle. 
78,MaDasquan. 
74;gea  Girt. 


n8.  Cretac's;  g.  Uppor 

{   marl ;  f .  yellow  sand. 

19.  Tertiary;  c.  Pliocene. 


it 
ti 

21.  Recent. 

it 

ii 
(t 
it 
« 
(( 
it 
ti 
it 


it 
it 
it 


10 
10 

s 
s 


Its 


Ms. 


12.  Medfard  Bimneli  R.  R. 


Mount  Holly. 

Lumberton. 

Medford.»«« 


18.  Cret's;  b.Cl'ymrb. 

"  c.  Lower  marl 

"  d.  Red  sand. 

"  d.  Red  sand. 

"  e.  Middle  marl. 

"  f.  Yellow  sand. 
"  g.  Upper  marl 


New  York  and  Lon*  Branch  R.  R. 


0 

1 

13 

14 

21 

26 

27 
28 
80 
82 
84 

38 

42 
44 

47 

48 
60 

62 

66 

66 
68 
60 


New  York. 
Jersey  City. 
Elizabetbport. 
Elizabeth. 
Sewaren. 

Perth  Amboy. 

South  Amboy. 

Morgan.!*^ 

ClifFwood. 

Matawan.i"* 

Hazlet. 

Middletown.»*9 

Red  Bank. 
Little  Silver. 

Branchport. 

Long  Branch. ' '" 
Elberon. 

Deal  Beach."! 

AsburyPark.*'* 
Key  East. 
Ocean  Beach. 
Spring  Lake. 
Sea  Girt. 


L  Arch'n;  16.  Trias.  »» 

16.  Triassic.  ><> 

it  tt 

it  ts 

j  18.  Cretaceous;  a.  Ra- 
\     ritan  clays.  3" 

it  10 

tt  10 

18.  Cret's;  b.  Clay  marls. 


tt 


tt 
it 


"  c.  Lower  marl. 

"  d.  Red  sand, 
it  It 

"  d.  Red  sand. 


"  e.  Middle  marl, 
it  it 


j     "  f.  Yellow  sand. 
(      •'  g.  Upper  marl. 

19.  Tertiary;  c.  Pliocene. 

it  it 


ii 
it 
it 


u 

ti 
(I 


Frerhold  and  New  York  R.  R. 


0 
1 

14 


New  York. 
Jersey  City. 
Matawan. 


Keyport. 


1.  Arch'n;  16.  Trias.  " 
18.  Cret's;  b.  Clay  marls. 


118.  Holly  Monnt  consists  of  red-eand  bed  capping  lower  marl  rising  above  the  clay-marl  plain. 

119.  (See  Note  110.) 

lao.  Here,  as  at  many  localities  in  We  t  Jersey,  the  strata  are  concealed ;  and  the  dip  of  beds  is 
ao  slight  that  there  is  some  uncertainty  in  some  localities  wliat  are  the  underlying  strata, 
ill.  (See  Note  118.) 

122.  (See  Note  117^ 

123.  Sea-beaches  (Recent). 

124.  Artesian  well  here  snrikes  the  marl-beds  after  penetrating  overlying  gravels,  sands,  and  clays. 

125.  Or,  possibly.  Pliocene. 

126.  Marl>pit8  in  both  the  middle  and  upper  beds  in  the  vicinity  of  village. 

127.  The  railroad  line  here  cats  into  the  stoneware  clay-bed,  going  toward  South  Amboy.    South- 
ward the  dark-colored  clays  and  the  clay-marls  are  exposed  in  the  cats. 

128.  Matavan  Creek  cuts  into  clay-marls. 

129.  Bailroad  cat  tliroagh  lower  bed,  at  station.    Deep  cat  in  red  sand  south,  one  mile. 

130.  Surface  clays  end  navels  may  he  Pliocene. 

131.  Pits  in  appei  marl-Ded— west  of  railroad  line— at  Poplar,  also  near  Deal  Beach. 

182.  The  BapeiT.cial  beds  are  probably  Pliocene.    Artesfan-well  borings  pass  through  these  and 
reach  the  Cretacecas  marl  series. 

133.  Mount  Pleasant  Hills  (red-sand  bed  and  lower  marl)  to  southeast. 

134.  Numeroos  marl-pits  in  vicinity,  and  many  fossils.    Red-sand  bed  forms  hills  generally. 

135.  A  sandy  strip  of  beach-sand  and  Recent. 

130.  Navesink  Highlands  to  west  of  river— of  red-aand  bed,  capphig  lower  marl.   Latter  ia  Men 
in  north  or  Raritan  Bay  side  of  Highlands. 


> 


tj      , 


148       AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEW  JERSEY.) 


Mb.  I  Freehold  aad  New  York  R.  R.— Con. 


22 


Morganville.^^' 

Wickatunk. 

Marlboro'gh."* 
Freehold. 


IS.  Gret's;  b.  Clay  marls. 

j      "  c.  Lower  marl. 

i     "  d.  Red  sand. 
((  it 


<i 


ti 


New  Jersey  Sonthern  R.  R. 


New  York. 
0  Sandy  Hook.»" 
4  Highlands.  i'« 
6  Seabright. 
SMonmo'thBe'ch. 

10  E.  Long  Branch. 

11  Branchport. 
18  Oceanport. 

15  Eatontown. 


J[8 

17 
IS 


21 
26 


40 
46 
60 
68 
68 
69 

J! 

78 

79 

84 

89 

94 

97 

100 

106 

108 

118 

115 


Shrewsbury. 
Eatontown. 


Red  Bank. 


Eatontown. 

Shark  River.  1" 

Farmingdale. 

Squankum. 

Lakewood. 

Manchester. 

Whitings. 

Wheatland.!'" 

Woodmansie. 

Shamong. 

Atsion. 


Atsion. 
Atco. 


Winslow  June. 

Win8low.>39 

Cedar  Lake. 

Landisville. 

Vineland. 

Bradway. 

Rosenha3m. 

Bridgeton. 

Bowentown. 

Greenwich.!**' 

Bayside. 


21.  Recent. 


19.  Tertiary. 
18.  Cretaceous. 


"  d.  Red  sand. 


(I 


u 
({ 


S4 


"  f.  Yellow  sand. 
"  6*  Upper  marl. 


li 
It 


19.  Tert. 

(i 

It 
It 
tt 
It 
it 


c.  Pliocene.' ' 


ti 
It 
(I 
II 
It 
It 


4S 
187 
143 
136 

98 


It 
II 


It 
II 


It 

II 
It 
It 
It 
It 


It 
tt 
tt 
tt 
It 
II 
It 
tt 
II 


21.  Recent. 


3.  Atlantic  HIcblande  Branch  R.  R. 


Red  Bank. 

Chapel  Hill. 

Hopping. 

AtlanticHighlde. 


Port  Monmouth. 


(  18.Cret'8;d.Reds'nd. 
1         '*  e.  Middle  marl. 

"  d.  Red  sand. 

"  b.  Clay  marls. 

"  d.  Red  sand. 


21.  Recent;  18  a.  CI.  mrl. 


Me.  I  8.  Toms  RiTer  and  Waretown  R.  R, 


New  York. 
0,  Sandy  Hook. 
40  Manchester. 


47 
61 
53 
65 
69 
62 


Toms  River. 
Bayville. 
Cedar  Creek. 
Forked  River. 
Waretown. 
Bamegat. 


21.  Recent. 

19.  Tert'ry;  c.  Pliocene. 

11  It 


tt 
It 
II 
It 
II 


It 
It 
It 
11 
II 


Tnckerton  R.  R. 


0 
5 
7 
11 
15 
17 
21 
26 
29 


Whitings. 

Bamber. 

Lacy. 

Middle  Branch. 

Waretown  June. 

Bamegat.!*! 

Manahawken. 

West  Creek. 

Tuckerton. 


19.  Tert'ry;  c.  Pliocent. 
It  ii 


II 
It 
It 
II 


tt 
Recent. 


« 

It 
11 
it 
tt 
It 


Camden  and  Atlantic  R.  R. 


0 
1 

7 
10 

12 
17 
19 
28 
27 
80 
88 
86 
41 
47 
52 
69 


Philadelphia. 
Camden. 

Haddonfield. 
Ashland. 

Kirk  wood.!** 

Berlin. 

Atco. 

Waterford. 

Winsiow.!'* 

Hammonton. 

Da  Costa. 

Elwood. 

Egg  Harbor. 

Pomona. 

Absecon. 

Atlantic  City. 


18, 


19. 


Cret's;  a.  Plas.  d'ys.' 
"  b.  Clay  marls.  '» 
"  c.  Lower  marl. 
"  d.  Red  sand. 
"  e.  Middle  marl.«9 

Tert.;c.PUoc'ne.!'« 


It 

II ' 

It 

II 

II 

It 

11 


It 
11 
It 
It 
II 
It 
It 


21. 


"  and  21.  Recent 
Recent.  ' 


Phf  ladelphla,  Marlton  and  Medford  R.  B. 


0 

1 

7 

18 


Philadelphia. 
Camden. 
Haddonfield. 
Marlton. 


ISMedford.!" 


18.Cret's;a.Pla8.cry8.« 

"  b.  ':^Iay  marls.  " 

"  e.  Middle  marl. 
/It  II 

"I     "  f .  Yellow  sand. 
(      **  g.  Upper  marl. 


Wllllaniatown  R.  R. 


Atco. 
Williamstown. 


19.  Tert'ry ;  c.  Pliocene. 
It  11 


137.  Much  sandy  gravel  on  hills  in  vicinity,  which  may  be  Pliocene.    Shark  Biver  marl-pits  neu  | 
villase  and  sontheast  of  station.    Noted  Eocene  fosBil  locality. 

188.  Clay-pits  near  station.  , 

189.  Olass-sand  pits.    Olass-works.    Artesian  well  reached  Cretaceous  marls  three  hnndred  m  \ 
•izty  feet  deep. 

140.  A  very  fertile  allnvial  upland  neck. 

141.  The  lower  npland  points  are  probably  Becent,  as  are  the  tidal  marshes  along  this  coast 
14S.  Pits  in  middle  man-bed  at  side  of  track. 


VEYf  JERSET. 


149 


f ;  c.  Plioceni. 
'  it 


and  21.  Recent. 


Medford  R.  B. 


f .  Yellow  sand. 

g.  Upper  marl. 


pt'ry ;  c.  Pliocene. 

liver  marl-pitB  not 

three  hondred  asl  | 

sng  thifl  coast. 


nbiy't  Landlnv  and  Bsc  Harbor  R>  R. 

Us.  I 


Egg  Harbor. 
May's  Landing. 


19.  Tert'ry;  c.  Pliocene. 

a  u 


Philadelphia  and  Atlantic  City  R.  R. 


8 
4 
5 

1 
8 
9 

11 
14 
15 
16 
19 
21 
23 
27 
SO 
88 
88 
48 
49 
68 


Camden. 
Oakland. 
Linden. 
Dentdale. 

Magnolia. 

SomerriUe. 

Laurel. 

Clementon. 
Albion. 
Lansborough. 
Willi'mst'wn  Jn. 
Cedar  Brook. 
Blue  Anchor. 
Winslow. 
Hammonton. 
Da  Costa. 
Elwood. 
Egg  Harbor. 
Pomona. 
Pleasantville. 
Atlantic  City. 


18.  Gret's;  a.  Plas.  clays- 

<t  « 

"  b.  Clay  marls. 


"  0.  Lower  marl. 
*'  d.  Red  sand. 
"  e.  Middle  marl. 
"  g.  Upper  marl. 
19.  Tert'ry;  o.  Pliocene. 


(1 

n 
<( 
(I 
<( 
«( 
<> 
li 


t« 
it 
it 
li 
II 
<i 
li 
11 
II 


21.  Recent. 


West  Jersey  R.  R. 


OlCaraden. 
SONewfield. 
831  Forest  Grove. 
86lBueua  Vista. 
47 1  May's  Landing. 
69  Pleaaantville. 


i  Somers  Point. 


64  Atlantic  Gitv. 


18.Cret'8;a.Pla8.cl'ys.6 
19.  Tert.;c.Plioc'ne.i»* 


li 
11 
II 
II 


II 
II 
II 
11 


10 


10 


21.  Recent. 


0  Camden. 

4  Gloucester. 

6  Westville. 

8  Woodbury. 
11  VVenonab. 
13Bam8boro.»*» 
IBGlassboro.i** 
21  Clayton. 
24  Fi'anklinviUe. 
28  Malaga. 
SONewfield. 
84Vineland.»«* 
40Millville.»*6 


18.Cret'8;a.Plas.crv8.6 

"b.  Clay  marls'  i6 

18.Cret'8;b.Claym';'    ' 

11  11  34 

(  "  d.  Red  sand.  36 
}  "e.  Middle  marl.6* 
19.Tert.:c.Pliocene.'*« 


II 
ii 
II 
II 
11 
11 


11 

41 
II 
II 

11 
ii 


143 
1<3 
106 
114 

no 

36 


Ms. 


West  Jersey  R.  R.— Con. 


46 
63 
66 


Manumuskin. 

Belleplain. 

Woodbine. 


62 
69 


76 
78 
81 


Sea  Island  City. 


Seaville. 

Cape  May,  G.  H. 

Anglesea. 


Rio  Grande. 
Bennett. 
Cape  May.' *^ 


19.  Tert.;  c.  Pliocene. 
11  li 


21.  Recent,  Sea-beach. 

19.  Tert'ry;  c. Pliocene. 
«  11 

21.  Recent,  Sea-beach. 

19.  Tert'ry;  c.  Pliocene. 

11  11 

21.  Recent. 


0 
18 
20 
24 
26 
29 
31 
88 


Camden. 

Glassboro. 

Union. 

Monroe. 

Blmer. 

Palatine. 

Hasted. 

Bridgeton.'*' 


18.  Cret's;  a.  Plas.  d'ys." 

19.  Tert.;  c.  Pliocene.  »*• 


ii 
11 
II 
11 
II 


II 
ii 
ii 
11 
11 


111 

116 
96 
81 


_0( 

26: 

81 
34 
87 
38, 

431 


Camden. 

18.Gret'8;a.Pla8.cl'y».« 

Elmer. 

19.  Tert.;  c.  Pliocene."" 

Daretown. 

II               li 

Yorketown. 

li               ii 

Riddleton. 

11               .i 

Alloway. 

ii               ii 

Salpm 

"  e.  Middle  marl. 

"21.  Recent. 

8 
IS 

19 

26 
30 


Camden. 


Woodbury. 
Clarksboro. 

Swedesboro.'*' 

Woodstown.*"" 
Riddleton. 


18.  Cret's;  a.  Plas.  d'ya.' 

"  b.  Clay  marls.  3* 
II  11 

j      "  c.  Lower  marl. 
1      "  d.  Red  sand. 
"  e.  Mid.  marl. 

19.  Tert'ry ;  c.  Pliocene. 


Delaware  River  R.  R. 


Oi  Camden. 


8 
13 
20 
24 


Woodbury. 
Paulsboro. 
Bridgeport. 
Pedricktown. 
Penn's  Grove. 


18.  Cret's;  a.  Plas,  cl'ys.* 
"  b.  Clay  marls.  »* 


li 
II 


II 

ii 


21.  Recent 


Cnmberland  and  Maurice  RWer  R.  R. 


OjBridgeton.^*' 
Fairton. 
Newport. 
Dividing  Greek. 
20,  Port  Morris. 


19.  Tert.;  c.  Pliocene.  »» 


II 
11 
u 


14S.  Large  marl-pits,  and  braricti  railroad  line  to  them. 

144.  Glass-sand  pits  betweou  this  place  and  Williamstov^'n. 

145.  The  gi-avel  well  exposed  in  railroad  cut  at  station. 

146.  Glass-sand  pits  along  Maurice  River  below  the  town. 

147.  On  an  upland  island. 

148.  Glass-sand  bed  opened  south  of  town  in  river-bank. 

149.  Lower  marl-bed  along  Raccoon  Creek. 

150.  Middle  marl-bed  here  opened  for  marl  digging. 


J 

f.ii 


160 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


,*  1 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


161 


Pennsylvania. 


Bt  J.  P.  LssLET,  State  Oeolooibt. 


LIST  OF  THE  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


1 

Hi 

Names  Provisionally  adopted  In  tne  Second 
Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania. 

o<»aQ 

Prof.  Dana's  Table  of  the  Formations. 

fr"°  J 

by  Prof.  J.  P.  Lesley. 

2S| 

20.    Quaternary. 

20.    Quaternary. 
16.     Tri9.ssle. 

16.    Triassic. 

14  0.  Upper  Coal  Measures. 

Id.  <.    /  Oreen  Co.  Qroup. 
^^^^'  \  Washington  Co.  «roup. 

xvn. 

XVI. 

«                   « 

Monongahela  River  Series.        | 

XV. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

14  b.  Barren  Measures. 

XIV. 

i<                   « 

"     Allegheny  River  Series. 

xni.  ■ 

14  a.  Millstone  Orit. 

14  a.  Pottsville  Conelomerate. 
13  b.  Mauch  Chunic  Red  Shale. 

XII. 

13  b.  Upper  Sub-Carboniferou3. 

XI. 

13  a.  Lower  Sub-Carbon iferoua. 

13  a.  Pocono  Qray  Sandstone. 
12.     Catsl(ill  Reef  Sandstone.  ' 

X 

12.    Catskill. 

IX. 

lib.  Chemung. 

11  b.  Chemung. 

VIII  f. 

11  a.  Portage. 

11  a.   Portage. 

A 

VIII  e. 

f  Genesee. 

10  c.  Qenesee. 

o 

VIII  d. 

10.    Hamilton,  i  Hamilton. 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

■       § 

VIII 0. 

(  Marcellus. 

10  a.  Marcellus. 

? 

VIII  b. 

9.    Comiferous. 

9.     Upper  Helderberg. 

Villa. 

8.    Oriskany. 

8.     Oriskany. 

VII. 

7.    Lower  Helderberg. 

7.     Lower  Helderberg.  ' 

VL 

6.    Salina. 

6.     Salina. 

SR 

Vo. 

6  c.  Niagara. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

s 

Vb. 

5  b.  Clinton. 

5  b.  Clinton. 

•    3. 

SB 

Va. 

6  a.  Medina. 

5  a.  Medina. 
"     Oneida. 

5 

IV  b. 
IV  a. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

4  c.  Hudson  River.  ' 

o 

Illb. 

4  b.  Utica. 

4  b.  I'tlca. 

12^ 

Ill  a. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

•  Is 

nb. 

3.    Canadian. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

5-? 

na. 

2.    Primordial  or  Or.  nbrian. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

s 

I. 

1.    Arc'.i8an. 

1.      Azoic. 

No?i8  oil  TBK  Tabis  Of  FoBMATioNi.  All  beneath  the  Potsdam  is  styled  Azoic,  because  no  survey 
has  vet  lufBcientiy  differentiated  the  mass  into  its  several  systems.  The  term  Eozoic  is  rejected, 
partly  because  both  ton  vague  and  too  shifting,  and  partly  because  it  would  suit  the  Cambrian  system 
Mtter  thi  n  the  Huronian  and  Laurentian,  both  of  which  remain  to  all  intents  and  purposes  Azoic. 
The  termii  Huronian  and  Laurentian  are  known  to  apply  lithologically  to  rock  masses  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, but  their  geographical  relationships  in  the  State  are  but  imperfectly  made  out. 

Much  incertainty  still  exists  about  the  lines  of  demarcation  between  some  of  the  formations 
in  Pennsylvania,  aucn  as  between  the  Catskill  and  Chemung;  the  Lower  Helderberg  and  Clinton ; 
the  Eudsoa  River  and  Utica;  the  Calciferous  and  Potsdam. 

Niagwa,  Onondaga  or  Salina,  Comiferous  and  other  names  were  omitted,  in  the  first  edition, 
because  of  their  uncertain  presence  in  many  districts  of  the  State ;  and  because  of  the  narrowness 
of  their  upturned  outcrops  where  they  do  exist. 

SoRie  of  the  places  named  In  the  following  lists  occupy  positions  covering  the  width  of  two  or 
more  ^iteeply  outcropping  formations,  to  any  one  of  which,  therefore,  they  might  be  assigned. 

la  the  northern  and  western  counties  it  is  often  impossible  to  say  preois«>ly  whether  plac3s  stand 
upon  Ciiemung,  Catskill,  Pocono  or  Mauch  Chunk  rocks.  In  such  cases,  Chemung  has  been  pre- 
ferred, because  the  others  might  be  studied  In  the  surrounding  hills  on  account  of  the  general  hori- 
zontality  of  the  bedding. 

The  last  column  in  the  table  slvef  3  numbers  assigned  to  the  Paleozoic  formations  in  1837,  and 
their  modifications  since  1874.    All  abo  .  XII  are  additions. 

J.  P.  L. 


i 


V'l 


152 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    ( PA.) 


Pennsylvania.* 


r    i 


> 


J*:.) 


Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

Ms.  New  York  DiTiaion. 


Alt. 


0 
6 
13 
23 
26 
82 
88 


W.  Philadelphia. 

Kensingi^on.^ 

Holmesburg. 

Bristol. 

Tullytown. 

MorrisTille. 

Trenton,  N.  J. 


1.  Azoio. 

20.  Quaternary. 


1.  Azoio. 


32 

27 

21 

in 

84 


( See  New  Jersey.)  «3 


Pennsylvania  Diriaion— Main  Line. 


0 

6 

9 

20 

22 

28 

83 

39 
44 
47 
61 

67 


W.  Philadelphia. 

Merion. 

Bryn  Mawr. 

Paoli. 

Malvern. 

Oakland.'       "s 

Downingtown. 

Coatesville. 
Parkersburg. 
Penningtonville. 
Gap.» 

Lemon  Place.* 


Azoic. 
«  ' 


82 

«  iia 

"  »S4 

«  546 

f  2-4.  Siluro-Cam- 
\brian.  (Calcifous?) 
r  3  a.  &4  a.  Magnesian 
\  Limesto's  &  &Iarble8 

«  880 

2  b.  Potsdam  8. 8.     »«^ 

«  600 

1.  Azoic.  »»» 

(  2-4.  Siluro-Cam- 
1  brian  Limesto's.  » •  * 


Ms. 


Pennsylvania  Railroad. 

Pennsylvania  Div.— Main  Line— Con.     All, 


Gl 

69 
76 
81 
87 
95 
96 

106 

111 
118 
120 
133 

138 

143 

148 
152 
155 
162 
167 
178 


Bird-in-Hand. 

Lancaster. 
Landisville." 
Mount  Joy. 
Elizabeth  town." 
Branch  Inter.' 
Middletown. 

Harrisburg. 

Rockville.«      »»<> 
Marysville. 
Duncannou.' 
Newport. 

Millerstown.i' 

Thompsontown. 
TuBcarora. 
Perrysville.i* 
Mifflin. 
Narrows.^  2 

Lewistown. 
Mc  Vey  town.  * » 


(  2-4.  Siluro-Cam-3»9 
\  brian  Limestones. 

«  819 

«  405 

«  86« 

16.Triassic.  *ii 

«  314 

lime. 

;e  ^20 

Slate. 

4  c.  Hudson  Riv.  Slate. 

5  a.  Oneida  Conglom'e 
12  Catskill  b.  s.  \  •>« 
11  b.  Chemung.  (    »»! 

f  5  b.  Clinton  and  «»' 

\   fossil  Iron  ore  beds. 

7.  L.  Helderberg.    *" 

10.  Hamilton.         «»9 

t<  m 

441 


(4  a.  Trenton  I 
stone  and  edge 
of  4  b.  Utioa  S 


5  b.  Clinton. 
« 

7.  L.  Helderberg. 


4tl 

8]] 


1.  JCen$ington.  This  line  runs  along  the  Delawnre  river  over  alluvion  and  modified  glacial  drift, 
based  upon  Azoic  rocks,  upon  which  lie  the  bottom  layers  of  the  Cretaceous  of  Now  Jersey. 

2.  Oakland.  Here  the  line  finally  leaves  the  Azoic  rocks,  across  a  fault,  and  vasses  white  marble 
quarries  to  the  Westchester  Valley,  rocks  vertical,  and  probably  identical  witlt  those  of  westers 
Vermont. 

3.  Gap.    Beds  of  quicksand.    Wharton's  famous  nickel  mine  not  far  off. 

4.  Lemon  Place.  From  here  ^o  Elizabethtown,  over  the  garden  of  Pennsylvania,  the  great  lime- 
stone plain  of  Lancaster;  steep  dips;  plications  and  faults  innumerable;  structure  difficult. 

6.    LandisvUle.    Zinc  mines  recently  worked  one  mile  to  the  east. 

6.  Elizabethtown.  Road  runs  for  a  mile  or  two  along  part  of  a  greenstone  trap  dike,  twenty  miles 
long,  extending  from  the  Cornwall  iron  mines  near  Lebanon,  to  the  Susquehanna  river  at  Falmouth, 
and  into  the  trap  region  of  York  County.  Good  place  to  study  the  action  of  the  trap  rock  in  metamor- 
phosing the  beds  of  Ifew  Red. 

7.  Branch  Inter.    South  edge  of  the  limestones  of  the  Oreat  Valley. 

8.  SoekviUe.  Finest  section  in  the  State  here.  Seven  miles  thickness  of  rock,  nearly  vertical, 
slightly  overiurned,  so  that  the  upper  formations  seem  to  plunge  beneath  the  lower,  may  here  be 
measured,  viz :  From  the  Hudson  River  slates  (Siluro-Camorian),  up  to  the  Coal  Measures  on  the 
summit  of  the  Third  Mountain. 

9.  Duneannon.  Here  a  greenstone  trap  dike  only  4  feet  thick,  crosses  the  road  and  river.  It 
carries  iron  ore.  One  mile  west,  a  coal  bed  is  opened  in  the  Pocono  Sandstone,  the  representative  of 
the  New  River  Coal  System  of  Montgomery  County  in  Virginia.  Five  miles  east  is  a  curious  notrh 
In  the  summit  of  Peter's  (Fourth)  Mountain,  where  the  Dauphin-Halifax  Turnpike  crosses  its  crest 
The  vertical  wall  is  scored  horizontally  with  glacial  striw  { »).  Notice  the  terrace  which  the  Cat.skill 
makes  on  the  north  flank  of  Peter's  Mountain  opposite  Duneannon;  it  is  the  finest  exhibition  of 
Catskill  terraoj  erosion  in  the  State.    See  Notes  77  and  170. 

10.  Militrttown.    Clinton  fossil  ore  bed  extensively  worked  here  and  at  Mifilin. 

11.  PeirrytviUe.    Best  pUce  to  study  the  little  coal  beds  in  Hamilton  (Lower  Devonian)  rocks. 

12.  Narrowt.    Long  Narrows.    River  flows  In  a  narrow  synclinal  between  anticlinals  of  Medina. 

13.  Mi  Veytoum.  Good  place  to  study  Oriskany  glass  sand  quarries,  one  mile  back  of  Mc  Veytown 
on  the  opposite  (north)  side  of  river. 

*  The  altitudes  In  this  chapter  are  taken  from  Report  N,  by  Charles  Allen,  Assistant  Geologist. 
and  f^om  other  reports  of  the  survey.  The  datum  is  high  water  in  the  Schuylkill  and  seven  feet 
have  been  added  to  reduce  to  mean  surface  of  the  Ocean. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


168 


M!>. 

res 

191 
19o 

[203| 
210 
210; 
220 
223 
227 
231 
237 

1242 


Pennsylvanls  Railroad. 

PfnngylTADia  Div.— Maia  Line— Con. 


Alt. 


Newton  Hamil'D. 
Mount  Union. 
Mapleton."* 
Huntingdon.!' 
Petersburg. 
jSpruce  Creek.i* 
I  Birmingham.!^ 
Tyrone. 
Tipton.*' 
Bell's  Mills.!* 
Altoona. 
KittaningPt.!9 


|24C*  Gallitzin. 

|2o2  Cresscn. 
1255  Lilly.  *>^ 
Wilmore. 

265|SouthFork.a! 

26i»  Mineral  Point. 

(!74  Conemaugh. 

276  Johnstown. 

285Ninevah. 

290jNew  Florence. 

295  Bolivar.  2  a 

BOl  Blairsville  Int." 


10.  Hamilton. 
6  b.  Clinton. 
7.  L.  Helderberg. 
10  b.  Hamilton. 
6.  Salina. 
4  a.  Trenton  L.  a. 
8  a.  Calciferous. 
6  b.  Clinton. 
10.  Hamilton. 


S99 
897 
S93 
622 

678 
777 

tea 

907 

990 

1060 

1178 

1S94 


12.  Catakill. 
f  14b.CoalMea8-»>6i 
■I  ures  of  the  Alle- 
( gheny  Biv.  Series 


II 
II 

II 
« 
« 
It 
II 
II 
II 
II 


2017 
1887 
1557 
1485 
1414 
1225 
1184 
1121 
1076 
1033 

1  iia 


I  Pennaylvanla  Il.'^llroad. 

^^I^'.     Pennsylvania  Div.— Main  ^jine.— C'oi. 


Wi  Deny. 

818|Latrob8.2  4     !oo« 

323  Greensburg. 
8^8Penn. 
383,  Irwin's. 
843  Brinton's. 
347;Wilkin8burg. 
354:Pitt9burgh.''» 


Alt. 


14  b.  Barren  Mres.117* 
r  14  0.  Monongabela 
\  Riv.  Series  of  C.  M. 

(t  1091 

9  74 

«  88  4 

«  787 

14  b.  Barren  Mres.  »23 

<i  74  8 


Philadelphia  and  Erie  Division. 


0,Sunbury.»9 
2 1  Northumberland , 
9  Montandon. 
13'Milton.»7 

ITjWatsontown. 

19  De wart. 

24!Montgoniery. 

28!Muncy." 

40|Williamsport.»» 

45;  Linden. 

52  Jersey  Shore. »° 

67Pine. 

60  Wayne. 

6oLock  Haven.  31 

I 
I 


111  b.  Chemung. 
12  Catskill. 


447 
487 

6.  Salina.  *•* 

l<  4  76 

l<  48  2 

10.Hamiitonand*8» 
7.  L.  Helderberg.*9i 

5  b.  Clinton. 

10.  Hamilton. 

11  a.  Portage. 

11  b.  Chemung. 


S20 
828 
5(5 
595 
56< 
878 
589 


U.    Mapleton     Vertical  Oriskany  glass  sand  quarry  on  the  opposite  (east)  bluflf. 

15.  Huntingdon.  Plenty  of  middle  Devonian  fossils  to  the  south  of  the  town,  across  the  flat. 
)nemile  further  on,  high  and  picturesque  pulpit  rocks  of  Oriskany  crown  the  blulfjs  on  both  sides 
bt'the  river.    Best  view  to  be  got  by  crossing  the  turnpike  bridge  at  Huntingdon  and  ridini  a  mile 

owards  Petersburg.    Fine  pulpit  rooks  stud  the  crest  of  Warrior's  ridge  to  tne  north  and  f  ^  to  the 
borth-east. 

16.  Spruce  Creek.  To  the  south  are  the  Springfield  Furnace  mines.  To  the  north>east,  up 
bpnice  Creek  a  dozen  miles,  are  the  largest  limonite  mines  of  the  interior  of  the  State. 

17.  Birmingham.    Here  Potsdam  comes  up  in  the  center  of  the  overturned  anticlinal. 

18.  BelV$  Mills.  Blair's  mine,  between  Bell's  Mills  and  Altoona.  An  open  quarry  in  limonite  on 
bri-'kany  and  Helderberg  outcrops;  very  curious.  Unique  exposure  of  eelestine  in  the  bank  of  the 
(reek  below  Bell's  Mills. 

19.  Kittaning  Ft.  Horseshoe  Bend,  on  1°  gradient,  cuts  off  the  point  of  a  spur  of  horizontal 
bevonian  measures,  between  two  ravines ;  coal  mines  p.t  the  huad  of  each  ravine ;  curious  scenery. 

•20.    Lilly.    Coal  mines  and  coke  ovens  for  miles. 

21.  South  Fork.  The  anticlinal  at  the  Viaduct  brings  up  the  Mauch  Chunk  Red  Shale  20  feet 
bove  grade,  and  produces  the  three-mile  loop  in  the  river.  A  very  curious  place.  Notice  the 
oulders  of  false  bedded  Pocono  sandstone  lying  in  the  bed  of  the  valley  below,  under  the  viaduct. 

22.  Bolivar.    A  vast  bed  of  fire-brick  clay  half  a  mile  back. 

23.  Blairsville  Int.  Notice  the  arch  of  Pocono  and  Catskill  opposite.  On  the  opposite  mountain 
bp  lies  a  small  patch  of  the  lowest  coal  bed  of  the  Allegheny  River  series.    See  also  note  73. 

24.  Latrobe.  Here  the  Pittsburgh  Coal  Bed  is  first  met— the  lowest  bed  of  the  upper  productive 
loQongahfcla  River)  Coal  Series.     Down  the   Loyalhanna,  left  bank,  six  miles,  tne  hill  slopi^  is 

bvered  with  cubic  blocks  of  sand  rock  20  feet  high  and  100  feet  on  a  side,  moved  several  hundred 

letdown  a  gentle  slope  ffm  their  original  sites. 

I  25.   Pittsburgh.    The  iittsbui 'h  Cob',  Bed  is  seen  mined  at  the  hil!  tops  south  of  the  city,  350  feet 

bove  the  Monongahela  River  level.    At  t^e  south  end  of  the  hill  behind  the  city,  stand?  au  oil  well 

Brrlek  70  feet  high,  100  feet  above  the  .^vreets.    It  has  been  bored  to  a  depth  of  2,300  feet,  through 

le  Butler  Oil  Rocks,  but  yie'  ',s  nuiniug  but  a  stream  of  strong  brine. 

1  26.   Sunbury.    Fine  cliffs  opposite,  west  side  of  the  river.    Superb  landscape  from  hill  Ji  mile 

^ck  of  station. 

27.  Milton.  In  the  centra  of  a  rolling  plain  of  Salina  antlcllnals  and  synclinals  crossing  the 
^er  from  east  to  west,  bounded  on  the  west  by  anticlinal  Oneida  and  Medina  Mountains  called 
le  "Buffalo,"  "Seven  Mountain,"  "Jacks,"  etc.,  around  the  bases  of  which  run  the  outcrops  of  the 
Issil  ore. 

28.  Muney.  Plenty  of  fossils;  fine  cliffs  of  Chemung  and  Portage  facing  the  river  on  the  east 
Be.  Last  appearance  of  Silurian  Mountains  of  Middle  Pennsvlvanla  towards  the  north-east— the 
Id  of  the  Bald  Eagle  Mountain  (5  a.  Medlna^  close  along  the  railroad.  Facing  the  spectator,  In  the 
Irth,  appears  the  wall  of  the  Allegheny  Mountain  with  patches  of  the  lowest  coal  ou  the  broken 
test  plateau  above. 

I  29.    Williomtport.    Five  miles  south,  through  a  gap,  lies  the  little  secluded  Musquito  Valley  oi 
luro-Cambrian  limestone,  with  black  marble  quarries  of  Trenton  limestone. 


i 


r  :i'  '•' 


> 


m     < 


16i 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     ( PA.) 


Peiinitylvanla  Railroad. 

1 

Pennitylvania  Railroad. 

Ma.     Philkdelphia  and  Erie  Divliion— Om. 

Alt. 

Mh.     Philadelphia  and  Erie  Division— Con.     Alt 

69  Queen's  Run.*  a 

11  b.  Chemung. 

9B4 

284 

Pittsfleld. 

11  b.  Chemung,     i^^i 

75  Femey. 

« 

»9S 

288 

Garland.* » 

'«                    IJOI 

80 

Whitham. 

Ik 

«19 

244 

Spring  Creek. 

"                     13)! 

86 

Hyner. 

i< 

044 

249 

Columbus. 

"              nor 

89 

North  Point. 

i( 

0S7 

251 

Corry.** 

<•                   Hi! 

92 

Renovo.3» 

It 

072 

266 

Concord. 

••              mi 

98 

Westport. 

« 

691 

262 

Union. 

"             12:1 

102 

Cook'B  Run. 

i( 

V09 

269 

Waterford. 

««                    lUI 

106 

Keating. 

it 

719 

276 

Jackson: 

•  •                    liV 

110 

Round  Inland. 

ti 

rsj 

281 

Bello  Valley.** 

11  u.  Portage.       "  ' 

117 
120 

Sinnemahoning. 

« 

794 

288 

Erie. 'SO 

i  (                          ; . ; 

Driftwood.'** 

12.  Catskill. 

8  15 

129 

Sterling. 

« 

814 

Sunbury  Brnnoh. 

183 
189 
148 

Cameron." 
Emporium.  3  8 
Beech  wood 

i( 

fi  A  9 

« 

V  Q  « 

1081 

1252 

0 
11 

Sunbury.** 
Danville.*^ 

12.  Catskill.            11 
5  b.  Clinton.           «" 

"VWa*  "  WU* 

-    ■«   J    «_      All          1. 

-r..          I 

20 

Catawissa. 

Catskill-Chemung.*?' 

160 
165 

St.  Mary's.   »88  7 
Dagu8cahonda.»* 

<  14  b.  Allegheny  niv. 
\  Series  of  Coal  Mres. 
12.  Catskill.          i*-" 

54 

Conyngham. 

Cranberry. 

Hazleton.** 

0 
«            (( 

Hb.Anth.  CoalMrM, 
«          «      « nil 

170 

Ridgeway.** 
Wilmarth. 

lib.  Chemung. 
12.  Catskill. 

1393 

178 

1447: 

"86 

Nescopec.** 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

184]Wilcox.»9 

<i 

lS2fi' 

58 

Nanticoke.*o 

14  Coal  Measures. 

189  Sergeant. 

<•                                  1718 

14  a.  PottsTille  Conelo. 

63 
26 

Wilkesbarre.  n* 

(( 

193Kane.*o         2020 

Mainville.*' 

Pocono-Catskill.    >" 

199  Wetmore. 

i< 

1808 

: 

35 

Mt.  Grove.* 2 

13  b.  Mauch  Chunk. 

202  Ludlow. 

<i 

1004 

37 

Rock  Glen. 5 » 

Conglomerate.        »" 

209  Sheffield.*  1 

i< 

1839 

39 

Go  wen. 

14  Coal  Mres.       i"" 

212|Tiona. 

13  a.  Pocono? 

1362 

43 

Tomhicken. 

•(                lilt 

217 

Stoneham. 

12.  Catskill. 

1357 

222 

Warren.*2     n^s 

lib.  Oil  Sand  Group. 

228  Irrineton. 

C< 

1168 

30.  Jersey  Shore.  Gap  into  secluded  Mippenose  or  Oval  Valley  (anticlinal  Trenton  limesto:i,| 
fossils)  four  miles  soutii,  and  across  the  river  in  tiie  gap  stands  a  remarlcable  conical  hill. 

31.  Lock  Haven.  Five  miles  south  gap  into  Kippenose  Valley;  limestone;  limonite  minei;! 
Trenton  fossils,  etc. 

32.  Queen's  Run.  Here  the  road  enters  the  gate  of  the  long  gorge  of  the  West  Branch  Susqn^l 
hanna,  and  continues  in  it  51  miles  to  Driftwood ;  the  floor  of  the  gorge  being  sometimes  ChemuD|l 
and  sometimes  Catskill.  Steep  walls  of  Catsltill  and  Pocono  rocks,  a  thousand  feet  high,  hem  in  tlKl 
river,  with  its  innumerable  bends.  Side  gorges  of  the  same  nature  open  on  both  sides.  On  tliil 
hogback  mountain  tops  between,  covered  with  broken  rocks  and  forest,  lie  patches  of  coal  measureil 
The  strata  gently  rise  and  fall  in  successive  undulations,  crossing  the  river  at  right  angles,  OUl 
iron  furnace  of  cut  stone  at  Farrandsville.  Total  failure  to  worlt  sub-eonglomerate  carbonate  ir(i| 
ore.    Similar  failure  in  same  ore  at  head  of  Tangascowtac  Creek,  opposite,  10  the  west. 

33.  JZenovo.  Good  notel ;  machine  shops  of  the  company ;  coal  mines  on  the  top  of  the  mounui^l 
back  of  the  town. 

34.  Driftwood,    Low  grade  road  to  the  great  Jefferson  county  coal  field,  up  Bennett's  Branch. 
36.    Cameron.    Coal  mines  on  top  of  the  mountain. 

36.  Emporium.    Valley  of  erosion  in  Chemung  rocks  straight  north  into  New  York  State.  Frt 
here,  the  road  (and  river)  rises  fast,  and  reaches  the  general  level  of  the  upland  at  8t.  Mary's. 

37.  Daguieahonda.    The  lowest  coal  beds  are  mined  all  about  here,  and  south  of  Daguscahoniii 
The  road  descends  rapidly  into  the  winding  gorge  or  trench  of  the  Clarion  River  to  Ridgeway. 

!>8.    Ridgeway.    Down  the  Clarion  are  coal  mines  and  salt  and  oil  borings  (no  oil). 

39.  Wilcox.    Deep  gas  wells  (no  oil).    The  Bishop  Summit  coal  mines,  10  miles  to  the  001 
east ;  Johnson's  Run  coal  basin  to  the  east. 

40.  Kane.    Summit  of  the  country.    Lowest  coal  bed.   Road  northeast,  through  forest,  15  mill 
to  Alton  coal  mines;  thence  railroad  down  Tuniangwant  to  the  Bradford  oil  wells.  J 

41.  Sheffield,    Here  the  Olean  conglomerate  may  be  well  studied  in  connection  with  the  loffl 
coal  bed. 

42.  Warren.    Capital  centre  point  for  the  geological  student.    Fossils  in  the  hills  around, 
cliffs  of  Olean  conglomerate  crown  the  hill  tops.    Butler- Venango  oil  sands  crop  out  in  the  foot-cii 
Oil  wells  sunk  in  the  valley  bottom  reach  Warren  oil  sand  group  at  000  to  600  feet.    Railroads  doij 
the  river;  and  across  to  Titusville.    Good  hill-roads  to  Pleasantville  and  Oil  City,  along  the  | 
original  oil  belt.  .  . 

43.  Oarland.    Olean  conglomerate  quarries  on  the  peak  of  the  hill,  one  mile  northwest  Toff 
oil  sand  crops  out  in  the  valley  bed. 

44.  Carry.    Oil  refineries ;  very  high  land.  , 

45.  Belle  Valley  descends  rapidly  through  a  ravine,  in  Chemung  and  Portage  rocks,  to  the  I 
shore. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


156 


muiig. 

12)1 
ISO) 

it 

1311 

t( 

140! 

« 

Hil 

(1 

liH 

t< 

V.-.i 

It 

lUI 

tt 

liit 

•tncrft- 

10") 

lanett's  Branch. 


Ms. 


Pt>nu«ylTanta  Railroad— Conf tnutii. 
Columbia  Branch. 


Alt. 


0 

7 

12 
16 
23 
27 
80 
88 


Lancaster. 

Mountville. 

Columbia.** 

Marietta. 

Bainbridge.»» 

Falmouth. 

Highspire. 

Baldwin. 


87  Harrisburg. 


f   2-4.     Siluro-Cam 
\brian  Limesto's.  *>* 

i<  404 

i<  3  51 

l<  280 

(I  ail 

16.  Triassio. 

<i  too 

2-4.  Siluro-Cambrian. 
4  b.  Utica  Slate,     "o 


Pomeroy  and  Newark  Railroad. 


8 
6 
12 
16 
18 
22 
88 


Pomeroy. 

Newlin. 

Doe  Run. 

Chatham. 

Avondale.'^ 

Landenberg. 

Thompson. 

Delaware  City. 


f  2-4. 
\  brian. 
1.  Azoio. 


Siluro-Cam- 

483 


374 


Serpentine. 


« 
it 


Del. 


383 


16 


Frederick  DiTision. 


0  Columbia.** 

6'Stoner. 
U|york.s' 
19  Graybill. 
26  Minges  Mill. 
32  Hanover. 
39  LittleatowD. 
47  Taneytown,  Md. 
70  Frederick,    " 


2-4.  Siluro-Camb.  »«» 
< 

It  SOS 

It  42« 

tt  4SS 

tt  SS9 

K  818 

tt  493 

4.  a.  Trenton.  '»<> 


Pennsylvania  Railroad— Continued. 

Ms.       Ea!<t  Brandywine  aud  Waynuslmro.      Alt. 


0  Downingtown. 

6  Brooklyn. 
12  Barneston. 
18|  Honey  brook. 
22jBeartown. 
28: New  Holland. 


4  a.  Trenton. 

1.  Azoic. 
It 

II 

tt 

41 


3S« 

ssx 
4«* 


Williamsburg  Branch. 


0 

6 

11 

14 


Williamsburg. 
Reese's. 
Frankstown," 
Hollidaysburg. 


83 


4  a.  Trenton. 

10.  Hamilton. 
It 

6  b.  Clinton. 


I4T 

toa 

918 
«4> 


Ebensburg  and  Cresson  Branch. 


0  Cresson. 

BKaylor's. 
11  Ebensburg. 


f  14  b.  CoalMr8.«o»» 
\  Allegheny  Riv.  Ser. 


3032 


Bedford  Division. 
(See  Huntingdon  and  Broad  Top  Railroad.) 


0  Mount  Dallas.  •<> 
8,  Bedford.  «i     »o8  2 

13  Napier. 

18  Sulphur  Springs. 

22  Bard's. 

31  Hyndman.«» 

36  Cook's  Mills. 

39  State  Line,     Md. 

41  Mt.  Savage,  Jn." 

45  Cumberland,    " 


5  b.  Clinton.  i«»» 
7.  Lower  Helderberg. 

6  b,  Clinton.  "»» 

It 

10.  Hamilton. 

7.  Low.  Held.  •»» 

u  774 

It  72S 

11  887 

II  63S 


46.  Tipton.  Branch  railroad  to  mines  recently  opened  in  Pocono  coal  measures.  Very  important 
geological  locality. 

47.  Danville.  Famous  and  extensive  fossil  ore  (Clinton^  iron  mines,  sunk  deep.  Iron  works 
here  and  at  Bloomsburg.  Ore  crops  along  both  sides  of  mountain  ridge  for  16  miles.  May  be 
studied  on  the  anticlinal  arch  in  the  gaps  at  ooth  places.  Medina  arch  in  the  gap  through  Montour's 
Ridge.    Fine  clitfs  of  Portage  and  Chemung  along  the  river.    Fine  collecting  ground  for  fossils  at 

I  the  limestone  quarries. 

48.  Hazleton.  Mammoth  and  other  anthracite  beds  mined  extensively  along  this  road ;  remark- 
lable  open  cut  mines. 

49.  Neteopee.    Pine  gap  through  the  Nescopec  mountain  to  the  south. 

50.  Nantieoke.  A  remarkable  mining  accident  occurred  in  the  vicinity  of  Nanticoke,  December 
[18, 1885.  The  roof  of  a  coal  mine  which  was  only  three  feet  thicK,  but  which  was  overlaid  by  257  feet 
lof  glacial  drift,  caved  in.  The  glacial  gravel  fliled  the  mine  and  entrapped  26  miners.  Exposure  of  red 
|bea8  of  No.  XI,  600  feet  thick  on  south  side  of  river  extending  from  Nanticoke  gap  to  Shickshinny. 
I  The  mountain  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  is  made  of  No.  X.  No.  XII  caps  the  mountain  on  the 
bouth  side  of  the  river.  The  thickening  of  the  red  shale  between  Pittston  and  Nanticoke  is  gradual. 
|Bee  Note  122. 

51.  Mainvilte.    Fine  gap  and  section  of  Upper  Devonian  and  Lower  Carboniferous  rocks  here. 
62.    Mt.  Orove.    Pass  the  isolated  synclinal  McCauley's  mountain  and  coal  basin  between  here 

land  next  station. 

I      53.    Rock  Olen.     Enter  here  the  northern  basin  of  the  Eastern  Middle  Anthracite  coal  field. 

IFine  views  down  upon  the  red  shale.    Cunningham  valley  northward. 

I      64.    Columbia.    Five  miles  back  toward  Lancaster,  famous  limonite  iron  mines.    Road  runs  up 

Ithe  east  bank  of  the  river,  six  miles,  under  cliffs,  to  Chicques.  Chicques  rock,  300  feet  high,  Potsdam. 

IGeology  still  obscure  and  verv  interesting. 

I      56.    Bainbridge.    One  mile  after  passing  this,  enter  Trias  (dipping  N.  W.)  and  continue  on  it  to 

|flighspire. 

66.  Avondala.    Serpentine  belt  crossed  here,  and  before  reaching  here. 

67.  York.  This  road  follows  the  York  county  belt  of  the  Cadorus  (S.-C.)  limestones,  with  the 
south-east  edge  of  the  Trias,  not  far  off  on  the  right,  and  the  north-west  edge  of  the  Azoic  country  on 
phe  left.  Pigeon  Hills  (Azoic  or  perhaps  Potsdam  ?)  to  the  right  before  reaching  Hanover.  Trap 
yikes  just  west  of  Hanover,  and  at  LIttlestown. 

68.  Willianuburg.    The  great  Springileld  furnace  limonite  mines  are  (by  Mine  Railroad)  five 
niles  to  the  south. 

69.  Franktioten.    Old  and  extensive  Clinton  (fossil)  ore  mines  here. 


c 


m 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    ( PA.) 


I 


■>: 


Pennsylvania  HuUroud—Coiitinutd. 

Pennsylvania  Railroad— Cbn^inu<d. 

Ms.              Bald  Eagle  Valley  Division. 

AH. 

Ms.     PhillipMlturg  and  Moshannon  Branch.    All 

0  Tyrone. 

5  b.  Clinton. 

»07 

OjMorriBdale. 

14  b.  Coal  Measures. 

6  Bald  Eagle.** 

10.  Hamilton. 

lOSI 

8  Osceola.  8" 

«                  1411 

lOIlannab. 

lOJT 

ISSterling. 

4< 

14  Port  Mathilde. 
21  Julian. 

1007 

17  Ramey. 

44 

26jUnionvme. 

VI2 

733 

Hollidaysburg  and  Morrison's  Cove  Branch, 

20  Snow  Shoe  Juno. 

0 

Altoona. 

10.  Hamilton. 

81  Mile8burg.«« 

700 

4 

Canaan. 

(( 

84|Curtin. 

8 

Hollidaysburg. 

6  b.  Clinton.            »" 

40 

Howard. 

670 

11 

Reservoir. 

"                       »«: 

44 

Eagleville. 

«8J 

17 

Roaring  Spr's** 

4  a.  Trenton.          >>>< 

61 

Mill  Hall. 

873 

22 

Martinsburg. 

«                   isei 

66 

Lock  Haven. 

:,ii 

28  Henrietta. 8 » 

•<                          liOi 

81 

Milesburg.** 

700 

Southwest  Pennsylvania  Branch. 

88 

RftllAfnTltA  «» 

4  n.    Trnntnn 

744| 

~T 

Fairchance 

14  0.  U.  Coal  Mres. 

Tyrone  and  Clearfleld  Division. 

1 

2 
7 

Oliphant. 
Un  ontown. 

44 

Oi  Tyrone. 
6  Vanscoyoc. 

6  b.  Clinton. 

907 

44                       »)3 

12.  Catskill. 

1437 

11 

Laniont  Furn.^o 

44               loai 

13Sumnnt.«9     »<>*» 

14  a.  PottsvilleConglol 

16 

Dunbar.  Ti 

«                       Hi 

19  Osceola.  8  If 

14  b.  Coal  Mra. 

I4a» 

20 

Connellsville. ''  • 

14  b.  Barren  Mrs.  >is 

24 

Pliillipsburp. 

<i 

143S 

24 

Pennville. 

44                     10i« 

29 

Wallaceton. 

« 

1737 

Tarr's. 

44                    109» 

84 

Woodland. 

44 

1473 

89 

Young  wood. 

U                          HI 

41 

Clearfield. 

44 

1103 

45 

Greensburg. 

14  0.  U.Coal  Mrs.' <>»> 

47 

Curwinsville. 

44 

1141 

60.  Mt.  Dallas.  Exteni^ive  fossil  ore  mines  at  Everett,  eaot  of  Mount  Dalla.s;  and  in  the  gap  of 
the  mountain  approaching  Bedford. 

Cl.  Bedford.  Mineral  waters.  Abundance  of  Helderberg  and  Oriskany  fossils;  interesting  and 
varied  geology;  iron  mines  around.    Dunning  mountain,  foiisil  iron  ore  mines,  north-east. 

62.  Hyndman.    At  north  end  of,  but  outside  of  the  Cumberland  coal  basin. 

63.  Bald  Eagle.  This  and  the  following  stations  are  at  old  iron  furnaces,  not  able  to  use  their 
fossil  ore  close  by,  and  therefore  hauling  Sil.-Cambrian  limonites  from  the  Warrior  Mark  Valle;, 
over  the  Bald  Eagle  mountain. 

64.  Milesburg.    Entrance  gap  to  the  Nittany  Limestone  Valley,  which  is  full  of  iron  ore  banks. 

65.  Bellefonte.  Trenton  fossils  abundant  here.  To  the  soutii-east,  seven  miles,  Nittany  Mountain, 
in  the  centre  of  tho  valley;  fine  views;  curious  geology;  synclinal  ships-keel  mountain;  turnpike 
road.    Fine  section  of  lim'^-tono  beds  on  the  great  anticlinal  of  Nittany  Valley. 

66.  Summit.  Summiv  'Allegheny  Mountain  and  east  edge  of  the  bituminous  coal  fields.  Here 
Powell's  semi-bitumlnoub  coal  mines. 

67.  Oteeola,  Many  coal  mines  along  the  Moshannon  above  and  below  this  in  the  1st  sub-division 
of  First  Basin.  Road  gets  into  2d  sub-division  over  a  low  anticlinal.  All  the  mines  along  this  road 
are  on  beds  of  the  Allegheny  River  series. 

68.  Bearing  Springs.  Here  enter  Morrison's  Cove  by  a  gap  in  the  nearly  vertical  Medina  and 
Oneida  rocks  of  Dunnmg's  Ridge.  Fossil  ore  outside  (W.);  Bloomfield  limonite  mine  (very  famous) 
inside  (E.)  U.  S.  cannon  made  at  Pittsburgh  from  pig  metal  from  the  furnace  in  the  gap.  Sinking 
springs  up  the  run. 

69.  Henrietta.  Old  limonite  mines  (very  rich),  Schoenberger's.  A  few  miles  further  on  are  the 
large,  recent,  and  curious  Leathercrucker  Cove  limonite  mines  of  the  Cambria  Company.  Remarka- 
ble faults. 

70.  Lamont  Furnace.    Important  outcrop  of  the  iron  ore  beds  underlying  the  Pittsburgh  Coal  bed, 

71.  Dunbar.    Mt.uch  Chunk  red  shale  iron  ore  beds  in  the  ravines  of  the  mountain. 

72.  Connellsville.  Centre  of  the  coke  trade.  Miles  of  coke  ovens  along  the  road  from  here 
toward  Greensburg  and  toward  Mount  Pleasant.  (See  Coke  Report,  L.  1877,  Second  Oeologicsl 
Survey  of  Pa.)   Pittsburgh  bed  12  feet  thick  in  this  narrow  basin. 

73.  Blairsville  Int.  Occupies  the  same  position  on  the  Kiskaminitas  that  Connellsville  (72)  do«j 
on  the  Youghioghany,  in  the  center  of  the  narrow  first  gas  coal  basin  west  of  Chestnut  ridge, 
Pittsburgh  coal  bed  on  the  hills  opposite,  south  side  river.    See  also  Note  23. 

74.  Saltsburg.  Two  miles  furtner  the  Pittsburgh  bed  occupies  the  central  hills  of  the  third  gas 
coal  basin.    Old  salt  wells  along  the  river  bringing  up  brine  from  the  Pocono  sandstone. 

76.    Leeehburg.    Famous  gas  well  1,260  feet  deep,  on  south  side  of  river.    Gas  from  first  (?)  oil 
sand  (of  Butler  and  Venango)  brought  across  the  river  on  bridge,  to  rolling  mill.    Gas  furnaces  for  | 
puddling  iron  here  first  successfully  used.    See  Report  L.  Geological  Survey.    Some  miles  to  tbe 
south  are  the  famous  Murraysville  gas  wells. 

76.  Tarentum.    Group  of  great  gas  wells :  gas  piped  to  Pittsburgh. 

77.  Mtllersburg.    End  of  tne  long  trap  dike  is  just  back  of  this.    See  Notes  9  and  170. 

78.  Allegheny  Cfity.  Remark  the  typical  Eddy  Hill  in  the  centre  of  plain,  on  which  thf 
Observatory  stands. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


167 


«f 


ove  Branch, 


id  in  the  gap  of 


Pennnylvanla  Railroad— Con  ti'rtueci. 

WeHttTTi  PennHylvaniK  Diviaion.  Alt. 


0 
8 
17 
24 
82 
87 
88 
45 
61 
67 
62 
67 

0 
10 
21 


Blairsville  Int." 

Livermore. 

Saltsbnrg.'* 

Roaring  Run. 

Leechburg.'" 

Allegheny  Juno. 

Frceport. 

Tarentum.^' 

Springdalo. 

Montrose. 

Sharpsburg.*'* 

Allegh'y  City.T' 


Butler." 

Delano. 

Butler  Junction. 


14b.  L.Coal  Mrs.iii* 
14  b.  Barren  Mra.  •*» 

((  80  1 

<(  8  30 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

II  789 

II  T72 

II  797 

14  b.  Barren  Mrs.  ''*' 


II 
<i 

i< 


II 
II 
i< 


739 
743 


14b.  L.Coal  Mrs.iootf 

II  II      121^ 

II  11         7  98 


Lewistown  Branch. 


1 

6 
18 


Lewistown. 
Mann's. »» 
Milroy. 


7.  Lower  Heldbig.  *^^ 
4  a.  Trenton.  »'« 

4  and  3  a.  Calcif,    ^48 


Indiana  Branch. 


13 
19 


Blairsville  Int.»» 
Blairsville. 
Homer, 
Indiana.'* 


14  b.  L.  CoalMrs.iin 
14  c.  U.  Coal  Mrs.  »oii 
14  b.  Barren  Mra. 

II  1311 


Lewistown  Division. 


Oi 

6! 
17 
25 
50 


Sunbury.** 

Selinsgrove. 

Middleburg. 

Beavertown. 

Lewiston. 


12.  Catskill. 
10.  Hamilton. 
6.  b.  Clinton. 


444 

O    O    > 

^*  r- 

7.  L.  Ilelderberg.    *<<» 


] 


PennaylTanla  Railroad— Con«nu«d. 

Mfl.         Lfwliiburg  and  Tyrone  Railroad. 


Mt. 


0  Montandon. 

2  Lewisburg. 
11  Mifflinburg. 
19  Laurelton."* 
37Coburn.«» 
4.3  Rising  Springs'* 

57  Oak  Hall.** 

58  Lcmont. 


6  b.  Clinton. 
II 


4  a.  Trenton. 
i< 


4«a 

86» 

«0T 
1036 


1003 


L<!WlHburg  and  Tyrone  Branch. 


0  Scotia." 

9  Penn.  Furnace. •« 
12  Marengo. 
18  Warriors  Mark. 
21  Pennington. 

25  L.  &T.  Juno.»» 

26  [Tyrone. 


3  a.  Calcifcrous. 


II 
It 
i< 
II 


1074 


5  a.  Oneida. 
5  b.  Clinton. 


Bellefonte  and  Snow  Shoe  Branch. 


OBellefonte.*' 
8  Milesburg.** 
4  Snow  Shoe  Int." 
6  School  Hse.  Cross. 
22;  Snow  Shoe  City. 


4  a.  Trenton.  »** 

10  a.  Marcellus.      7  2a 

12.  Catskill. 
14b.Low.Cl.Mrs.»»»» 


Newry  Branch. 


0|Newry. 
2|DuncanByilIe. 
8iY  Switches. 
4  HoUidaysburg. 


12.  Catskill. 

7.  L.  Ilelderberg.    »»<> 

6.  Salina. 

II  »8S 


Sprinpficid  Branch. 


0  Springfield  June. 
S:  Mines." 


4  0.  Hudson  Riv.    *"" 
3  a.  CalciferouB.    »»»* 


79.  Butler.  To  get  to  the  fir!<t  productive  deep  oil  wells  one  must  ko  several  miles  north-eaat 
from  Butler  toward  St.  Jo.,  Petrolia,  etc.    The  road  descends  to  the  Allegheny  River  over  lower 

I  coal  measures. 

60.  Manns.  In  the  gap  of  Jack's  Mountain  is  the  spring  and  former  residence  of  "  Logan  the 
Indian."  Trenton  rocks  form  clifTB.  The  Kishacoquillaa  valley  is  shut  In  east  of  Milroy  by  two 
remarkable  "ships  keel"  (synclinal)  mountains  of  Medina  and  Oneida.  The  hull  is  Oneida,  the  keel 
Medina.    The  valley  and  its  three  arms  are  all  surrounded  by  terraces  of  erosion.    Taylor  thought  It 

I  was  a  terrace  of  deposit,  and  that  the  valley  had  been  a  lake.  A  turnpike  drive  across  the  valley  from 
Logan's  Qap,  north-west,  by  the  old  iron  mines,  and  over  the  Standing  Stone  mountain,  to  Greenwood 
furnace,  with  its  fossil  ore  mines  and  fine  scenery  will  repay.  A  fault  cuts  the  mountain.  The 
ClintoD  shales  are  curiously  crumpled  in  the  cuttings  descending  to  the  furnace. 

81.  Indiana.  The  barren  coal  measures  cover  most  of  Indiana  County;  underneath  lie  the 
Allegheny  River  coal  series. 

82.  Laurelton.  Cbbum.  Between  Laurelton  and  Cobum  the  road  gets  through  the  Seven 
Mountains  by  following  the  deep  tranverse  gorge  of  Penn  Creek,  crossing  the  anticlinals,  which 
make  the  Buffalo  Mountains  in  Union  County;  the  last  two  being  those  of  Poe  Valley  and  Lick 
Valley.  It  issues  at  Cobum  upon  the  wide  limestone  valley,  full  of  sink  holes  and  caves,  with  beds 
of  limonite  iron  ore.    Roundhead  (synclinal)  splits  the  east  end.    Brush  Mountain  forms  the  north 

I  wall. 

83.  Sising  Springs.  Egghill  to  the  west,  a  synclinal  knob  of  Medina  left  standing  in  the  valley. 
Notice  Long's  cave  at  west  end  of  Brush  Mountain,  at  the  opening  of  Brush  Valley.  Notice  sinlc 
hole  two  milf  s  west  of  Old  Fort,  which  communicates,  under  Nittany  Mountain,  with  the  great  spring 
one  mile  wost  of  Pleasant  Gap.    Curious  eddy  hill  in  pleasant  gap. 

84.  Oak  Hall.  Here  Nittany  Mountain  ends,  the  Hudson  River  slates  swinging  round  it.  Oneida 
I  rocks  on  top ;  fine  view  toward  Bellefonte,  northward,  and  toward  Tyrone,  westward.  Remarkable 
I  uncovered  cavern,  with  more  recent  cavern  under  it  along  Big  Hollow,  four  miles  west.  (See  Report 
I T.  4,  p.  422.) 

85.  Seotia.    Brown  hematite  (limonite)  iron  mines. 

86.  Penn.  Fumaee.  The  greatest  old  brown  hematite  mine  in  middle  Pennsylvania.  Excellent 
I  place  to  study  the  origin  of  such  deposits.    Other  mines  near  the  next  three  stations. 

87.  L.  and  T.  Junction.    In  the  Bald  Eagle  Gap. 

88.  Snow  Shoe  Int  Rocks  all  vertical.  Oriskany  outcrop  continaous  flrom  here  eastward  to 
I  Lockhaven ;  none  seen  westward  toward  Tyrone. 


!| 


* 


lllil: 


'•!< 


\A 


168 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (PA.) 


Pennsylvaula  Railroad.— Continued 

PennsylTanla  Railroad.— Cbnttnued. 

Ms.                  Bloomfield  Branch. 

Alt. 

Ma.      Columbia  and  Port  Deposit  Branch.      Alt. 

0{  Roaring  Sprg.^^ 

4  a.  Trenton. 

1196 

0 

Columbia."* 

1  Azoic.                  >ii 

SiOrehill. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

8 

Washington. 

«                                  211 

6 

Cresswe  1. 

Pittsburgh,  Virginia  and  Charleston  Rj 

r. 

11 

Safe  Harbor.     »» 

"                        i»e 

Now  Monongahela  Div.  P.  R.  R. 

14 

Pequea.             «' 
McCall'sFerryse 
risning  Creek. 
Peachbottom. 
Conowingo. 

<i 

0 
16 
82 
/)6 

PittBburgh.a* 
MsKeesport.'o 
Mo'gahela  City. 
Brownsville. 

14  b.  &  c.  Bar.  Mrs 
« 

14c.  Upper  CI.  Mrs 

,,766 
787 

767 

10 
24 
27 
32 

"                         lit 

>                                      lOl 

4  c.  Hudson  Riv.     » 
1  Azoic.                    " 

69 
68 

Tippecanoe. 
Wolf  Run. 

14.  Coal  Measuret 
« 

1,8  S  4 
89S 

36 

38 

Octoraro. 
Rock  Run. 

65 

Upp.  Middletown 
Redstone  Juno. 
TJniontown. 

u 

»1I 

40 

Port  Deposit,  Md. 

"                                                   » 

70 

u 

it 

9S1 
990 

44 

Perryville. 

«                                                 ], 

77 

Phila.,  Germantown  &  Chestnut  Hill  Branch. 

Westchester  Branch. 

0 
12 

Philadelphia. 
Chestnut  Hill. »' 

1  Azoic.                    31 

0 
24 
26 

28 

Philadelphia. 
Frazer.91 
Woodland. 
Greece  Hill. 

1.  Azoic. 

32 
490 
SSI 

Northern  Central  Railway. 

0 

47 
57 

Baltimore,  Md. 
Hanover  Jun.  »* 
York. 

(See  Alary  land.) 
2-4.  Siluro-Camb.  *» 

«                       3(1 

29 
81 

Fern  Hill. »  a 
Westchester. »« 

420 

67 
73 
79 

Conewago.'* 
Goldsboro.ioo 
Red  Bank. 

16.  Triassic.           2" 
«                    aot 

Schuyllzill  Division. 

« 

84 

Bridgeport.  *  °  ^ 
Harrisburg. 

:  a.  Trenton.           »» 

0 

Philadelphia. 

1.  Azoic. 

60 

88 

4  b.  Utica. 

4 

Park. 

ti 

165 

91 

Marysville. 

5  a.  Oneida.            >>» 

V 

W.  Laurel  Hill. 

<c 

JB8 

93 

Dauphin.*       •*» 

13  b.  Mh.  Ck.Redah. 

u 

Ma'^ayunk.i*" 

« 

89 

99 

Clark's  Ferry. 

12.  Catskill.            »«• 

9 

Shawmont.»* 

t< 

101 

106 

Halifax. 

12.  Catskill.            «i<i 

13 
17 

Conshohock'ni**' 
Norristown. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 
16.  Trias. 

68 

8S 

111 

Millersburg.^^ 

rl3  b.  Maucb  Chunk 
\Red  Shale.         »«< 
12  Catskill.            «o< 

28 

Phoenixville.i4» 

« 

181 

118 

Mahantango. 

40 

Pottstown.i** 

<i 

140 

127 

Trevorton.»o3 

«                               430 

48 
68 

Birdsboro. 
Reading.  i*« 

« 
3  a.  Calciferous. 

198 

ao9 

133 
138 

Selinsgrove.io* 
Sunbury.2« 

f  10.  Hamilton  &  7"! 
\  Lewiston  limestone, 
r  12.  Catskill  or     ««« 
1  11  b.  Chemunir. 

(Philadelphia  and  firle  to  Williamsport.) 

89.  Mintt.  One  of  best  and  largest  brown  hematite  iron  mines  in  Pennsylvania  on  the  shArp 
anticliuk'.l  nxia  of  Canoe  Valley,  fire  miles  east  of  HoUidaysburg. 

90.  Port  Perry,  MeKeuport.  Mines  in  the  Pittsburgh  coal  bed  line  the  river  on  both  sides  in  a 
continuois  series;  the  bed  descending  slowly  from  360  feet  above  water  level  at  Pittsburgh  to  within 
30  or  40  feot  in  the  neighborhood  of  Monongahela  City.  The  bed  rises  again  and  goes  Into  the  air, 
ascending ihe  Youghiogheny  River;  the  banks  becoming  hillslopesof  the  Barren  measures. 

91.  Fraier.    From  here  to  Fern  Hill,  study  the  belt  of  South  Valley  Hill  talcose  mica  slate. 

92.  Ferr.  Hill.    Cross  the  serpentine  belt. 

93.  West  Cheiter.    Supposed  Laurentian  gneiss  belt. 

04.  Shawmont.  Fine  fresh  rock  cuttings  of  gneiss  all  along  this  part  of  the  line ;  eontortiont; 
steatite  quarry. 

95.  Safe  Harbor,  Peqitea.    Iron  works. 

96.  MeOaWi  Ferry.  At  Toquan  Creek  the  great  anticlinal  crosses  the  river,  which  runn  on 
north-eastward  by  Quarryville  and  Christiania  into  Chester  County,  north  of  the  Chester  Valley. 

97.  Oiettnut  Hill.    The  Valley  of  the  Wissahiccon  Creek  on  the  west  gives  a  fine  section  of  the  j 
Chestnut  Hill  sub-division  of  the  gneisses  of  the  Philadelphia  Azoic  belt. 

98.  Hanover  June.  Magnetic  and  limonite  iron  ores  from  one  to  five  miles  west  of  this  and  in  j 
the  ridges  to  the  north  and  south. 

99.  Oonewago.    Cliffs  of  greenstone  trap  overhang  the  road  and  river. 

100.  Ooldtboro.  More  trap  cliffs  from  here  to  Red  Bank.  Magnetic  iron  ore  bed  above,  back 
Arom  the  river. 

101.  Bridgeport.    Fine  long  cuttings  through  Calciferous  limestone  opposite  Harrisburg. 

102.  Shat^sburg.  Iron  works  here  were  fired  by  naturr.l  gas  brought  in  a  pipe,  40  imles  loni;, 
f^om  the  great  gas  wella  in  northern  Butler  County  long  before  Its  introduction  into  general  use  ii 
or  near  Pittaburgh. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


159 


t  Hill  Branch. 


on  both  sides  in  a 
tsburgh  to  within 
goes  Into  the  air, 
measures. 
>e  mica  slate. 


line;  contortions; 


r,  which  runs  on 
lester  Valley. 
Ine  section  of  the 

Bst  of  this  and  in 


I  bed  aboye,  b»ck  | 

wrisburg. 

pe,  40  imles  long, 

tto  general  use  ii 


10.  Hamilton. 
12.  Catskill. 


M 


640 


694 


I  Ms-    Northern  Central  Railway.— Cbn.     Alt, 

178 
187 

192 
1198 
1202 
1203 
|207 
I212 
1218 
1220 
1222 
1231 
1236 
|241 
1247 
1256 


William8port.a» 

Cogan  Valley. 

Trout  Run.io* 

Bodine's. 

Ralston. 

Mclntyre.io* 

Roaring  Run. 

Carpenter's. 

Canton. 

Minnequa  Sprgs. 

Alba.io" 

Troy. 

Columbia  X  R'ds 

Snediker's. 

Slate  Line. 

Elmira,  N.  Y. 


14  b.  Coal  Meas.  »6° 

« 

12.  Catskill.  »*» 
11  b.  Cliemung. 

«  1 201 

«  1261 

12.  Catskill.  i2»o 

«  1348 

lib.  Chemung,  ii** 

«  1148 

«  1106 

i<  S63 


Shamokin  Division. 


ll38|Sunbury.a« 
|l56Sliamokin.»<»» 
1164  Mt.  Carmel.ios 


12.  Catskill.  ♦*« 

14  b.  Anthracite  ^»» 
Coal  Measures. 

«  10S4 


{ 


Summit  Branch  Railroad. 


0 

8 
14 
17 

20 


Millersburg.^»* 

Elizabethville. 
Lykena.iio 
Dayton. 
Williamstown. 


13  b.  Mauch  Chunk 


Red  Shale. 
« 


397 


6TT 


1197 


New  York,  I.ake  Erie  &  Western  R.  R 

Jefferson  Branch. 


0  Susquehanna. 
11  Starrucca. 
UThompson's. 
25;Herrick  Centre. 
33  Forest  City. 

38  Carbondale. 


lib.  Chemung.       •^^ 
12.  Catskill. 

I<  1703 

«  18  03 

13  a.  Pocono.  i*8i 
f  14b.  Anthracite  10  ^9 
\     Coal  Measures. 


N.  T.,  I<ake  Erie  &  Western  R.  R.— Con 

Ms.  Honesdale  Branch.  ^         Alt. 


0 

Lackawaxen. 

12. 

Catskill. 

630 

4 

Rowland's. 

700 

8 

MiUville. 

780 

12 

Kimble's. 

849 

16 

Hawley. 

899 

20 

White  Mills. 

•  25 

25 

Honesdale.m 

866 

Tioga  Railroad. 


0 
15 
23 

31 

36 
41 


Coming. 

Lawrenceville. 

Tioga. 

Mansfield. 

Covington. 

Blossburg. 

F.  B.  C.  Co.  R.  R. 


(SeeC.C.&A.R.R.)942 

«  1006 

11  b.  Chemung.  io*a 
f  lib.  Chemung  u*" 

\     Iron  ore. 

11  b.  Chemung.  i«0  8 
f  14b.  Semi-Bitumin's 

\  Coal  Measures. -**'* 


48! Fall  Brook. 


41 1  Blossburg. 
45  Morris  Run. 


41 
4^ 

0 
10 
12 
15 
17 
28 


Blossburg. 
Arnot. 


Elmira,  N.  Y. 
State  Line. 
Millerton. 
Trowbridge. 
Summit. 
Tioga  Junction. 


« 

1842 

it 

1348 

CI 

1678 

«• 

1348 

(4 

1682 

11  b.  Chemung.  8*' 

«  1082 

><  184« 

"  1440 

«<  15  9S 

«*  1 0  a  I 


Bradford  Branch. 


0 

11 

19 
26 
14 

27 

32 
42 
63 


Carrolton,  N.  Y. 
Bradford,  m 
Big  Shanty. 
Qilesville. 
Custer  City. 

KinzuaB'dge"* 

Mt.  Jewett. 

Midmont. 

Johnsonburgh. 


(See  Erie  Railw'y)i»»9 
11  b.  Chemung,     i*** 

«  1666 

14  b.  CoalMres.   2o«8 

Catskill  &  Chemung. 

f  Carboniferous  Con. 

\  and  13a.  Pocono  s.s. 

14.  Coal  Measures, 
ii 

13a.  Pocono  Sandstone. 


103.  Trevorton.  West  end  of  the  anthracite  coal  field.  No  anthracite  west  of  this.  Fine  study 
bf  the  lowest  beds  in  the  gap  of  the  Conglomerate  mountain.  > 

104.  Selinsgrove.  Easternmost  limit  of  the  fossil  ore  outcrops  of  the  .Lewisto^u  belt.  Good 
knticiinal  sections  of  lo  Genesee,  Hamilton,  Marcelius  and  7.  Lower  Helderber^  i.  s.  between  here 
and  Sunbury. 

[  105.  Trout  Sun.  Entrance  to  the  long  gorge  of  the  Lycoming  Creek  through  the  Allegheny 
Mountain  plateau ;  similarly  ^ituaited  to  Queens  Run  (32).  Gorge  exactly  like  that  of  the  West  Branch 
Busquehanna  (3.  ..    Coal  patches  l,*//)  feet  above  roaa  level,  up  Trout  Run. 

106.  Itelntyre.  Old  ir<>n  mine.s  under  the  cliffs  of  Pottsville  conglomerate  forming  the  cornice 
bf  the  mountain  walls.    0/«at  incline  ^lain  up  mountain  to  Mclntyre  coal  mines. 

107.  Alba.  The  Armenia  Mountain  of  Catskill  and  Pocono  dominates  this  on  the  west.  On  its 
op  is  the  east  end  of  the  Blo8i<t><<irg-Antrim  semi-bituminous  coal  basin. 

108.  ShamcMn.  In  the  gap  opposite  the  town  five  ribs  of  Pottsville  conglomerate  enclose  the 
ITour  lowest  anthracite  coal  beds.    A  cross  section  of  the  coal  measures  up  to  the  12th  bed  can  be 

nade  here. 

109.  Mt.  Oarmtl.    In  the  center  of  the  Shamokin  group  of  three  anthracite  sub-basins. 

110.  Lyketu.  Here  is  a  range  of  collieries  on  the  .southern  outcrop  of  the  famous  Lykens  Valley 
fcnthraoite  coal  bed,  which  lies  50  or  100  feet  above  the  Mauch  Chunk  red  shale  formation  No.  XI,  and 
Is,  therefore,  worked  from  the  outside  conglomerate  wall  of  the  Bear  Creek  coal  basin.  The  bed 
Vems  to  correspond  to  the  famous  block  or  iron  furnace  coal  bed  of  Sharon  in  Mercer  County,  and 
^f  NelsonviUe  in  Ohio.    It  is  the  lowest  workable  bed  in  the  anthracite  region. 


■  m 


■'■'i 


n 
.'»"?! 


'^H: 


160 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (PA.) 


i 


\ 


N.  Y.,  Lake  £iie  &  Western  R.  B.— Con. 
Ms.  Toby  Branch.  Alt. 


0  Brockwayville. 

4  Brockport. 

6  Hellen  Mills. 
10  Kyler's  Corners. 
12Dagu3  Mines.  11-* 


14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mres, 


New  York,  Pennsylvania  &  Ohio  B.  B. 


0 

Salamanca. 

(See  New  York.)  i^^ss 

61 

Corry.** 

Oil  Sanil  Group,    i*" 

72 

Union  City. 

«                           1301 

79 

Mill  Village. 

i<                           1216 

88 

Cambridge. 

<«                           1163 

92 

Venango. 

»                           116S 

96 

Seagertown. 

Sub-Conglomerate  1 1 1  ^ 

102 

Meadville. 

11                    1080 

110 

Geneva. 

«                     10G9 

116 

Evansburg. 

14.  Conglomerate.  ^  ^ » 4 

121 

Atlantic. 

it 

129 

Greenville, 

Sub-Conglomerate.  9«* 

131 

Shenango. 

K                              936 

135 

Transfer. 

«                              993 

(Continued  in  Ohio.) 


Franklin  Branch. 


0 

6 
11 

19 

28 
3t-. 


.Meadville. 
Shaw's. 
Cochranton. 
Utica. 
Franklin.  115 

Oil  City. 


Sub-Conglomerate'  "^ *  ^ 

i<  1092 


10'!  4 

1035 

987 

1006 


Delaware,  Liackawanna  Si  Western 
Ms.  Ballroad.  xn, 


0 

84 

92 

96 

100 

104 

109 

116 

122 

128 

136 

139 

149 

159 
164 
174 
176 
183 
190 
196 
210 


New  York. 

Delaware. 

W.Mer  Gap.116 

Strcudsburg.iiT 

Spraguev  ille. 

Henryville. 

Oakland. 

Forks. 

Tobyhanna. 

Goldsboro.  ^  ^  ^ 

Moscow. 

Dunning'8.119 

Scrunton. 

Abington. 
Factoryville.i*o 
Nicholson. 
Foster. 
Montrose. 
New  Milford. 
Great  Bend. 
Bingham  ton. 


(Cont.  from  N.  Jersey.)  j 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 

5  a.  Oneiua.  su 
10.  Hamilton.         ^ot  i 
Catskill-Chemun  g.  ■»' » J 

"  "  591 1 

12.  Upp.  Catskill.ion: 

i<  I 

"  13J1 

u 

"  15!l| 

"  110)1 

f  14b.  &  c.  Anthra-'ii 
\   cite  Coal  Measuies. ' 
12.  Catskill.  im' 

"  92) 

"  Toi 

Catskill-Chemuiig. 

"  "  lOSJ 

"  '<  101) 

11  b.  Chemung.      «;» 
(Cont'd  in  N.  Y.)    »" 


Bloomsburg  Division. 121 


0 


Scranton. 


743 


6  Lackawanna. 

9Pittgton.'«* 
12  Wyoming, 
20  Plymouth. 
24Nanticoke.*o 
33Shickshinny.i22 
41  Beach  Haven. 
47  Briar  Creek. 
54Espy.i2» 
68  Rupert. 
68j  Danville.  4' 
80'  Northumberland, 


114  b.  and  c. 
Anth'eCoal 
Measures, 

««      5  76 

«  5  76 
583 
542 
538 


« 
« 


2.  S" 

.      ?ii 
14a.  Pottsville  Con.'"  i 

10  b.  Hamilton.  'J' 
10.  Hamilton.  s" 
7.  Low.  Helderberg^"  | 

11  b.  Chemung.  *^'- 
5  b.  Clinton.  *^' 
12.  Catskill.  *'" 


111.  Bonesdale.    Head  of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  supplied  with  Carbondale  and  Scrautoo  I 
anthracite  coal  of  the  third  great  basin  by  railroads  coming  out  of  the  basin  over  the  Wyoming 
mountains. 

112.  Bradford.  Petroleum  was  flrst  found  in  the  Bradford  (Chemung)  black  oil  sand  in  1871, 
The  area  of  productive  oil  territory  in  the  Bradford  district  up  to  January,  1886,  was  121  square  miles, 
and  during  14  years  had  produced  on  an  average  820,000  barrels  of  crude  oil  per  square  mile 
(C.  A.  Ashbnmer).  The  most  productive  oil  region  in  the  State,  and,  until  the  discovery  of  oil  at 
Smethport  and  Kane,  the  lowest  of  the  Pennsylvania  oil  horizons,  1,775  feet  below  the  Oleu  | 
conglomerate.    (J.  P.  L.) 

113.  Eituua  Bridge.  Highest  bridge  structure  in  the  world;  301  feet  high,  2,062  feet  long;  con- 
tains 3,Sn2000  pounds  iron ;  cost  $275,000. 

114.  Bogus  Mines.  Extensive  workings  in  the  Lower  Eittaning  coal  bed  by  the  New  York,  Uki 
Erie  and  Western  R.  R.  Co. 

115.  Franklin.  Lubricating  oil  f^om  the  flrst  sand.  .\t  Stoneboro  and  Mercer,  on  the  road  t 
Newcastlc^locai  glacial  moraines  are  reported  by  Prof.  T.  0.  Chsmberlin  of  the  U.  S.  Survey. 

116.  Water  Oap.  Celebrated  for  its  scenery.  Large  hotels,  Indian  staircase  in  the  gap  madi 
by  massive  north  dipping  outcrops  of  Medina  and  Oneida.  One  mile  before  reaching  these  rncksan 
quarries  of  Hudson  River  roofing  slata  on  both  sides  of  the  Delaware  River.  Bes^  headquarters  fcr 
studying  the  great  Terminal  Glacial  Moraine,  which  crosses  the  river  at  Belvedere  and  the  mountsln 
at  Fox  Gap,  and  runs  past  Lake  Poponoming,  northward,  to  the  top  of  Penobscot  Kuob  and  so  vest 
by  Long  Pond  to  the  Lehigh.    See  descriptions,  pictures  and  maps  in  Report  Z,  Oeological  Surv«v. 

117.  Stroudeburg.  Excellent  geological  heaaquarters.  Fine  exposures  of  Oriskany,  Waterline,  j 
eto.,  eto»  in  the  ravine  of  Broadhead's  Creek  between  the  gap  and  atroudsburg.  Fossils  abundull 
apound  Stroudsburg.  B<iti>-rmilk  and  other  cascades  to  the  right  of  the  road  (east).  Noble  carriigtl 
drive  and  exquisite  scenery,  for  30  miles  fVom  Stroudaburg  to  Milford.  Lake  on  top  of  the  Bl»l 
(Kittatinny)  Mountain,  10  rr  iles  east  of  8.  Fine  drive  south-west  through  Red  Valley  (Clinton)  andl 
over  outcrops  of  Helderberg  to  the  Wind  Gap.  Ascent  of  the  Pocono  Knob  (Catskill)  to  the  north-wMt  | 


•) 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


161 


fe  WeBtem 


Alt, 


rom  N.  Jersey.)  j 
ison  River, 
jiiia.  31)  I 

lilton.  *o! 

-Chemung.^'tJ 

».  Catskill.ioii 
< 

■'  13Sj 

'«  110)1 

fee.  Anthra-'ii 
Coal  Measuiei  I 
skill.  iJi! 

920 

Jit 

1-Chemiuig. 

"  lOJJ 

"  lOJl 

hemung.      »"> 
I  in  N.  Y.) 


m 


ion.  1.2  1 


and  c. 
.'eCoal 
iures. 

S76 
576 
t(  S«3 
«  S4  2 
«      53  8 


§5^ 


p 
F<<  ? 

)tt3ville  Con.5" 
[amiltoQ.  '•" 
milton.  5-1 
.  Helderberg^" ! 
]hemung.  **■ 
inton.  *'■ 

tskill.  <" 

dale  and  Scrantoi  j 
ver  the  Wyoming 

oil  sand  in  1871, 
i  121  square  miles, 

per  square  mile 
liscovery  of  oil  at 

below  the  Oleu| 

52  feet  long ;  coa- 

e  New  York,  Lake  I 

!er,  on  the  road  to  | 
3.  Surrey. 
e  in  the  gap  made 
ng  these  rocks  are 
;  headquarters  fcr 
and  the  mountilD 
Kuoband  so  vest  | 
lologlcal  Survey, 
iskany.  Waterline, 

Fossils  abuDdutl 
t).  Noble  C8rri«i»| 
n  top  of  the  Blu»l 
illey  (CHnton)  and  j 

to  "the  north-w«tt  j 


Ms. 

"6 

61 
73 

88 

81 

87 

94 

103 

107 

114 

120 

130 

132 

142 

146 

152 


Lehigh  Valley  Railroad. 


Alt. 


Perth  Amboy. 
Easton.12  8 

Bethlehem.i2« 

AUentown. 

Cata8auqua,*2» 

Laury's. 
Slatington.»2« 
Lehighton.129 
Mauch  Chunk ISO 
Penn  Haven. 
Drake's  Creek, 
Tannery. 
Whitehaven. 
Summit  Siding. 
Fair  Vievr.m 
Newport.       tozi 


15  ■■  '' 
162m 
168Foi 


ar  Notch,  ^eo 
.^esbarre. '  ^  ^ 
L  Blanchard. 


(See  New  Jersey.) 

3  a.  Calciferous.      »io 

«  23  5 

«  254 

4  a.  Trenton.  »8  2 
4c.HudsonRiv.Sh.s2» 

«  36  5 

11  b.  Chemung.       *«' 
13b.  M'chCh'kr. 8.844 

««  705 

12.  Catskill. 
ii 

13b.  MauchCh'k.ii43 

13  a.  Pocono.         »»a8 

«  16  78 

13b.Mc'hCh'kr.8. 

14  a.  Potts.  Cong. 
14b.  An.  CI.  Mres. 

«  519 


Pa.  A  N. 
170  Pittston. 
172 
183 


Y.  R.  R. 


L.  &  B.  Junction 

Fall8.i3  3 

186|McKunes.i8* 
194iTunkhannock. 
199iVosburg. 
206|Mehoopany. 
209|Me8hoppen. 
217  Laceyville. 
227:Wya]using. 
233  Frenchtown. 
237  Rummeriield. 


i> 


>» 


871 

S69 


12.  Catakill. 
« 

« 
« 
« 


c 

I 

a  ' 

OR 

< 

a" 

887 
SS7 
810 
815 
884 


643 

Catskill-Chemung.  e  *  ^ 

«  874 


11  b.  Chemung. 


889 
696 


liehlgh  Valley  Railroad. 

Ms.  Pa.  &  N.  Y.  R.  H.— Continued. 


Alt. 


244iWy8auking.i3» 
248Towanda.i3  6 

255  Ulster. 

259  Milan. 

263  Athens. 

265  Sayre. 

268  Waverly,  N.  Y. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


« 

« 


718 
7ST 
743 

119 
Hi, 
830 


Mahanoy,  Hazelton  &  Beaver  Meadow  Branches. 


0 

4 

5 

11 

10 


14 

16 


16 


15 
23 


18 
22 
2^ 

30 
85 

38 


36 
40 
45 
59 


Penn  Haven  Jc. 
Black  Creek  Jc. 
Weatherly. 
Beaver  Meadow. 
Audenreid. 


Lumber  Yard. 


Jeddo. 
Ebervale. 


Freeland. 


Hazelton,** 
Tomhicken. 


Quakake  Junct. 
Delano. 
Mahanoy  City. 


Shenandoah.^  3  7 

Girardville. 

Ashland. 


Ra'^en  Run. 
Ceutralia. 
Mt.  Carmel."9 
Shamokin.10  8 


13b.  M'chCh'kr.  s.'os  . 

«  1015 

(I        logo 
14b.  An.  Cl.Mre8.i3!5 

"  1785 


Carbonif.  Conglom. 

14  b.  Anth.  CI.  Mrea. 

<< 

13b.  MauchCh'k.»»»» 
14b.  An.  CI.  Mres.i"' 

<<  1280 

<l 

<( 

<l  IBS 


14(4 

1088 

T30 


lis.  Ooldsboro.  Head  waters  ol  Lehigh,  on  the  extreme  hignland,  " shades  of  death,"  "beach 
woods,"  a  plate  of  Pocono  rocks  covered  here  and  there  by  synclinal  outstretches  of  Mauch  Chunk 
red  shale. 

119.  Dunnings.  Commence  descent  into  third  anthracite  coal  field  by  a  ravine  through  the 
Pottsville  conglomerate.    Under  it  the  iron  ore  of  XI  has  been  opened. 

120.  FactoryvilU.  Now  over  the  Elk  Mountain  synclinal  range  of  Pocono  in  the  first  bituminouB 
coal  )asin  ;  but  no  coal. 

121.  Scranton  to  PUttton.  Terraces  and  drift  hills  along  railroad,  also  glacial  striae  at  Pittston 
and  Taylorvllle. 

122.  Shiekthii  Biver  cuts  across  the  coal  field,  leaving  a  small  ridee  of  coal  measures 
Isolated  on  the  we.si  ide.  Here  all  the  measures  from  No.  X  to  No.  XIII,  inclusive,  can  be  seen  f^om 
the  station.  The  Susquehanna's  course  through  the  synclinal  at  right  angles  to  its  axis  is  interesting 
here.    See  Note  60. 

123.  Espy.  Square  across  to  the  north,  six  miles,  Is  seen  the  high  end  of  the  Shickshinny  (Pocono) 
I  Mniintain,  reached  by  a  good  road  ftom  Bloomsburg,  seven  miles,  and  affording  one  of  the  finest 

panoramic  views  in  Pennsylvania.     The  glacial  moraine  crosses  that  mountain  f^om  Berwick 
I  northward. 

124.  Fittiton.    In  the  gap  north  of  the  station  the  red  shale  beds  of  No.  XI  are  missing. 

125.  Easton.  Famous  collecting;  ground  for  rare  minerals.  Azoic  ridge  to  the  north,  with 
I  serpentine  belt.  Remarkable  outcrops,  natural  and  artificial,  of  the  calciferous  limestones  along  the 
I  river  north  bank  to  Bethlehem.  Many  iron  works.  Laurentian  rocks  south  of  the  river  all  thewavup. 

126.  Bethlehem.  Zinc  works.  Zinc  mine  in  Saucon  Valley  to  the  south,  easily  reached  by  N.  P. 
I  Railroad. 

W.  CatoMauqua.  Perhaps  the  best  limonite  open  mine  In  America  for  study,  lies  four  miles  west 
j  (Ir.-.nton).  Best  reached  on  wheels;  also  hyrnil,  over  a  long,  high  iron  bridge.  Manganese,  kaolin, 
I  lignite,  with  the  ore.    Mir»»"  very  larsje  and  old. 

128.    SlatingUn.    ExtfOHive  roofing  slate  quarries  here  where  the  roofing  slate  belt  ft-om  the 

Delaware  river  «so0aes  the  Letugh  river  on  its  course  west  into  Berks  County.    Note  the  duplication 

of  the  elate  b— r<ti  hy  anticlinais  and  Hvnclinals,  as  described  in  Report  D.3,Vol.  I,  Oeological|Survey. 

I  Two  miles  tnn.r^m  ^nter  the  Lehigh  water  Gap  between  sloping  walls  of  Oneida  and  Medina.    Issue 

I  upon  Clinton  ved  Mwle.    Notice  a  fine  Eddy  Hill  opposite.    Beliind  it  is  a  local  moraine,?  which  a 

I  Kiacier,  formi^'l y  deacending  the  Lehigh,  left  across  the  mouth  of  the  Aquashicola  Creek,  forcing  that 

lAream  to  exi'it^Ate  a  new  channel  in  the  solid  Medina  rocks  of  the  mountain.    Two  miles  farther,  at 

he  bend  of  tht>  river,  north  bank,  the  ice  has  crushed  over  the  slates,  polished  the  surface  and  loaded 

Ift  with  till.    Prom  the  Gap  Hotel  ride  to  the  top  of  Stone  Hill  (Oriskany  outcrop)  for  the  view  through 

|tM  Gap.    Hydraulic  lime  quarriea  on  the  w>y  up. 


162 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     ( PA.) 


Ms. 


Barclay  Railroad. 


Alt 


0 

7 

16 


Towanda.^»« 
Greenwood. 
Barclay.  ^ » s 


11  b.  Chemung.       ^as 
12.  Catskill.  8  23 

14  b.  CoalMres.   »"6 


State  Line  and  Sullivan  Railroad. 


0 

4 

24 

29 


Towanda.i'* 

Monroeton. 

Dushore. 

Bemice. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


72S 
762 

isgs 


12.  Catskill, 

fl4  b.  Loyalsock 
Coal  MeasureSiSemi- 
Anthracite.        ^^^s 


lUontrose  Railroad. 


0 

8 

14 

22 

28 


Montrose. 

Hunter's. 

Springville. 

Lobeck. 

Tunkhannock. 


12.  Catskill. 


« 


16S6 
la47 
1257 

811 


Ms.    Philadelphia  and  Reading  R.  R.    Alt. 


0 

Philadelphia. 

1.  Azoic.                    >) 

4 

Belmont. 

"                                     49 

8 

W.  Manay'k.i«9 

"                                     61 

14 

W.  ConBho'n.i4o 

"                                        61 

17 

Bridgeport.  1*1 

3  a.  CalciferouB.  ?     '« 

22 

Port  Kennedy. 

2  b.  Potsdam.            «' 

24 

Valley  Forge.i*2 

««                                  9t 

28 

Phoenixville.i*3 

16.  Triassic.            no 

82 

Royer's  Ford. 

«<                             12J 

40 

Pottstown.i** 

"                             150 

45 

Douglasville. 

"                             101 

47 

Monocacy. 

4<                             162 

62 

Exeter.i** 

««                             193 

68 

Reading.  i*« 

3  a.  Calciferous.      ^es 

66 

Leesport. 

4  b.  Utica.  ?             w 

70 

Shoemakersville . 

4c  Hudi'u  Riv.  8.1.314 

75 

Hamburg. 

««                       375 

78 

Pt.  Clinton.147 

5  b.  Clinton.           i" 

83 

Auburn.  i*« 

7.  Low.  Helderbcrg^n 

86 

Landingville. 

11  b.  Chemung.      3^3 

93 

P0ttSVillel*9    614 

14b.&c.  An.Cl.Mres. 

129.  Lehighton.  On  the  crest  of  one  of  the  grandest  antielinals  in  the  State.  The  gently  south 
dipping  Chemung  and  Hamilton  here  turn  over  and  descend  vertically.  From  here  to  Mauch  Chunk 
the  vertical  Devonian  and  Bernician  systems  are  crossed  at  right  angles,  so  as  to  give  an  easy  section 
of  10,000  feet,  up  to  the  coal  measures. 

130.  Maueh  Chunk.  Fine  geological  headquarters.  The  gap  in  the  Second  mountain  gives  the 
whole  Pocono  and  Catskill.  The  river  above  gives  the  Mauch  Chunk  red  shale.  Mt.  Plsgah  ths 
Pottsville  cojLglomerate.  Nine  miles  up  the  "passenger  tourist's  gravity  road"  lies  the  famous 
Summit  Mine.  mamm«)th  coal  bed,  60  feet  thick,  open  quarry.  In  the  gap  notice  the  islet  on  which 
th.  very  eairliest  antiisacite  iron  furnace  once  stood.  Good  specimens  of  dendrites  to  be  got  from 
the  plates  !n  the  mountain  opposite  the  hotel.  From  here  to  Penn  Haven,  the  fine  gorge  of  the 
Lehi£;h,  witti  its  ox  bow  bend  and  walls  of  Catskill  rocks.    Glacial  Moraine  at  Sand  Run. 

131.  Fair  View.  Ascend  400  feet  higher  to  the  summit  of  Penobscot  Knob,  affording  the  finest 
iriew  in  th«  State.  Notice  the  glacial  scratches  on  the  rock  on  the  highest  summit  or  the  Knob, 
From  here  all  the  colleries  are  visible  below,  and  the  whole  structure  of  the  third  anthracite  coal  field 
can  be  nuklo  out.  Down  Solomon's  Gap  by  three  incline  planes,  notice  the  erosion  of  the  red  shale 
under  the  nongiomerate  cover. 

132.  Wilkesttarre.  Anthracite  coal  was  first  mined  and  used  at  Wilkesbarre  in  1768  and  17M  by 
two  blaclEsmiths  named  Gore.    First  shipment  made  to  government  arsenal  at  Carlisle  in  177S. 

133.  Palls.  Buttermilk  Falls,  not  the  falls  of  that  name  near  Stroudsburg,  but  in  nearly  the 
■ame  rocks,  with  the  hollows  filled  with  gravel. 

134.  McKune'B.  Enter  the  long  gorge  of  the  North  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  through  the 
Allegheny  mountain  plateau,  cappeof  (further  west)  by  the  Mehoopany  coal  basin. 

136.  'WysauKing.  A  small  but  remarkable  fault  in  the  11  b.  Chemung  rocks  in  the  Wysox 
Narrows,  it  slants  up  the  hillside  and  may  be  studied  on  the  R.  R.  and  on  the  common  road,  200 
feet  above.  Tne  centpn  line  of  the  Towanda  anticlinal  crosses  thb  river  at  the  northern  end  of  this 
cliff,  1,050  feet  above  th*  fault. 

136.  Towanda.  Fine  cliffs,  "  The  Red  Rocks,"  Just  north  of  the  fault  and  east  from  Wysauking 
■tetion.  Chemung  fossils.  Also  Euiother  cliff  directly  opposite  Towanda  on  east  side  of  the  river. 
Going  north  no  such  precipifes  are  seen,  the  Chemung  shales  forming  hills  with  rounded  summit!. 
Good  view  of  Towanda  village  from  the  railroad.  Boulders  of  white  limestone  from  Central  New 
iTork  found  in  the  river  were  formerly  burnt  for  lime.    Picturesque  view  at  Ulster  Narrows. 

137.  Shenandoah.  The  greatest  overlap  in  the  mammoth  coal  bed  in  the  Anthracite  region 
occur.-)  in  the  Shenandoah  City  colliery.    See  Atlas  of  Geological  Survey,  where  it  is  fully  illustrated, 

138  Barclay.  Barclay  or  Towanda  0.  Co.'s,  Long  Valley  and  Bhraeder  Mines  on  the  top  of  the 
Towanda  Mountain,  1,300  feet  above  the  river  at  Towanda.  Incline  planes.  High  falls.  Profound 
gorges  splittins;  tho  mountain.    Laurel  swamps.    Semi-bituminous  coal. 

189.  W.  Manayunk.  Beautiful  ravine  of  the  Wissahiccon  to  the  east,  deeply  trenching  the  Azoic 
belt.    Serpentine  and  soapstone  quarries  at  Lafayette  above  Manayunk. 

140.  W.  Comhohoeknn  Picturesque  vertical  trap  dyke  left  standing  In  the  limestone.  Marble 
quarries  east  and  west  (A  here. 

141.  Bridgeport.  On  south  edge  of  the  Trias  country.  Bone  cavern  in  limestone  ouarryneB 
Port  Kennedy  studied  by  Dr.  Leldy  and  Prof.  Cope.  Great  limestone  quarries  south  ot  the  river, in 
one  of  whif  h  the  trias  beds  are  seen  lying  on  the  upturned  edge  of  the  old  limestone  beds. 

142.  F«U«v  Forge.  Ditto.  The  hill  Fiack  of  it  is  the  east  end  of  the  ridge  of  Potsdam  sandstone 
forming  the  abrth  wall  of  the  Chester  Valley  far  to  the  south-west.  Under  its  north  flank  come  up 
^e  Azoic. 

143.  Phcenixville.    In  the  tunnel  here  Mr.  Wheatley  found  his  coal  plants  (Trias)  and  reptile 
bones.     Two  milps  south-west  runs  the  edge  of  the  Trias,  with  breccias,  copper  veins,  etc.,  lying  on  | 
Azoic.     Trias  continues  hence  to  near  Rending. 

144.  Pottitown.    Trap  hills  to  the  north. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


168 


kg  R.  B. 

.\lt. 

IS 

19 

61 

61 

iferous.  ? 
lam. 

n 

87 
91 

sic. 

110 
127 

150 

161 

162 

19S 

iferous. 

a,? 

i'n  Riv.  8 

368 

29! 

1.314 

375 

iton.           ^'o 
Helderberg*7i 
lemung.      ^" 
.  An.  CI.  Mves. 

LQua  through  the 


jstone  qnarry  neit 
utliol  the  river,  in 
>ne  beds. 
Potsdam  sandstoM 
orth  flank  come  up 

[Trias)  Jind  reptile 
■eins,  etc.,  lying o" 


Philadelphia  &  Beading  B.  B. — Continued, 
Ms.      Lehigh  and  Susquehanna  Division.      Alt. 


76iEa8ton."» 
86|Bethlehem.i2« 

OSCatasaqua.ia' 
109  Lehigh  Gap." 8 
120iMauch  Chnk.i" 
127jPenn  Haven  Ju. 
145  White  Haven. 
158  Penobscot. »" 
171  Ashley.  «»* 

174  Wilkesbarre.  ''o 
183iPitt8ton.  571 

187; Spring  Brook. 
193iScranton.        74o 
195!Green  Ridge. 


3  a.  Caloiferous. 


215 

ass 

4  a.  Trenton.  2«» 

11  b.  Chemung,     '^a 

13  b.  Mch.Chk.r.8.5  3  2 

«  70  8 

12  Catskill.  mo 

(( 

14  b.Anth'e  Coal  Mres. 

*""^  ^-^  ST*  o 

«  m  a 


« 
« 


(B  CO  ^  g* 


East  Penna  and  Leb.inoa  Valley  Branch. 


OAllentown.150 

6  Emaus. 
10  Millerstown. 
15  Shamrock. 
18  Topton. 
25  Fleetwood. 
31  Temple. 
3G  Reading.  148 

45  Wernersville. 
5l|Womelsdorf. 
58Myerstown. 
64 1  Lebanon.  ^51 
69'Annville. 
74  Palmyra. 
81jHummelston.i«2 
90  Harrisburg. 


3  a.  Calciferous. 


« 
« 

« 
<< 


(t 
« 


4  b.  Utica  Slate. 


431 
4S4 
8S3 
43  7 
485 
449 
887 
368 
888 
456 
474 
466 
442 
455 
876 
821 


Philadelphia  &  Beading  B.  It.— Continued. 

Little  Bchuylkill.  East  Mahanoy,  Mine  Hill  and 

Ms.       Mahanoy  &  Shamokin  Branches.         Alt. 


0 
14 
21 
25 
80 
43 
45 
47 

98 
102 


Hemdon. 
Trevorton.  ^  *  ' 
Shamokin.  1 0  8 

Excelsior. 
Mount  Carmel. 
Ashland.  *  *  * 
Girardville. 


Mahanoy, 


154 


Tamaqua.^'* 
Ringgold.  1 5  6 


12  Catskill. 
14b.&c.An.CL 


« 
« 
« 


431 

Mres. 

7ii8 


85» 

1021 


1843 


5  b.  Clinton. 


80S 

sss 


Chester  Valley  Branch. 


OjBridgoport. 

ejCentreville. 
10;  Cedar  Hollow. 
IGExton. 
22  Downington. 


3  a.  Califerous. 


c< 


7S 
202 
24& 
824 
267 


Schuylkill  &  Susquehanna  Branch. 


OlAuburn.14  8 

SJHannon. 
12:Rock. 
18 
24 
30 


9.  Up.  Helderberg.  *«» 

10.  Hamilton. 


35 
38 
46 
51 
54 
69 


Pine  Grove.  11  b.  Chemung.     *20 

Ell  wood.         « » 3  13  b.  Mauch  Chu'k  r.  s. 
RauschGap.         j  "  »0  9 

Yellow  Spring.  "  »»» 

~  "  «  692 

(<  48  8 

(I  849 

4  0.  Hudson  Riv.  Slate. 
4  b.  Utica  Slate.      8»i 


Rattling  Run 
Forge. 
Dauphin. 
Rockville.*     s** 
Harrisburg. 


145.  Exeter.  Trap  dikes  to  the  south  and  west,  across  the  river.  Remarkable  horseshoe  ridge 
of  trap  to  the  east.  See  map  of  the  South  Mountains  in  Report  D  3,  Vol.  II,  Part  1,  Atlas  Geological 
Survey. 

146.  Reading.  The  "  White  Spot "  high  on  the  mountain  to  the  east  is  a  remnant  of  Potsdam 
sandstone  left  lying  unconformably  on  Laurentian. 

147.  Port  Clinton.  A  noble  fault  crosses  the  river  three  times  in  the  gap ;  once  at  the  canal  locks, 
again  at  the  rock  at  the  west  mouth  of  the  old  tunnel,  and  then  runs  vertically  up  the  steep.  Hudson 
River  slates  dipping  10°  south  abut  against  the  bottom  plate  of  Oneida  standing  vertical.  Between 
this  and  Auburn  very  fine  exposures  of  Clinton  red  shales.    No  ossil  ore. 

148.  Auburn.  Back  of  this,  on  the  south  side  of  Summer  Hill,  multitudes  of  Hamilton  and 
Chemung  fossils. 

149.  Pottsville.  Center  of  the  soft  anthracite  colleries.  Fine  geological  headquarters.  For  four 
miles  before  reaching  this  place  the  whole  Devonian  and  Bernician  systems  stand  vertical,  affording 
a  section  of  20,(KX>  feet  of  rock  up  to  the  top  of  the  lower  productive  coal  series  in  the  fold  of  the  great 
synclinal  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town.  View  from  the  top  of  Sharp  Mountain,  800  feet  high, 
instructive.  Hotel  at  Mount  Carbon  close  to  where  Dr.  Isaac  Lea  found  fossil  footprints.  See 
Note  1C9. 

150.  Allentown.  Road  runs  along  the  base  of  the  Laurentian  Mountains  over  Calciferous 
limestone  holding  limonite  beds. 

151.  Lebanon.  Cornwall  Magnetic  Iron  Mines  six  miles  to  the  south ;  holds  copper,  trap  and 
marble. 

1.52.    Hummelton.    Iron  mines,  limonite,  south  of  the  town. 

153.  Ashland,  Remarkable  large  fossil  tree  stems  visible  in  the  coal  measures  here.  Glacial 
8tri8e(?)  cross  white  pebbles  in  the  conglomerate  crest  of  mountain  west  of  the  Ashland  Gap,  opposite 
Mt.  Carmel. 

154.  Mahanoy,    Large  colleries.    Shaft  sunk  by  diamond  drill, 

155.  Tamaqua.  Little  Schuylkill  here  makes  a  cross  section  of  the  Pottsville  coal  basin.  Mr. 
C.  A.  Ashburner  estimates  that  the  center  of  the  mammoth  coal  bed  basin  south  of  Tamaqua  is  180O 
feet  deep. 

156.  Ringgold.  From  here  down  to  Port  Clinton  the  Little  Schuylkill  cuts  through  ten  anticlinals. 
Union,    All  along  here  the  thinness  of  the  Trias  upon  the  Cambro-Silurian  is  revealed  by 


157. 

erosion. 

158. 

159. 


Jronville.    Famous  old  and  large  limonite  iron  ore  mine. 

Tremont,    View  fVom  the  mountain  to  the  southwest  of  it  down  the  fish  tail  double  red 


shale  valley,  split  by  the  great  mass  of  the  Pooono  rocks,  is  fine  and  instructive. 


164 


i:     I 


h 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (PA.) 


Philadelphia  &  Beading  R.  K.— Continued. 


Ms. 


Schuylkill  Valley  Branch. 


Alt. 


0 
4 

7 
IS 
18 


Pottsville.i** 
Port  Carbon. 
New  Philadelp'a. 
TuBoarora. 
Tamaqua.i" 


14b.&c.An.Cl.Mre8«i* 

«  68  9 

t<  C90 

t<  90  9 

<<  aoa 


Pickering  Valley  Branch. 


0 

11 


Phoenixville.**> 
Byers. 


16.  Triassic. 
1.  Azoic. 


110 

426 


Reading  and  Columbia  Branch. 

0 

Reading.  i*« 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

2e( 

6 

Sinking  Springs. 

« 

S«B 

18 

Reinholds. 

16.  Triassic. 

449 

16 

Union.  *  * ' 

«< 

399 

20 

Ephrata. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

384 

27 

Litis. 

II 

375 

82 

Manheim. 

<i 

402 

87 

Landisville.A 

11 

404 

41 

Ironville.i5« 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

46 

Columbia.** 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

360 

Lancaster  and  Quarryville  Branch. 


0 

8 

14 

20 

23 


Lancaster  Jun. 
Lancaster. 
West  Willow. 
New  Providence. 
Quarryville. 


3  a 


1. 


Calciferous. 
11 

<i 

Azoio. 
i< 


ITl 

ri2 

449 
401 
488 


Lebanon  and  Tremont  Branch. 


0 
18 
20 
24 
29 
87 
44 


Brookside. 
Tremont.13  9 
Pine  Grove. 
Irving. 
Murray.^  «o 
Jonestown. 
Lebanon.  IB  I' 


14  b.  Anth.  Coal  Mres. 
14  b.  Coal  Mrc3.  »•• 
11  b.  Chemung.  »»» 
10.  HamUton.         *^^ 

«  4S6 

4c.  Hudson  River.*" 
3  a.  Calciferous.     *•* 


Mine  Hill  and  Schuylkill  Haven  Branch. 


0 

9 

14 


Schuylkill  Hav. 
Minersville.*''* 
Glen  Dower. 


11  b.  Chemung.       »»» 
14b.andCl.  Mre8.'oo 
« 


Philadelphia  *  Beading  R.  R Continued. 

Ms.     Catawiflsa  and  Williamaport  Branch.     Alt. 


0 

78 
98 
107 
114 
118 
124 
132 
136 
139 
146 
164 
162 
167 
170 
175 
182 
187 
190 
196 
199 


Philadelphia. 

PortClinton.»*T 

Tamaqua^'s 

Tamanend.    i><*° 

Girard. 

Brand'nville.i" 

Ringtown. 

Beaver  Valley. 

McAuley.i*' 

Mainville.*** 

Catawissa. 

Danville*' 

Mooresburg. 

Pottsgrove. 

Milton." 

White  Deer. 

Montgomery. 

Muncy.'* 

Hall's.  8»» 

Montoursville. 

Williamsport.»9 


(See  Main  Line.) 
5  b.  Clinton.  *n> 

14b.&  c.  CI.  Mres.  »o> 
13  b.  Mb.  Ck.  r.s.&  8.8. 

i<         1407 

13  b.  Mh.Ck.r.  s, 
II 


1285 

1129 

924 

759 
672 


12  Catskill. 
Cdtskill-Chemung.  *"> 


5  b.  Clinton. 

10  Hamilton, 
it 

6  Salina. 


434 

818 
489 
465 
478 
488 
494 


11  a.  Portage. 

5  b.  Clinton. 

7  Lower  Helderberg. 

10  Hamilton.  ^^* 

11  a.  Portage.        *»» 


Mill  Creek  and  Mount  Carbon  Branch. 


0|Pottsville.»*» 
4:  Dormer's. 
7  New  Castle. 
12Fraokville. 


14  b.  An.CLMres.  «H 

<l  647 

II  878 

II  1479 


Colebrookdale  Branch. 


0 

6 

18 


Pottstown.i** 
Colebrookdale. 
Mt.  Pleasant. 


16  Triassic. 

1.  Azoio. 
II 


150 
818 


Philadelphia  and  Chester  Branch. 


Eddystone. 
Thurlow. 


1. 


Azoic, 
li 


Chestnut  Hill  Branch. 


0 
11 


Philadelphia. 
Chestnut  Hill. 


Azoio. 
<i 


47 
410 


160.    Murray.    Passiugout  of  the  gap  Hole  Mountain  stands  on  the^left  (east)  a  curious  synclinal 


outlier  of  Oneida  cappinu;  a  ridjge  of  nuason  River,  proving  that  no  non-conformability  exists. 

161.    JtfinertviOe.    A  Tine  ofgreat  coUeries  on  the  mammoth  vein  <jxtend  westward.    The  gap  or 
the  west  branch  Schuylkill  above  Minersville,  shows  a  superb  arch  of  the  conglomerate.    Back  of 


Mine  HiU  is  the  mine  which  burned  for  thirtv  years. 

162.  BrandonviUe.  Making  down  grade  from  the  conglomerate  along  the  southern  and  western 
sides  of  the  red  shale  valley  oi^the  Catawissa  Creek  crossed  by  numerous  anticlinals  flrom  between 
the  Beaver  Meadow,  Hazleton  and  Black  Creek  basins,  to  the  erist,  and  eigsagging  the  (Pocono) 
Catawissa  Mountain  to  the  west. 

163.  MeAiUey.  A  curious  little  oval  mountain  basin  of  anthracite  lower  coal  beds  (McCauley) 
stands  out  on  the  rod  shale  plain  to  the  right.  Notice  the  rift  in  its  southern  side,  and  its  fortreis 
like  outline. 

164.  MainviUe.  Fine  sap  through  the  Nescopic  Mountain  and  section  of  white  Pocono  rocks 
with  terraces  of  Red  Catskill  on  its  northern  flank. 

165.  Choynedd.    Plants  in  the  Trias  as  at  Phoenixville.    Trap  ridge  pierced  by  the  tunnel. 

166.  Oocperiburg.    Saucon  valley  sine  mines. 

167.  SteelUm.    Bessemer  steel  works,  Pennsylvania  Steel  cjo. 

168.  ConMoU.  Cornwall  magnetic  iron  mines  located  h«<re;  this  is  the  targest  deposit  of  iron 
«r»  in  Pennsylvania. 

160  P^UtniUt  JU.  The  deepest  shaft  (1675  ft.)  in  Pa.  is  located  here.  The  earbonifsrons  oca* 
glomerate  is  boldly  and  beautifully  exposed  in  the  gap  south  of  the  town.  The  dip  of  the  eonglr  m> 
•rate  is  overturned  and  is  toward  the  south,  although  the  coal  beds  above  the  conglomerate  lio  in 
the  (KTnolinal  to  the  north.    See  Note  14a 


—Oontinutd. 
ranch.     Alt. 


Line.) 


410 


l.Mrea.  8o» 

:k.  r.8. 

&8.8. 

1407 

k.  r.  a. 

1235 

1129 

•  24 

759 

1. 

872 

lemung.  *'''' 
n.            ■»»* 

an. 

818 

489 

46S 

478 

age. 
m. 

488 
494 

[elderberg. 
on.           "« 

acre. 

Sit 

1  Branch. 
[!l.Mre8.  «i< 

647 

t7« 

1479 


10. 


150 

lis 


ranch. 


47 
410 


iooB  synolinul 
ezisM. 

The  gap  of 
rate.    Back  of 

n  and  western 
from  between 
the  (Pocono) 

Is  (McCauley) 
d  Its  fortress 

Pocono  rocks 

tanneL 

epofllt  of  iron 

inifsrons  octt* 
the  oonglr  m- 
nnenkte  lid  in 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


I! 


16ft 


Philadelphia  &  Reading  R.  H.— Continued, 
jila.         Schuylkill  and  Lehigh  Branuh.         Alt. 


0;Beading.i*8 
43!siatington."» 


8  a.  Caloiferous.     »«» 
4  c.HudsonRiv.  s.l. '  * « 


North  Pennsylvania  and  Bourd  Brook  Dlv. 


0 
10 
14 
18 
22 
25 
31 
38 
44 
51 
64 


Philadelphia. 

Abington. 

Ft.  Washington. 

Gwynedd.i8» 

Landsdale. 

Hatfield, 

Sellersville. 

Quakertown. 

Coopersburg.*'" 

Hellertown. 

Betlilehem.i»« 


1.  Azoic, 
(t 

Triassic 
« 


16. 


28 
254 
170 
271 
868 
<(  311 

"  and  Trap.'" 

«  496 

<(  S49 

3  a.  Caloiferous.     276 

«  23  7 


Bound  Brook  Route. 


0,  Philadelphia. 

8!Jenkintown. 
IS^Somerton. 
21iLanghom. 

29|Yardley. 
88  Jersey  City. 


1.  Azoio. 


16.  Triassic. 
« 

(See  New  Jersey.) 


28 

203 

156 

86 

79 


Steelton  Branch. 


Harrisburg. 
Steelton.16' 


4  a.  Trenton. 


321 


Germnntowc  and  Norristown  Branches. 


Philadelphia. 
Germantown. 


School  Lane. 

Wissahickon. 

Schurz. 

Shawmont. 

Princeton. 

Lafayette. 

Spring  Mill. 

Potts. 

Magee's. 


Norristown. 


1  Azoio. 
« 


« 
3  a.  Caloiferous. 


16  Trias. 


4- 

ais 

108 
39 
71 
69 
62 
53 
53 

6a 

64 
75 


Stony  Creek  R.  R. 


0|  Norristown. 
10|Lansdale. 


16  Trias. 
li 


62 
362 


North  East  Penna.  R.  R. 


0 

4 

7 
10 


Abington  Ju. 

Hillside. 

Willow  Grove. 

Heaton. 

Hatboro. 

Hartsville. 


1  Azoic. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

3  a.  Caloiferous. 
16  Trias. 


« 
« 


239 
259 


329 
14! 


Phlladelpma  Ss  Reading  R.  B,.— Continued. 
Ms.  Cornwall  and  Mt.  Hope  R.  R.  Alt. 


_0 
1 
4 
5 

6 
7 
8 
9 
12 


Lebanon.  ^  * » 


Donaghmore. 
Midway. 
N.  Cornwall. 
Cornwall.^** 
Miners  Village. 
Overlook. 
Penryn. 
Mt.  Hope. 


3  a.  Caloiferous. 


16  Trias. 
« 

II 

II 


People's   Railway. 


0 

5 
15 


Pottsville.i*9 
Pottsville  Ju. 
Tremont.16  9 


14  b.  Coal  Mres. 
II 


•  14 


Coudersport  and  Port  Allegheny  R.  R. 


0 

3 

9 

13 

17 


Coudersport. 
Olmstead. 
Pomery  Bridge. 
Silver  Spring. 
Port  Allegheny. 


12  Catskill. 


TiTT 


14SI 


Warren  and  Famsworth  Vy.  R.  R. 


0 
3 
6 
8 
10 


Clarendon. 
Underwood's. 
McCalmont. 
East  Branch. 
Garfield. 


13  a.  Pocono  s. 
11 


Carbonif.  Cong. 


13SS 


Nanticoke  Branch. 


0 
3 
5 
8 
12 
13 


Wilkes  Barre.»»» 
Ashley. 
Sugar  Not"h. 
7Ianover. 
Nanticoke.       *<> 
Wanamie. 


14  Coal  Mres. 


S50 
«84 
659 
654 

540 
544 


Nescopeo  Branch. 


White  Haven. 
Upper  Lehigh. 


13  b.  MauchCh'k.1120 

14  Coal  Mres.         »««>* 


Drifton  Branch. 


0 

7 
8 

10 
11 


Drifton  Ju. 
Council  Ridge. 
Eckley. 
Jeddo. 
Drifton.*  «» 


13  b.  Mauch  Ch'k  r.  s. 
Carbonif.  Conglomert. 

14  Coal  Mres. 


Tamaqua  Branch. 


0 

6 

9 

10 

11 

15 


Mauch  Ch'nk.18  0 

Nesquehoning. 

Hanto. 

Lansford.i'i 

Coledale. 

Tamaqua.  1" 


13b.MauchC'kjf.s.»»« 


14  Goal  Mres. 
« 


301 

1005 

96S 


170  Carliak.  Trap  dike  3  miles  before  reaching  Carlisle;  visible  a  long  way  off  as  a  low  mound 
across  the  great  valley  covered  with  trees,  while  all  around  is  cultivation,  west  of  Carlisle  notice 
"Wagner's  Gap"  and  "Doubling  Gap"  in  the  North  or  B'ue  Mountain.  They  are  really  not  gaps  but 
folds,  caused  by  anticlinals  passing  through  the  mountain  and  elevating  tne  vertical  S  a.  Medina 
strata.  The  mode  in  which  this  was  done  mav  be  understood  by  holding  up  the  edge  of  a  sheet  of 
paper  in  a  perpendicular  manner  and  then  elevating  it  in  one  spot  from  beneath,  which  will  oanae 
the  upper  edge  to  fold  in  an  S  shape,  similar  to  these  so-called  gaps. 


II 


a 


166 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (PA.) 


M8 

Oettysborg  tf&  HarrUbnrg  R.  R. 

Alt. 

bCarlilBe  Juncfn. 

4  a.  Trenton 

477 

8 

Upper  Mill. »7a 

1.  Azoio. 

10 

Hunter's  Run. 

1.  Azoic. 

16 

Laurel. 

3  a.  Caloiferous. 

413 

18 

Pine  Grove,i»8 

« 
1  Azoic. 

133X 

10 

Hunter's  Ivun. 

16 

Starner's. 

« 

16 

Idaville. 

16  Trias. 

17 

Gardener's. 

« 

19 

Bendersville. 

(1 

22 

Sunnyside. 

« 

23 

Biglersville. 

<i 

26 

Goldenvillc. 

« 

82 

Gettysburg."* 

It 

Ferklomen  Railroad. 

0|Perkiomen. 

10  Triassic. 

109 

6 

Collegeville. 

ISA 

11 

Schwenksville. 

152 

14 

Salford. 

18 

Green  Lane. 

246 

22 

Hanover. 

48 

Allen  town.i  50 

3  a. 

Calciferous. 

2S7 

Philadephia. 

Lamokin  Juno. 

Rockdale. 

Cor cord. 

Fairville. 

Avondale. 

Penn.i" 

Oxford. 

Baltimore. 


Philadelphia  Sc  Baltimore  Central,  now 
Ms.    Phlla.  Wilmington  &  Baltl.  R.  R.   Alt. 

~0 
14 

20 
25 
38 
40 
46 
62 
112 


Azoic. 
II 

<i 

« 
i( 

« 


87 

237 
259 
227 

505 


(See  Maryland.) 


Phlla.,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore  R.  II. 


0 
2 
13 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
23 
26 
28 


1.  Azoic. 


Wilmington  and  Northern  Railroad. 


0 
9 
21 
27 
86 
89 
46 
67 
72 


Reading.14" 
Birdsboro. 
Springfield.!  7* 
Waynesburg  Ju. 
Brandywine. 
Coatesville. 
Laurel  Iron  W'ks. 
Chadd's  Ford. 
Wilmington,  Del. 


3  a.  Calciferous. 

16.  Triassic. 

1  Azoic. 
« 

« 

4  a.  Trenton. 
1,  Azoic. 


178 
«45 


6S« 
815 
341 
.»  175 

(See  Del.  and  Md.)i2 


Phlla.  Wilmington  and  Baltimore  R.  R. 

Central  Division. 


OWest  Philadel'a. 

7  Clifton. 
14  Media. 
18  Linni. 
27, West  Chester. 


Philadelphia. 

Gray's  Ferry.i'* 

Chester.!" 

Lamokin. 

Thurlow. 

Linwood. 

Claymont. 

Holly  Oak. 

Belleview. 

Edge  Moor. 

Wilmington. 

(Continued  in  Maryland.) 

Chester  Creek  R.  R. 


i< 


« 
« 


J7 
J4 

ai 

29 

i 

M 


Lamokin. 

Knowlton. 

Rockdale. 

Leuni. 

Wawa. 


Azuic. 
(I 

i< 

« 

« 


13( 


Peaohbottom  Railroad. 


0 

20 


Oxford. 
Dorsey.178 


1.  Azoic. 


Buffalo,  New  York  &  Pliila.  R.  R.,  now 
Western  New  York  &  Penna. 


Oi  Buffalo. 

78  State  Line. 

88!Larrabee8. 

96 1  Port  AllegRny. 
lOTJKeating. 
114iShippen.» 
121!  Emporium.' 8 


(See  New  York.) 
lib.  Chemung. 


M 
« 
(I 

« 


562 
1438 
1481 
1476 
1876 
1201 
1019 


;.i' 


171.  Larutford.  The  Mauch  Chunk  red  shale  and  Pottsville  conglomerate  are  cut  by  a  tunnel 
between  Hanto  and  Lansford. 

172.  Upper  Mill.  Passes  into  the  Papertown  Gap  of  the  South  Mountains  and  turns  to  the  right 
fS.W.),  up  the  Mountain  Creek  Valley,  with  its  range  of  old  and  extensive  limonite  mines,  open 
quarries;  ore  heavily  charged  with  manganese.  Ride  to  the  left  (E^over  the  divide,  on  which  is  Strick- 
ler's  mine,  and  down  to  the  Big  bank.  Very  instructive.  Over  Strickler's,  the  mountain  top  is  sad- 
dled with  a  30-foot  plate  of  Poisdam(?),  In  the  Papertown  gap  beginning  at  the  south  end  of  Mt. 
Holly  Springs  Village  are  3  000  feet  (horizontal  distance)  of  upturned  quartzite  rocks  which  belong 
perhaps  to  the  Huronian  system  of  Canada.  These  make  the  Mountain  sandstone  formation  of 
Reports  C  and  C2. 

173.  Pine  Orove.    Extensive,  well  arranged,  limonite  mine,  planned  by  J.  W.  Harden. 

174.  Springfield.  Warwick  iron  mine  three  miles  to  the  east,  on  the  edge  of  Trias  ;  with  trap, 
copper,  etc.  Jones' mine  IJi  to  the  north  at  the  east  extremity  of  the  Canestogabelt  of  the  Lan- 
caster Co.  limestone.    French  Creek  copper  mines  further  east  than  Warwick. 

176.  Penn.  Line  of  serpentine  to  the  left.  Road  runs  along  the  belt;firom  Eennet  Square  (or 
several  miles.    Great  serpentine  quarries  at  Avondale. 

176.  Orav'aPerry.    Azoic  Rocks  here  decomposed  into  kaolin. 

177.  Chester.  The  road  runs  on  the  edge  of  the  Azoic,  masked  by  drift  all  the  way  to  Wilmington. 

178.  Dortty.  Roofing  slate  quarries  at  Peach  Bottom  on  the  Susquehanna  River.  Very  remark- 
able fossil  locally,  the  only  one  in  the  southern  Azoio  btilt;  apparently  sea  weeds,  like  Buikrotrjpkt 
of  the  Hudson  River  slate  formation. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


ter 


entralf  now 
Itl.  R.  R.   Alt. 


37 

237 
259 
227 

506 


yland.) 


more  R.  K. 

u 

37 
34 
31 
29 
) 
U 


and.) 


c. 


37 


ne 


■oad. 


R.  R.,  now 
I  Fenna. 


;w  York.) 
bemung. 


« 

It 
(( 


562 
]438 
1481 
U76 
1876 
1201 
1019 


cut  by  a  tunnel 

turns  to  the  right 
onite  mines,  open 
in  which  is  Strick- 
mntain  top  is  sad- 
5  south  end  of  Mt 
icks  which  belong 
tone  formation  01 

.  Harden. 
Trias  ;  with  trap, 
belt  oftheLan- 

Sennet  Square  for 


ay  to  Wilmington, 
er.  Very  remark- 
like  Buthrotrjpl»» 


Ms. 


B.,  N.  Y.  A  r.— Continued. 
Buffalo  and  McKean  Railroad. 


Alt 


OLarrabees. 

9Sraethport. 
15  Colegrove. 
22iClermont.»»9 


lib.  Ghemuug. 


1476 
1193 

12.  CatBkill.  '»♦» 

14  b.  Coal  Mrea.    2° 7* 


Pittsburgh  Division. 


Oifrvineton. 

9|Thomp8on. 
Is'Tidioute.i'o 
23  Hickory. 


30 
41 
50 
64 

55 
57 
58 
60 
63 
68 
79 
86 
95 


Tionesta 

Oleopolis. 

Oil  City. 

Rouseville. 

Ryud  Farm. 

Columbia. 

PotroleumCentre. 

Pioneer. 

Miller  Farm. 

Tituaville.       "i 

Centreville. 

Spartansburg. 

Corry.** 


Oil  Sand  Group     us* 

1143 


« 
i< 
« 


1113 
1091 
1060 
1032 
1008 
««         103  7 

Sub-conglomerate  * "  •*  ^ 

«  10  ti  7 

<i  losn 

<«  109  9 

«  1 1  ao 

<>  1194 

«  12  9  6 

i<  145  5 

Oil  Sand  Group.  »*3  3 


Oil  City  and  Ridgeway  Railroad. 


Oil  City. 
Sidney's. 


lOOS 


11  b.  Chemung 

14  b.  Coal  Measures. 


Union  and  Titusville  Branch. 


0 

8 

16 

25 


Titu8ville.i»2 
Tryonville. 
Lincolnville. 
Union  City. 


13  Sub-conglomer.  >  i  *  * 

«  18  20 

«  188  1 

Oil  Sand  Group.    »2^o 


New  Castle  and  Franklin  Railroad. 


0 
9 
16 
22 
30 
36 
67 


New  Ca8tlei8  2 

Wilmington. 

Leesburg. 

Mercorii' 

Garvin's. 

Stoneboro.  *  *  * 

Franklin.1^8 


14  a.Conglomerate.'*' 

«  928 

•  '  1045 

<>  1097 

«  1327 

((  1171 

Sub-Conglomer.  ^  o » ^ 


Ms. 


B.,  N.  T.  &  P.— Concluded. 
Uutfalo  Division. 


Alt. 


OOlean.N.  Y 
llKnapp'e  Creek. 
17  Red  Rock,  Pa. 
22:Tarport. 


23 
61 

^6 
79 


Bradford.112 
Kinzua. 


Portville,  N.  Y. 
Bullis  Mills,  Pa. 
84|Eldred. 


0  Eldred. 

6  Duke  Centre. 
11  Summit  City, 
16  Sawyer. 
ISTarport. 
19  Bradford.!  12 


lib.  Chemung.     "»» 

12  Catskill. 
lib.  Chemung. 


II 
II 


1440 
1440 


Chemung  and  Catskill. 
13  a.  Pocono. 
11  b.  Chemung. 


7;Larrabees.  "  ^*'" 

Dunkirk,  Allegheny  Valley  and  Pitta- 
l>urg  Railroad. 


0' Dunkirk. 
47  Russell  aburg. 
56  Warren.* 2 
61  Irvineton. 
67lPitt8field. 
7i:Garland.*» 
79JNewton. 
90|Titusville.»»i 


(See  New  York.) 
11  b.  Chemung. 
Oil  Sand  Group. 


598 
123S 
1200 
1164 
1245 
1298 
1411 

Sub-oarbonife'us.  **»* 


(I 
11 


Lake  Shore  St  Michigan  Southern  R.  B. 


436; 

441  j 
4611 
4691 
4661 


Girard.  11  a.  Portage. 

Fairview. 

Erie. 

Harbor  Creek. 

North  East. 

(Continued  in  Ohio.) 


717 
785 
88S 

780 
804 


Franklin  Division. 


36, 
46 
62 
57 
66 
71 
78 
86 


Jamestown. 

Salem. 

Clark. 

Stoneboro.il* 

Raymilton. 

Summit. 

Franklin.ii* 

Oil  City. 


Sub-conglomerate.  •"> 
14a.Conglomerate.9'* 

It  1164 

II  llTl 

It  1188 

II  1165 

Sub-conglom'rate  *  <>  i  * 

If  1010 


179.  Clermont.  Coal  mines  on  the  highest  land  at  the  onlv  practicable  north  and  south  ptss 
over  the  great  water  shed  between  the  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  waters. 

180.  Tidioute.  The  valley  of  the  Allegheny  River  is  full  of  derricks  from  here  to  Oil  City;  and 
the  valley  of  Oil  Creek  up  to  Titusville. 

181.  Tituaville.    Here  is  the  deepest  of  all  oil  wells,  but  unproductive. 

182.  New  Castle.  Old  iron  making  centre.  Banks  of  the  river  faced  with  terraces  of  Ferrifer* 
ous  limestone  supporting  large  deposits  of  limonite  ("buhr  stone")  iron  ore,  of  the  lower  productive 
coal  series. 

183.  Kittanning.  Two  Rittanning  coal  beds  .<n  the  river  hills  low  down ;  two  Freeport  coal  beds 
high  up.    These  constitute  the  chief  beds  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

184.  Red  Bank.  Between  the  mouth  of  the  Mahoning  and  the  mouth  of  the  Redbank,  the  west- 
ermostof  the  great  anticlinals,  brings  up  the  conglomerate  100  feet  above  water  level.  The  anti- 
clinal sinks  600  feet  in  40  miles  before  reaching  and  crossing  the  Ohio  Rivor  4  miles  below  Pittsburgh. 

185.  Brady's  Bend.  Great  iron  works  and  iron  and  coal  mines.  Wells  strike  oil  here  1,100  net 
beneath  the  river  bed  In  the  third  oil  sand  of  the  Venango  oil  group. 

186.  Parkers.  Hisrh  cliffs  of  conel^merate  back  or  the  town.  A  forest  of  oil  well  derricks  on 
both  riror  banks  and  on  top  of  the  cliffs.  Here  the  Butler  Co.  oil  belt  crosses  the  river  Into  Clarion 
County.    Oil  wells  numerous  at  intervals  all  the  w^  up  to  Franklin  and  Oil  City. 

187.  Sligo.  Deepoidoi' wells.  Very  old  iron  nirnaoe,oentre  of  a  former  region  of  60  charcoal 
blast  furnaces. 


11 


1 


HK 


P 


m 


I 


i        ■  t; 


J 


168 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (PA.) 

Ms.     Shenango  and  Allegheny  R.  R.       Alt.j 

Allegheny  Valley  Railroad.— Con«nu«d. 

0 

Qreenville. 
Shenango. 

Sub.conglomerate.  'ai 

Ms.                   Plum  Creek  Branch.                 Alt. 

2 

0Pittsb'rgh.»»  »*» 

14  b.  &  O.Barren  Mreg. 

6 

North  Hamburg. 

14aConglomerate."  »  ' 

12  Ink  Works. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

12 
17 

88 

Cool  Spring. 
Mercer."* 
HarrisTille. 
Centreville. 

i                   I12T 
<t                   llOS 

17  Coal  Works. 

II 

14b.Allegh'yR.Cl.»»«'> 
Conglomerate. 

Sligo  Branch. 

86 

OiSligo  Junction.     14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

87 

Branohton. 

10lSIigo.i»»                               "             iiii 

88 

Bovard. 

it 

~"~ 

48 

Anandale. 

<f 

Pittsburgh,  Ft.  Wayne  &  Chicago 

47 

Hilliard. 

14  b.  Allegheny  R.  CI. 
Conglomerate. 

Railway. 

87 

Branchton. 

0 

Pittsburg. 2  »   »*» 

14  b.  &  c.  Barren  Mres. 

Coaltown. 

14  Coal  Measures. 

18 

Sewickloy. 

<<                       7S» 

88 

Keisters. 

(( 

21 

Baden.            »o« 

14  b.Lower  Coal  Mres. 

41 

Hallston. 

(t 

26 

Rochester, 

«                        7l» 

46 

Euclid. 

« 

29 

New  Brighton. 

II                       750 

49 

Jamisonyille. 

« 

85 

Homewood.*" 

II                        «i» 

62 

Oneida. 

i( 

46 

Enon. 

II                       >>t 

68 

Butler. 

It 

(Continued  in  Ohio.) 

Allegheny  Talley  Railroad. 

New  Bright  n  and  Newcastle  R.  R. 

4 

10 
17 
21 
29 
86 
44 

Pittsburgh.  2  » 

Sharpsburg. 

Verona. 

Parnassus. 

Tarentum. 

West  Pa.  Junct. 

Kelly's. 

Kittanning.iBi 

Cowanesha'ock. 

14b.  BarrenMres.  »«» 

<4                      74S 
«                     746 
«                     761 

14b  *Megh'yR.Cl8."» 

<l                      791 
II                      76  0 

14b.LowerClMre8.»»» 

0  Kenwood. 

2  Fetterman. 

6  Thompson. 

9  Rock  Point. 
llJChenton. 
12iWampum. 
13!  Wampum  Ju. 

14  Coal  Measurers. 
II 

Conglomerate. 
i( 

<•                       90» 
11                       tOl 
II 

48 

II                        808 

Erie  and  Pittsburgh  R.  R. 

66 

Mahoning. 
Red  Bank»»* 

14a.Pott2T.Conglo.  »'* 

II                      850 

64 

0 

Erie.i»» 

11  a.  Portage.         «'» 

68 

Brady's  Bendi»» 

<i                        8  56 

11 

Fairview. 

ti                       73J 

71 

Catfish.           »»» 

14  b.  Lower  CI.  Mres. 

15 

Girard. 

11                       69) 

82 

Parker's."'  »•» 

14a.  PottsTille  Conglo. 

11                     f  »7 

20 

Crosses. 

11  b.  Chemung.      '•» 

86 

Foxburg. 

26 

Albion. 

II                       tST 

89 

Emlenton. 

■1                      90S 

85 

Gonneautville. 

11                   lOtt 

106 

ScrubgrasB. 

(1                      944 

89 

Summit. 

<i             lur 

115 

Foster. 

10  Sub-conglomer.  •«» 

43 

Linesville. 

Sub-oonglomerat.  ^"^^ 

123 

Franklin."  » 

II                        98  8 

47 

Espyville. 

II                     1081 

132 

Oil  City. 

II                     1009 

56 

Jamestown. 

11                       97» 

149 

Titu8ville.»«» 

ii 

63 

Greenville. 

II                       961 

188 

Corry.**               Oil  Sand  Group. 

71 

77 
83 

Glarksville. 
Sharon.i'O 
Middlesex. 

<l                       894 
II                       853 

Low  Grade  Divisioa. 

II                        833 

0 

Red  Bank. »»* 

14  b. Coal  Mres.      »5i 

87 'Pulaski. 

II                       826 

16 

Leathwood. 

i<                    10  2  7 

94  Harbor  Bridge. 

II                      818 

20 

New  Bethlehem. 

i<                    10  8  0 

98  Newcastle.!  8  2 

14  a.  Conglomerat."" 

40 

Brookville. 

II                    123  5 

150!Mahonington. 

Sub-conglomerate.  '" 

56 

Reynoldsville. 

II                   1877 

151  Lawrence  Junct. 

II                       774 

70  West  Summit. 

II 

154!  Moravia. 

Conglomerate.        "" 

77  Pennfield. 

II 

156  Newport. 

l<                         811 

87  Tyler's. 

II 

157  Wampum. 

II                       8  01 

98  Grant. 

12.  Catskill.            s" 

160  Clinton. 

II                       900 

110  Driftwood. 

<>                     814 

168iHomewood. 

II                       950 

188.  HotMxoood.  Immense  sandstone  cliffs  (at  the  base  of  the  coal  mea.sure8)  wall  in  the  val  "7 
of  the  Beaver.     Homewood  Furnace.    Ferriferous  limestone  and  ore  all  around. 

189.  Erie.    Numerous  gas  wells  used  for  lighting  the  city,  heating,  rolling  iron,  etc. 

190.  Sharon.  The  Sharon  bed  as  a  'hlook  coal"  raw  fuel  for  iron  furnaces  becomes  the  great 
bed  of  Ohio;  it  is  the  lowest  workable  coal  bed ;  overlies  the  Olean  conglomerate,  which  is  the  low«>9t 
of  the  three  divisions  of  the  Pottsville  conglomerate  form&iiion.  No.  XII.  The  coal  bedisinUiA 
hill  tops. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


169 


ge. 

73i 

697 

lung. 

76i 

tS7 

loet 

lur 

merat. 

103S 

1081 

97» 

9S1 

894 

353 

833 

823 

ill 

lomerat.*" 

merate.  "' 

774 

ate. 

808 

911 

801 

900 

950 

in  the 

val^'^y 

I'es  the  great 
is  the  lowpst 
bed  la  in  m 

Ms.    AshtobuUi  and  Plttaburprh  R.  R,      Alt 

'"OPittsburgST" 


47 
57 


Lawrence  Juno. 
LowelL 

(Continued  in  Ohio.) 


14b.&o.Bar'nMre8.»*» 
14  a.  Potts.  Conglo."* 


lis 


Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh  Railroad. 


0  Pittsburgh." 
26  Rochester. 
34  Industry 
40 Smith'sFery.  >»» 

(Continued  in  Ohio.) 

Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati  and  St.  LouIb 
Railroad, 


14b.&c.Bar'uMre8'** 
14b.  Lower  CI.  Mre8'»" 

II  701 

.1  698 


0 

8 
16 
23 
32 


Pittsb'rgh**    '**il4  b.  &c.  Barren  Mres. 

Mansfield. 

Noblestown. 

Bulger."* 

Hanlon's. 


14  c.  Up.  CI.  Mres.  "» 

836 

1156 

942 


(Continued  in  Ohio.) 


Chartiers  Division. 


0 

8 

22 

81 


Pittsb'rgh.**  T4» 
Mansfield. 
Canonsburg. 
Washington.*  3  1 


14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

II  778 

II  63  s 

•I  lOSl 


Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Pittsburgh  DiTision. 


0  Pittsburgh. »»  ^si 
11  Port  Perry.  9  0 
15  McKeesport. 
22Coulter8ville. '«« 
33  West  Newton. 
40  Jacob's  Cr'k.  "» 
49  Oakdale. 
57Connell8Tille.T* 
66IndianCreek.i9» 
74  0hioPyle.i9* 
84  Confluence.  i»» 
92Pinkerton.»9« 

101  Mineral  Pt.i*^ 

109  Voder's. 

116SandPatch»9» 

126  Glencoe. 

13oHyndman.«2 

141  Cook's  Mills. 

146  Mt.  Savage  J  un. 

160  Cuml.rland,  Md, 


14  b.  &  C.Bar.  CI.  Mres. 

II  765 

"  T85 

14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 
14  b.&  c.  Bar.  CI.  Mres. 

II  84i) 

<i  894 

12,  Catskill.  »«o 

14  b.  Coal  Mres.   "3  7 

■I  1S46 

«  1649 

<•  1826 

(I 

14a.Pottsv.Congl.»28» 
12.  Catskill.  is 23 

10  Hamilton.  s" 

II  774 

II  68  7 

T.LowerHelderb'g.  88  8 


Baltimore  and  Ohio  R.  R.— OonMntMd. 
M3.    Wlu>elin«  aud  Pittfihurgh  Branch.       Alt. 

OjPitUbuigh.*' 

6'Glenwood. 

11  White  Hall. 


19 
21 
24 
84 
38 
46 
54 
70 


Gastonviile. 
Finleysville. 
Crouches. 
Zediker. 
Waahington.is* 
Taylorstown, 
W,  Alexander. 
Wheeling,  W.  Vs., 


14  b.  Barren  Mres. 

II  7  60 

14o.Up.Cl.  Mre8."«« 
<i  495 

II  914 

<l 


II 
II 
<i 


14  0.  Coal  Mres. 


986 
I'  .It 
1023 
1027 
1161 

829 


Somerset  and  Cambria  Branch. 


0 
7 
9 
13 
19 
23 
88 
86 
88 
40 
42 
46 


Johnstown. 

Ingleside. 

Border. 

Bethel. 

Hooversville. 

Stoyestown. 

Oeiger's. 

Somerset. 

Roberts. 

Millford. 

Shamrock. 

Rockwood. 


14b.Low.Cl.Mres.i»»* 
II 

i< 

i< 

14?  Barren  Mres.  *  •  •  " 

14  i    L.  Coal  Mres. 
It 

14  b.  Barren  Mres. 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Mres. 
11 

II 
Conglomerate. 


Fayette  County  liranch. 


0 
1 
2 
3 
4 
6 
12 
18 


Connelsville.  ^ »      14  0.  U.  Coal  Mres. « » * 


Gibson. 

Fayette. 

Watts, 

Dunbar.'* 

Mt,  Braddock, 

Lemont, 

Uniontown, 


14  b.  Barren  Mres. 
14  b.  L.  CoalMres.»a» 

It  991 

u  1011 

•I  1175 

14  b.  Barren Mres.»«»* 
14  c.  Up.  CI.  Mres.  «" 


Pittsburgh  Southern  Division. 


0 
3 
6 
12 
17 
21 
25 


W.  Pittsburgh. 
Banksville. 
Mt.  Lebanon. 
Castle  Shannon. 
Upper  St.  Clair. 
Library. 
Finleyville. 


14  b.  Barren  Mres. 
II 

14  c.  U.  Coal  Mres. 
II 


0 
1 
3 
4 
5 
7 
9 

10 
12 


Mt.  Pleasant. 

Stauffer. 

Iron  Bridge. 

W.  Overton. 

Everson. 

Tinatman'a. 

Morgan. 

Broadford, 

Connellsville,'* 


Mt,  Pleasant  Bvancli. 

14  b,  Bar'n  Mre8,iosl 


i<  lOS'/ 

11  1051 

14c.  U.  Coal  Mre8.»«*» 

II 

i<  1075 

II  944 


191.  SviiWa  Ferry.  Numerous  old  oil  wells  producing  a  little  from  the  conglomerate  and  sub* 
oonglomera*"- 

192.  Bulger.  Prof.  Stevenson's  "Bulger  anticlinal"  crosses  here.  The  Pittsburgh  coal  bed 
Jwiridles  through  to  a  small  bed  in  Ohio,  but  grows  thicker  southwestward  through  Washington 
county  Into  Greene  county,  as  the  new  wells  testify, 

193.  Indian  Creek.  Fine  gorge  of  the  Yoighiogheny  through  Chestnut  Ridge,  walls  1,800  feet 
h  gh.  Pulpit  rooks  of  Piedmont  sandstone  (top  member  of  Pottsville  conglomerate)  left  standing 
like  stranded  shipa  on  the  broad  summit  of  the  mountain.    Dry  oil  wells  and  old  salt  wells  in  tha 

I  floor  of  the  gorge  on  the  river  bank.    Cow  rock  on  the  southern  brow  of  the  gorge  covered  with  the 
sculptures  of  the  aborigines. 


'i 


i!  1 


€ 


Sf 


*■:,! 


W 


I 


t 


m' 


^j  1 


Rl  i 


170 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (PA.) 


Huntingdon  and  Broad  Top  Mountain 
Ms.  Hallroad.  Alt. 


0  Huntingdon. is 

7  Grafton. 
16  Coffee  Run. 
24SBZton.^o'> 
81  Hopewell.'oi 

43JEverett.»<'» 
681  Bedford." 


10  b.  Hamilton.      5^» 
10  a.  MaroelluB. 
10 b.  Hamilton.       •»» 
12.  Catskill.  x' 

ISb.Mch.  Ck.r.B.  »»» 
10 b.  Hamilton.  »»» « 
7.Lo.  Helderberg.>''«^ 


Cumberland  Valley  Railroad. 

Tib 


0 

8 
19 
80 
41 
62 
68 
74 
94 


Harrisburg. 

Mechanicsburg. 

Carlisle.!  »o 

Newville. 

Shippensb'g.«o* 

Chambers'g."" 

Greencastle. 

Hagerstown,  Md 

Martinsburg. 


Utica  Slate. 
9.  Corniferous. 
4  a.  Trenton. 


436 
477 
983 

654 
818 
98» 
ST2 

(See  Maryland.)  «»« 


u 
II 
II 
II 


South  Penn.  Branch. 


0|Chamber8b'g.'"'» 
7|Marion. 
9  So.  Penn  Junct. 
16|William8on. 

19  Lehmaster's. 

20  Mercersburg  Ju. 


22|Mercersburg. 


26  London. 
28  Richmond. 


4  a.  Trenton.  1.  s.    *  i  * 
8  a.  Calciferous. 

<l  0  3'^ 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

4  0.  Hudson  River. 

4  a.  Trenton.  1.  s. 


Harrisburg. 

Meohanioaburg. 

Dillsburg. 


Dillaburg    Branoii 


4  .i.  Trenton.  1.  8.  ^^■' 
3  a.  Calciferous.  ^^^ 
16  Trias.  »<» 


Hanover  Junction,  Hanover  and  Oettys- 
burg  Railroad^ ^^ 


0 
4 
6 
10 
13 
17 
20 
22 
26 
27 
28 
80 


Gettysburg.  2  »• 

Granite. 

Gulden's. 

Oxford. 

Valley.' » 

Hanover. 

Smith's, 

Porter's. 

Jefferson. 

Cold  Spring. 

Strickhauser's. 

Hanover  Junc.^' 


16.  Triassio. 


Trap  dike. 


9.  Corniferous. 

"      Trap  dike. 
1.  Azoio. 


2 — 4  Siluro-Cambrian. 


Ml.  Eaat  Broad  Top  Railroad,  t  o  7    aIi 


7 
11 

14 


18 


20 


Mt.  Union."  o» 


Aughwich.      »•" 

Shirley. 
Rookhill.»o« 

Beeraville. 


Three  Springs. 


Saltillo. 


TSl 


25  Coles. 


28 
31 


18S9 


Cook'a.  »»*' 

Robertsdale.»»o 


■I 


6  a.  Medina.        »»5 
8.  Oriskany. 
10  a.  Marcellus. 
10  b.  Hamilton. 

Oriskany  Ridge 

on  east. 
Hamilton  on  v, 
10  a.  Marcellus. 

<•  «:» 

11a.  Portage, 
lib.  Chemung.  >9i 
10  a.  Marcellus. 
8.  Oriskany,  cut. 

7  L.  Helderberg  1. 1. 
5  b.  Clinton  anticlin. 

f  6  Salina  &  Wat'lime. 

7.  L.  Helderberg  I,  e, 

8.  Oriskany. 
10  a.  Marcellus. 
lib.  Chemung  gap. 
12.  Catskill. 
18  a.  Pooono  tunnel. 
ISb.MauchCk.r.s. 
14  a.  Pott.  oon.  on  top 

13  b.  Mh.Ck.  r.s.E. 
"         tunnel. 

14  a.  &  14  b.  on  west. 
13b,MauchCk.r.8. 

\  14  a.  Conglomerate. 
14  b.  L.  CI.  Series.i'" 


Shade  Qap  Branch. 


Rockhill.aoo 
Shade  Gap. 


1 7  L.  Helderberg. 
1 6  b.  Clinton. 


eii 


Coming,  Cowanesque  and  Antrim  B.  B. 


0|  Coming. 
15  Lawrenceville. 
23|Tioga. 
Wellsboro. 


39 
61 


Antrim. 


11  b.  Chemung.      »<> 

II  1001 

II  1091 

II  nil 

f  14  b.  Semi-Bitumi'i 
\     Coal  Mres.    "'» 


15  Lawrenceville. 
27;£lkland. 


11  b.  Chemung.    i<><» 

II  lUt 


194.  Ohio  Pule.  Fine  Cascade.  The  whole  river  falls  over  a  horizontal  plate  of  coal  measun 
sandstone.    Wild  scenery  all  around.    Coal  bed  4  feet  thick  under  the  falls. 

195.  Confiuence.  The  Turkey  Foot.  Junction  of  the  three  great  branches  of  the  Youghiogh- 
eny.  Fort  Hill,  a  very  remarkable  oval  hill  of  coal  measures  terraced  by  coal  bed  outcrops  all  around 
as  if  artificially,  several  hundred  feet  high;  its  flat  top,  a  field  from  which  Indian  skeleton!)  hava 
been  ploughed  up  ever  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  country. 

196.  Pinkerton.  Fine  mountain  nose  full  of  coall>edsand|erraoedby  sandstone  of  the  barren 
measures. 

197.  Mineral  Point.  The  fine  isolated  Pittsburgh  coal  bed  basin  of  the  Salisbury  Ridge,  to  the  south, 
capped  with  foasiliferous  limestones  of  the  upper  coal  measures.  Romantic  falls  on  Elk  Lick  Creek 
not  far  up  from  its  mouth. 

108.    Sand  Patch.    Summitof  the  Allegheny  Mountain. 

199.  Washington.    Great  gas  and  oil  wt>lls  recently  struck  in  this  neighborhood. 

200.  SaxUm,  Turn  in  here  to  the  Broad  Top  Coal  Mines  up  Shoup's  Run.  Hotel  at  Broad  Top 
City,  as  high  as  the  top  of  the  Allegheny  Mountain.  Fine  scenery.    Curious^eology. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


171 


Intrlm  B.  R. 


lemung, 
« 

9il 

looa 

« 

lOJJ 

II 

till 

Semi-Bitumi'8 

il  Mres. 

1(71 

of  coal  measun 

the  Youghiogh- 
tcrops  all  around 
a  BkeletoDH  have 

)ae  of  the  barreD 

dge,  to  the  south, 
I  Elk  Lick  Creek 


tel  at  Broad  Top 


hornlngt  Cowenesqn*  A  Antrim  R.  R.- 

^g,  Pino  Creek  Dlvisioa. 


•Con. 
Alt. 


[figCorning,  N.  Y. 
93  Stokesville  Ju. 
|97|Mat8on'8. 
101  AnBonia. 
110  Tindaghton. 
il8Blackwell8."i 
123  Cednr  Run. 
[28  Slate  Run. 
IBS'Ross. 
l34Camraal."» 
136  Miller's. 
IBP'Jersey  Mills. 
143|Waterville.2i3 

146  Ramsey's. 
SsiiSafe  Harbor. 
155  Jersey  Shore.' 0 


157 
tl64 
168 
171 


CementHol'w.«»4 

Linden. 
Newberry  Ju. 
Williamsport.2« 


12  Catskill. 
II 

II 

11  b.  Chemung. 

12  Catskill. 

II 

II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
11 
II 
II 

7  L.  Helderberg. 
II 
11 
11 
<i 


1170 

1181 

99» 
875 
802 


893 

855 
834 

eoe 

595 
867 
511 
508 


Addison  &  Northern  Fenna.  Ky. 


Oi  Addison. 

s' Freeman's. 
lliNelson. 
14Elkland. 
16:Osceola. 
I  2l{Knoxville. 
25  Cowenesque. 
27|We8tfield. 
Sl'SabinesTille. 
82Summit 
35;Davis. 
41  Gaines. 
46  Qaleton. 


11  b,  Chemung. 
ii 


993 


II 
M 
II 


12  Catskill. 
II 

11  b.  Chemung. 

II 

12  Catskill. 

<i 


Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co. 


OCarbondale. 

7|Jermyn. 
13]Dickson. 
IB.Scranton. 


14  b.  Anthra. 

Measures. 
II 


II 
<i 


Coal 

1079 
968 

789 


Delaware  &  Hudaou  Canal  Co.— Cbn. 
Ms.  OraTity  R.  R.  Alt. 


Carbondale. 
Head  Plane, 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


<i 
II 
II 

II 
II 


Honeadalo. 


14b.An.  Cl.Mres.ioi* 
Carboniferous,      > » » » 
Conglonmerate, 
Mauoh  Chunk, 
and  Pooono. 


12  Catskill. 


12»t 
1»94 

177T 
1»88 
19>1 

1887 

looa 


Bangor  and 

0  Portiand.  " 

2  Mt.  Bethel. 

5  Johnsonville. 

0  Bangor. 
10  Flicksville. 
13  Ackermanville. 
IG  Pen  Argyl. 
19  Miller. 
23  Stockertown. 
24]Tataray. 
26;Nazareth. 


Portland   Ry. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 
II 

M 
M 
II 
l( 
II 
<l 


4  a  Trenton. 


Beech  Creek,  Clearfield  aud  South 
Weatern  Railroad. 


0 
16 
18 
24 
27 
31 
37 
41 
46 
49 
63 
59 
62 
fiC 
73 


76 
81 
85 

89 


Philipaburg. 

Peale. 

Gorton  Heights. 

SnowShoe  Sum'it. 

Snow  Shoe. 

South  Fork. 

Panther  Run. 

Hayes. 

Monument. 

Mapes. 

Beech  Creek. 

Mill  Hall. 

Lock  Haven.'* 

Wayne. 

Jersey  Shore.'" 


Larry's  Creek. 
Linden. 

Newberry  Juc. 
Newberry. 
Williamsport.'* 


14  b.  Bar'n  Mres.»*»» 

14  b  Low  Coal  Mres. 
II 

«  1617 

« 

Conglomerate. 
II 

Sub-Conglomerate. 
12  Catskill. 
11  b  Chemung. 
t  h.  Helderberg. 


816 


II 
M 


S7« 


897 


10  b.  Hamilton. 
II 

7  L.  Helderberg. 


201.  Hopewell,  Juniata  flows  in  the  red  shale  under  cliffs  of  couglomerate  on  one  side  and  a 
iPocono  panastone  (terrace)  mountain  on  the  other.  Iron  works.  Fine  section  up  Yellow  Creek  into 
■Morrison's  Cove.    Oreat  outcrop  of  Hamilton  limonite. 

202.  Everett.  Long  outcrop  of  Clinton  fossil  ore.  Beautiful  turnpike  carriage  drive,  south, 
|aloDg  the  river,  and  over  Wray's  Hill,  with  wonderful  sections  of  contorted  Catskill  all  the  way. 

203.  Drxfton,    The  extensive  coal  mines  of  Hon.  Eckley  B.  Cox,  aie  clustered  around  Drifton. 
201.    Shippeneburg.    Five  miles  due  east  is  a  great  spring  rising  at  the  south  end  of  the  lime- 

|fitone,  and  foot  of  the  mountain ;  the  head  of  Yellow  Breeches  Creek. 

205.  Chambersburg.  Back-setof  the  mountains  to  the  east  and  cross  fault  along  the  turnpike 
Ito  Gettysburg.  A  mile  or  so  south  of  thi>  turnpike  immense  old  limonite  ore  banks  (Pond  Bank, 
|etc.)in  which  kaolin  and  lignite  deposits  occur  like  those  of  Brandon  in  Vermont.  Five  miles  ftir- 
Ither  south,  in  the  foot  slope  of  the  mountain,  are  the  Mont  Alto  ore  banks.  Back  of  Mont  Alto  in 
|the  mountains  are  magnetic  ore  beds,  porphory  rocks,  copper  ores. 

206.  Qettyiburg.  «Ro  'nd  Top,"  "Cemetery  Hill,"  "Macfarlane's  Hill"  and  "Gulp's  Hill,"  forming 
Ithe  ridge  on  which  the  Union  Army  fought  the  great  battle  of  Gettysburg,  July  2a  and  3d,  1863,  are 
■all  trap  dikes.  Good  place  to  study  trap  dikes.  Scenery  beautiful  and  mil  of  historical  interest. 
■(See  description  of  Tnasaic  formation  in  Report  C  and  C2.) 


Wliir 


!;';■)  i" 


!     »\ 


172 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (PA.) 

Ms.  'WllIlamsportA  North  Branch  B.B.  Alt. 

;Ms.    Cataaauqua  and  FoglesvlUe  B.  R.^ 

Williamsport.a* 

7  Lower  Helderberg. 

0 

Catasauqua.12^ 

3  a  Calciferous.     >ii 

0 

Halls. 

«                       512 

8 

Seiples. 

«                   Ui 

2 

Pennsville. 

10  a  Marcellus. 

5 

Guth's. 

«                     4,1 

8 

Lime  Ridge. 

7  Lower  Helderberg. 

6 

Walbert. 

"                      5SI 

4 

Opp's  Cross. 

« 

9 

Chapman. 

"                      541 

6Hughsville. 

10  b.  Hamilton.       ss" 
lib.  Chemung 

12 
14 

Trexlertown. 

"                      411 

8~ 

jisryan. 

Breinigsville. 
Lichty. 

9 

Picture  Rocks. 

12Cat8kill.              66  T 

17 

10 
11 

Lyon  Saw  Mill. 
Tivoli. 

lib.  Chemug 
« 

13 

Spring  Creek. 

«                      3i| 

13 
14 

Corson. 
Glen  Mawr. 
Edkins. 

12  Catskill. 
« 

16 
20 

Alburtis. 
Rittenh'seGp.ai* 

"                      41! 

Azoic.                     9« 

16 

Cornwall  &  Liebanon  &  Colebrook 

17 

Strawbridge. 

« 

Talley  Ballroads. 

19 

Stroups. 
Muncy  Vy. 

20 

0 

Concwago. 

16  Trias. 

22 

Sonestown. 

•<                        945 

1 
2 

Mt.  Venion. 
Aberdeen. 

(( 

(( 

Bells  Gap  B.  B. 

3 
5 

Beverly. 
Bellair. 

IC 

0 

Bells  Mills.  I » 

10  a  Marcellus.     loso 

« 

2 

Root's. 

lib.  Chemung.     ^2 

7 

Flag. 

<( 

4 

Collier  Siding. 

12  Catskill.            164  2 

8 

Roseland. 

« 

6 

Shaw  Run. 

13  a  Pocono. 

10 

Colebrook. 

<i 

6 

Look  Out. 

Conglomerate.      »9*» 

12 

Mt.  Gretna. 

(t 

7 

RhododendronPk 

i( 

16 

Cold  Spring. 

i< 

8 

Uoydsville. 

14b.L.Cl.  Mres.  2»8o 

16 

Cornwall. 

3  a  Calciferous.     <«> 

13 

Mountaindale. 

«                     196S 

19 

Midway. 

<( 

16 

Glascow. 
Irvooa. 

"                     17  7  2 

22 

Lebanon.^*! 

»                        Ut 

25 

^p    ■                     #                 ^w       V  V                  ^i^        ft  V                      V 

Ugonler  Valley  Bailroad. 

Bradford,  Eldred  and  Cuba  and  Bradford, 

Bordell  and  Kinzua  Ballroads. 

OLatrobe.2* 

14  c.  U.  CI.  Mres.iao' 

3  Kingston. 
lljLigonier. 

14  b.  Barren  Mres. 

0 

Bradford,  m 

m        1 

11  b  Chemung. 

14  b.  L.  CI.  Mreg.in 

Taylor. 

12  Catskill. 

9 

Kinzua  Jc. 

13  a  Pocono. 

Meadvllle  Sc  Jjlnesvllle  B.  B. 

Van  Vlicka. 
Simpsons. 
Ormsbys. 
Smethport. 

u 

0 

Meadville. 

Oil  Saad  Group. 

Carbonif.  Cong. 
Catskill  and  Chemung, 
lib  Chemung. 

1 
8 

7 

Kerrtown. 
Mercer  Pike. 

Wafann  Run 

Sub  Conglomerate. 
« 

"24 

Eldred. 

9  West  Vernon. 

40,  Bolivar. 

« 

12  Conneaui  Lake. 

«<                    lOJJ 

56: 
0 

Wellsville. 

11 
11  b  Chemung. 

16  Harmonsburg. 
16Gehrtou. 

Cuba. 

21 
42 

Bolivar. 

14  bL.  Coal  Mres. 

17  Shermansville. 

Richburg. 

21 

LinesviUe. 

«                    lOlt 

207    See  Report  F.  of  the  second  geological  survey. 

208.  JUL  Union.  Jack's  Mountain  on  the  west,  5  a.  Medina,  with  6  b.  Clinton  fo8!>ii  oro  on  in 
flanks.  Blue  Ridge,  5  a.  Medina  in  the  distance  on  the  east.  End  of  Chestnut  Ridge,  southeast  from 
station,  compo«ea  of  Lewiston  on  9  Upper  Helderberg  limestone  and  8  Oriskany  Handstone. 

209.  Eoek  Mill.  On  the  east,  Blacklog  Mountain,  5  a.  Medina.  Shade  Mountain  also  Medini. 
Blacklog  valley  between  them,  is  anticlinal  Chazy  and  Trenton  limestone. 

210.  RoberUdale.  Coal  openings  on  both  sides  of  the  railroad.  The  two  upper  seams  worked, 
the  lower  seam  not  worked. 

211.  Blackweila.  Third  Basin  crosses  about  one  and  a  half  miles  north.  Flagstone  quarry. 
The  Terminal  Mersiue  crosses  this  road  near  the  station.  A  quarter  of  a  mile  below  the  month  of 
Babb's  Creek.  A  hill  covered  with  ooulders  on  the  west  side  of  Pine  Creek,  rises  100  feet  above  the 
creek.  No  similar  accumulation  occurs  below  this  point.  The  creek  flows  in  a  deep  gorge  between 
nearly  vertical  clitfs  of  Catskill  sandsiune.  H.  C.  Lewis. 

212.  Cnmmal.    Second  Basin  crosses  near  thi   station.  A.  Habdt,  C.  E. 

213.  WatervtUe.    First  Basin  crosses  near  here.  A.  H. 

214.  Ctment  Hollow,   Cement  was  produced  here  years  ago.  A.  H. 


•A.) 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


178 


8villeB.R.  All 


Iciferous. 

jfi 

Hi 

491 

55) 

Ml 

411 

Sil 

Hi 

9t) 

b  Colebrook 
ids. 

ias. 
« 

« 
« 


(i 
alciferous.     ««i 


illroad. 


U.  CI.  Mres.io" 
Barren  Mres. 
L.  CI.  Mres."« 

lUe  B.  B. 

1  Group. 

!onglomerate. 
(( 

u 


1081 


lOt! 


on  fossil  oroonits 
ge,  southea.^tfrom 
nandstone. 
Qtain  also  Medini 

Der  seams  worked, 

Flagstone  quarry. 
low  the  month  of 
100  feet  above  the 
Sep  gorge  between 
C.  Lewis. 
Habdt,  C.  E. 
A.  H. 
A.H. 


i^,     Plilla.,  Newtown  &  N.  Y.,  B.  B.    Ait, 


"OiPhiladelphia. 
8'Fox  Chase. 
|l2iHuntingtop  V'y. 
|l6!  County  Line. 
|l6'Southamton. 

ItChurchville. 

19' Holland. 
fc?.,  Newtown. 


1  Azoic. 


« 


16  Trias. 


190 
117 

289 
184 

144 


York  &  f  eachbottom  B.  B. 


Ol'ork. 

TiDallastown. 

9  Red  Lion. 
14Felton. 
18  Laurel, 

21  Muddy  C'k  F'ks. 
27  Woodbine. 
40  Peachbottom. 


3  0.  Calciferous 
Chlorite  Schists. 
1  Azoic. 


36  1 
657 
9  00 
536 
411 
366 
394 

4c.  lxudsonRiv.(?)ii8 


« 
« 
« 


Harrlsburg:  &  Potomac  B.  B. 


0|Shippen8b'g.2O4 
s'Leosburg. 
7'Jacksonville. 
9  Haj'sgrove. 

11  Doner's. 

12  Huntzdale. 
14  Moore's  Mill. 
It  Bamitz. 

I9  Mt.Hor.y  Springs 
feOGt.&Har.Cros'g, 
ii  Boiling  Springs. 
B5  Leidigh's. 
67  Brandtsville. 
|9  Mech.&  Dill's  Jc. 
Bowmandalo. 


3  a.  Calciferous  Lime. 


« 

« 

« 
(t 
« 

« 
« 
(I 
« 
« 


Alont  Alto  B.  B. 


Waynesboro. 

Price's  Church. 

Nunnery. 

Quincy, 

Zion. 
elAltodale. 
7|lnter8ection, 
9  Mt.  Alto. 


5 


Fayetteville. 
Font  Hill. 
Ww'dstock. 
Brookside. 
Junction. 
ChambersV  g.»°» 


3  a.  Calciferous.    "o" 


see 


715 


Tl4 


4  a.  Trenton  Lime. 


Ma.        Lehigh  &  Lackawanna  K.  B. 


ilt. 


0 

Bethlehem,  lae 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

4 

Shimer. 

« 

5 

Ritter. 

« 

7 

Broadhead. 

i( 

8 

Steuben. 

<< 

10 

Clyde. 

« 

12 

Bath. 

4  a.  Trenton  Lime. 

16 

Chapman. 

4  c.  Hudson  Riv.  Slate. 

17 

Point  Phillips. 

« 

20 

Katellen. 

« 

22 

Horn's  Springs. 

t< 

26 

Wind  Gap. 

« 

27 

Pen  Argyle. 

<t 

28 

Hulls. 

<i 

29  Bangor  Junction. 

« 

30i  Bangor. 

« 

New  York,  Susquehanna  &  Western  B.  B. 

98 

Del.Wat'rG'p.116 

5.  b.  Clinton 

102 

Stroudsburg.ii? 

10  a.  Marcellus. 

106 

Gravel  Place. 

<i 

BufD&lo,  Bochester  and  Pittsburgh  B.  B, 


107  Bradford  Juno. 
120  Limestone. 

122  Babcock. 

123  Kendall. 
124!Bradford.»i» 
127! Custer  City. 


11  b.  Chemung. 


129 


174 
182 

189 
192 

195 
200 
204 


214 


Howard  Jo. 


Clarion  Junction. 
Whistletown. 
Ridgway. 
Carmon. 
Short's  Mill. 
Forestville. 
Brockwayville. 
Lane's  Mills. 
Beech  Tree  Ju. 
Grove  Summit. 
Falls  Creek. 
206  iDu  Bois. 
Carlisle. 
Sykes. 
Cramer. 
Bells  Mills. 

228  Punxsutawney. 

229  Clayville. 
231  Walston. 


Sub-Conglomerate. 


Conglomerate. 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Mrea. 


14  b.  Barren  Mies. 


« 


216.   Riitenhouse  Gap.    Magnetic  iron  is  mined  along  the  terminus  of  this  road.    The  ore  i« 
ed  by  the  Crane  and  'Thomas  iron,  companiet. 

216.   ShtffiM.    The  Hague  gaa  well  is  located  one  and  a  half  miles  east  of  the  town  and  is  ona 
the  most  remarkable  gas  welis  in  Pa.    fSee  f'arll  s  report  on  Warren  County,  1 4.) 
^217.   Cheittton,   Good  Bvologloal  headquarters  for  studying  XIII  in  hills  and  XII  along  wild 
rge  of  Connoquenatflipg  River.  I.  C.  w. 

I  218.    Fottfimtown.    In  vioinitjr  of  Youngstown  the  Sharon  coal  which  comes  near  the  base  of  XII 
V  be  studiea. 

219.  Ra^tw.    Near  this  is  the  celebrated  Thorn  Creek  cil  district,  which  has  fUrnished  the 
gest  wells  in  America,  one,  the  Boyd  and  Semple  putting  out  9,000  barrels  the  first  24  hours. 

I.  C.  Wbiti. 


m 


i 


l> 

1 '  ' 

-'^'•rl 

!    ■    '    1 

■"( 

M 


174 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILW.iY  GUIDE.    (PA.) 


Ms. 


SharpsTille  R.  B. 


Alt. 


6 

Sharpsville. 

Sub-conglomerate. 

8 

Mt.  Hickory. 

Conglomerate. 

4 

Hermitage. 

6 

Oakland. 

.    6 

Summit. 

7 

Neshannock. 

9 

Lackawan'ck  Jc. 

12 

Lyle. 

16 

New  Wilmington. 

17 

Wilmington  Jc. 

Tlonesta  Valley   R.  R. 


0 

6 

10 

18 

19 


Sheffield  Junct. 

Brookston. 

Donaldson. 

Sheffield.216 

Garfield. 


13  a.  Pocono. 


Carbonif.  Conglom. 


3f ew  York,  Pittsburgh  &  Chicago  R.  R. 


0 

New  Galilee. 

14  b. 

Low.  CI.  Mres. 

8 
6 

Darlington. 
Cannelton. 

9 
12 

Negley. 
Mill  Rock. 

14 

Rogersville. 

Pittsburgh  &  Castle  Shannon  R.  R. 

iTb 


OiPittsburgh.^s 
9! Castle  Shannon 


Barren  Mres. 
14  c.  U.  Coal  Mres. 


Pittsburgh  &  Lake  £rie  R.  R.  * 


0  Pittsburgh.  2  5 

5  Chartiers. 

6  McKee's  Rocks. 

7  Davis  Island. 

11  Moon  Run. 

12  Montour  Jc. 

13  Middletown. 
14'Lashell. 
15! Stoop's  Ferry. 


17 
18 
19 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 

28 
29 
81 
82 
34 
86 
40 


Shousetown. 

Shannopin. 

West  Economy. 

Woodlawn. 

Alliquippa. 

Logstown, 

Stobe. 

Kiasola. 

Monaca. 

Phillipaburg. 

Beaver. 

Bridgewater. 

Fallston. 

Brrghton. 

Beaver  Falls. 

College. 

Home  wood.  1" 

Clinton. 

Rock  Point. 


i4  b.  Barren  Mres.  '^o 

«  T2i3 

l4v.  Mahoning  8.  8.' 2 6 

it  7  25 

«<  718 

•<  718 

««  722 

««  716 

U  719 

««  761 

14  b.  L.  CI.  Mres.  "^ 

«  76  5 

<i  742 

«i  756 

n  752 

«  7  52 

««  75  2 

•«  751 

X  752 

<»  752 

««  730 

u  719 

14  a.  Conglomer.  '22 

14  a.  Top  of  XII.  7*0 

Middle  of  XII.  »»<> 

Lower  half  of  XIL^^^ 

i<  754 

«  754 


Ms.  Pittsburgh  Sc  Lake  Erie  ^R.  R.— Con.  ^ 


43 
44 
46 
j49 
T2 

60 
64 

57 
59 
62 
68 


Wampum. 

Newport. 

Moravia. 

New  Castle  Jc. 
New  Castle.i8  2~ 


Mahoningtown. 
Edenburg.       793 
Carbon. 

Lowellsville,  0. 
Struthers. 
Youngstown.  218 


Lower  half  of  XII.  nil 
Basal  portion  XII.  f!i  | 

Base  of  XII.      ni  | 
« 

"  iii  I 

13  d.  Cuyahoga  Shall 

"  >ii 

«  ill  I 

"  SI! 

« 


Pittsburgh,   McKeesport  &  Yuughlogheni 
Railroad. 


0 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 

11 

12 
13 
16 
19 
22 
25 
28 
33 
38 
40 
46 
54 
56 
57 
68 


Pittsburgh.  2  5 
Hayes. 
Homestead. 
City  Farm. 
Rankin. 
Braddock. 
Bessemer. 
Port  Perry.  9  0 
Saltsburg. 
Demmler. 
McKeesport.  8  0 
Boston. 
Greenock. 
Stringtown. 
Scott  Haven. 
AVest  Newton. 
Port  Royal. 
Jacob's  Creek. 
Layton. 

Dickerson  Run. 
P-road  Ford  Jc. 
Broad  Ford. 
New  Haven. 


14  b.  Barren  Mres.' 


(I 


<i 

« 
It 


14  c.  U.  CI.  Mreg, 


;!i 

Ml 


" 
lit 

•(1 

ih\ 

nil 

:ii 

rill 
;ii| 
;iil 

'"I 
111  I 

1:1 1 


It 
tt 


Montour  Railroad. 


0|  Montour  June. 
11  [Imperial. 


14  b.  Barren  Mres."'" 
t( 


Pittsburgh,  Chartiers  &  Tougliloghen;  { 
Railroad. 


0  Pittsburgh.  2  » 
6  Chartiers. 

12  Mansfield. 

15  Bower  Hill. 

20  Beechmont. 


14  b.  Barren  Mres, 


t< 
it 


14  c.  U.  Coal  Mres. 


Pittsburgh  St  Western  R.  R. 


0  Allegheny.  7  8 

3  Bennett. 

5  Sharpsburg. 

9|Elfinwild. 
14Wildwood. 
16  Gibsonia. 


14  b.  Barren  Mres, 


14  b.  L.  Coal  Mres. 
i( 

14  b.  Barren  Mres. 


•By  Prof.  I.  C.  White,  U.  S.  Geologist. 


•halfofXin« 
portion  XII.  tii 


Cuyahoga  Shall 


b  Youghlogheii 


Barren  Mres.'" 


Barren  Mres," 


».  Barren  Mres, 


:.  U.  CoalMres. 

tern  R.  B. 

ir  Barren  Mres. 
<( 
<( 

).  L.  Coal  Mres, 
« 

).  Barren  Mres. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 


176 


B'K.  R.— Con.  All  H 


Ms.  Pittsburgh  &  Western  B.  B.— Con.    Alt. 

18 

20 

25 

28 

32 

33 

43 

45 

61 

64 
_57 

60 


Bakerstown. 

Valencia. 

Callory  Jc. 

Evans  City. 

Harmony. 

Zelienople. 

North  Sewickley. 

Wurtemburg. 

Chewton.ai^ 

Moravia. 

New  Castle  Jc. 


New  Castle.  1"  2 


58 

62 

67 

_75 

25 
33 
40 
48 
53 
57 
68 
62 
67 
70 
74 


91 

95 

1100 


Maboningtown. 
Edenburg. 
Lowell  ville,  0. 
Youngstown.^i* 


U.  CI.  T'Ires.  '•'■=l 


Gallery  Jc. 

Renfrew. 

Butler. "  9 

St.  Joe. 

Millerstown. 

Karns. 

Petrolia. 

Bruin. 

Parker. 

Foxburg. 

St.  Petersburg. 

Turkey. 

Knox. 

Shippenville. 

Clarion  Jc. 

Clarion. 


Arthurs. 


14  b.  Barren  Mres. 


14  b.  Low.  Coal  Mres. 
« 


14  a.  Comglom. 


Sub-conglomerate . 


14  b.  Barren  Mres. 
14  b.  L.  Coal  Mres. 


Conglomerate. 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Mres. 


« 


Ms.    Pittsburgh  St  Western  R.  B.— Con.  Alt 


101 
107 
120 
135 
158 
157 
164 


Lucinda. 

Tylersburg. 

Warrensville. 

Sheffield  Jc. 

Kane. 

Kanesholm. 

Mt.  Jewett. 


14  b.  Low.  Coal  Mres. 

Conglomerate. 
(I 

ft 
Coal  Measures 


Waynesburg  &  Washington  R.  R. 


0 

6 

7 

9 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

23 

26 

29 


Waynesburg. 

Sycamore. 

Swart. 

Deer  Lick. 

West  Union. 

Dunn. 

Lindley's  Mills. 

Hackney. 

Johnson. 

Luellen. 

Baker. 

McCracken. 

Vankirk. 

Braddock. 

Wa.  bington.iBo 


14.  C.Greene  Co. Group, 
14  c.  U.  Coal  Mres. 


« 

K 
<< 
i< 
<t 
<( 
« 


« 
(( 

l< 
IC 


Toughiogheny  R.  R. 


Irwins. 

Shaft  No.  2. 

Chambers. 

McGrew's. 

Millville. 

Cowans. 

Marchands. 

Sewickley. 


14c.  U.CoalMres.ss* 


« 


99S 

1082 

981 

867 

78t 
78a 


Mineral    Localities. 

|The  following  notes  are  taken  from  a  list  of  Mineral  Localities  sent  to  the  editor  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Wilcox,  of  Media,  Pennsylvania,  one  of  the  Commisisiouers  of  the  Seconc"  Geological  Sur- 
vey. 

P.  W.  tt  B.  R.  R.    Swarthmore.    At  Avondale  quarries,  one  mile  south.  Garnets  and  Tourma- 
|line ;  one  mile  north,  Andalusite. 

Media.    At  Blue  Hill,  two  miles  north,  Green  Quartz,  Chrysotile.     In  Upper  Providence,  An- 
|dalu9ite,  Stellate,  Antophyllite,  Amethyst,  Asbestos,  Actinolite. 

EliBijn.    In  Middletowu,    Actinolite,  Green  Feldspar,  Corundum,  Chromic  Iron,  Moonstone, 
Bunstone. 

Bridgewater.    Sphene. 

Morgan.   Amethyst,  Corundum. 

Rockdale.    Amethyst,  Asbestos. 

Concord.    Two  miles  south,  in  Green's  Creek,  Garnet  (so-called  Pyrope).    Garnet  mined  as  a 
Isubstitiite  for  emery. 

Fairville.    Mica  in  large  crystals. 

Rising  Sun  Station.    Near  New  Texas  in  Lancaster  Co.,  Chromic  Iron  has  been  largly  mined. 
|Brueite,'Ripidolite,  Picrolite,  Emerald,  Nickel,  Williamsite,  Genthite. 

Brandywint  Summit.    Two  miles  southwest.  Kaolin   mines.    Near  Elam,  Garnet,  Mica,  Felcl- 
|spar. 

Moore's,    Near  Moore's  Ferry,  Kyamite. 

Chester  Station.    In  Leiperville  quarries,  Garnet,  Beryl,  Feldspar,  Tourmaline,  Pink  Zoi^te, 
iMica. 

Ntwport.    At  Brandy  wine  Springs,  Fibrolite. 

West  Chetter.    Two  miles  south  at  Brinton's  quarry,  Clinochlore,  Jeiferisite,  Oligoclase.    Ser- 
Ipentine  is  largely  quarried  there. 

I      Wilmington  and  Northern  B.  R.    Hall's.    One  mile  and  a  half  southwest.  Corundum  mines, 
iDiaspore,  Marearite,  Garnet,  Feldspar,  Tourmaline. 

I     P.  R.  R.  Gap  Station,  Laneasttr  Co.    Gap  mine  four  miles,  MiUerite,  Siderite,  Chalcopyrite, 
IPyrrolite  (niecofiferous.) 


'■<'i 

:  It 


I 

r 


n     lM|l|)fs^^;f!2 

1  Wit"-^ 

■    !V  r  ■  ■■' 

176 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


OHIO. 


'-'m- 


Ohio.* 

QEOLOQICAL    FORMmTIONS    FOUND    IN    OHIO. 


Groups. 


20.   QUATEBNART. 


14.  Coal  Measurbs 

AND 

conqloherate 
Coals. 


14.  Conglomerate 
(in  part). 


13.  Sub-Carboniwr- 
ocs  Limestone. 


13.  Waverlt. 


11.  Ohio  (Black) 
Shale. 


10.  Hamilton. 


Ohio  Sub-Divisions. 


20  c.  Stra'Jfied  Drift. 

Terraces,  9tc,,  Valley 
Drift,  Karnes,  Osars,  9iQ. 

20  b.  Forest  Bed  (local). 

20  a.  Boulder  Clay,  Till., 

Erie  Clay. 


'14  c.  Upper  Barren  Measures. 
14  e.  Upper  Productive  " 
14  b.  Lower  Barren         " 
14  a.  and  b.  Lower  Productive 

and  Conglomerate  Coal 

Measures. 


]  14  a.  Sharon  Conglomerate. 


13  f.  Maxville  Limestone. 


13  e.  Logan  Group,  Olive 

Shales,  Logan  Sandstone, 
Waverly  Conglomerate. 

13  d.  Cuyahoga  Shale. 

13  c.  Berea  (or  Waverly)  Black 
Shale. 

13  b.  Berea  Grit. 

L 13  a.  Bed  ford  Shale. 


( 11  c.  Cleveland  Shale. 

^  11  a.  and  b.  Erie  Shale. 

( 10  c.  and  11  a.  Huron  Shale. 


10  b.  Hamilton  Shale. 
Olentangy  Shale. 


9,  COBNIFEROUS. 


&  7.  Watkrlimx. 


j  9  b.  Delaware  Limestone, 
i  9  a.  Columbus  Limestone. 


6.  Salina. 


6.  Niagara. 


4.  HtDsoM  River 
or  Cjkcinmati. 


6  and  7.  Waterlime. 


6.  Salina  Shales  &  Plaster  Beds. 


'5h.  Hillsboro'  Sandstone. 
5 St.  Cedarville  Limestone. 
5f.  Springfield  Limestone. 
5  9.  West  Union  Limestone. 
5d.  Niagara  Shale. 
5  c.  Dayton  Limestone. 
9  b.  Clinton  Limestone. 
9  a.  Medina  Shale. 


4  0.  Lebanon  Beds. 
4  b.  Cincinnati  Beds. 
4  a.  Pti  Pleasant  Beds. 


Equival^ts  in  otbbr  States. 


Coal  Measures  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Conglomerate 
Coals. 


Sharon  Conglomerate    of 
Pennsylvania. 


Chester  Limestone,  Illinois. 


IShenango  Sandstone  in  part, 
Pennsylvania. 

j  Marshall  Group,  Michigan. 

/  Crawford  Shales,  Pa. 

]  Orangeville  Shale    in  part, 

)      Pennsylvania. 

j  Pithole  Grit,  or  Third  Mouo- 

I      tain  Sand,  Pennsylvania. 


!  Chemung,   Portage,   and 
Genesee,  of  New  York. 

j  Hamilton  Group,  New  York 
}      (in  part). 


MarcelluB  Shale,  Comiferous 
and  Onondaga  Limestones 
of  New  York. 


Waterlime  and  L.   Helder- 
berg,  New  York.  


Salina  Group,  New  York. 


Guelpb,  Canada. 


<  Niagara  Group,  New  York. 

Clinton  Group,  New  York. 
Medina  Sandstone,  New  York. 


Hudson  River  and  Utica 
Shale  of  New  York. 


*  In  the  first  edition  this  cliapter  was  furnished  by  Dr.  .T.  8.  Newberry,  the  State  Geologist  at 
that  time.   It  has  been  very  much  enlarged  for  this  edition,  the  new  railroads  added,  the  whole  cwet' 


ifi 


I 


I 


■U1 


'vn 


I 


\ 


M 


t     i 


178 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (OHIO.) 


Ma.  I  Ashtabnla  and  Pittobnrc  Railroad. 


0 
1 
8 
18 
16 
84 
89 
84 
40 
46 
SO 

65 

60 
66 
68 


L.S.&M.S.R. 

Ashtabula. 

Auatinburg. 

Eaglerille. 

Rock  Creek. 

Orwell. 

Bloomfield. 

Briatolville. 

Champion. 

Warren. 

Niles. 

Girard. 

Youngstown. 

Struthers. 

Lowell. 


R. 


Bellalrct  ZaoesTllie  and  Cincinnati  B.  H. 

Mx.  I  In  driftless  region. 


11.  Erie  Shale. 


680 


"  &  18.  Waver. 
18  e.  Waverly. 


18  d.      "  «6« 

14  a.  Conglomerate.^" 
j  18  Wav.,  14  a.  Congl., 
J  14  b.  Coal  Meas.»»» 
Ua.Con.&Cl.Meas.^e" 
14  b.  Coal  Measures. 


Baltimore  and  Ohio  and  Chicago  RalU 
road  (B.  Sc  O.  R.  R.). 


0 
8 
16 
24 
80 
SI 
44 
60 
62 
14 
88 
94 


Chicago  June. 

Attica. 

Republic. 

Tiffin. 

Bascom. 

Fostoria. 

Bloomdale. 

New  Baltimore. 

Oeshler. 

Holgate. 

Defiance. 

Delaware. 


9.  Comif.  &  10.  Huron. 

9.  Corniferous. 

6.  Niag.  &  7.  Held.  "» 

5.  Niagara. 

6.  Niag.  &  7.  Helderb'g. 

7.  Helderberg. 

10  c.  Huron  Shale,  ^o" 


StraltsTlUe,  Somerset  and  Newark  R.  R. 


0 
9 

17 


88 
48 


Newark. 
Avondale. 

Glenford. 

Wellana. 

Bristol. 

Shawnee. 


13e.  Waverly.  ««! 

14  b.  Coal  Measures, 
j  13  s.  and  c.  Limestone 
I      and  14  a.  Congl. 


(14  b.  C 
<  tanni 
(    5  am 


Coal  Meas.,  Kit- 
tanning  Seams,  Nos. 
and  6.  ^s" 


12 


Bellaire. 


Bethel. 
33  Jerusalem. 
42{Woodsfield. 
49:LewisTille. 
69,Summerfield. 
77  Caldwell. 
88  Cumberland. 


110  Zanesville. 


fl.4    c.   Upper   Prod. 
Meaa.     Pittsburg 
Seam,  No.  8.    6" 
14  c.  Up.  Barren  Ileas. 


4t 
U 
U 


14  b.  Low.  Barr.  Meas. 
'The  Sewickly  coal 
mined  near  known  as 
Cumberland  Seam. 
14  b.  Low.  Prod, 
Meas.,  Kittan.  Coals, 
Nos.  6  and  6.      '" 


Central  Ohio  Railroad  (B.  Sc  O.  R.  R.). 


0  Baltimore,  Md. 
37«  Bellaire. 
386  Glencoe. 

396  Belmont. 

I 

403  Barnesville. 

413SaleBville. 

428  Cambridge. 

437  Concord. 
447!Sonora. 

464 1  Zanesville. 

468'piea8ant  Valley. 
470;B]ack  Hand. 
480|Newark.i 
486  Union, 
496 


604 


613 


Pataskala. 

Taylor's. 

Columbua. 


j  14  c.  C'l  Meaa.  Pitts- 
I  burg  S'm,  No.  8. «" 

14  c.  Coal  Meas.  Up. 
'  Barren  Measures, 
y  14  c.  Coal  Meas.,Se. 
(  wickly  Seam,  No.  86. 
14  c.  Coal  Measure, 
j  14  c.  Coal  Meas.,  Up, 
(    Freeport  S'm,  No- 7. 

u 

(  14  c.  Coal  Mea?.  Kit. 
I    S'ms,  Nos.  6&6.'" 
13  0. 
13  e.  Waverly. 


13  d. 


8!1 


11  c.  Hur.  &  13a.i 
b.  Waverly. 
9.  Comif.,  10.  Ham., 
11.  Ohio  Shale. '^« 


fully  revised,  and  about  fifty  foot-notes  appended  by  Professor  Edward  Orton,  the  present  State 
Geologist.  Several  additional  glacial  notes  are  by  Rev.  G.  Frederick  Wright,  of  Oberlin,  one  of  the 
United  States  Geologists,  who  has  been  engaged  under  Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlain  in  malcing  a  special 
■nrvey  of  the  terminal  moraine  through  Ohio,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  Illinois.  His  notes  are  signed 
G.  r.  W.,  and  all  the  other  notes  are  by  Professor  Orton  except  No.  62.  J.  M. 

1.  Newark.    Glacial  boundary  at  Newark.    G.  F.  W. 

2.  Chicago  and  Atlantic  Railway.    Route  heavily  covered  with  drift. 

3.  Marion.    Fine  exposures  of  limestone  in  Marion  quarries     Fossils  abundant. 

4.  Lima.    Waterlime  quarried  here.    Strong  building-stone.    Some  beds  fosslliferous. 

5.  Winchester.    Near  margin  of  glacial  drift. 

6.  Mineral  Springs.    Springs  derFved  from  black  shale. 

7.  Miamisburg.  Cedar  trees  and  peat  100  feet  beneath  glacial  deposits  at  Germantown,  tliree 
miles  southwest  from  Miamisburg.    G.  F.  W. 

8.  Amanda.    Glacial  boundary  three  miles  east  of  Amanda.    G.  F.  W. 

9.  Lancaster.  On  the  glacial  boundary.  Granite  boulder  two  miles  northeast,  18x11x6  feet  ont 
of  ground.    G.  F.  W. 

10.  Bremen.    Glacial  boundary  two  miles  northwest.    G.  F.  W. 

11.  Cecil.  Region  heavily  covered  with  drift.  Very  few  outcrops  of  strata  to  be  found.  Tliese 
mainly  in  beds  of  streams. 

12.  Greenville.  At  Greenville  an  interesting  outcrop  of  Guelph  division  of  the  Niagara  occure, 
rich  in  fossils.  A  number  of  new  species  have  oeen  obtained  here.  The  rock  is  dolomitlc,  but  con- 
tains more  carbonate  of  magnesia  thau  carbonate  of  lime. 


OHIO. 


179 


Innatl  R.  R. 


jfy.  I  CUcaco  and  Atlsatlc  Railroad. 


dc  O.  R.  R.). 

!'l  Meas.  Pitts- 
J'm,  No.  8. «" 


:!oal  Mea?.  Kit. 
Nos.  5&6.'" 


he  present  State 

berlin.  one  of  the 

making  a  speciiu 

notes  are  signed 

J.  M. 


erous. 

rmantown,  three 
18x11x6  feet  out 

be  found.    These 

le  Niagara  occurs, 
■^lomltic,  but  con. 


0 


Marion,  Ohio." 

EspyTiUe. 
7  Moran's. 
11  Clifton's. 
16  Hepburn. 
19  Dudley. 
SSlEenton. 
29  Sage. 

Oakland. 

Scioto. 

Preston. 

Harrod's. 

Westminster. 

Townsend. 

Lima.* 

Shawnee. 

Kemp. 

Conant. 

Spencerrille. 

Yorkville. 

Enterprise. 

Glenmoore. 

Greenwood. 

Rivare,  Ind. 

Decatur,  Ind. 


85 
88 
42 
46 
49 
52 
65 
68 
61 
65 
12 
80 
84 
88 
92 


.  Comiferoufl. 
7.  Waterlime. 


t« 
(t 
(( 
i< 
ii 
<t 
ti 
tt 
it 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 
ti 
tt 
tt 


9.  Gomiferous. 

ti 


9T0 
986 

971 
9S6 
9T1 
990 
998 
994 
999 
999 
1009 
998 

899 
862 
88S 
845 
848 
837 
840 
838 
836 
847 
820 


Chicago,  St.  lionis  and  Pittsbnrs  R.  R. 


OColumbus. 

ISFleasant  Valley. 
28  Milford  Centre. 
SSjCable. 
47jUrbana. 
68:St.  Paris. 
73iPiqua. 

83  Bradford  June. 
96  Greenville. 
lOSiNew  Madison. 
lUlNew  Paris. 


0,Bradford  Jane. 
lOPikeville. 
Union. 

(Continae 


21 


\  9  Cor.,   10.  Ham.,  & 
I      10.  Huron.         «<« 
7.  Helderbcrg. 


7.Held.&6g.Niag.i<'" 
6.  Niagara. 

"    &  6  e.  Niag.9»» 
6.  Niagara. 

8g.    " 

tt 


1088 


5  f.  Niagara. 


tt 
tt 


djn  Indiana.)  , 

Cincinnati  and  Eastern  Railway. 


0 
14 
27 
82 
40 
47 

67 

62 

75 

90 
1106 


Cincinnati.^* 

Batavia. 

New  Richm'd.6« 

Williamsburg. 

Mt.  Oreb. 

Sardinia. 

Winchester." 

Irvington. 

Mineral  Spr'gs.^ 

Henley. 
Portsmouth. 


4  c. 


4  b.  Cincin.  Group. 


807 


tt 
tt 
tt 
tt 


"    &6a.  &b. 
Niagara, 
4.  Cincinnati  Group. 
(  11.  Ohio  Shale  &  18  a. 
J    and  b.  Waverly. 
13  d.  Waverly. 


Ma.  !  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  dc  Dayton  R.  R. 


Oi  Cincinnati.  «* 
6|Cumniinsville. 

l5;Glendale. 

19|Jones. 

26  Hamilton. 


37 
49 


Middletown. 
Miamisburg.^ 


60  Dayton. 


4  b.  Cincinn.  Group."  ^^ 
It 
<i 

M 

«  604 

4c.  " 

4.  " 

4e.&6  a.b.c.Niag.^'* 


Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and  Indianapolla 
Railroad. 


OCincinnati. 
25  Hamilton. 
32:MeGonigle. 
39  Oxford. 
44  College  Com'rs. 


4  b.  Cincin.  Group.  "'"' 

tt  604 


4c. 


tt 
tt 
tt 


Cincinnati  tfc  Dfnsklnsnm  Talley  Railroad. 


0 
86 
46 
66 
66 

%1 

95 

104 
116 


Cincinnati.^' 

Morrow. 

Clarksville. 

Wilmington. 

Sabina. 

Washington. 

New  Holland. 

WiUiamsport. 

Circleville. 
Amanda.^ 


1 125  Lancaster.^ 
130  Bremen.'" 

134  New  Lexington. 

162  Roseville. 

157|Zanesville. 

168  Ellis. 

176;  Dresden  June. 


4  b.  Cincin.  Group.  '°^ 
4  b.  &c.  "  6*« 

4  c.  " 

6  b.  &  c.  Ni.  &  6  c.  Ni. 

6.  Niagara. 

7.  Helderberg.  9" 
10  e.  Huron  Shale. 

j  10  e.  Hur.  Shale  and 
I      9  a.  Gomiferous. 

13.  Waverly. 

13  e.     "  8** 

tc 

I  14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kit. 
I    Coals,  Nos.  6  &  6. 

tt  7U 

tt 

737 

14  b.  e.  m.  Mercer  Horiz. 


Cincinnati,  Richmond  6c  Chicago  R.  R. 


OCiuciunati.6* 
25  Hamilton. 
36iCollm8ville. 
44  Camdea. 
63  Eaton. 
60  Florence. 
70  Richmond,  Ind. 


4  b.  Cincin.  Group.  ""^ 

604 


tt 
tt 


4  c.  "  *" 

6d.  &e.  f.  Niagar.»°** 

See  Indiana. 


Cincinnati,  Fan  Wort  dc  Michigan  R.  R. 


0|  Cecil.  11 
7 1  Paulding. 

19jVan  Wert. 

43!Celina. 

76 1  Greenville.  !• 


9.  Comif.  &  10.  Ham. 
9.  Comif  erous.         ^*' 
6  g.  Niagara.  ^^ 


108S 


Cleveland,  Colnmbne,  Cincinnati  and 
Indianapolla  Railroad. 


0]  Cleveland. 
18Berea.63 
2slGrafton. 


11.  Erie  Shale.         "'^ 
13  b.  &  c.  Waverly.  ''" 

t(  803 


18.  Malvern.  Glacial  boundary  five  miles  north.  Glacial  terrace  extensive  along  Big  Sandy  Creek. 
IQ.  F.  W, 


U\ 


fWWw 


KJ'' 


> 


I     '.J 


180 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  QUIDE.    (OHIO.) 


Cleveland,  Colnmbae,  ClDclon«tl  and 
Ms.  I      rndianapolla  Railroad— Con. 


ICleTelaod, 

'Ms.  I 


86  Wellington. 
47  New  London. 

66  Greenwich. 

67  Shelby. 
70  Vernon. 
76  Crestline. 
80  Gallon. 
98|Gilead. 
97,Cardington. 

104  Ashley. 

114  Delaware. 

122  Lewis  Centre. 
129|Worthmgton. 

ISSlColumbua. 


18b.&o.Waverly.  »«» 

996 


13  c. 


11 
it 
<i 
it 


in»o 

1119 


18  b. 


1  IHti 

1170 

11  c.  Cleve.  Shale.  '«*» 
10  c.  Huron  Shale.  >">  2 

It  987 

i  9.  Comif.,  10.  Ham.,  & 

I      10  c.  Huron.      9" 

10.a.&c.Hu.Shale.  9«* 

U  9 1  » 

10.  Hamil, 
OhioSh.  '*^ 


(  9.  Cornif., 
J &  11.  01 


Indianapolis  Division. 


80 

Gallon. 

18.  Waverly,           '»^o 

92 

Caledonia. 

9.  Comiferous. 

101 

Marion. 

a                            97  7 

111 

N.  Bloomington. 

7.  Helderberg. 

122 

Mt.  Victory. 

11 

182 

Rushsylvania. 

• 

141 

Bellefontaine. 

i  7.  Held.,  9.  Cornif.,  & 
J      10c.  Huron.    "»» 

160 

De  Graff. 

6.  Niagara. 

167 

Pemberton. 

14 

164 

Sidney. 

11                             908 

182 

Versailles. 

11 

190 

Ansonia. 

li 

197 

Union. 

(1 

Cincinnati  Division. 


0 

Delaware. 

j  9.  Cornif.,  10.  Ham., 
1      &  10  c.  Huron.  9" 

9 

Ostrander. 

9.  Comiferous. 

17 

Marysville. 

7.  Helderberg. 

22 

Milford. 

11 

82 

Mechanicsburg. 

6.  Niag.  &  7.  Helderb. 

43 

Moorfield. 

5.  Niagara. 

60 

Springfield. 

6  d.  e.  f.  g.  Niagara. 

63 

Osborn. 

Cincinnati  Group. 

74 

Dayton. 

j  4  c.  Cin.  Group  &  6  a. 
\      b.  C.Niagara.    ^»* 

81 

Carrollton. 

4  c.  Cincinnati  Group. 

90 

Franklin. 

99 

Henderson. 

108 

Maud's. 

4  b.           " 

120iCarthage. 

180 

Cincinnati. 

11                       S07 

Cleveland,  Leraine  iSc  Wfaeellns  Railroad. 


0 

Uhrichsville. 

i  14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kit. 
1      Seam,  5  and  6. 

12 

Dover. 

It 

28 

Barr*s  Mills. 

1  14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Mer- 
cer Horizon. 

85 

Massillon. 

j  14  b.  C.  Meas.,  Sharon 
Seam  No.  1. 

48 

Warwick. 

11 

n9 

Russell. 

18  a.  Waverly. 

Loralae  aad  Wtaeelinv  Raik 
road— Con. 


72  Medina. 
86|Grafton. 
16  Black  River. 


18  d.  &  e.  Waverly. 
18  b.  &  c.        " 
11.  Ohio  Shale. 


Cleveland,  Akron  and  Coliimbua  R.  R, 


0 

7 

14 


Hudson. 
Cuyahoga  Falls. 
Akron, 


27  Clinton. 
88  Orrville. 
62  Fredericksburg. 

61  Millersburg. 

81  Gann. 

90  Howard. 
100  Mt.  Vernon. 
109  Mt.  Liberty. 
124Sunbury. 

188  Westerville. 
146  Columbus. 


14  a.  Conglomerate. 

li 


i  14  b.  0.  Meas.,  Sharon 

I      Seam  No.  1. 

18  e.  Waverly.       i"'* 

j  18  e.  Waverly.  14  i 

I     Con.  Goal  Meas. 
<i 

18  e.  Wav.,  14  a.  Cong, 
18  e.  Waverly. 


18  a.  ft  b.  Wavorlv. 
10  c,  n  a.  b.  c.'Ohio 
Shalo.  •* 

9.  Comif,  10.  Ham,, 
&  11.  Ohio  Sh.  <■' 


Cleveland  and  PItfbnrg  Railroad. 


0,Cleveland. 

8  Newburg. 
14j  Bedford. 
26,  Hudson. 
38  Ravenna. 


52 
67 
68 

69 

81 

87 

94 

102 


Limaville. 

Alliance. 

Homeworth. 

Bayard.'* 

Millport. 

Salineville. 
Irondale. 

Wellsville. 


*0) 
95) 


11.  Erie  Shale. 

13  b,  Waverly. 

II 

14  a.  Conglomerate. 
14  b.  Coal  Measure. 


11  1099 

It 

j  14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kit 
(  Seam,  6  and  6.'"' 
i  14  b.  C'l  Meas.,  Free- 
(    port  Seams,  6  a.  i- 1, 

11  i-l 

"  61 

j  14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kit 
\      Seam,  6  and  6.  '^' 


River  Division. 


OlBellaire. 

61  Martin's  Ferry. 
18  Portland. 
20  La  Grange. 

26  Steubcnville. 

36|Sloan's. 

46  Wellsville. 


14  c.  Coal  Measures.^" 


u 

It 


14  b. 

S  14  b.  Coal  Meas,,  L  j 
I      Freeport  Seam. "'  i 


14  b.  Coal  Meas, 
Seams. 


,Eit 


Tuscarawas  Branch. 


8 
12 


Bayard.'* 

Malvern." 
Waynesburg. 


23|Zoar. 

82  New  Fbilad'a. 


14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kil 
Seams,  5  &  6. '"" 

14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kit 
Seams.  "'" 

K  1001 

14  b.  Coal  Meas,,  Me^| 

cerS'ms,8&5a.'"l 

14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Ei^l 

tanning  Seams. 


OHIO. 


181 


rtaeellBV  Rail. 


iiinbua  R«  Rf 


Joal  Measures.^" 


CleTcland,  Youncatown  and  Pltuburc 
Ms.  I  Railroad. 


16 
22 


Mt.  Uaion. 
Palmyra.'" 
Newton  Falls.  *^ 


27  Phalanx. 


14  b.  Lower  Coal  Meas. 

J  14  a.  Cong,  and  14  b. 

I     Cong.  Coal  Meas. 
44  a.  Conglomerate.  "^^ 


Colnmbua  dc  Cincinnati  Midland  R.  R. 

TCoiumbuB, 


Mt.  Sterling. 
Bloomingsburg. 
Washington  C.H. 
Sabina. 

Wilmington.*^ 
Clinton  Valley. 


9.  Cor.  &  11.  0.  Sh.  ^*6 
7.  Waterlime. 


It 


SAT 

6  g.  Niagara. 

6  c.  d.  e.  f.  Niagara.9  9« 

4  c.  Cincinnati  Group. 


Columbna  and  Eastern  Rallvvay. 


0 

8 
14 
20 


Hadley  June. 
Thornport.'* 
GIenford.»9 


18  d.  Wav.  Drift,  de- 
posits heavy. 

18  c.  Wav.  Drift,  near 
boundary  of  drift. 

13  f.  SubCarb.  Lime. 
&  14  a.  Conglom. 

14h.  Low.  Coal  Meas., 
Mercer  Horizon. 

14  b.  Low.  Coal  Meas., 
Kit.  Coals,  ^6^ 

Cotnmbna,  Hoeklns  Valley  and  Toledo 
Railroad. 


Mt.  Perry. 
26|Fultonbam. 
36Redfield. 


0  Columbus. 

12Groveport. 

23!Carroll. 

32  Lancaster.'" 

42Mil]rille. 

I 

CO  Logan. 

i 
I 

60  Lick  Run. 

62Nel8onviUe.«* 

VOSalina." 

feAthens. 


'  9.  Com.  &  11.  Ohio 

■  Sh.,Drift  heavy. '*« 
n.  Ohio  Shale,  Drift 

I  beds  heavy. 
13  d.  Waverly.  ^^' 
j  13  d.  &  e.  Wav.,  con- 
l  glom.  prominent.**' 
i  13  e.  Wav.,  conglom. 
"I    quarried  largely. 

13  e.  Wav.,  type  local- 
ity of  Log.  gr'p.  '  3  ° 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 
Kit.  Coals,  N08.6  &  6 

ti  6  OS 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 

■  Up.  FreeportC'l."9 
j  14  b.  L.  Barren  Meas., 
I     Crinord'lLimest.^'^ 


Ms. 


Ohio  River  Division. 


80 
08 

•71 

16 

84 

93 

116 

130 


Logan. 

Union  Furnace. 

Creola. 

McArthur. 

Eagle  Furnace. 
Minerton.  *  ^ 
Gallipolis. 

Middleport.** 


132Pomeroy.*'' 


18  e.  Waverly.  '^0 
i  14  b.  Con.  Coal  Meas., 
(  Mercer  Horizon. 
14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 
Mer.  Hor.,  Block  ores 
14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 
Ferrif.  Limes  &  Hor. 


14  b.  L.  Barren  Meas. 
j  14  c.  Up.  Prod.  Meas., 
/      Pittsburg  Coal. 


Straitsville  Brand). 


0 
6 

9 

11 


Logan. 

<  Webb's  Sum- 
]     mit.*" 

Oreville. 

Straitsville. 

Greendale. 

Carbon  Hill. 

Snow  Fork  June. 
Nelsonville, 


13  e.  Waverly.  '3° 

>j  13  f.  Sub-Carbonifer- 
ous Limestone. 
14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 
Ferrif.  Limestone. 
(  14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 
Kit,  Coal,  No.  6.^ "fi 
14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 

Mercer  Horizon. 
14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 

Kittanning  Coal, 
it 

«  8  8  3 


Toledo  Division. 


0  Columbus. 

14  Powell's. 

24  Delaware. 

41  Owen's. 

46 1  Marion. 

64  Up.  Sandusky. 

74!  Carey. 

88]Fostoria. 

96  Rising  Sun. 
106  Pembersville. 
124 1  Toledo. 


9.  Cor.  &  11.  0.  Sh/i^ 
9.  Comiferous. 
9.  Cor.  ^  11.  0.  Sh.  9" 
9.  Corniferous. 

H  977 

7.Waterlime,drifthe  y 
6g.  Ni.  &7.  Wateri.*** 
5  g.  Niagara. 


1.  Waterlime. 


887 


Colnmbua  and  Xenla  Railroad. 


Columbus. 

9  Alton. 
26  London. 
4i;Selma. 

65  Xenia. 


{  9.  Cor.,  10.  Ham.,  & 
}  11.  Ohio  Shale.^*6 
9.  Comiferous. 

U  I  0  18 

6.  Niagara. 

(4  c.  Cin.,  5  a  b.  and 
l      c.  Niagara.     


14.  Bavard.    Glacial  boundary  passes  through  Bayard.    G.  F.  W. 

15.  I'aimyra.    Sharon  coal  in  valuable  basins. 

16.  .Vewton  Falls.    Fine  development  of  conglomerate. 

17.  Wilmington.    Fine  exposures  of  Clinton  limestone  in  Todd's  Fork,  near  Wilmington. 

18.  Thornport.    Near  boundary  of  drift. 

19.  Glenford.    Fine  quality  of  8.  C.  limestone  quarried  here.  Carboniferous  conglomerate  ground 
I  for  glass-sand  near  by. 

20.  Lancaster.    Glacial  boundary  passes  through  Lancaster.    G.  F.  W. 

21.  Nelsonville.    Fine  sections  of  lower  coal  measures. 

22.  Snlina.    Salt  manufacture  ;  the  Logan  group  furnishes  the  brine. 

23.  Minerton.    The  Clarion  or  Ferriferous  limestone  coal  is  mined  here. 

24.  Middleport.    Brown  or  paper  coal  found  in  the  Pittsburg  seam  at  one  point. 

2-5.  Pomeroy.    Extensive  mining  of  coal  (Pittsburg  seam)  and  manufacture  of  salt.  Brine  derived 
from  Waverly  conglomerate,  Logan  group. 

,     26.  Webb's  Summit.    Typical  locality  of  Sub-Carboniferous  limestone  for  Ohio.    MaxviUe  is  ad- 
jacent. 


I 


i 


n 


I 


v\ 


14 


n 


> 


I 


182 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOOIOAL  RAILWA      3UIDB.    (OHIO.) 


Mb. 


CoBOOtton  Yalley  Railroad. 


0 
12 

82 

40 
60 
16 

87 

96 
102 


Cleveland. 

Bedford. 

Kent. 

Mogadore.'^ 
Canton.* » 
Minerva  June. 

Garrollton. 

Dell  Roy.«9 
Sherrodsville. 


11.  Ohio  Shale.         "»» 

112  a.  and  b.  Waverly. 
Typical  locality  for 
Bedford  shale.  »"« 
14  a.  Con.  Massive.' "^^ 
\  14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 
I     Mercer  Horizon. 

<i  1049 

j  14b.L.C'lMeas.,Eit. 

:     C'l8,N08.6&6.>''>> 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 

:    Up.Freep'tC'l,No.7 


Dayton  and  Michigan  Railroad. 


OjGincinnati. 
60  Dayton. 


74 
87 

88 

100 
119 
181 
144 
161 
166 
176 
182 
198 
202 


Tippecanoe. 
Troy. 

Piqua. 

Sidne}. 

Wapakoneta. 

Lima. 

Columbus  Grove 

Ottawa. 

Deshler. 

Weston. 

Tontogany. 

Perrysburg. 

Toledo. 


807 


(  4  c.  Cincin.  Group, 
J  6  a.  b.  &c.Niag.^ 
Cincinnati  Group 


S4 


84S 


j  4.   Cin.   Group,  6 
}      Clin.,&6.Niag.9 
6  g.  Niagara. 
7.  Helderberg. 


8.  Orisk.  k  9.  Com.  ^ 
7.  Helderberg. 


a. 

3a 

03 
93 
77 
69 
30 

83 

689 
S89 


Dayton  and  Union  Railroad. 


0 

Dayton. 

i  4  c.  Cin.  Group  and  6 
}     a.  b.c.  Niag.    "♦ 

12 

Brookville. 

6  a.  b.  and  c.  Niagara. 

21 

Baltimore. 

6  f.  Niagara. 

28 

Arcanum. 

ti 

86 

Greenville. 

6  g.      "                  ^°'" 

47 

Union. 

li 

Indiana,  Bloomlngton  dc  Wentem  R.  R. 


0 
11 
20 
82 

46 


Springfield. 
Plattsburg. 
London. 
Georgesville. 

Columbus. 


6  d.  and  e.  Niagara. 

6.  Niag.  and  7.  Helder. 

7.  Helderberg. 

9.  Com.  and  7.  Helderb. 
(  9.  Com.,  10.  Ham.,  & 
1      11.  Ohio  Shale. 


Mb.  I  Lake  Brie  and  Weatern  Railroad. 


0 

6 

23 

44 

60 
76 

91 

112 
128 
138 


Sandusky. 

Castalia.^' 

Fremont. 

Fostoria. 

Findlay. 

Bluff  ton." 

Lima. 

St.  Mary's. 

Celina. 

Fort  Recovery. 


9.  ComiferouB. 

«•  1,1)0 

7.  Waterlime.  «" 

6  g.  Niagara. 

6  g.  Niag.  &  7.  Helder, 

7.  Waterlime. 

j  7.    Waterlime,  drift 

(      heavy.  *'« 

U  811 

*(  8tO 


liake  Shore  and  Mlehlcan  Southern  B.  R, 


OBuffalo,  N.  Y. 
116|Conneaut. 
1 29  j  Ashtabula. 
ISSjGeneva. 
144lMadison. 
166Painesville. 


174 
183 
196 


Nottingham. 

Cleveland. 

Berea.^* 


209'Elyria. 


217 
227 
289 
248 
261 
268 
267 
279 
296 


863 
860 
870 

0 
10 
14 
21 
34 
46 
68 
66 


Oberlin. 

Wakeman. 

Norwalk. 

Monroeville. 

Bellevue. 

Clyde. 

Fremont. 

Elmore. 

Toledo. 

Wauseon. 

Stryker. 

Bryan. 

Edgerton. 


Elyria. 
Brownhelm. 
Vermilion. 
Ceylon. 
Sandusky. 
Port  Clinton. 
Oak  Harbor. 
Graytown. 


See  New  Vork. 

11  a.  an*',  b.  Erie  Sh."5 

ti  630 

M  669 

«  .  711 

41  631 

l( 

«  SH 

18  b.  &  c.  Waverly. '" 

M  7  30 

<(  817 

«( 

*<  730 

11.  Ohio  Shale.       "« 
&  9.  Cor.  '6« 

701 
637 


<t 


7.  Helderberg. 


« 


6.  Niagara. 

7.  Helderberg. 
11.  Ohio  Shale. 

u 


(i 
it 


778 
7JI 
773 
84S 


18  b.  Waverly. 


11, 


Ohio  Shale. 


9.  Corniferous. 
7.  Helderberg. 
6.  Niagara. 
6  g.  Niagara. 


600 


Franklin  Division. 


0 
11 
24 
80 
86 


Ashtabula. 

Jefferson. 

Andover. 

Simon. 

Jamestown. 


Erie  Shale. 


11 

18.  Waverly. 
See  Penna. 


690 


27.  Mogadore.    Coal  measures  clays  worked  on  a  large  scale  in  potteries. 

28.  Canton.    Road  here  passes  out  of  drift-covered  territory.    The  old  moraine  in  great  force  near 
Canton. 

29.  Dell  Roy.    One  of  the  best  fields  of  Upper  Preeport  coal  in  State. 

30.  Nickel  Plate.    Much  of  the  line  is  in  a  heavily  drift-covered  country.    In  the  western  part  of 


Ohio  particularly  few  exposures  of  the  rocks  are  found. 
81.  Castalia. 


_      One  of  the  strongest  springs  of  Ohio. 

32.  Blnffton.    Stone  quarried  extensively  for  railroad  ballast. 

33.  Chillicothe.    Glacial  boundary  two  miles  north.    Glacial  terraces  extensive  all  along  the  river, 
Immense  kames  on  Paint  Creek,  five  miles  west.    (See  Note  48.)    G.  F.  W. 

34.  New  Lisbon.    Extensive  facial  terraces  containing  kidney  iron-ore.    The  glacial  boundary  ib 
on  the  highlands  just  south.    G.  F.  W. 


OHIO. 


188 


1  Railroad. 

iroua. 

- 

eoo 

ime. 

61) 

ara. 

.  &  7.  Udder, 

ime. 

terlime, 

drift 

y-.      • 

J74 

it 

IH 

tt 

DUthem  R.  H, 

York. 

b.  Erie  St 

1.'" 

«( 

6J0 

<t 

669 

iC  . 

711 

(i 

631 

t( 

1* 

594 

.  Waverly 

'  730 

(1 

8i7 

K 

tt 

730 

Shale. 

736 

&  9.  Cor.  '6« 

•berg. 

701 
631 

a. 

berg. 
Shale. 

889 
7T1 

773 

845 

great  force  near 
western  part  of 

I  along  the  river, 
,cial  boundary  iB 


Me.  I  Little  .lliaml  Rt  R.  ^P.  Cln.  Sc  St.  L.). 

~7)jClncinnati.^       4  b.  Cincin.  (iroup.  ""^ 
9Plainville. 
ITiMiamiTille. 
23  Lorelanii 
■,u\  Morrow. 
4.'!  Freeport. 
fiOJClaysville. 
65!Xenia. 


Marietta,  Pittsbars  aad  Clerelaad  Rail- 

Me.  I  raad— 6'on. 


4  b.  &  c. 
4  c. 


641 


09 


7(» 


Cambridge. 
Eimbolton. 


4b.Cin.,fia.b.&c.Nl.""' 


]  80|New  Comerst'wn 
90  Pl.illipsburg. 
100  Dover. 


i  4  b.  Coal  Mcas.,  Up. 
I  Freep't  Sm.,  No.  7. 
3  4  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kit 
(      Seam,  Sm.  5  &  6. 

"  7 !» » 


880 


Marietta  &  Ciacinnati  R.R.(B.dkO.R.R.). 


0  Cincinnati."* 
SCummingBTille. 

20,  Remington. 

31  Cozaddale. 

41  Blaucbester. 

60  Martinsville. 

62  Lexington. 

74  Greenfield. 

SSJFrankfort. 

98  Chillicothe." 
106  Schooley'B. 
117  Rayaville. 
127  Hamden. 
189  Zaleski. 


162 
159 


0 
11 
21 


0 


12 

19 

28 

38 

60 
_66 

0 

II 
23 
2S 
36 


Marshfield. 
Athens. 
New  England. 
Cutler. 

Moore's  Junct 
Marietta. 


Blanchester. 

Lynchburg. 

Hillsboro. 


Hamden. 

Jackson. 

Vaughan's. 
Washington. 

Webster. 

Sciotoville. 
Portsmouth. 


Athens. 

Guysville. 
Coolville. 
Little  Hocking. 
Parkersburg. 


4  b.  Cincin.  Group. 


807 


II 
II 
It 
It 


4c. 

6  b.  Niagara. 

7.  Helderberg. 


11 


rf78 
1048 

898 
768 


Ohio  Shale. 

(  11.  Ohio  Shale,  and  IS 

}  a.  andb.  Wav.  «»' 
18  d.  Waverly.         «*' 

\  14  a.  Cong.  &  Comif. 

j  Coal  Meas.  s«^ 
14  b.  Cong.  C'l  Meas.'" 

j  Coal  Meas.,  Mercer  & 
j  Kit.,No8.8to6.'" 
Camb.  Limestone.  *'* 
Cam.&Crin.  Limest."® 
14  c.  Coal  Measure. 

It  7  79 


680 
6Sf 

6«1 
••4 


•  91 


It 
It 


4  c.  Cincin.  Group. 


628 
9l"9 


6  c.  d.  e.  f .  g.  h.  Xi."" 

518  3.  c.  Limest.,  14 
Coal  Meaa.,  Sharon 
Coal  Horiz. 
j  14  a.  Cong,  and  Cong. 
"l     Coal  Measure. 
14  b.  Coal  Meaaure. 
Coal  Meaa.,  Fer.  Limest. 
j  14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Mer- 
}     cer  Horizon. 
18  e.  Waverly. 
18  d.        " 


j  14  b.  Coal  Measure, 
(     Crin.  Limest.     ^'^ 


14  c.  Coal  Measure. 

II 


It 
It 


787 


Marietta,  Pltubarc  and  CleTeland  R.  R. 


0 
7 
18 
27 
86 
46 


Marietta. 

Caywood. 

Warner. 

Dexter. 

Caldwell. 

Glenwood. 


14  c.  Coal  Meaaure.  ^** 


"  Crin.  Limeat. 
tt 


'  "Nickel  Plate." »» 

New  Yorli,  Chicaco  and'8t.  Iioiila  R.  R. 

OiBuffnl 
116|Conneaut. 
129  Ashtabula. 
138  Geneva. 
■1.54Piiinesville. 
1  fiO  Mentor. 
166,Willoughby. 
173 1  Euclid. 
183  Cleveland. 
|192lRocky  River. 
202.  Avon 
210>Lorain. 
221 !  Vermilion. 
229;BerIin  Heights. 
236'MiIan. 
248Bellcvue. 
260  Green  Springs. 
1280  Foatoria. 
800  Mt.  Comb. 
310,Leipsic. 
326|Continental. 
841Latty. 
363  Smiley'a  Station, 


11.  Ohio  Shale. 

II 

It 
II 
II 
It 
II 
II 
It 
II 
It 

13  a.  and  b.  Waverly. 


11.  Ohio  Shale. 

It 

7.  Waterlime. 
5  g.  Niagara. 

7.  Waterlime. 

It 


9.  Comiferous. 
II 


766 


New  Yorli,  Pc 


0  Cincinnati."* 
59  Dayton. 

70 

76 

80 

89 

96 
106 
114 
121 
129 
138 
144 
163 
164 
172 
179 
1-87 
196 
207 
213 
216 
221 
226 


Osborne. 

Enon. 

Springfield. 

Bowlinsville. 

Urbana. 

Mingo. 

Pottersburg. 

Broadway. 

Richwood. 

Green  Camp. 

Marion. 

Caledonia. 

Gallon. 

Ontario. 

Mansfield. 

Windsor. 

Ashland. 

Polk. 

West  Salem. 

Burbank. 

Pike. 

Ruaaell. 


naylTanla  Sc  Obio  R.  R. 

^BOT 

4.  Cincin.  Group,  &  5 
a.  b.  &  c.  Niag."* 

Cincinnati  Group. 
6  d.  and  e.  Niagara. 
6d.e.f.g.       "        "» 
Niagara. 

6g.Ni.  &7.  Held.  >»«» 
7.  Helderberg. 


It 
II 
II 

9  a.  and  b.  Comif, 

11 

13  b.  Waverly. 
18  c.        " 

18  e.  Waverly. 

II 

It 
tt 
II 
It 
It 


•  44 

961 
1068 
1171 
13TT 
1156 
1069 

lots 

lt4> 

loss 


iTfl 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


U4|28     |2.5 

1^  IM    12.2 

li 

1.8 


U    11.6 


6" 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STilET 

WIBSTU.N.Y.  USIO 

(>  1ft)   72-4503 


^^'^ 


fe 


^ 


o 


V 


184 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOGIGAli  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (OHIO.) 


Mew  York,  Penntylranta  sad  Ohio  Kail* 

Us.  I  road— Con. 


840 
246 

260 

266 
263 
269 
279 

283 


294 
807 


Wadsworth. 
New  Portage. 
Akrou. 

TaUmadge. 

Kent. 

Ravenna 

Freedou). 

Bracevillc. 

Leavittsburg.' 

Warren. 

Cortland. 

Orangeville. 


14  b.  Coal  Meas.  >>^' 
14  a.  Conglomerate.  '^^ 

It  1005 

(  14  b.  Coal  Measure, 
(      Sharon  Seam.  i'»* 

14  a.  Conglomerate. '"  *  ' 

14a.&b.C'lMea8."'9» 

«  USD 

13  d.  and  e.  Wav.  »"* 
13d.&e.Waverly.  *»« 
3  d.  Waverly. 


908 


13  c.  and  d.  Wav.     9*" 


Mahoning  Division. 


0 

1 

16 


81 
40 
61 
67 
66 
75 
80 


Sharon. 
Hubbard. 

Youngstown. 

Nilea. 

Leavittsburg. 

Mahoning. 

Mantua. 

Aurora. 

Solon. 

Newburg. 

Cleveland. 


U4  a.  &  b.  C'l  Meas., 
I     Sharon  C'l,  No.  1 
14  a.  &  b.  Coal  Meas. 
(  14  a.  Cong.  &  14  a.  & 
\     h.  Sharon  Coal  No. 
r      1.  *^' 

<»  911 

it  89T 


14  a.  Conglomerate. 


13  a.  Waverly. 
11.  Erie  Shale. 


1111 

1090 

1032 

81S 

S99 


Niles  and  New  Lisbon  Branch. 


0 

6 

12 

18 

23 
25 


Niles. 

Austintown, 

Canfield. 

Green 

Leetonia. 
Franklin. 

New  Lisbon.** 


13  d.  Waverly  and  14 
a.  Conglom.       ^ '  ^ 

14  a  &  b.  C'l  Meas., 
Low.  Merc.  Horiz. 

Coal    Meas.,    Ferrif. 

Limest.  Horiz.  ii""! 
Coal  Meas.,  Low.  Eit-j 

tanning  Coal. 

(I  1036 

tt 

(  Coal  Meas.,  Fcrrifer. 
<  Limest.  to  Mahon- 
(     ing  Sandstone.  ^^^ 


Ms.  I    Nortta-Westera  Ohio  Railway. 


0  Toledo. 

6|Walbridge. 
ISjWoodville. 
26 1  Helena. 
SliBurgoon. 
42iT:35n. 
62lBloomville. 
62JNew  Washington 
76 1  Vernon. 
86l  Mansfield. 


889 


7.  Helderberg. 

It 

6.  Niagara. 


"    &  7.  Held.'" 
9.  Comiferous. 
10  c.  Har.  &  10.  Ham. 
18  d.  Waverly. 
18  e.      ♦'  '•«' 


Ohio  Ceatml  Railway. 


0 

10 

36 

69 

89 

108 

124 

142 

166 

167 

172 

179 

184 


Toleda 
Stony  Ridge. 
Fostoria. 
Bucyrua. 
Mt.  Gilead. 
Centerburg. 
Granville. 
Lakeside.*' 
Rushville.'6 
Junction  City. 
New  Lexington. 
Moxahala.*' 
Coming.** 


7.  Lower  tielderb. 
6  g.  Niagara. 


587 


11.  Ohio  Shale.       '""s 
18  a.  and  b.  Wav.  "o" 
18  d.  Waverly. 
18  e.        " 

13  d.        " 
18  e. 

14  b.  Low.  Mer.  Horiz. 
14b.Kit.C'l8,6&6.8" 


Ohio  aad  nilsa'.ailppi  Railroad. 


9 
18 


Circinnati. 

Delhi. 

North  Bend.* 9 


14  b.  Cincin.  Group. 


507 


Ohio  Sonthera  Railway. 


Liberty  and  Vienna  Branch. 

Vienna. 
Vienna  Junct. 


14  b. 


Coal  Meas. 

II 


0 
12 

86 

4? 
60 

62 

84 

97 
J  09 
118 
119 


Sprmgfield.*" 
S.  Charleston. 

Washingt'n  C.H, 

Good  Hope. 
Greenfield.*' 

Bainbridge.*<i 

Waverly. 

Beaverton. 
Jackson.** 
Coalton.** 
Wellston.*" 


V. 


6  f.  and  g.  Niagara.  ^'^ 
(  6  f.  &  g.  Ni.      Drift 
heavy,  no  rock  vis- 
ible. 

Waterlime.      No 
rock  visible.     "' 
1.  Waterlime. 

It  898 

\  7.  Waterl.,  11.  Ohio 

(     Sh.,  18a.&b.Wav. 

i  11  c.  Ohio  Sh.,  13  a. 

(  b.  and  c.  Waverly. 
18  e.  Wav.  &  14  a.  Con. 
14a.&b.Con.&G'lMea8. 
It 

It 


35.  Lakeside.    Lake  produced  by  glacial  accnmnlations  near  margin  of  glacial  area. 

86.  Rnahville.  The  upper  beds  of  the  Waverly  here  yield  an  abundant  series  of  fostils,  part  of 
them  agreeing  with  the  Sub-Carboniferoas  limestone  forms  of  Illinois. 

87.  jffoxainala.  Between  Moxahaia  and  Coming  the  change  occurs  which  converts  the  middle 
Kittanningcoalseam  (No.6)froma8ifoot  seam  into  a  10-12  foot  seam.  The  Mid.  Kittanning  coal, 
and  also  the  Lower  Freeport  seam,  are  both  mined  at  Moxahaia.  In  the  tunnel  south  of  the  town  the 
Upper  Freeport  horizon  Is  well  shown  except  the  coal. 

38.  Coming.  The  Upper  Freeport  coal  (No.  7)  is  also  worked  near  Coming.  It  is  kno\Mi  here  as 
the  "  upper  vem,"  or  Norris  coal. 

89.  North  Bend.  Extei  live  glacial  deposits  at  North  Bend  railroad-tunnel,  on  the  I.  C.  &  L.  R.  R., 
passes  through  a  glacial  deposit  150  feet  deep.    O.  F.  W. 

40.  Springfleld.    Fine  exposures  of  Niagara.    Worked  on  large  scale  for  building-stone  and  lime. 

41.  Greenfield.  Best  showing  of  Lower  Helderberg  in  Ohio.  Stone  of  great  value.  Quarried  on 
larse  soale  for  building-stone.  All  fragments  and  spalls  burned  for  lime  ;  stone  remarkably  even  bed- 


OHIO. 


185 


Hs.  I  PalnetTlUe  4c  Toaocstown  R.  R. 


terl,  11.  Ohio 
13a.&b.Wav. 
Ohio  Sh.,  13  a. 
nd  c.  Waverly. 
iv.  &  14  a.  Coa 
Gon.&G'lMea8. 


ea. 

f  fo8£)ll8,  part  of 

verts  the  middle 
Eittanning  coal, 
,  of  the  town  the 

ia  known  here  as 

jI.C.&L.RRm 


[-stone  and  lime, 
ue.    Quarried  on 
Tkably  even  bed- 


OToungBtown. 

ONiles. 
15  Warreii. 
25  Southington. 
81  Bundysburg. 
SS.Burton. 
48iCbardon. 
69  Fainesville. 


j  14  a.  and  b.  Gong.  & 

I     Gong.  Coals.      «" 

14  d.  Gonglomerate.^*' 

18  d.  Waverly. 

14  a.  Gonglomerate. 


898 


11.  Erie  Shale. 


69S 


Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  and  St.  Lonls  R.  R. 


0  Columbus. 

lO;  Black  Lick. 

ITPataskala. 

83;Newark.*8 

41 1  Hanover. 

49'Frazey8burg. 

SSiDresden  June. 

62.CoDesville. 

69  Coshocton. 
75|West  Lafayette. 
83;N.  Comerston. 
(9!Pt.  Washington. 
i7|Trenton. 
llOOUhrichsville. 


110 
121 

130 


Bowerston. 

Fairview. 

Unionport. 
13S|Smitbfield. 
150  Steubenville. 


(  9.  Corn.,  10.  Ham.,  & 
}     11.  Ohio  Shale. '*6 
18  b.  Waverly. 
13  d. 
18  e. 


881 

88S 


(  14  b.  Goal  Meas.,  Her- 
}     cer  Horizon.      '"^ 

«  737 

j  14  b.  Goal  Heas.,  Kit. 
{     Seams,  6  and  6.^  ^c 

773 


« 
(t 
tt 

« 


798 
81S 

838 

Goal  Measuree.  *65 
C'l  Meas.,  Frcep't  S'ms. 
Coal  Measures,       ""  * 

»  948 

U  778 

G'l  M.,  L.  Free.  Sms."" 


IPitttbnrg,  Fort  Wayne  Ac  Cbicaco  R.  R. 


0  Chicago. 
1168  Dixon. 
[173!Convoy. 
181 1  Van  Wert. 
QSlDelphos. 
lOliElida. 
!08|Iima. 
16  Lafayette. 
22;i.da. 

Dunkirk. 
39  Forrest. 
51  Tpp.  Sandusky. 


See  Indiana. 
7.  Helderberg. 


K 

ii 
<l 


Niagara. 
Helderberg. 


800 
793 
788 
786 
800 
884 
938 

961 

940 
86S 


Pittabarg,  Fort  Wayne  dc  Chicago  RalU 

Ms.  I  road— Con. 


259  Nevada. 

267,Bucyrus. 

280  Crestline. 
29S  Mansfield. 
807  Perrysville. 

SlSLakevilie. 

838^Wooster. 

844|0rrvilie. 

859  Massillon. 
867Canton. 
379  Strasburg. 
885  {Alliance. 
892:Damascus. 

406  Leetonia. 

414lN.  Waterford.*^ 


9.  Gomiferout.  *3* 
j  9.  Cor.,  10.  Ham.,  & 
(      11.  Ohio  Sh.    '""SI 

13  d.  Waverly.  '»«» 
18  e.        "  '»" 

(I  lOO'i 

(  IS.  Wav.,  14  c.  Con.. 
}  &14b.  C'lM.  "« 
18  e.  Waverly.  91- 
j  18  e.  Wav.,  14  c.  Con., 
}     &14b.  C'lM."^* 

14  a.  &b.  Coal  Mea.»«^ 
CoalM.,Mer.  Hor. »°" 
Coal  Measure.         "" 

«  1099 

U  1190 

j  Goal  Meas.,  L. 
I     Seam,  No.  6. 
Freeport  Seams. 


Kit 

1036 
1078 


(Continued  in  Pennsylvania.) 


Handnaky,  nianslleld  and  Newark  Rail- 
road (B.  dc  O.  R.  R.). 


0 

8 

15 

23 

28 

,  35 

42 

49 

54 

63 

74 

84 

91 

103 

116 


Sandusky. 

Front's. 

Monroeville. 

Havana. 

Chicago  June. 

Plymouth. 

Shelby  June. 

Spring  Mill 

Mansfield. 

Lexington. 

Independence. 

Frederick. 

Mt.  Vernon. 

Utica. 

Newark.** 


9.  Comiferous. 
11.  Ohio  Shale. 
11  c.  Ohio  Shale. 
13  b.  Waverly. 
13  c.        " 


13  e. 


(( 
Ii 
(i 
It 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


600 
736 

1119 
116T 

••1 

811 


Scioto  Talley  Railroad. 


0 

80 
39 


Columbus. 

Gircleville. 
Kingston. 


9.  Cor.,  10.  Ham.,  11. 
Ohio  Shale.       ^*8 

11.  Ohio  Sh.    Whole 
region  heavily  cov- 
ered with  drift. 
18  d.  Waverly. 


43.  Bainbridge.    Sectione  from  Helderberg  limestone  to  Berea  grit  found  in  steep  hills.   The  Ohio 
khale  is  fossiliferoiis  here  to  small  extent.    The  valley  of  Paint  Creek  has  unusual  geological  interest. 

43.  Jackson.  The  lowest  coal  of  the  series  is  mined  largely  here.  It  has  great  excellence  as  an 
Iron  making  fuel.    Four  furnaces  depend  upon  it. 

44.  Coalton  ana  Wellston.  At  these  places  is  the  only  field  of  the  State  in  which  the  second  seam 
bf  the  coal  series  is  worked.  The  coal  has  great  excellence  and  value.  It  is  also  an  hron-making  fuel 
1  the  raw  state. 

45.  Barr's  Mille.    Glacial  boundary  passes  thronsh  Barr's  Hills.    O.  F.  W. 

46.  Newark.    Glacial  boundary  passes  through  Newark,  running  north  and  south.    O.  F.  W. 

47.  North  Waterford.  Glacial  boundary  five  miles  south.  Glacial  deposits  extensive  at  East  Pal- 
•tine.    G.  F.  W.  . 

48.  Chillicothe.  The  road  here  passes  oat  of  the  glacial  area.  At  Chlliicothe  all  divisions  of  Wa* 
ferly  well  shown.    (Also  see  No.  Note  83.) 

49.  County  Bridge.    At  this  point  fine  exposures  of  Waverly  black  slate. 

50.  Waverly.  Ifom  Waverly  the  division  of  rocks  received  its  name,  the  main  element  being  the 
Inany-stone,  which  is  the  southern  extension  of  the  Berea  grit. 

1   51.  Sciotoville.    At  SciotovlUe  the  famous  Sab-Carbonfferous  fire-clay  that  accompanies  the  lime- 
Rone  is  largely  worked  and  manufactured. 


'•I 
I 

i 

Hi' 


ill 


186 


V^   I 


i     r' 


1 

i 

J    -^  « 

1 

1  ' 

4 
'1  *'  J 

3 

,'  1 

I 

^  M 

r 

!a4  I 

V  H 

i^'^iIj 

AN  AMERIOAir  6E0LOOI0AL  RAILWAt  OUIDE.    (OHIO.) 


Mb.  I     Seloto  Valley  Railroad— Oon. 


60 
61 

76 


Chillicothe.*' 
County  Bridge*  3 
Waveply.«° 
Piketon. 


SOiLucasville. 


100 
106 

114 

184 

127 
181 


Portsmouth. 

Sciotoville." 

( Franklir  Fur- 
\     nace. 

Hangiug  Rock. 

Ironton." 
Ashland. 


e.  Waverly. 

U  489 


3  11  a  Ohio  Sh.,  18  a. 
(    b.  c.  d.  e.  Wav.  6»r 
IS  b.  c.  &  d.  Waverly. 
j  11  c   Ohio  Sh.,  &  13 
"l   .  a.  b.  c.  Waveriy. 

ti  878 

18  c.  d 
13  e. 

(  18  e.  Wav.,  18  f.  Sub- 
\     Garb.  Limestone, 
j  14  a.    and    b.    Coal 
}     Measures. 

14  b.  Coal  Meas.  and 
Ferrif.  Limestone. 

14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Kit. 
Coals,  6  and  6. 


Toledo,  Clncinaati  de  St.  Loaia  Railroad. 


0 
84 

42 

74 
108 

74 
92 
104 
189 
160 
166 

169 

188 
199 
207 
229 


17 


Toledo. 
Grand  Rapids. 
Holgate. 

Delphos. 

Decatur. 


Delphos. 

Mendon. 

Celina. 

Covington. 

West  Milton. 

Harrisburgh.'* 

Dayton.'* 

Centerville. 
Lebanon."' 
Mason. 
Cincinnati.^' 


Dayton.   « 
Xenia. 


7.  Waterlime. 
9.  Comiferous. 


« 


(  7.  Waterlime.     Drift 
(     heavy.  ^  *  • 

9.  Comiferous. 


7.  Waterlime. 


786 


680 


6  g.  Niagara. 
6f.&g.  " 
6  b. 

j  4  c.  Cin.  &  6  a.  b.  c  d 
}     Niagara.  "'* 

4  c.  Cincinnati.         ''*'> 
4b.  &c.  "  ^"o 

4  b.         "  '"^ 


4  c.  Cincin.  and  6  a. 

b.  c.  d.  Niag.     ■"♦ 
4  c.  Cincin.  and  6  a. 

and  b.  Niagara. 


Toledo,   Claelanatl  nni   St.  Loala  Rau, 
Ms.  I  road— Con. 


80 

66 

80 

93 
104 
110 
116 

116 
186 

162 

169 
168 


Jamestown. 

Frankfort. 

Chillicothe. 

Richmoudale. 
Byers*  Station. 
Coalton. 
Wellston. 


Wellston. 
Centerton. 

Mt.  Vernon. 

Etna. 
Ircnton. 


j  6.     Niagara.      Drift 
I     beds  heavy. 
11.  Ohio  Shale.       ^a 

j  11.  OhioSb.  &13a.b. 

(     c.  d.  e.  Wav.    «" 

14  a.  Con.  &  13  e.  War. 

14  a.  &b.  Con.  &C'IM, 


14  b.  Coal  Measures. 
(14  b.  Coal  Meas.,  Fer, 
J    Limestone. 


Valley  Railway. 


Cleveland. 

Independence.'* 

Peninsula.'^ 

Akron. 

Greentown. 

Canton." 
No.  Industry. 
Mineral  Point.'^ 
Valley  June. 


11.  Ohio  Shale.       '^i 

18  a.  b.  0.  Waverly. 
tt 

14  a.  Cong,  and  14  b, 
Coal  Measure. '"" 

14  b.  Brookville  or 
Gray  Limest.  Coal 
14  b.  Merc.  Horiz.  '«" 

14b.Eit.Cls.,No.6&6, 

i< 

14  b.  Mercer  Horiz.  ^'"' 


Wabaaht  St.  Loalo  and  Paelfle  RallrowL 


0 
0 
17 
29 
86 
62 
61 
71 
94 


Toledo. 
South  Toledo. 
White  House. 
Liberty. 
Napoleon. 
Defiance. 
Emerald. 
Antwerp. 
Ft.  Wayne. 


7.  Helderberg.  '" 

9.  Comiferous.  "♦ 
10  e.  Huron.  '" 
10.Ham.&11.0.Sh.s<' 

it  700 

10.  Hamilton. 

9.  Comiferous.  '" 
See  Indiana. 


53.  Ironton.    The  charcoal  iron  manufacture  of  Ohio  is  centered  here. 

53.  Harrisburgh.    Clinton  limestone,  white  and  marble-like  here. 

54.  Dayton.    Junctionof  Lower  and  Upper  Silurian  well  shown  at  Soldiers' Home.  Valuable  quu- 
ries  in  Dayton  stone  at  many  points.    The  Clinton  limestone  hignly  fossiliferous  in  this  region.        ' 

55.  Lebanon.    One  of  the  typical  localities  for  fossils  of  the  Upper  Cincinnati  beds. 

56.  Independence.    Valnabie  quarries  in  Berea  stone.    Orit  especially  valaable  for  millstones  for 


grinding  wood  pulp,  pearl  barley,  etc. 

57.  Peninsula.    Large  quarries  in  Berea  grit. 


Peninsula. 

59.  Mineral  Point.  'Vafnable  bed  of  Kittanning  clay.    Beet  flie-clay  in  the  State. 

60.  Lodi.    Excellent  locality  for  Upper  Waverly  fossilK. 
81.  Massillon.    Lowest  coal  (Sharon)  mined  largely  here. 

62.  The  Cincinnati  Glacial  Dam.  The  survey  or  tne  terminal  moraine  in  Ohio,  made  by  Rev.  ( 
¥.  Wright  in  1883,  proved  tl>at  the  southern  boundary  of  the  great  ice-sheet  crossed  the  OnioRiTSi 
near  New  Richmond,  twenty-two  miles  by  the  river  above  Cincinnati,  and  extended  across  the  north- 1 
em  counties  of  Kentucky,  four  or  five  miles  south  of  the  river,  recrossing  the  Ohio  near  Aurora,  m  I 
ana.  Mr.  Wright  inferred  that  one  effect  of  this  glacier  was  to  form  an  immense  dam  of  ice  and  no  | 
raine  debris,  6W  to  600  feet  high,  which  effectually  closed  the  old  channel  of  the  Ohio  for  f orty-nim  I 
miles  by  the  windii^n  o."  the  river,  and  set  back  the  water  of  the  river  and  its  tributaries  until, si 
shown  by  Mr.  I.  C.  White,  it  probably  occupied  the  channel  between  the  Kanawha  and  the  Ohio  Vi^j 
leys,  through  West  Virginia,  now  the  line  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad.  The  site  of  Pittt-I 
burg.  Pa.,  was  submermd  to  the  depth  of  800  feet,  the  remarkable  terraces  in  the  valleys  of  the  Ohi&l 
Allegheny,  MonongaheIa,tand  other  branches,  for  the  origin  of  which  no  satisfactory  explanation!  bijl 
before  been  given,  being  then  formed,  according  to  WhiK  and  Lesley,  around  the  snoros  of  this  grwl 
inlandlake.    (See  MoteNo.  68,  in  West  VirglDia.)     .  J.K    I 


HIO.) 
St.  Lonls  RaiU 


Niagara.      Drift 

beds  heavy. 

ihio  Shale.       '" 

,  Ohio  Sb.  &  13  a.b. 

c  d.  e.  Wav.    «" 

Con.  &  13  e.  War, 
(t 

&b.  Con.  &C'1M, 


.  Ooal  Measures. 
t  b.  Goal  Meas.,  Fer. 
imestone. 


OHIO. 


187 


Ms.  I  WheeUns  and  Lake  Brie  Hallwa7< 

~  0  Toledo. 


36 
59 
64 
86 
100 
121 


Fre^nont. 

Monroeville. 

Norwalk. 

Wellington. 

Lodi.6^ 

Orrville. 


7.  Waterlime.  "^ 

7.  Waterlime.  *'^ 

11.  Ohio  Shale.        ^3« 
18  a.  &  b.  Waverly. 
13d.Wav.  D'fth'vy.'si 
18  d.  &  e.  Waverly. 
18  e.  Waverly. 


1074 


Ms.  I  Wheel's  de  Iiske  Brie  Hallway— Cim. 


188Sippo. 


187 

148 

164 
167 


Massillon.<i> 

Navarre. 

Zoar. 

Valley  Junction. 


U4  a.  Gongl.  &  14  b. 
(     Lower  Goal  Meas. 


967 


(  14  b.  Con.  Coal  Meas., 
)     Mercer  Horizon. 

U  891 


63.  The  Berea  Grit,  the  most  important  member  of  the  Sub-Carboniferoas  formation  in  Ohio,  is 
quarried  here  on  a  very  large  scale.  The  Berea  Shale  that  makes  the  roofs  of  the  qoarriea  is  highly 
foBsiliferouB. 


Iway. 

Ohio  Shale.       »» 
L  b.  c.  Waverly. 

4  a.  Gong,  and  Ub, 
Coal  Measure. "" 

4  b.  Brookville  or 
Gray  Limest.  Coal 

b.  Merc.  Horiz.  "<» 

[).Kit.ClB.,No.6&«, 

b.  Mercer  Horiz.  ^" 
Paclfle  Rallroai 


Iclderberg. 


6il 


omiferous.        «'♦ 
Huron.  «" 

Ham.&11.0.Sh.«" 


Hamilton, 
^omiferous. 
Indiana. 


700 


731 


Home.  Valuable  quB- 1 
118  in  this  region, 
latlbeds.  .  , 

lable  for  millstones  lot 


State. 


Ohio,  made  by  Rev. . 
crossed  the  Ohio  B1V8 
«nded  across  the  DortM 
Ohio  near  Aurora, » 
nse  dam  of  ice  andiwi 
;he  Ohio  for  forty-nto 
its  tributarieB  nntyj 
awha  and  the  Ohio  ^1^ 
oad.    The  Bite  of  ml 
the  valleys  of  the  01*1 
actorr  explanations  Ml 
the  snoros  of  thiywi 


Si  ill' I,    J 

ill ' 


''■1: 


'V 


188 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


This  blank  space  is  intended  for  additional  geological  notes  in  pencil  by  the  traveler. 


r  i 


MICHIGAN. 


169 


the  traveler. 


Michigan  J 


LIST  OF  THE  GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS  OF  MICHIGAN. 


PROBABLE  KQl'IVALENTS  OF   DANA. 


20.    Quaternary.' 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Measures. 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

13  b.  Upper  Sub'Carboniferous. 


13  a. 

Lower  Sub'Carboniferous. 

11  b. 

Chemung. 

11  a. 

Portage. 

10  c. 

Genesee. 

10  b. 

Hamilton. 

9  c. 

Corniferous  and  9  b. 

Schoharie. 

7. 

Lower  Helderberg. 

6. 

Salina. 

9  c. 

Niagara. 

5  b. 

Clinton. 

4  c. 

Cincinnati. 

4  a. 

Trenton. 

3. 

Canadian. 

2  b. 

Potsdam. 

1c. 

Keweenian. 

lb. 

Huronian. 

la. 

Laurentian. 

XOCAL    DBSIQNATIONS. 


20.    Quaternary,  Lacustrine  Drift.^ 

14  c.  Coal  Measures. 

14  a.  Parma  Sandstone. 

13  b.  Carboniferous  Limestonei 

13  b.  Michigan  Salt  Group. 

13  a.  Marshall  Group. 

11.      Huron  Group,  Chemung  Shale^ 

11.      Huron  Group,  Portage  shale. 

11.      Huron  Group,  Black  Shale. 

10  b.  Little  Traverse  Group. 

9.      Corniferous  Group. 

7.      Lower  Helderberg. 

6.      Salina  Group. 

5.     Niagara  Group. 

4  e.  Cincinnati. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

3  c.  and  3  a.  Chazy  and  Calelferous. 

2  b.  Lake  Superior  Sandstone. 

1  c.   Cupriferous  Rocks,  Sandstones, 

Conglomerates  and  Traps. 
1  b.  Huronian. 
1  a.  LaurenUan. 


Sketch  of  the  Geology  of  Michigan.* 

The  State  of  Michigan  is  divided,  geographical!;^,  into  two  parts  by  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Straits 
of  Mackinaw,  but  geologically  there  is  no  such  division,  the  upper  and  lower  peninsula,  as  they  are 
called,  being,  with  the  portion  now  covered  by  water,  one  uniform  series  of  formations  succeeding 
each  other  in  their  proper  order.  For  the  clear  understanding  of  its  geological  structure  we  should 
imagine  the  water  of  the  lakes  removed,  or  the  strata  extending  under  it.  The  city  of  Cincinnati, 
in  Ohio,  stands  upon  a  dome  or  ridge  oi  upraised  older  strata  which  have  been  uncovered  by  the 
planing  off  of  thdir  higher  beds,  until  on  both  sides  of  it  the  outcrop  of  several  of  the  formations 
appear.  The  strata  dip  from  this  ridge  towards  the  east  and  towards  the  west,  and  the  line  of  it  ex- 
tends towards  the  common  corner  of  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Michigan.  It  bifurcates,  iiowever,  before 
reaching  that  point,  the  east  branch  running  up  to  the  west  end  of  Lake  Erie,  causing  several  islands 
there,  and  subsides  in  Canada  near  the  River  Thames ;  while  the  west  branch  passes  across  the 
northern  part  of  Indiana  and  Illinois  to  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  thence  northwest  through 
Wisconsin. 

On  the  nortn  another  ridge  of  still  older  rocks,  the  1.  Laurentian,  extends  through  Canada  around 
the  north  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.  It  also  appears  in  the  upper  peninsula.  This,  the 
oldest  of  the  formations,  is  the  lowest  and  foundation  of  all.  the  later  formations  resting  upon  it, 
dipping  south  and  southwest  away  from  the  Laurentian.  The  whole  State  of  Michigan,  including 
the  parts  covered  by  the  lakes,  i*;  therefore  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  ancient  axes  of  elevation. 
whicn  isolated  her  rock  formations  from  the  adjoining  regions.  It  may  be  considered  as  one  great 
basin,  for  even  if  the  surrounding  regions  do  not  in  all  cases  actually  occupy  a  higher  level,  yet  we 
find  the  strata  dip  flrom  all  sides  towar  Is  the  centre.  The  upper  peninsula,  or  that  portion  of  the 
State  north  of  Lake  Michigan,  is  bounded  around  the  entire  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior  by  the 
2  b.  Potsdam  red  sandstone,  of  which  the  Pictured  Rocks  are  composed,  and  reposing  upota  it  are  the 
south-dipping  Lower  Silurian  series  in  regular  belts,  in  a  general  east  and  west  course,  and  extending 
ap  to  5  c.  Niagara  limestone,  which  extends  between  Oreen  Bay  and  Lake  Michigan,  and  forms  the 
shores  of  Lake  Michigan  and  Lake  Huron.  The  Upper  Helderberg  also  appears  on  Maekinaw  and 
other  islands. 

1.  This  chapter  was  prepared  for  this  work  by  Prof.  Alexander  Winchell,  LL.  D.,  of  the  Univer- 
sity  of  Michigan,  former  Director  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Michigan. 

2.  The  rocky  formations  of  the  lower  peninsula  are  deeply  and  generally  covered  by  drift.  In 
all  the  western  half  of  the  State,  sovth  of  Little  Traverse  Bay,  no  good  characteristic  exposures  exist, 

'   "     '  .......  Hence  in  most  cases  oar  knowledge  of  the 


_ _ BW   VtA    W*    MUAVVM^     A  SCVWIO^ 

olland  in  Ottawa  county, 
underlying  rocks  is  only  a  matter  of  inference. 


A.W. 


N    !,: 


*  Derived  chiefly  f^om  Prof.  A.  WincheU's  Qeologleal  Reports  of  this  State. 


190 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOIOAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MICH.) 


I 


*?!"■■  ■■,  ^ ; 


irt>i^.^. 


1  l>^^.  ^; 


Ms. 


Bfloblgan  Oentrsl  BallroaA. 


Alt. 


8 

10 
17 

80 
88 
48 

47 

66 
62 
66 
69 
76 


Detroit 

Orand  Trunk 

Dearborn. 

Wayne. 

Ypsilanti. 
Ann  Arbor. 
DelU. 

Dexter. 

Chelsea. 
Francisco. 
OrasB  Lake. 
Leoni. 
Jackson. 


Jun 


r  10  b.  Little  Traverse, 
\  ben.  Lacustrine.  » » * 
11.  Hu.  ben.  Lacus. 

tt  614 

«  6«a 

fl3a.Ma8h»il(?)Ti* 
Lower  Ridge. 
•18  b.  Mich.  salt,»»» 
Terminal  Moraine.* 
'  18  b.  Mich,  salt, 
' .  Deep  Drift. 
'  18  b.  Carbon,  line  s. 
\  Deep  Drift.  »»* 

18  b.  Carb.  limeo."* 

«  1016 

l(  98  6 

II  98  0 

14  c.  C.Mes.  Mines"  >f 


(Air  Line  Division.) 


76 
88 
90 
99 
108 
109 

117 

124 
129 
136 
140 
146 
162 
160 
166 
170 
174 
179 


Jackson. 

Snyder's. 

Concord. 

Homer. 

Clarendon. 

Tekonsha. 

Union  City. 

Sherwood. 

Colon. 

Wasepi. 

Centreville. 

Three  Rivers. 

Corey's. 

Vandalia. 

Cassopolis. 

Dailey. 

Baron  Lake. 

Niles. 


•  a? 


14  c.  Coal  Mes.  Mines. 

18  b.  Carb.  1.  s. 
II 

18  a.  Marshall 


{ 


11.    Huron. 
Iron  Ore. 


II 
II 


10b.L.Trv.(?) 
II 

9.  Comiferous 
II 


971 
987 
972 
966 
937 

Kid'y 

900 
873 
838 
843 

sas 

805 

871 

878 

881 

•«871 

5*768 

P6  81 


Iflolilfan  Central  RaUroad— Con 

Ms. (Kalamazoo  Division.) 


76 
81 
87 
92 
96 
101 
108 
118 
115 
121 
126 
130 
186 
140 
144 
149 
166 
160 
162 
168 
172 
179 
185 
191 
197 
202 
205 
209 
211 
218 


Jackson. 

Trumbull's. 

Parma.  •  *  * 

Bath  Mills. 

Albion. 

Marengo, 

Marshall. 

Ceresco. 

White's. 

Battle  Creek. 

Bedford. 

Augusta. 

Oalesburg. 

Comstock. 

Kalamazoo. 

Ostemo. 

Mattawan. 

Lawton. 

White  Oaks. 

Decatur. 

Glenwood. 

Dowagiac. 

Pokagon. 

Niles. 

Buchanan. 

Dayton. 

Oalien. 

Avery's. 

Three  Oaks. 

New  Buffalo. 

(Continued' 


Alt, 


937 


14  c.  Coal  Meas. 

14  a.  Parma  s.  s.  outc'p 

13  b.  Carb.  limestoDe, 

18  a.  Marshall.      »ii 
"  outcrops.''! 

II  102 

II  900 

II  II         111 

II  109 

U) 
78! 
T8] 
7?) 

9ta 

860 
7Tl 


(?) 


11.  Huron. 

II 

II 
II 
II 
II 
II 

10b.L.Tra.(?) 
9.  Comifer.(?) 


^781 

■   0?51 

2.760 

*7JJ 

681 

"  7»J 

"  711 

"  «ea 

II  «9g 

ti  66) 

"   Sand  Dunes."" 
in  Indiana.) 


(Grand  Rapids  Division.) 


0  Jackson. 
10  Rives  Junction. 
17  Onondaga. 
24  Eaton  Rapids. 
86  Charlotte. 
40  Chester. 
46  Vermontville. 


14  c.  Coal  Measures. 

II  »o« 

«  8>5 

II  8  76 

14  a.  Parma  Sand.^''' 

II  883 

18  b.  Carb.  Lime.  «" 


The  lake  is  excavated  chiefly  in  the  6.  Salina  formation,  Prof.  James  Hall  estimating  that  two- 
thirds  of  It  Is  from  that  formation.  The  geological  strata  were  first  laid  down  extending  across  where 
the  lakes  now  are,  so  that  eastern  Wisconsin  is  a  part  ot  this  basin.  The  lakes  rest  in  troughs  which 
have  been  excavated  subsequently  oearly  along  the  strike  or  outcropping  edges  of  some  ot  the 
softer  formations.  In  the  lower  peninsula,  or  the  main  portion  of  the  State  between  Lake  Michigan 
and  Lake  Erie,  all  the  Michigan  series  above  the  Niagara  and  up  to  the  Carboniferous  appear  on  tb« 
surface,  but  all  of  them  much  thinner  than  in  the  States  larther  east. 

To  make  it  Btiil  more  clear  we  might  begin  at  the  highest  formation,  the  U  b.  Coal  Measures, 
which  extends,  in  an  oval  form,  trom  Jackson  to  Saginaw  Bay.  This  is  the  upper  layer  of  rocks,  ana 
the  other  formations  crop  out  in  successive  layers  below  it  on  all  sides.  The  annexed  Railway  Guide 
■hows  their  exposures  on  the  lines  of  the  railroads,  as  they  have  been  carefully  made  out  by  Prof. 
Alex.  Winohell.  Each  rocky  stratum,  therefore,  may  be  considered  as  dish-shaped,  and  taken 
together  they  form  a  nest  of  dishes  oi  basins,  tho  highest  being  the  coal  field  near  the  centre  oi  the 
lower  peninsula,  and  passing  f^om  this  in  any  direction  we  travel  suocessiveiy  ovei  the  outcropping 
edges  of  oldei  and  older  strata. 

The  Lake  Superior  iton  oie  is  found  in  the  1  b.  Huronian  formation,  directly  west  of  Marqaettt. 
The  copper  is  found  chiefly  in  a  great  trap-dyke,  which  extends  foi  many  miles  along  Keweenaw 
Point.    These  Iron  ore  and  copper  producing  mines  are  the  richest  and  most  productive  in  Americi 

Michigan  is  therefore  a  distinct  and  Independent  geological  area.  Its  copmosi  foimation  iai 
coal  basin,  underlaid  by  the  Devonian  formations,  very  much  thinned  out  it  u  true,  and  bel'  w  ihit 
the  Silurian  largely  developed  and  extending  oat  to  the  oldest  Laurentian  rocks  on  the  north  on 
til  this  within  the  bounds  of  the  State,  with  small  portions  only  of  this  sepaiate  geological  woria  ex' 
tending  into  adjoining  States  on  the  west  side.  The  whole  of  the  peninsula  is  covered  with  driit, 
Irom  one  hundred  to  three  hundred  feet  deep,  and  rock  exposures  are  very  raie _ 

*  Drift  164  feet  on  Main  Str  <etand  292  m  Observatory  Hill  contains  fossil  wood  at  depth  of  60  feet 


CH.) 


MICHIGAN. 


191 


ro»d— Con 

>nO Alt. 


»17 

sal  Meaa. 

&nna  s.  e.  outc'c 

arb. 

limestone. 

II 

9U 

[anhall.      »i 

"  outcrops.'" 

II 

S02 

II 

>00 

II 

II         lU 

II 

t09 

<i 

1         »S9 

II 

(?) 

711 

ron. 

?8a 

II 

77J 

II 

9«J 

If 

860 

11 

7TJ 

II 

^»" 

<i 

^'«1 

.Tra 

(?) 

■  qtm 

nifer 

h) 

2.760 
P7IJ 

II 

II 

6S1 

11 

fSI 

II 

TU 

II 

(81 

<i 

tiS 

II 

6e9 

?and  Dunes."" 
laoa.) 

iaion.) 

oal  Measures. 

II  »o« 

(I  8t5 

II  876 

arma  Saud.^°< 

II  693 

Carb.  Lime.  «" 

timating  that  two- 
[ding  across  wh«n 
tin  troughs  which 
38  of  some  ot  the 
en  Lake  Michigan 
rous  appear  on  the 

[  b.  Coal  Measures. 
layer  of  rocks,  and 
zed  Railway  Guide 
made  outbyPiof. 
ihaped,  and  taken 
a  the  centre  oi  the 
ei  the  outcropping 

west  of  Marquette. 
)  along  Keweenaw 
luctiTt  In  America 
}08i  foimation  la  a 
— ue,  and  bel^^w  that 
on  the  north  "la 
eological  world  «• 
severed  with  drltt, 


or 


Mlchlsan  Central  Railroad. 

(Grand  Rapids  Dlvtaion.)— Continued.     Alt. 


'°'    ' = 

SONasiiTille, 

18  b.  Carb.  1.  8.      'ot 

55  Stieridan. 

•1                      a  DO 

62  Hastings. 

78  Middleville. 

II                      717 

79  Caledonia. 

II                      799 

85  Hammond. 

II                      754 

94  Grand  Rapids. 

"  Ext. 

exposures.*"* 

(South  Haven  Divlalon.) 


0  Kalamazoo. 
8  Alamo. 
14  Kendeli's. 

17  Pine  Grove. 

18  Gobies. 

1 22  Bloomingdale. 
24  Beaver  Lake. 
27  Columbia. 
29  Grand  Jimotion. 
31  Geneva. 
39  South  Haven. 


11.  Huron. 


II 
II 


777 

^705 

Q  792 
S 

§777 
^803 
S,7S1 

882 
678 

pees 

S83 


(South  Bend  Division.) 


11 


Niles. 
Bertrand. 
Notre  Dame. 
South  Bend. 


9.  Comiferous. 
II 


681 
939 


(Saginaw  Division.) 


0 
111 
15 
25 
87 
63 
65 

87 

101 

103 
|05 
Il6 
|21 


Jackson. 

Rives  Junction. 

Leslie. 

Mason. 

Lansing. 

Laingsburg. 

OWOBSO. 

St.  Charles. 

Saginaw  City. 

East  Saginaw. 

CarroUton. 

Wenona. 

Bay  City. » 


14  O.CL  Mr.  Mines'*' 
II 

«  88  3 

II 

«  858 

II  see 

II  745 

f  14  c.  Coal  Measures 

\     Lacustrine.  ' "  * 

II  591 

II 

<l 

*•  88  9 

II  592 


(Mjickinaw  Division.) 


Bay  City.* 

14  c.  C  Mes. 

Kawkawlln. 

It 

Standlsh. 

«« 

Wells. 

II 

West  Branch. 

18  b.  Carb 

St,  Helenas. 

(1 

Roscommon. 

<• 

Grayhng. 

13  b.  Mich 

Forrest, 

18  a.  Marsh 

Otsego  Lake. 

11 

Gaylord 

" 

827 
V74 


957 

limestone. 

(?)       1168 

m    1128 
Salt.  ii»» 

1326 


Michigan  Central  Railroad.— Con. 

Ms^ (Bay  City  Dlviwioii . , 


CO 


1849 


0 
10 
14 
17 
24 
29 
81 
85 
41 
44 
62 
60 
61 
64 
66 
70 
74 
80 
87 
95 
110 


Detroit. 

Norria. 

Warren. 

Oakwood, 

Utioa. 

Yates. 

Rochester. 

Goodison'a. 

Orion. 

Oxford. 

Metamora. 

Lapeer. 

Junction. 

Millville. 

Carpenter's. 

Columbiaville. 

Otter  Lake. 

Millington. 

Vassar. 

Reese. 

Bay  City  * 


llb.L.Trav. 

11.  Hu.  Lac. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

18  a.  Mars'U 

11 

.1 

18  b.  Mich.  St 

II 


9 


_Alt 

581 
631 
641 
650 


_    747 

"     842 

O 

4     995 

2,1058 

"S.ioss 

B 


04 


880 


13  b.  Carb.  limestone. 


II 
II 


18  b. 
14  a. 
14  c. 


Mich.  Salt. 
Parma  s.  s. 
Coal  Meas. 


801 
77 
860 
757 
643 
6  29 

•  »a 


I<akb  Shore  &  SUchlgan  Soathem  R.  R. 

(Michigan  Division.) 


0 
118 
123 
130 
133 
135 
189 
141 
145 
165 
162 
168 
172 
178 
182 
187 
194 
200 
215 
218 
224 
229 


Cleveland. 

Toledo. 

Sylvania. 

Ottawa  Lake.* 

Riga. 

Blissfield. 

Palmyra. 

Lenawee  Juno. 

Adrian. 

Clayton. 

Hudson. 

Pittsford. 

Osseo. 

Hillsdale. 

Jonesville. 

Allen's. 

Quincy. 

Coldwater. 

Bronson. 

Burr  Oak. 

Sturgid. 

Douglas. 


9.  Comiferous. 
II 

II  6  88 

ii  69  2 

10  b.  Lit.  Traverse.*  »* 


236|  White  Pigeon. 


11.  Huron. 


13  a.  Marshall, 


707 
714 
810 
905 
945 
1109 
II        1126 

•«  Ext.  Quame8i«9» 

II        109  7 
it        lOBi 

n.  Huron.  1027 

"worked  for  Brick' «» 

II  92  7 

>■  8  96 

I.  tf34 

i<  824 


(Detroit  Division ) 


OlToleda 

71  West  Toledo. 
lOJ  Alexis. 
15!  Vienna. 
20; La  Salle. 
25  Monroe  Junction 


19-  Comiferous, 


•I 
>i 


&L.Held'g.  "9 


*  Suakea  in  the  limestone,  and  has  undeigiound  communication  wtth  Lake  Erie 

3  Lacustrine  deposits  of  Saginaw  Valley  100  leet  deep 

4  The  sballow  salt  wells  here  aie  supplied  from  the  base  ot  the  Coal  Measures 


ill. 


'      •■! 


■   i. 


r    ^ /'■*'!  '  -i  '  •■■I 


;     II 


19S 

\             AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 

(MICH.) 

nke  Shore  A  MiohlKan  Southern  R.  K. 

Luke  Shore  *  Mlohiffsn  Southern  It.  R 

Ms.               (Detroit  Divl»lon.)— Con.                 Alt. 

Mm. 

(LnnMing  DiviHion.)— Con.             ^|^ 

25 

Monroe  Juno.^ 

9.Comifer.  ^ 

S    ^584 

83 

Springport. 

14  a.  Parma  s.  s.  Jti 

82 

Newport. 

Rock  wood. 

<i 

88 

Cbarlesworth. 

14  c.  Coal  Meai4.    ju 

88 

ti 

|§582 

42 

Eaton  Rapids. 

•♦                     Mi 

44 

Trenton. 

"  expoBU. 

3.3884 

52 

Diamondale. 

N 

48 

Wyandotte. 

10b.L.Trv. 

.    §^580 

59 

South  Lansiiig. 

«•                   1)1 

51 

Ecoroea. 

Grand  Trunk  Jun 
Dei.  &  Mil.  Juno. 
Detroit. 

11.  Huron. 

it 

lOb.LTrv.. 

1.1 

S:  srssi 

60 

Lansing. 

"                   ilt 

67 
62 

Grand  Rapldt  A  Indiana  Ballroad. 

65 

0 
143 

Cincinnati,  0. 
Lima. 

(See  Indiana.) 
11.  Huron. 

0 

Monroe  Junction. 

9.  Corniferous.        »T9 

10 

Ida. 

6.  Salina,  expos'es*** 

147 

Sturgis. 

"                     911 

17 

Petersburg. 

9.  Corniferous.        •'<> 

157 

Nottawa. 

M                    «)l 

20 

Deerfield. 

«                       8  70 

159 

Wasepi. 

"                    id 

26 

Wellsville. 

10  b.  Lit.  Traverse.*  9  0 

163 

Mendon. 

"                    l«l 

29 

Lewanee  Juno. 

11.  Huron.              ^u 

168 

Portage  Lake. 

"                    Ml 

83 

Adrian. 

«                       810 

173 

1  '^O 

Vicksburg. 

4            i.2 

»                   Ml 

(Jackson  Division.) 

1(8 

i8r» 

Austin. 

Kalamazoo. 

Travis. 

II                    <i) 

0 

Adrian. 

11.  Huron.             "o 

194 

18  a.  Marshall.      <i 

4 

Lenawee  Juno. 

M                       714 

197 

Plainwell. 

«            ?(i 

8 

Cliase's. 

II 

202 

Monteith. 

u             *n 

13 

Tecumseh. 

«                      SO  7 

203 

Martin. 

<«             ti) 

18 

Clinton. 

13  a.  Marshall.      »»^ 

207 

Shelby. 

«•             fii 

25 

Manchester. 

u                       90  7 

210 

Bradley. 

"     (?)    ■■y 

82 

Norvell. 

« 

213 

Way  land. 

18  b.  Mich.  Salt.    '<> 

86 

Napoleon. 

r    "  exposures  exten- 
\  sively  quarried.  '** 

221 
227 

Ross. 
Fisher. 

13  b.  Carb.  1.  s.     »> 

40 

Eldred. 

13  b.  Carb.  1.  s.  (?) 

234 

Grand  Rapids. 

<l                    (01 

46 

Jackson. 

14  c.  CI.  Measures  •>< 

237 
244 
248 
251 

D.  &  M.  Crossing. 
Belmont. 
Rockford. 
Edgerton. 

II 

(Kalamazo 

0  LKvislon.) 

M                   6<1 

«                                      Hi 

0 

White  Pigeon. 

11.  Huron. 

14  0.  Parma  s.  s.   i» 

4 

12 

Constantino. 
Three  Rivers. 

11 

A*^  805 

256 
267 

Cedar  Springs. 
Lockwood. 

14  0.  CI.  Measure. '" 

11                     8)1 

17 

Moore  Park. 

« 

,^^**[ 

260 

Sand  Lake. 

<l                  ill 

20 

Flowerfield. 

t< 

>g 

262 

Pier son. 

II                      901 

24 
80 

Schoolcraft. 
Portage. 

3.0  884 

.^fseo 

266 
268 

Maple  Hill. 
Howard  City. 
Morley. 
Stanwood. 

II                     Ml 
II 

87 

Kalamazoo. 

II 

£.»»» 

274 

14              Mr 

43 

Cooper. 

13  a.  Marshall.      »49 

281 

M                   9!l 

46 
49 
62 

Argenta. 

Plainwell. 

Otsego. 

«•                    772 
«                    114 
U                     »10 

290 
291 
295 

Low.  Big  Rapids. 
Up.  Big  Rap  ds. 
Paris. 

M                   tU 
M 

II              »<; 

62 

Allegan. 

II                       708 

302 

Reed  City. 

«     (9\       1011 

70 

Hopkins. 

«l                       »0i 

309 

Ashton. 

<i     /9\       USI 

<i    h\     nil 
13  b.  Mich.  Sall(?)i"' 

73 

Hilliards. 

««                    710 

314 

Le  Roy. 
Tustin. 

77 

Dorr. 

13  b.  Mich.  Salt(?)«»« 

319 

83 

Byron  Center. 

i«                      740 

331 

Clam  Lake. 

89 

Grandville. 

«                     638 

3d4 

Linden. 

13  b.  Carb.  1.  s.     "• 

93 

Eagle  Mills. 

13  b.  Carb.  1.  s.      soi 

843 

Manton. 

<i                 IKl 

96 

Grand  Rapids. 

"  exposures."  o» 

862 

862 
366 

Walton. 

18  a.  Marshall.    >°" 

(Lansing 

Division.) 

Walton. 
Fife  Lake. 

«                 10(1 

0 

Jonesville. 

18a.Mar8'llexpo.»o'»» 

i<                 1011 

7 

Litchfield. 

«                    1009 

862 

South  Boardman. 

M                 1011 

14 

Homer. 

«                      972 

871 

Kalkaska. 

11                 1011 

-^2 

Albion. 

18  b.  Carb.  I.  s.      »*« 

876 

lieetaville. 

•1                 lOil 

29 

Devereux. 

14  a.  Parma  B.  s.    9»« 

880 

HftTana.   

<l 

I 

}.    Extensive  quarri 

ea,  exposing  in 

places  tiie 

wate 

rlime  of  Lower  Hel 

lerberg. 

ICH.) 


MICHIGAN. 


198 


Southern  U,  R, 

\.)—Con. All 

,  Parma  s.  s,   ni 
,  Coal  Meas.    'lu 

U  M) 

H 

M  SO) 


%nm  Railroad, 

Indiana.) 
Huron. 


It 
li 
It 
It 
It 
«< 
II 


HI 

m 

Ml 


It 
II 
II 
it 
It 


t.  Marshall.     '•) 

m 
til 

HI 

(?)      ■>: 

t).  Mich.  Salt,    '»' 
(i  ni 

b.  Carb.  1.  s.     "" 

«  toi 

II  6(1 

i<  «))  I 

).  Parma  s.  s.   '" 
CI.  Measure,  «*'  ] 

»ll 

90) 
<)l 


It 
II 
II 
II 
ft 
It 
II 
tt 


"     (?) 
"     (?) 


M> 

Sit 

91! 

9!; 

1011  I 
USl 

9\     nil 


D.Mich,SaU(?)"" 
ti 

b. 

Carb.  1. 9. 

II 

IX 

11(1 

a. 

Marshall. 

lOt! 

It 

10(1 

ti 

1011 

It 

1011 

It 

1011 

It 

lOIl 

. 

It 

Grand  Itopldi  A  Indiana  Railroad— 

OarMnued. 


m. 

884  Mancelona. 
3<)0,  Cascade. 
894  Simons. 
89U,Elniira. 
408  Boyne  Falls. 
415'Melro8e. 
424]Peto8key. 


Alt. 


18  a.  Marshall.     >i>» 
11.  Huron. 

N  1214 

10  b.  Lit.  Trav.(?)  »»» 

U  877 

"  ext.  cliffs.  •»» 


(TiHverwe  C  ty  Rulliottd. ) 


862  Walton. 
861  Ivingsley. 
864  Mayfteld. 
878  Traverse  City. 

Detroit,  Grand  Haven  St  Milwaukee  R.  B7 


18  a.  Marshall,     ^o^? 
It  Tse 

11.  Huron. 

"  Lacustrine. 


0  Detroit. 

8  L.  S.  &  M.  S.  Jun. 

4  Od.  Trunk  Jun. 
13  Royal  Oak. 
18  Birmingham. 
26  Pontiao. 
81  Drayton  Plains. 
88  Waterford. 
35  Clarkston. 
41  Davisburg. 
47  Holly. 
60  Fenton. 
65  Linden. 
68  Gaines. 
70  Vernon. 
76  Corunna. 
78  Owosso. 
88  OTyi. 

92  HhepardsTille. 
98  St.  Johns. 
107  Fowler. 
iriPewamo. 
117  Muir. 

124  Ionia. 

132  Saranao. 

139  Lowell. 

148  Ada. 

168  Grand  Rapids. 

167  Berlin. 

173  Coopersville. 

180  Nunica. 

186  Spring  Lake. 

187  Ferrysburg. 

189  Grand  Haven. 


FUiit  A  Pare  Marqa»  .te  Ballroad— 

Ms.  Continued.  Alt. 


48  New  Boston, 

11.  Huron. 

51 

Wayne. 

«i 

««a 

68 

Plymouth. 

II 

747 

( D.,  L.  *  L. 

M.  Crossing. ) 

10  b.  Lit.  Traverse.*" 
11.  Huron. 

It  516 

«  ees 

18  a.  Marshall.      ^^^ 

U  084 

18  b.  Mich.  Salt.     »«» 

13  b.  Carb.  1.  8.       "^ 

«  100  8 

«  9  5  9 

14  a.  Parma  s.  s.    * ' ' 
14  0.  Coal  Meas.    bo^ 

<«  8  74 

11  859 

««  770 

"Mines.  »»6 

u  7  4S 

It  73  S 

«  749 

«  767 

•I  74  8 

«  744 

«<  65  7 

r  <•  Quarries  in 

\  upper  sandstone.^  * " 
14  c.  Coal  Meas.  ^*^ 
14  a.  Parma  8.  8.  '*^ 
18  b.  Carb.  L  8.  «•« 
"  ext.  quarries." '9 
18  b.  Mich.  Salt,  ost 
18  a.  Marshall.      ««« 

II  681 

«  596 

11.  Huron.  »»• 

f  "  Remarkable 

1  Sand  Dunes.       »»* 


62 

66 

70 

76 

80 

83 

91 

100 

:i08 

116 

119 

!l23 

;i26 

134 

138 

142 


Flint  A  Para  Marqnetfc  Railroad. 


0  Toledo. 
25jMonroe. 
84|Orafton. 
86|CarUon. 
39Walts. 
40Belden. 


9.  Corniferous.        »^» 

"  &  7.  Low.  Held'g. 

9.  Corniferous. 
<t 

10  b.  Little  Traverse. 
11.  Huron. 


142 


Northville. 

Novi. 

Wixom. 

Milford. 

Highland. 

Clyde. 

Holly. 

Grand  Blano. 

Flint. 

Mount  Morris. 

Pine  Run. 

County  Line. 

Birch  Run. 

Bridgeport. 

S.  &  M.  C.  Jun. 

E.  Saginaw." 


E.  Saginaw 


18  a.  Marshall. 
It 

18  b.  Mich.  Salt, 
tt 

18  b.  Carb.  limestone, 
ti 

988 


14  a.  Parma  s.  b. 
14  0.  Coal  Meas. 


<i 
II 
II 
<i 
II 
It 
<i 
II 


718 


162 
162 
167 
169 
176 
181 
186 
191 
1196 
;200 
1203 
i209 
|213 
'217 
|226 
i280 
'237 
1239 
241 
248 
264 
272 
278 


( 14  c.  CI.  Mres.buried 
\  lOOft.ben.Lacus.dp. 

(J.,  L.  ft  8.  Crossing.) 

14  0.  CI.  Mes 


Freeland. 

Midland. 

Averill. 

Sanford. 

North  Bradley 

Coleman. 

Loomis. 

Clare. 

Farwell. 

Remiok. 

Lake. 

Chippewa, 

Sears. 

Evart. 

Hei'sey. 

Reed  City. 

Chase. 

Summitville. 

Nirvana. 

Baldwin.       »»" 

Weldon  Creek. 

Amber. 

Ludington. 


1027 


9S4 


ti 
It 
ti 
II 
11 
tt 
II 
It 
It 
It 
It 
l« 


HI 

croD 


It 
It 
II 
It 


18  b.  Carb.  1.  s. 
ti 

It 

II 


as 

o 

^ 


( Flint  River  DiviBion.) 


0 

4 

8 

14 

19 

Flint. 
Junction. 
Oenesee. 
Otisville. 
Otter  Lake. 

14  c.  Coal  Meas.     f^" 
It 

II 

14  a.  Parma  sandstone 
18  b.  Mich.  Salt 

124 
158 
155 

E.  Saginaw." 
Portsmouth. 
Bay  City. 

14  c.  Coal  Meas.  »**» 
tt 

u                     59a 

>erg. 


6.  Salt  wells  800  feet  deep  to  Marshall  sandstone ;  supplied  from  overlying  Michigan  salt  group. 


194 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAT  GUIDE.    (MICH.) 


..;!M  :': 


Kw:i  -i'  M 


iV  l! 


;,  ^im 


^M. 


]  -M 


D«trolt,  Laaalng  A  Morthem  R.  R. 

Md.                                                                     Alt. 

-~o 

Detroit. 

10  b.  Lit.  Traverse.* »' 

8 

Od.  Trunk  Juno. 

11.  Huron.             »•• 

18 

Bedford. 

•<                       611 

16 

Fisher's. 

«                       «SI 

16 

Elmwood. 

«                       68 « 

19 

LiTonia. 

18a.Ma8haU.        ««" 

28 

Plymouth. 

•<                      747 

29 

Salem. 

t«                      »S3 

84 

South  Lyon. 

18  b.  Carb.  1.  s.      »»" 

48 

Brighton. 

14  a.  Parma  s.  s.    »»» 

46 

Qenoa. 

14  0.  Coal  Meas.     "" 

62 

HowelL 

«< 

67 

Fleming. 

14                     984 

60 

Fowlerville. 

«                       802 

65 

Le  Roy. 

41                    1  2  S  2 

71 

Williamaton. 

outcrops."              »•" 

78 

Meridan. 

«                         8ft0 

79 

Okemoa. 

<l                       874 

86 

Lansing. 
North  Lansing. 

u 

86 

« 

92'DeUa. 

•<                       88  7 

94  Ingersoirs. 

II                       88  1 

97 

Grand  Ledge. 

outcrops."              8«° 

102 

Eagle. 

H                       88  1 

106 

Danby. 

«                       78  2 

109 

Portland. 

II                       f  SO 

114 

Collins. 

u                      777 

118 

Lyons. 

11                      784 

122 

Ionia. 

f           "  Quarries  in 
(  upper  sandstone.**  9 

0 

Ionia. 

I4c.  Coal    leas.     «»» 

6 

Stanton  Juno. 

It         -k    Cl    821 

9 

Wood's  Corners. 

II            .    3     861 

14 

Fenwiok. 

..       2:  •*» 

19 

Sheridan. 

II                       8  86 

24 

Stanton. 

II                       004 

122 

Ionia. 

14  c.  CI.  Me.] 

M6S9 

180 

Palmer's. 

II 

188 

Chad  wick. 

II 

186 

Kiddville. 

II 

g?802 

141 

Greenville. 

II 

146 

Gowen. 

i< 

■    1  P'*" 

161 

Trufant's. 

II 

s:S'" 

168 

Maple  Valley. 

II 

•   0»28 

166 

Coral. 

« 

160 

Howard. 

II 

s 

CUloago  ft  West  BUchlgMi  Ballroad. 

•  •■•• 

Chicago. 

0 

New  Buffalo. 

9.  Comif.8.Dune8.«o» 

7 

Chickaming. 

10 

Troy. 

16 

Bridgeman. 

16 

Morris. 

«                        II 

20 

Stevensville. 

28 

St.  Joseph. 

so] 

Benton  Harbor. 

y     1 

Ghloago  A  W«at  Mlchlgsa  Ballroad. 

Mb.  Continued. Alt. 


89 
42 
47 
64 
58 
62 
75 
79 
90 


90 

95 

104 

110 

n5 

"96 
99 
109 
110 
116 
120 


12G 
130 
136 
142 
150 
160 
161 
170 
181 


126 
142 
143 

157 

163 
170 


Coloma. 

Watervliet. 

Hartford. 

Bangor. 

Breeds  ville. 

Grand  Junction. 

Rennsville. 

Richmond. 

Holland. 


Holland. 
Zeeland. 
Hudson  ville. 
Grandville. 
Grand  Rapids. 


Holland. 

Olive. 

Robinson. 

Nunica. 

Fruitport. 

Muskegon. 


Muskegon. 
B.  R.  Junction. 
Twin  Lake. 
Helton. 

Fremont  Centre. 
AHyton. 
Morgan. 
Traverse  Road. 
Big  Rapids. 


Muskegon. 
Whitehall. 
Montague. 

Shelby. 

Muars. 
Pentwater. 


9.  Corf.  (?)  Sand  Dunei 

10  b.  Lit.  Traverge.(?) 

11.  Huron, 
u 


[fossils. 
13  a.Marshall,oiitcropi 


18  a. 


Marshall. 
11 


13  a.  Michigan  Salt. 
18  b.  Carb.  limestone. 

18  a.  Marshall. 
i< 


II 

II 
« 
II 


eii 


>9i 


II 
II 


13  b. 


Carb.  limestone. 
II 


14  c.  CI.  Measure.'" 


13  a.  Marshall.      »< 
II 

18  b.  Mich.  Salt.  »" 
13b.C'ar.l.s.,  exten- 
sive deta'ed  tab.*<" 

18  b.  Carb.  limestone. 

II  tis 


{ 


Grand  Rapids,  Newaygo  A  Iiake  Shore 
ftollroad. 


0 
7 
14 
19 
21 
25 
27 
80 
36 
39 
46 
67 


Grand  Rapids. 

Alpine. 

Sparta. 

Tyrone. 

Casinovia. 

County  Line. 

Ashland. 

Grant. 

Newaygo. 

Croton. 

Morgan. 

Big  Rapids.  ' 


18  b.  Carb.  1.  s. 
11 


II 
II 
« 

M 


609 
60i 


4  0.  Coal  Measure.'" 


Detroit,  Hillsdale  A  S.  W.  Ballroad. 


0 
11 
17 


YpsilantL 

Saline. 

Bridgewater. 


281  Manchester. 


36 
41 


Brooklyn. 
Woodstock. 


18  a.  Marshall 
II 


714 
S>9 


90) 


IKI 


MIGHIOAN. 


10ft 


iobigan  Salt. 
arb.  limeatone. 


?arb.  limestone. 
« 

1.  Measure.'" 


i  Lake  Shore 


al  Measure."' 
V.  Railroad. 


Dctrolti  HlllMlal*  A  8oathweBt«rn  R.  R.— 

Ml.  Oontinutd.  Alt. 


44 

Somerset. 

18  a.  Marshall. 

40 

Jerome. 

It 

f)3 

North  Adams. 

II 

61 

Hillsdale. 

"  Outcrops  fos8.«»»» 

65 

Banker's. 

«              loaT 

Reading. 

n.  Huron.            >»oo 

•  •■• 

Camden. 

II 

Chicago  ft  Canada  Southern  Railroad. 

0  Fayette. 

11.  Huron. 

7 

Morenci. 

II 

13  Weston. 

II 

17  Fairfield. 

10b.Lit.Traverse.»»» 

20  0gden. 

M 

25  Blissfield. 

M                     6«4 

82  Deerfield. 

M                       870 

36  Petersburg. 

II                       6  70 

40;  Dundee. 

9.  Comiferous.        «»> 

42  North  Rainsville. 

"    est.  quarries. 

47  May  bee. 

it 

60!  Exeter. 

M 

66|Carlton. 

II 

67:Bryar  Hill. 

•• 

61  Flat  Rock. 

II 

67 

Slocum  Junction. 

II 

Toledo,  Canada  Southern  A  Detroit  R.  R. 

~0 

2 

9 
12 
16 
17 


15 

"20 
25 
30 
34 
40 


Detroit, 

M.  C.  Junotton. 

Ecorces. 

Wyandotte. 

Trenton. 

Slocum  Junction, 


Stony  Creek. 


Monroe. 
La  Salle. 
Vienna. 
Alexis. 
Toledo. 


10  b.  Lit.  Traverse.*  •» 

11.  Huron. 

10  b.  Little  Traverse. 

II  S8  0 

9.  Comiferous.        »** 


f     »    and  7.  L.  Held. 
\  ezt.  expos.  &  quar. 


6.  Com.  &  7.  Heldberg 
9.  Comiferous.  a.  C 


sP 


Grand  Trunk  Railroad. 


196  Port  Huron. 
207  Smith's  Creek. 
217  Ridgeway. 
223jNew  Haven. 
237  Mount  Clemens. 
250|  Milwaukee  June. 
255  Detroit  Junction, 


268  Detroit. 


11.  Huron"' 


It 
It 
11 


8X7 
603 


10  b.  L.  Trav. 
DriftoverlOO 
feet  deep. 


111 

%  ? 


Chicago  S(  Grand  Trunk  Railroad. 


0 
4 

10 
19 
27 


Port  Huron. 
Gd.  Trunk  Junct. 
Thornton. 
Emmet. 
Capao. 


11.  Huron. 
II 
II 

It 

18  8.  Marshall. 


688 

886 

779 
817 


Chloago  M  Grand  Trunk  Railroad.— 

Mn.  Continutd,  Alt. 


84 

89 
46 
68 
67 

C6 

88 
87 
96 
100 
112 
llfi 
120 
126 
127 
184 
142 
147 
152 

160 


Imlay  City 

Attica. 

Lapeer. 

Elba. 

Davison. 

Flint. 

Dnrand. 

Bancroft. 

Perry. 

Shaftsburg. 

Trowbridge. 

Lansing. 

Millett's. 

Sevastopol. 

Pottervillc. 

Charlotte. 

Olivet. 

Bellevue. 

Madison. 

Battle  Creek. 


II 

II 


170  Climax 
175  Scott's 
179  Indian  Lake 
183  Vicksturg, 
189  Schoolcraft, 
200  MarcelluB 
204  Volinia 
209  Jamestown. 
213  Cassopolis. 
222  Edwardsburg. 

(Continued 

Saginaw  Valley  A  St.  liouls  Railway. 


18  a.  Marshall.      f" 

It  818 

18  b.  Mich.  salt.     ••<> 

18  b.  Carb.  1.  s.      •»• 

14  a.  Parma  s.  s.    f*^ 

'  14  0.  Coal  Measures. 

Not  worked.        ♦  * » 

14  c.  Coal  Meas.,,, 
Some  exposures,,,, 
but  not  worked.,  ff 

/14  c.  Coal  Meas.it* 
\  Slightly  worked.'" 
14  c.  Coal  Measures. 


It 

It 


80S 

14  a.  Parma  sand  s. 
18  b.  Car.  I.S.,  quar.  foa. 
13  b.  Michigan  salt, 
r  18  a.  Marshall,  out- 
\   crop  fossiL        •»• 
18  a.  Marshall. 
11,  Huron. 


88t 


10  b.  Little  Travene. 
9.  Comiferous. 

it  881 

in  Indiana.) 


0 

2 

6 

9 

11 

12 

16 

19 

22 

26 

28 

86 


East  Saginaw." 
Saginaw. 
Tittabawassee  Jc 
Swan  Creek. 
Graham's. 
Sand  Ridge. 
Hemlock. 
Porter's. 
West  Mill. 
Wheeler's. 
Breckenridge. 
St.  Louis. 
Elm  Hall. 


14  c.  Coal  MeasuNs. 


II 
It 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
i< 
II 
II 


Chicago  ft  Northwestern  Railroad. 

Green  Bay  A  Lake  Superior  Line. 


0' Chicago,  111. 
264iMenomonee. 
273|  Little  River. 
279  Wallace. 


286 
291 
296 
802 
806 


Stephenson. 
Gravel  Pit. 
Bagley. 
Kloman. 
Spaulding. 


fSee  Wisconsin.) 
4  a.  Trenton. 


3  a.  CalciferovB. 


1 


'*?lif-1' 


iW  AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MICH.) 


ChtosKp  St  NTthwestem  Railroad. 
Ms.  Green  May  A  Lake  Superior  Line.— Con.   Alt. 


816 
821 
828 
881 
888 
887 
840 
845 
862 
867 
862 
869 
870 
882 
884 

889 

898 
401 
441 


Bar  i  River. 
Fo  d  River. 
Eacanaba. 
Flat  Rock. 
Bay  Biding. 
Ma3on. 
Day's  River. 
Beaver. 
Maple  Ridge. 
Centreville. 
Helena. 
Little  Lake. 
Smith  Mine  Juno. 
Oasoade  Junction 
Goose  Lake. 

Negaunee. 

Ishpeming. 
Marquette. 
L'Anse. 


8  a.  Calciferous. 
4  a.  Trenton. 


M  688 

M 

M 

M 

M  818 

3  a.  Calo.,  8  o.  Chazy. 
2  b.  Lake  Superior  s.  s. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 

1  b.  Huronian. 

44 

rib.  Huron,  Iron 
\  Mines.  "" 

44  1448 

44  849 

2  b.L,  Superior  s.8.«  08 


Blarqaette,  Houghton  Sc  Ontonagon  R.  tt. 


0 

8 

7 

C 

12 

15 

21 

25 

J6 

86 


81 
8b 

47 
66 
68 

98 
93 


Marquette. 

Bancroft. 

Morgan. 

Eagle  Mills. 

Negaunee. 

Ishpeming. 

Greenwow*. 

Clarksburg. 

Humboldt. 


Republic. 


Champion. 

Michigamme. 

Sturgeon. 

Palmer. 

L'Anse. 

Houghton. 
Hancock. 


1  b.  Huronian. 


649 

i<  936 

«  12  8  0 

i<  13  7  9 

"  Iron  Mines.  1*4 3 
"  Exten.  Min.  8  2* 

<l  1S44 

«  15  85 


ISIO 


"  Iron  Mine8.i89  7 

<>  1584 

1  a.  Laurentian.    i**^ 

1  b.  Huronian.        *  ^  * 

2  b.  L.  Super.  8.  8.  eos 

(2-4.  Errptive  rooks, 
with  Native  Copper 
Mines.  «°» 


BUohlgaa  &  Ohio  Batlruad. 


23 
88 
84 
88 
61 
60 
67 

70 

76 
79 
88 

100 


Toledo. 

Dundee. 

Britton. 

Ridgeway. 

Teoumseh. 

Cambridge. 

Addison. 

Jerome. 

Moscow. 

Hanover. 

Pulaski. 

Homer. 

ManhftU. 


{Deep  Lacustrinb  de- 
posits over  9.  Comif. 
9.  Comiferous. 
11.  Huron.    No  expos. 


4t 


H    807 


18  a.  MarshalL 

4t 

f  13  a.  Marshall,many 

\  expo.,  fossil  casts. 

18  a. Mar.  Quarry»»i* 

"       Expos.  »o*» 

18  a.  Marshall    ^-i* 

"  Old  quarry 

filled.  •»• 


{ 


Mr. 


Mlohlgan  ft  Ohio  Railroad. 

Continued. 


Alt. 


105 
114 
123 
127 

129 

145 
149 
151 

156 


Ceresco. 
Battle  Creek. 
Augusta. 
Yorkville. 

Richland. 

Monteith. 

Fisk. 

Kellogg. 

AHegan. 


18  a.  Marshall.       ^92 

f  "      Outcrops 

\  fossils.  8  1 9 

13  a.  Marshall.      7c» 

« 

Rare  exposures. 

13  a.  Mar8hall.(?) 
\  No  exposures. 
13  a.  Mar8ball.(?)  «>» 

{11.  Huron.    No  con- 
venient exposurs ' "  * 


Fort  Huroo  A  Northwestern  Railroad. 

(Ea.Mt  Saginaw  DiviBion.) 


0 


11 
12 
20 
25 

8<5 

37 
45 
60 
59 
65 
71 
72 

83 


91 


Port  Huron. 

Gratiot  Centre. 

Kingsley. 

Saginaw  Junct'n. 

Green's  Comers. 

Brockway  Centre 

Yorks. 

Brown's  City. 

Marlctte. 

CliflFord. 

Mayville. 

Juniata. 

D.  &  B.  C.  Junot 

Vassar. 

Fraukenmuth. 


East  Saginaw. 


fll.  Huron,  under 
Lacustrine.    Buried 
trees. 
11.  Huron.  «»» 


44 
14 


73$ 


13  a.  Mar;hs!l. 


13  b.  Mich.  Salt  Group 
18  b.  Carbon.  1.  s. 

14  a.  Parma  s.  s. 

14  c.  Coal  Measure8(?) 
«4    n\      64J 

14  c.  Coal  Measures. 

Lacustrine. 
■  14  c.  Coal  Measures. 
•   Lacustrine,  100  feet 
.  Many  brine  wells. 


(Sand  Beach  Division.) 


0 
15 
26 
32 
45 
52 
70 


Port  Huron. 

Grant  Centre. 

CroswelL 

Anderson. 

Downing. 

Palms. 

Sand  Beach. 


«2      11.  Huron. 

o^  « 

<t  o  « 

go  o  -4 

s .«  o 


74S 
730 
7iS 


(Almont  Division.) 


0 
4 
11 
16 
20 
26 
84 


Port  Huron. 

G.  T.  Junct'n.*" 

Bum's. 

Lamb's. 

Memphis. 

Berville. 

Almont. 


e 


.  ^  B  ?  a ^"a," 
18  arMaTshall. 


■i* 


MICHIGAN 


m 


>ad. 


Alt. 


hall.       8  9i> 
Outcrops 

818 


hall. 


posures. 
ir8hall.(?) 
sures. 
ball.(?)  s'* 

'i 

m.    rio  con- 
Bxposiirs'o' 

Railroad. 

I 

on,  under 
Lne.    Buried 

All 
I  lit 


I 
I 

th'AI. 


I.  Salt  Group 
>on.  1.  s. 
aa  8.  8. 
Mea8ureB(7) 

I    n\      64» 

al  Measures. 

ine. 

al  Measures. 

ine,  100  feet 

irine  wells. 

) 

1.  Huron. 


II 

74S 

II 

730 

II 

7iS 

t< 

II 

II 

Fort  Hiuron  A  Zfortfiiirsttem  B<  B« — Con. 
Jig,  { Port  Austin  DtTision.)  Alt. 


0  Port  Huron. 
52  Palms. 
CO  Tyre. 
70  Bad  Axe. 
77iFiIion. 
87 1  Port  Austin. 


11.  Huron. 
II 

13  a.  Marshall. 


"   Salt  wells, 


Grand  Baplds  &  Indiana  Railroad. 


425 

426 
430 


Petosky. 
Bay  View. 
Alanson. 


668 
616 


460  Mackinaw  City. 


f  lOb.Lit.Trav.  Fine 
\  expo.,  many  fossils. 
10  b.  Little  Traverse. 

(9.  Comiferous.  Fine 
expodures  across  the 
Straits. 


SUohlgan  Central  Railroad. 

(  Mackinaw  Dirision.) 


llQGaylord. 
127!Vanderbilt 
138  Wolverine. 


160 
166 
182 


Mullet  Lake. 
Cheboygan. 
Mackinaw  City. 


13  a.  Mar8hall.(?)i»*» 
11.  Huron.  (?) 

10  b.  Little  Traverse. 
9.  Comiferous. 

"  Outcrops. 


Detroit,  BlaoUnaw  A  Marquette  Railroad. 


9 
11 
20 
23 
27 
37 
55 
64 
76 
84 
91 
101 


Point  St  Ignaoe. 

St.  Ignace. 

AUenvillo. 

Moran. 

Palms. 

Johnson. 

Trout  Lake. 

Hendrie. 

Newberry. 

McMillan. 

Seney. 

Driggs. 

Creighton. 

Jerome. 


109:MuniBi3g. 


122 
127 
132 
134 
136 
147 

151 


Au  Train, 
llock  River. 
Deerton. 
White  Fish. 
Sand  River. 
Chocolay. 

Marquette. 


■  9.  Comiferous.  Fine 

exposures  Salina 

Gypsum  near. 
11 

6.  Niagara  lime. 

fi-s  So  EH  Q^utn 
2  b.  L.  Superior  s.  s. 
Cliffs.    Fine  expos- 
ures on  Grand  Is. 
2  b.  L.  Superior  s.  s. 


{ 


M 
« 

<<  62  7 

M  617 

rib.  Huronian.    g^g 
\  Glaciated  rooks. 


Grand  Trunk  Railway. 

(Michigan  Air  Line  Branch.) 


0 

Ridgeway. 

D.  &  B.  0.  Cross. 

11.  Huron. 

25 

18  a.  Marshall. 

86 

Pontiao. 

II 

8. 

Orchard  Lake. 

a 

Grand  Trunk  Railroad. 

Ma.      (Michigan  Air  Line  Branch.)— Qm.     Alt. 


69 

67 

106 


South  Lyon. 

Hamburg. 

Jackson. 


18  b.  Mioh.  Salt  Gr. 
14  a.  Parma  s.  8.(?) 
14  0.  Coal  Measorea. 


BUohlgav  Central  Railroad. 

(South  Hawn  Division.) 


0 
9 
16 
18 
23 
25 
28 
29 
32 
40 


Kalamazoo. 
Alamo.  '<" 

Kendall's.  »" 
Pine  Grove.  »^» 
Bloomingdale  '  *  * 
Berlamont.  »oo 
Columbia 
Grand  June.  '^^ 
Lacota. 
South  Haven.  »»8 


11  Huron. 

£  «  s  S  cs  3 


117 


Chloaeo  &  Northwestem  Railroad. 

(Menominee  River  Railroad.) 


0 
305 
313 
216 
319 
323 


326 


330 
334 
336 
389 
843 


349 


349 

35 

368 

361 

364 


363 
356 
361 
371 
373 
374 


Chicago. 


5.  Niagara  1.  s. 


Powers. 

Cedar. 

Wauceda. 

Sturgeon. 

Vulcan. 

Curry. 

Norway. 

Indiana. 

Quinnesec. 

Iron  <Ioimtain,M 

Lake  Antoine  Jc. 

River  Siding. 

Spread  Eagle,  Ws. 

Commonwealth  J . 

Florence,  Wis. 

Florence,  Wis. 
Stager,  Mich. 
Mastodon. 
Panola. 
Crystal  Falls. 


2  b.  L.  Superior  s.  s. 
II 

1  b.  Huronian. 

§  i  .§    .   " 

i  I  »f  >  " 
2  2.2  » 

i:i|S"' 

to  ©  -S  a 


Brule. 
Stager. 
Armstrong. 
Palatka. 

Stambaugh,  Mich 
Iron  River. 


9  S^  8 


S    «« 


eS  >>  q> ' 


S  «  3 

frH  05  »  £ 


s  •♦ 


Toledo,  Ann  Arbor  &  Grand  Trunk  K.  B. 


18 
22 
32 
40 

46 

56 
61 


Toledo. 

Monroe  Junction. 
Dundee. 
Milan. 
Pittsfield. 

Ann  Arbor. 

Worden's. 
South  Lyon. 


f  Deep  Lacustrine,  . 

\  over  9.  Comiferous. 

9.  Comiferous. 

9.  Cornif ,  Quarries  nr. 

13  a.  Marshall. 

13  b.  Mick.  Salt  Gp. 

(Deep  (204  ft.)  Drift, 
over  13  b.  Michigan 
Salt  Group. 
13  b.  Michigan  salt. 
18  b.  Carbon.  1.  b. 


i.-'i'-i:-'-;!!! 


'Ml^fii. 


I,*    1  " 


tMl 


f.p^:^y'ff^ 


198 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (IND.) 


Indiana. 


BT  FBOr.  JOHN  COLLETT,  8TATX  OEOLOOIST. 


LIST  OF  THE  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  FOUND  IN  INDIANA." 


20.  Quaternary.  * 

13  b 

.  Upper  Sub-Carbonifer's 

.    5  c.  Niagara. 

14  0.  Upper  Coal  Measures. 

13  a 

Lower  Sub-Carbon  Iter's 

i    5  b.  Clinton. 

14  b.  Middle  Coal  Measures. 

9-12 

1  Devonian. 

4  c.  Cincinnati. 

14  a.  Millstone  Crit  and  Low- 

er Coal  Measures. 

Michigan  Central  Railroad. 

Lake  Shore  A  Michigan  Southern  B.  H. 

Mb. 

Alt. 

Ms.           (Air  Lj.'..e  Division)— Continued.         Alt 

0 

Chicago. 

(See  Illinois.) 

589 

47 

Corunna. 

9-12.  Devonian.     «'' 

23 

Gibaon's. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

600 

bJ 

Sedan. 

"                      923 

29 

Tolleston. 

607 

64 

Waterloo. 

«                      897 

85 

Lake. 

417 

62 

Butler. 

<l                      863 

44 

Porter. 

647 

69 

Edgerton. 

11                      830 

60 

Fumessyille. 
New  Buffalo. 

609 
602 

(Continued 

in  Ohio.) 

56 

Baltimore  &  Olilo  Bsllroad. 

(Continued  in 

Michigan.) 

(Chicago  Division.) 

(Joliet  Division.)                            | 

0 
84 
60 
58 
72 
89 

Chicago. 

Mich.  Cen.  June. 

L.N.A.&C.Junc. 

Wellsboro. 

Walkerton  Juno. 

Bremen. 

(See  Illinois.)         58 » 

5  c.  Niagara. 
« 

II 
9-12.  Devonian. 

0 

7 

14 

45 

Lake. 
Robs. 
Dyer. 
Joliet,  ni. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

« 
(See  Illinois.) 

617 
636 
636 
S4S 

lAke  Shore  Se  Mlchlsan  Southern  B.  B.    | 

II 

(Western  Division.) 

106 
110 

Milford  Junction. 
Syracuse. 

II                      8  41 

0 

Chicago. 

589 

II                      8  70 

14 

Colehour. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

118 

Cromwell. 

II 

80 

Miller's. 

« 

636 

128 

Albion. 

II                      927 

41 

Chesterton. 

<i 

689 

138 

Avilla. 

<4                      969 

46 

Burdiok. 

<i 

143 

Garrett 

«                      8  92 

49 

Otis. 

« 

768 

146 

Auburn  Juno. 

II                      868 

61 

Holmesville. 

<i 

800 

147 

Auburn. 

II                      372 

69 

Laporte. 
Rolling  Prairie. 
New  Carlisle. 
Terre  Coupee. 

9-12.  Devonian. 
« 

811 

831 
772 
760 

163 

Hicksville. 

II 

66 
78 

Plttabnrg,  Fort  Wayne  A  Chicago  R.  B. 

76 

0 

Chicago. 

(See  lllincis.)         '->>>» 
0  0.  Niagara. 

80 

Warren. 

i< 

TSl 

16 

Sheffield. 

86 

South  Bend. 

i< 

735 

20 

Cassello. 

II 

90 

Mishawaka. 

(t 

732 

24 

Clarke. 

41 

96 

Osceola. 

M 

737 

31 

Liverpool. 

II 

101 

Elkhart 

4( 

785 

37 
44 

Wheeler. 

Valparaiso. 

Wanatah. 

II                      666 

(Air  Line  Division.)                        | 

t'                             '7  A\ 

0 

Elkhart. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

756 

59 

Hanna. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

!  18 

Goshen. 

<i 

789 

78 

Donelson. 

II 

Millersburg. 

M 

635 

84 

Plymouth. 

«<                  1761 

26  Ligonier. 

t4 

866 

95 

Bourbon. 

<> 

80  Wawaka. 

II 

896 

99 

Etna  Green. 

II 

84  Brimfield. 

II 

945 

104 

Selby. 
Warsaw. 

l( 

41  Kendallville. 

II 

•  74 

109 

II                    624 

*  Four-fifths  of  the  State  of  Indiana  is  covered  with  drift.  It  is  90  feet  to  the  rock  in  Indianapolis. 
At  some  points  north  of  Wabash  Ui'-^e  the  drift  has  been  bored  into  4(JU  to  6(JU  feet.  It  thins  out  as  you 
go  toward  Ohio  River,  does  not  reach  it  at  some  points,  and  is  sparingly  found  south  of  that  stream. 
^  Notes  No.  62  Ohio  and  No.  62  West  Virginia.) 


INDIANA. 


199 


Niagara. 
Clinton. 

Dincinnati. 

atheru  B.B. 

ntinued.         Alt 

ovonian. 

957 

<i 

923 

t( 

897 

t< 

883 

<( 

830 

■) 

illroad. 

.) 

inois.) 

589 

igara. 

« 

« 

evonian. 

« 

« 

841 

« 

870 

ti 

i( 

927 

<i 

969 

« 

891 

<i 

868 

« 

372 

i< 

Dhlcago  R.  B. 

inois.) 

5S« 

agara. 

<i 

li 

« 

666 

i( 

738 

I' 

781 

)eTonian. 

41 

« 

ITJl 

II 

II 

l< 

II 

824 

ik  In  Indianapolis. 
It  thins  out  as  you 
ithofthatBtretm. 


Pittaborg,  Fort  Wayne  A  Chicago  R. 

B.- 

Plt.;sbnrg, Clnolnnatl  &  St.  liOuls  R.  R 

•— " 

Ifa,                           Continued, 

Alt. 

Ms.           (Second  Division.) — Continued. 

xxt 

115 

Kosciusko. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

162 

Jonesboro. 

6  0.  Niagara. 

846 

117 

Pierceton. 

169 

Upland. 

II 

122 

Larwill. 

175 

Hartford. 

(1 

129 

Columbia. 

ase 

185 

Dunkirk. 

4« 

140 

Areola. 

8SS 

1 

189 

Red  Key. 

U 

148 

Fort  Wayne.'* 

TT» 

193 

Power's. 

<l 

158 

Maples. 

197 

Ridgeville. 

« 

»»4 

(Continued 

in  Ohio.) 

1 

200 
203 
210 

Deerfield. 

Warren. 

Union. 

II 
II 

II 

731 

1108 

Pittsburg,  Cincinnati  &  St.  liouls  K. 

K. 

(First  Diviaion.) 

(Continued 

in  Ohio.) 

ft,    ..            ,._ 

9-12.  Devonian. 

1. 

709 

0 
11 

inuianapoiiB. 
Cumberland. 
Philadelphia. 

(Columbus,  Chicago  &  Indiana  Central  Division.) 

17 

0 

Chicago. 

589 

21 

Greenfield. 

« 

117 

Logansport.' 

9-12.  Devonian. 

606 

28 

Cleveland. 

i( 

122 

Anoka. 

II 

696 

80 

Charlottsville. 

II 

127 

Walton. 

II 

84 

Knightstown. 

II 

130 

Lincoln. 

II 

\. 

85 

Raysville. 

It 

133 

Galveston. 

« 

88 

Ogden's. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

139 

Flokomo. 

« 

89 

Dunreith. 

II 

145 

Tampico. 

6  c.  Niagara. 

44 

Lewisville. 

11 

149 

Nevada. 

II 

61 

Dublin. 

II 

152 

Windfall. 

II 

63 

Cambridge  City 

II 

941 

167 

Curtisville. 

II 

68 

Germantowu. 

<i 

161 

Elwood. 

II 

8S8 

63 

Centerville.*  *  »» 

4  c.  Cincinnati. 

166 

Frankton. 

II 

68 

Richmond^ 

<i 

969 

171 

Florida. 

i< 

74 

New  Paris." 

II 

828 

176 

Anderson.* 

M 

880 

79 

Wiley's » 

1. 

Bellefontaine   Cr 

ossing. 

(Continued 

in  Ohio.) 

184 
187 
190 
196 

Middletown. 
Honey  Creek. 
Sulphur  Springs. 
Junction. 

6  0.  Niagara. 
II 

(Second  Division.) 

II 
11 

0 

Chicago. 

589 

20 

Dalton. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

197 

New  Castle. 

II 

1075 

27 

Lansing. 

11 

201 

Ashland. 

M 

84 

Shereville. 

II 

204 

Millville. 

II 

41 

Crown  Point 

II 

714 

208 

Hagerstown. 

II 

47 

Cassville. 

11 

884 

216 

Washington. 

II 

484 

61 

Hebron. 

II 

714 

Ceutreville  Pike. 

61 

Koutt's. 
La  Crosse. 
North  Judson 

II 

9-12.  Devonian. 
II 

888 
675 
702 

224 

Richmond.' 

4  0.  Cincinnati. 

885 

67 

77 

(Indianapolis  &  Vincennes  Division.) 

91 

^1  V/A  t>U    V  \A\MO\fhMi 

Winamac.'* 

II 

713 

0 

Indianapolis. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

709 

97 

Siar  City. 

II 

706 

4 

Maywood. 

II 

101 

Rosedale. 

11 

8 

Valley  Mill. 

1 

105 

Royal  Centre 

II 

736 

11 

West  Newton. 

13  a.  L.  Sub-Carb 

,   *  *  w 

111 

Gebhardt 

II 

762 

12 

Friendswood. 

II 

117 

Logansport. 

II 

006 

16 

Mooresville. 

II 

121 

Anoka. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

896 

18 

Mathews*. 

II 

127 

Onward. 

11 

763 

20 

Brooklyn. 

II 

132 

Bunker  Hill. 

II 

800 

23 

Centerton." 

II 

140 

North  Grove. 

II 

817 

26 

Hastings. 

II 

142 

Amboy. 

II 

810 

80 

Martinsville.'' 

11 

145 

Converse. 

II 

81B 

83 

Hynds. 

600 

148 

Mier 

II 

SIC 

37 

Paraaan.                               " 

»7» 

157]Marion. 

•')  c.  Niatcara. 

en 

44;Go.-vort.»'             !13  b  U   Sub-CarK's* 

1    Glacial  markings. 

2.  Crowded  with  foBsUs  of  Lower  Silurian  age. 

3.  Rich  in  fossilB,  Devonian  and  Up.  Silurian. 


4.    Pre-historic  mounds. 

6.    Coal  fossils. 

6.    Devonian  foselU. 


.200 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOaiGAL  RAILWAT  GUIDE.    (IND.) 


PittHbnrg,  Oinolnnatl  &  St.  I<oiilii  B.  B. 

Mi'.    (Indianapolis  &  Vincennea  Div.) — Con.    Alt. 


63 
62 
65 

71 

78 
82 
87 
97 
108 
117 


Spencer.i*^*'* 

Freedom. 

Farmer's. 

Worthing'n.**" 

Switi  City.8  9 

Lyons. 

Marco,** 

Edwardsp't.**"' 

Bruceville. 

Vincennes." 


18  b.  U.  Sub.Carb.»*' 

14a,Mill8toneGrU.»" 
rl4a.Mill8.0r.&14b. 
\L.  CoalMeas.     5»2 

«  '5  2  6 

«<  50  0 

M  482 

14  O.U.  CoalMeas.*  00 

«  515 

««  417 


Detroit  ft  Eel  River  Railroad. 


0 
18 
21 
27 
88 
87 
46 
47 
61 
66 
62 
66 
70 
74 
76 
81 
82 
88 
98 


Logansport^ 

Denver. 

Chili. 

Roann. 

Laketon. 

N.  Manchester. 

CoUamer. 

South  Whitley. 

Taylor's. 

Columbia  City. 

Collin's. 

Cherubusoo. 

Potter's. 

C.  R.  Crossing. 

Cedar  Creek. 

Auburn  Junction. 

Auburn. 

Mooresville. 

Butler. 


9-12. 


Devonian. 
« 

M 

tl 

4< 
t. 
t< 
<i 
4< 
« 
l< 
M 
l( 
II 


T25 
750 
762 
775 
796 
808 
864 
•  36 
870 
895 

eel 

861 
868 
872 
877 
863 


Wabash,  St.  liouia  &  Paoiflc  Railroad. 

(Late  Toledo,  Wabash  A  Western  R.  R.) 


0 
88 
94 
109 
118 
181 
186 
160 
167 

166 

180 
186 
196 
208 
218 
226 
288 
242 


Toledo. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

New  Haven. 

"                       753 

Fort  Wayne. 

6  c.  Niagara.          »*» 

Roanoke. 

li 

Huntington. 

••                       7  34 

Lagro. 

41 

<<                       6  98 

Wabash.' 

4a 

l<                       T40 

Peru.8 

«                       65  5 

Waverly. 

i< 

Logansport.^ 

r9-12.Bevonian,10b. 
\     Hamilton.        soe 

Rockfield. 

i( 

Delphi.' 

<t 

Buck  Creek. 

II 

Lafayette. 

18  a.  L  Sub-Carb.  'f*' 

West  Point 

<t 

Attica.*! 

i4a  Mills.  Grit.    »*» 

West  Lebanon. 

«•                      720 

State  Line. 

14  c.  Mid.  Coal  Meas. 

(Continued 

in  Illinois.) 

Wabash,  St.  I<ouls  &  Paelflo  B.  R.— Con 

Mb. (L.  M.  A  B  DlTJaion.) Ail 


0 
8 
10 
21 
23 
29 
87 


Lafayette  June. 

Porter's. 

Montmorency. 

Templeton. 

Oxford. 

Boswell. 

Ambia. 


18  a.  L.  Sub-Carb.  ^» 

"  61J 

"  8JI 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas.  «n 

M  roj 

M  734 

««  no 


Clnoinnatlf  Lafayette  A  Chicago  R.  R, 


0 
7 
9 
13 
18 
23 
28 
85 
41 
46 


Cincinnati. 

Indianapolis. 

Lafayette. 

Porter's. 

Montmorency. 

Otterbien. 

Templeton. 

Atkinson. 

Fowler. 

Earl  Park." 

Raub. 

Sheldon. 


9-12.  Devonian.     '09 
18  a.  L.  Sub-Carb.  ><» 

"  era 

18  b.  L.  Sub-Carb. ««» 

14  b.  L.Coal  Meas.<'s 
II 

II 


Indianapolis,  Bloomlngton  &  Western  R.B. 


0 
14 
18 
22 
27 
83 
44 
64 
65 
72 
85 


Indiana. 
Brownsburg. 
Pittsboro. 
Lizton.** 
Jamestown." 
New  Ross. 
Crawfordsville » » 
Wayneto'n.>a**» 
Veedersburg. 
Covington.i8*«» 
Danville,  IU.i» 
(Continued 


9-12.  Devonian. 

II 

18  a.  Lower  Sub-Carb. 
II 

II 
18  b.  Upper  Sub-Carb. 

"  711 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit 
14a.Mills.Gt.&14b.L 
14c.         "  CoalMeas. 
14  c.        " 
in  Illinois.) 


Cleveland,  Columbus,  Clnolnnatt  A  Indian. 
apolls  Railroad. 

(Indianapolis  Division.) 


0 
9 
14 
16 
21 
28 
35 
41 
48 
48 
64 
60 
67 
76 
84 


Indianapolis. 

Lawrence. 

Oakland. 

McCord's. 

Fortville. 

Pendleton.!*  **« 

Anderson.*' 

Chesterfield. 

Daleville. 

Yorktown. 

Munoie. 

Selma. 

Farmland. 

Winchester. 

Union. 

(Continued 


9-12.  Devonian.    '<" 


6  fi.  Niagara. 


II 
II 
II 
II 


»u 

951 
817 

B47 
830 
907 
910 
914 
948 

loot 

10S7 

:oat 

1108 


in  Ohio.) 


7.  Upper  Silurian  cephalipodes. 

8.  Upper  Silurian  and  Devonian  fossils. 

9.  Pentamerous  and  black  slate. 
10.  Drift  and  knolls. 


11.  Keokuk  crinoida. 

12.  Glacial  markintr". 

13.  Coal  measures  fossils. 

14.  Devonian  fossils. 


V    1 


INDIANA. 


201 


lo  B.  R.— Cbn 

n^ Alt 


Sub-Carb. 

595 

« 

047 

It 

6JI 

Coal  MeaB. 

615 

(( 

lot 

11 

734 

li 

710 

hloago  R.  ] 

K. 

►evonian. 

709 

.  Sub-Carb 

505 

M 

647 

II 

672 

.  Sub-Carb 

,  611 

w  Coal  Meas,"> 

II 

II 

ft  Weatcrn  R.& 

Devonian.       ' 

II 

lower  Sub-Carb, 


Fpper  Sub-Carb. 

II  741 

f  illstone  Orit 
ill8.Gt.&Hb.L 
"  CoalMeas. 


lois.) 


anatt  A  Indian- 
d. 

)ion.) 


Devonian. 

709 

II 

171 

II 

846 

II 

354 

II 

8ST 

II 

847 

agara. 
II 

890 
»0I 

II 

910 

II 

914 

II 

941 

11 

1005 

II 

1087 

11 

:08> 

14 

1108 

0.) 

M8. 

0 

2 

6 

8 

12 

16 

19 

23 

27 

31 

32 

38 

44 

48 
53 
56 
61 
64 
67 
69 
72 


IndlsnapoUa  &  St.  lAola  Railroad. 


Alt. 


Indianapolis. 

Asylum. 

Sunnyside. 

Spray. 

Avon, 

Easton. 

Danville. 

Hadley. 

Reno. 

Malta. 

Darwin. 

Oreencastle. 

Fern. 

Lena. 

Carbon. 

Perth. 

Fountain. 

Grant. 

Markle. 

Gravel  Pit. 

Terre  Haute. 


9-12.  Devonian.      »09 
II 

13  a.  Lower  Sub-Carb. 


II 

M 


fllH 


18  b.  Upper  Sub-Carb. 

/  13  b.  U.  Sub-Carb.  & 

\     14  a.  Mills.  Grit. 
II 

14  a.  Millstone  Orit. 

14  b.  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
II 

II 
14  c.  Mid.  Coal  Meas. 


870 
498 


St.  Loulai  Vandalla,  Terre  Hante  A  In- 
dlanapolla  Railroad. 


0  Indianapolis. 

4  Fairview. 

9  Bridgeport. 
14  Plainfield. 
17  Cartersburg. 

19  Belleville. 

20  Clayton. 
25  Amo 

28  Coatsville. 
33  Fillmore. 
39Gr'nca8tle."**» 
43  Hamrick's. 
47  Reelsville. 
50  Eagle's. 
53  Harmony. 
64Knight8ville.  »"* 
67  Brazil*  «**» 
60  Williams, 
62  Staunton. 
65  Seeleyvill 
73  Terre  Haute 


m.       '\ 

rille.    >  60 
laute.  j 


9-12.  Devonian. 

II 

13  a.  L.  Sub-Carb 


709 


748 
t42 


II  8  59 

11  8ao 

II  8  78 

13  b.  U.  Sub-Carb.  «** 
13b.&14a.Mills.Gt.»»* 

14  a.  Mills.  Grit,    'os 

II  68  8 

II 

14b.L.  CoalMeas.«7  3 

49  « 

X  643 

14c. M.Coal  Meas. ss^ 

•  i  643 

II  68  5 

•I  492 


rSee  Ohio.) 
4  c.  Cincinnati. 


I  Cincinnati,  Hamilton  &  Indlanapolla  R.  R. 

0 
25 
32 
39 
44 
52 


Cincinnati. 

Hamilton. 

McGonigle's. 

Oxford. 

College  Comer. 

Liberty. 
68j  Brownsville 
66|Connersvilie. 


6  0.  Niagara. 


ros 

979 
T98 
883 


Olnoinnatl,  Hamilton  A  Indlanapolla  R.  R. 

Ma.  Omtinued.  Alt 


76 
84 
91 
98 
103 
123 


Glenwood. 

Rushville. 

Arlington. 

Morristown. 

Fountaintown. 

Indianapolis. 


6  c.  Niagara. 


91% 


9-12.  Dev.  9o.Cor.«*» 


709 


Indianapolis,  Cincinnati  A  lAfayette  R.  R. 


0 

18 

20 

25 

26 

33 

84 

40 

42 

46 

48 

61 

64 

60 

62 

65 

68 

74 

78 

81 

84 

88 

95 

99 

100 

102 

106 

115 

125 

130 

135 

138 

143 

148 

152 

167 

163 

166 

171 

179 


Cincinanti. 

Valley  June." 

Elizabeth  town. 

Lawrenceburg. 

Newton.*  • 

Guilford. 

Hansen's. 

Harman's.*" 

Weisburg. 

Sunman's. 

Spades."* 

Morris. 

Batesville. 

New  Point. 

Smith's  Crossing. 

McCoy's. 

Greensburg. 

Adams. 

St.  Paul.i» 

Waldron.»» 

Prescott. 

Shelbyville. 

Fairland. 

London. 

Brookfield. 

Acton, 

Gallaudet.i» 

Indianapolis. 

Augusta. 

Zionsville. 

Whitestown. 

Holmes. 

Lebanon. 

Hazelrigg. 

Thomtown. 

Colfax. 

Clark's  HiU. 

Stockwell. 

Culver's. 

Lafayette. 


(See  Ohio.) 
I. 

II  646 

4  0.  Cincinnati.      *»» 


60S 

747 

•  29 

1015 

6  0.  Niagara.        *<>*« 

II  982 

II  96« 

II 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


II  1003 

11  1027 

II  943 

II  8  80 

II  652 

<•  6X9 
II 

9-12  Devonian.       »•» 

«<  T74 

II  775 

II 

11  7  92 

II  8  52 

II  709 

13  b.  Up.  Sub-Carbon. 


II 
II 
II 

II 
II 


so*" 

925 

818 
825 

782 


595 


Jefferaon,  Madlaon  A  Indlanapolla  R.  R. 


0 
7 
11 
18 
16 
20 


Indiai^polis. 

Southport. 

Greenwood. 

Worthsville. 

Whiteland. 

Franklin."  0 


9-12  Devonian.        "» 


761 
858 

805 
733 


l5.  GoodfosBils. 

18.  Block  coal. 

17.  Rich  in  Upper  Silurian  foaails ;  good  quarries. 

18.  Lower  Silurian  foaaila. 


19.  Healthy  summit 

ao.  Collette  Qlacial  River  bed. 

21.  Lower  Silurian  fossils. 

22.  Geodes. 


t     1 


I "   ,! 


I;  1 


202 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDR    (IND.) 


Jeffenoii«  Bladlson  ft  Indlanmpolls  B.  B.— 

Ms.  Continued.  Alt. 


25 
81 
85 

88 
41 
46 
48 
52 
67 
69 
64 
66 
69 
71 
75 
77 
82 
89 
93 
100 
108 


Amity. 

Edinburg. 

Taylorsville. 

Lowell. 

Columbus. 

WalesboTo. 

Waynesville 

Jonesville. 

Rcckford." 

Seymour. 

Chestn'tR'ge 

Langdon's. 

Retreat. 

Crothersv'le. 

Austin. 

Marshfield. 

Vienna. 

Henryville. 

Memphis.  **> 

Sellersburg. 

Jeffersonv'le 


ao 


9-12.  Devonian.  8»3 

18  a.  L.Sub-Carb.  •»* 

«<  ess 

M  686 

M  630 

<«  613 

l«  607 

M  S94 

<l  585 

W  605 

U  553 

9-12.  Devonian.  »»» 

«  540 

M  56  3 

II  540 

II  5  4  3 

13  a.  L.  Sub-Carb.  »«« 

9-12.  Devonian.  *»» 

<l  490 

li  47  8 

II  4  5  S 


Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad. 


0 

26 

24 

26 

S3 

87 

40 

42 

45 

47 

62 

66 

68 

62 

66 

73 

79 

83 

87 

92 

98 

101 

106 

111 

114 

117 

121 

127 

133 

139 

150 

158 

1«2 


Cincinnati. 

Lawrenceburg 

Aurora.^* 

Cochran. 

Dillsboro.       y  a  i 

Cold  Springs 

Moore's  Hill., 

Milan. 

Pierceville. 

Delaware. 

Osgood. 

Poston. 

Holton. 

Nebraska. 

Butlerville. 

North  Vernon.'* 

Hardenburg. 

Fleming's. 

Seymour. 

Shields'  Mill. 

Brownstown.*' 

Velonia. 

Medora. 

Sparksville. 

Ft.  Ritner."*»» 

Tunnelton.'* 

Scotville. 

Mitchell. 

Georgia. 

Huron.*  »*»« 

Shoals.' 4 

lioogootee. 

Clark's." 


<  See  Ohio.) 
4  c.  Cincinnati. 


i< 
II 
II 
II 
II 


479 
493 
493 


•  16 

('8  5 
1010 


6  0.  Niagara.  »»<> 


9-12.  Devonian. 
<i 


72^ 


18  a.  L. 


II  605 

Sub-Carbon. 


li 
II 
II 
II 


18  a.  and  13  b. 

13  b.  Up.  Sub-Carbon. 


676 


13  b.  &  14  a.  Mills.  Gt. 
14a.&14b.L.C.Mr.*8o 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs.  »»» 


Ohio  A  Mississippi  Ballroad— 

MS; Continued. j^\^_ 


165'  Montgomery's.  *  ' 
173  Washington.*'^ 
180Wheatland.»« 


185 
191 


Richland. 
Vincennes.*' 

(Continued 


14  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 
14o.  Mid.Cl.Mrs.4>< 


14  d.  Up.  Coal  Mrs. 
in  Illinois.) 


Fort  Wayne  &  Jaokson  Railroad. 

(L.  S.  St  M.  S.) 


0 
16 
23 
28 
83 
87 
42 
60 
64 


Fort  Wayne. 
New  Era. 
Auburn. 
Waterloo. 
Summit. 
Pleasant  Lake. 
Angola. 
Fremont. 
State  Line. 

(Continued 


9-12.  Devonian. 
11 

II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
in  Michigan.) 


(!) 

«;i 
looi 

lOJ] 

losi 


Grr.acl  Rapids  A  Indiaiw  Railroad. 


275 
286 
290 
295 
297 
304 
310 
314 
320 
338 


Sturgis. 
La  Grange. 
Valentine. 
Wolcottville. 
Rome  City. 
Kendallville. 
A  villa. 
La  Otto. 
Huntertown. 
Fort  Wayne. 


(See  Michigan.) 
9-12.  Devonian.     !>» 


II 
II 
II 
II 

M 
M 
II 


951 
nil 

ISO 
9U 
96) 

tit 

711 


Cincinnati,  Richmond  &  Fort  Wayne 
Railroad. 


333 
338 
354 
360 
366 
370 
374 
381 
392 
400 
406 
409 
416 
418 
422 
424 
(Co 


Fort  Wayne. 

9-li 

!.  Devonian. 

Adams. 
Decatur. 

6  c. 

Niagara.         "• 

«                    SO) 

Monroe. 

Berne. 

Geneva. 

Briant. 

Portland. 

«              sot 

Ridgeville. 
Winchester. 

<l                     9)1 
«                   1011 

Snow  Hill. 

Lynn. 

Newport. 

Haley. 

Parry. 

Richmond. 

4  c. 

Cincinnati.     "* 

ntinued  in  Ohio, 

Cinn.Rich.&Cb.R.R.) 

24. 


Kaolin  and  oaves. 
Pontremites. 


96. 


OlasB  sand. 

Grood  Sub-Carbonif.  fossils  and  Oolitic  stoiti 


ND.) 


INDUNA. 


203 


Itellroad— 

: ^l 

,  L.  Coal  Mrs. 
Mid.Cl.Mrs.«i« 


.  Up.  Coal  Mrs. 
linoia.) 

ion  Railroad. 

S.) 


.  Devonian. 

Hi 

IS) 

in 

«i« 

tool 

on 

lOSI 

lOJl 

lichigan.) 


iam  Railroad. 


5  Michigan.) 

i.  Devonian. 

91! 

.    M 

9S1 

<l 

>3I 

l< 

tio 

M 

9)4 

M 

911 

M 

M 

ill 

« 

7!: 

ft  Fort  Wayne 


1. 


i.  Devonian. 
Niagara. 


« 

41 
U 
U 
U 
It 
M 
<l 
(I 
<< 


in 
tot 


904 

9tl 

1011 

int 


,  Cincinnati.     '" 
n.Rich.&Cb.R.R.) 


sails  and  Oolitic  stoM 


Fort  Wayne,  Munole  &  Cincinnati  R 

.  R. 

Alt. 

Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Paolflo  Railway- 
Ms.                             Continued.                            Alt. 

""o 

Fort  Wayne. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

775 

86 

Deed's. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

8 

Wabash  Junc'n. 

<i 

780 

88 

Birmingham. 

i< 

7 
11 

Ferguson's. 
Sheldon. 

806 

90 
93 

Lincoln. 
Wagner's. 

11 

14 

Ossian. 

'             u 

831 

98 

Rochester. 

19 

Eagleville. 

H 

102 

Sturgeon. 

24 

Bluffton. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

837 

103 

Tiosa. 

85 

Keystone. 

u 

871 

105 

Walnut. 

88 

Jlontpelier. 

tt 

867 

108 

Railsback's. 

47 

Hartford. 

« 

896 

110 

Argos. 

54 

Eaton. 

• 

118 

Plymouth. 

769 

65 

Muncie. 

« 

»48 

125 

Tyner. 

71 

McGowan's. 

II 

128 

Knott's. 

75 

S»rineport. 

II 

1018 

132 

Walkerton. 

78  Summit. 

II 

618 

136 

Kankakee. 

622 

80 

N.  C.  Junction. 

II 

141 

Stillwell. 

83 

New  Castle. 

II 

1075 

148 

La  Porte. 

„ 

811 

90 

New  Lisbon. 

II 

10S8 

156 

Webbers. 

5  0.  Niagara. 

96 

Cambridge  City. 

II 
4  0.  Cincinnati. 

941 

161 

Michigan  City. 

t> 

603 

98 

Milton. 

\f. 

Beeson's. 

II 

875 
a  9  9 

Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis  R. 

R. 

108 

Connersville. 

II 

O  J  « 

0 
6 
10 
11 
16 
19 
27 
29 

Princeton. 
Lyle's. 

Mount  Carmel. 
C.  &  V.  Junction. 
Brown's. 
Bellmont. 
Crackle's. 
Albion,  111. 

14  c.  U.  Coal  Mrs. 
(See  Illinois.) 

483 

Cincinnati,  Wabash  &  Mlohlgau  Ti. 

R. 

0 
13 
34 
54 
69 
90 

Anderso  ■  Juno. 

Alexandria. 

Marion. 

Wabash. 

N,  Manchester, 

Wnrren. 

8.0ri8k.&9c.Cor.»94 
5  c.  Niagara.          » ' « 

«                       8  11 
n                       742 

9-12.  Devonian.       »»* 

II                     731 

08 

Milford. 

II 

850 

Louisville,  New  Albany  &  Chicago  R. 

R. 

15 
25 

Goshen. 
Elkhart. 

II 

i< 

789 
741 

0 

New  Albany.' 9 

(  9-12.  Devonian  &  13 

'    n.    T.    fliih.Pn.rh     4  3  8 

Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pacific  Railway. 

6 
12 

Smith's  Mills. 
Wilson's. 

_  a.  Li,  ouu-uuro. 
II 

M 

0 

Indianapolis. 

19-12.  Devonian. 

709 

6 

Malott  Park. 

II 

18 

Providence  »»*«<» 

13  a.  Lower  Sub-Carb. 

11 

Castleton. 

M 

23 

Pekin. 

II 

15 

Fisher's. 

II 

27 

Farabee'o. 

II 

17 

Britton's. 

II 

30 

Harristo'n.»8*ei 

13  b.  U.  Sub-Carb 

_872 

22 

Noblesville. 

II 

36 

Salem.a6*«i 

« 

714 

28 

Cicero. 

II 

40 

Hitchcock's. 

II 

81 

Arcadia. 

II 

45 

Campbellsburg. 

II. 

34 

Buena  Vista. 

« 

47 

Saltillo. 

II 

40 

Tipton. 

5  0.  Niagara. 

607 

62 

Lancaster. 

II 

42 

Jackson's. 

<i 

56 

0/lean8.28*6» 

II 

688 

46 

Sharpsville. 

(1 

61 

Mitchell,  a  • 

II 

676 

49 

Fairfield. 

II 

66 

Juliet. 

II 

64 

Kokomo. 

M 

71 

Bedford."  *«» 

i< 

679 

69 

Casfjville. 

II 

684 

78 

Salt  Creek. 

II 

61 

Bennett's. 

II 

82 

Guthrie."^ 

II 

■•■ 

63 

Miami. 

11 

86 

Harrodsburg. 

II 

806 

67 

Bunker  Hill  Cr'g. 

II 

800 

89 

Smithville. 

II 

717 

75 

Peru. 

l< 

655 

92 

Clear  Creek. 

II 

81 

Courier. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

97 

Bloomington.*o 

II 

742 

83 

Denver. 

(1 

101 

Wood  Vard. 

II 

Geodes. 

Cave  and  brook. 


29.  Rich  in  Keokulc  crinoidos. 

30.  Ferns. 


m ' 


i. 


!', 


I     .!' 


'<S5v^ 


ff' 


204 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (IND.) 

LoolsTllle,  New  Albany  A  Ohlcsgo  R.  R.— 

Bvansvllle  A  T«m  Haute  Ratlrotd, 

Ms.                             Continmd.                           Alt, 

Ms.                                                                      Ik 

104 

EllettBvilleao*«2 

18  b.  U.  Sub-Carb.«*» 

0 

Evansville.'O 

14  0.  U.  Coal  Mr^^ 

109 

Stinesville.*' 

« 

3 

Fair  Ground. 

113 

Gosport. 

<(                       SBS 

6 

Erskine. 

117 

Spring  Cave."* 

<i 

10 

Ingle's. 

122 

Quincy.^9 

••                      749 

18 

Stacer's. 

125 

Oakland. 

11                       846 

15 

St.  James. 

128 

Cloverdale. 

"                       782 

17 

Haubstndt. 

184 

Putnamville. 

«i                       88  7 

20 

Fort  Branch.*" 

139 

Greencastle. 

13b.&14a.U.C.M.*** 

24 

King's. 

143 

Maple  Grove. 

13  b.  Up.  Sub-Carbon. 

27 

Princeton. 

"            (') 

148 

Bainbridge. 

i<                       881 

31 

Patoka. 

162 

Carpentersville. 

ti 

88 

Hazelton. 

166 

Ashby's. 

11 

40 

Decker's. 

169 

Ladoga. 

(1 

45 

Purcell's. 

168 

Whites  ville. 

"                       8  74 

51 

Vincenncs. 

"            ill 

170 

Crawford8ville»9 

•  1                       741 

67 

John  Smith's. 

175 

Cherry  Grove. 

tt 

62 

Emison's. 

180 

Linden. 

II 

64 

Busseron. 

184 

Corwin. 

(4 

66 

Oak  Town. 

187 

Raub's. 

It 

68 

Griswold. 

190 

Taylor's. 

«                       8«4 

70 

Ehrman. 

198 

Lafayette. 

13  a.  L.  Sub-Carb.  *»» 

73 

Carlisle. 

204 

Battle  Ground. 

« 

77 

Paxton's. 

f  14  c.  Middle  Coil 
\     Measures. 

211 

Brookston. 

i< 

215 

Chalmers. 

«                      70  7 

83 

Sullivan.'*    "i 

"                   Sll 

221 

Reynolds. 

f  13  a.  L.  Sub-Carb., 
t&  9-12.  Devonian*  »» 

88 

Shelbum.**      66 

93 

Farmersbu'g  j 

229 

Bradford. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

97 

Hartford. 

237 

Francesville. 

K 

101 

Young's. 

244 

Mtdarysville. 

l< 

109 

Terre  Haute. 

"             ill 

252 

San  Pierre. 

U                       8  8  9 

St.  liOLis  &  Southeastern  Railroad.    1 

260 

La  Crosse. 
Wanatah. 

U                       67  5 

5  c.  Niagara.          ""^ 

.Louisville  ft  Nashville.)                 | 

267 

St.  Louis. 

(See  Illinois.) 

14  c.  U.  Coal  Mrs."' 

271 

Haskell's. 

« 

136 

Upton. 
Mount  V  emon. 

273 

Lake  Huron  Cros 

ti 

142 

"                  iOI 

276 

Westville. 

11                       78  9 

164 

Belknap. 

"            ill 

279 

Otis. 

11                       76  5 

161 

Evansville. 

«<                   l!l 

281 
288 

Beatty's. 
Michigan  City. 

II 

11                       601 

(Continued 

in  Kentucky.) 

Chlcaeo  &  Atlantic  Railway.         | 

Chicago  &  Easten 

1  Illinois  Railroad. 

0 
92 

Marion,  0. 
Rivare,  Ind. 

91) 

5  c.  Niagara.        '*' 

0 

Terre  Haute. 

He.  Mid7ci.  Measy*9» 

5 

Ellsworth. 

11                       48  8 

96 

Decatur. 

«            111 

11 

Atherton. 

14                       532 

101 

Preble. 

«            III 

15 

Clinton.3o*«« 

«                       494 

103 

Kirtland. 

II                   !il 

20 

Summit  Grove. 

14                       5  20 

106 

Tocsin. 

9-12.  Devonian.     '" 

23 

Hillsdale. 

II                       492 

109 

Kingsland. 

i<            111 

25 

Highland. 

11 

113 

Union. 

II            111 

28 

Opedee. 

II                      510 

118 

Markle. 

6  c.  Niagara.        '", 

81 

Newport.  31 

II                       494 

122 

Simpson. 

i<           lit 

87 

Eugene.*! 

11                       50  7 

127 

Huntington. 

II           111 

65 

Danville,  111. 

(See  Illinois.) 

131 

Clear  Creek. 

9-12.  Devonian.    "' 

31.    Coal  measures  fossils. 

39.    Coal  measures  and  L. 

32.    Caves. 

40.    Coal  K.  and  fossils. 

33.    Roof  of  coal  frescoed  with  plant  remains. 

41.    Ancient  outlet  of  Lake  Erie.              | 

34.    Ancient  outlet  of  Lake  Erie. 

42.    Choice  lime. 

35.    Lower  Silurian  fossils  and  glacial  marks. 

43.  Sandroek  quarries. 

44.  Elevated  plateau. 

36.    Beaver  dams. 

37.    Prehistoric  mounds. 

45.    Glacial  marks. 

38. 

Oolitic  amistone. 

4 

6.    Coal  plants ;  Low 

er  Devonian  fossils. 

IND.) 


INDIANA. 


[ante  Railroad, 

All 

>.  U.  Coal  Mrs.  ni 
tt 

u 

If 

<i 

H 

« 

«( 

II 

II 

II 

II  * 

II 

II 

II 

II 

11 

II 

II 

II 

11 


('I 


<ll 


4  c.  Middle  Coil| 
MeaBures. 

•<  ill  I 

11 

(I 

(C 

<i 

<<  «)i  I 

item  Railroad. 

tahville.) 

e  Illinois.) 

c.  U.Coal  Mrs."' I 
'<  lot 

«  <ii 

((  iti  I 

Kentucky.) 

io  Railway. 


ill 

.  Niagara. 
(1 

iil 
111 

« 

III 

tt 

Ml 

2.  Devonian. 
tt 

III 

in 

It 

III 

.  Niagara. 
« 

8!l 

111 

K 

!ll 

2.  Devonian. 

ill 

ke  Erie. 


)evonian  fossils. 


1. 

Chicago  &  AtUuiUo  Railway. 

Alt. 

Chloago  A  Grand  Trunk  Railroad 

Ms. 

■  Alt 

16 
8 
2 

West  Point. 

Willis. 

New  Madison. 

(1 
tt 
tt 
tt 

268 
854 
884 
810 

0 

8 

13 

Chicago.  111. 

Elsdon. 

Sherman. 

5  0.  Niagara. 
i< 

II 

589 
60t 

4 

Bolivar. 

tt 

769 

19 

Blue  Island. 

II 

6 

Newton. 

II 

769 

23 

South  Lawn. 

M 

7 

Laketon. 
Harrisburgh. 

If 

6  42 

26 

Thornton. 

II 

813 

3 

tt 

878 

36 

Griffith's. 

II 

8 

Akron, 

tt 

8  24 

39 

Redesdale. 

II 

3  Hoover  s. 

II 

78  9 

45 

Ainsworth. 

II 

8  Rochester. 

<i 

767 

55 

Valparaiso. 

II 

738 

4  Germany. 

41 

762 

64 

Haskell's. 

II 

8  Leiter  a. 
0  Marshland. 
i  Monterey. 

II 
II 
II 

757 
789 
73  7 

71 

76 
80 

Wellsboro. 

Kingsbury. 

Stillwell. 

9-12.  Devonian. 
<t 

II 

742 

7  Ora. 

J       i    »    1  • 

II 

726 

84 

Fish  Lake. 

II 

i 

5 

Aiaine, 

N.  Judson. 

Mallard. 

Wilder's. 

Kouts. 

Boone  Grove. 

Hulburt'8. 

II 

II 
II 

705 
680 
677 

91 

99 
100 

Cram's  Point. 
Oliver's, 
South  Bend. 

M 
II 
II 

738 

5  0.  Niagara. 
11 

691 
727 
726 

104 

no 

Mishawaka. 
Granger's. 

II 

II 

722 

Palmer. 
Winfield. 

tt 

It 

749 
711 

Indiana,  Bloomlngton  A  Western  R 

.  R. 

Crown  Point. 

Griffith. 

Highlands. 

tt 
It 
(1 

710 
645 
626 

0 

Indianapolis. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

709 

2 

Mass.  Avenue. 

II 

Calumet. 
Hammond. 

II 

:i 

6  09 
598 

4 
9 

Belt  Road. 
Hunter's. 

II 
II 

723 

Auburn,  111. 

11 

666 

14 

Mount  Comfort. 

II 

870 

Englewood. 
51st  Street. 

II 
II 

604 

18 
22 

Mohawk. 
Maxwell. 

II 
II 

920 

Archer  Avenue. 

11 

26 

Willow  Branch. 

II 

950 

Chicago. 

It 

6  8  0 

31 
36 
41 

Wilkinson. 

Kennard. 

Nixon. 

II 
II 
II 

Bedford  A  Bloomfleld  Railroad. 

105T 

Bedford. 

13  b.  L.  Carb  1.  s 

679 

1015 

A  Tnnft 

li 

44 

New  Castle. 

4  0.  Cincinnati. 

1075 

Springville. 
Owensburg. 
Dresden. 

K 

II 

14  a.  L.  Coal  Meas. 

49 
52 
66 

Messick. 

Moorland. 

Losantville. 

4  0.  Cincinnati. 
II 

II 

1090 
1140 

Robinson's. 

II 

60 

Modoo. 

II 

Eoline. 

II 

66 

Bloomingport. 

fi 

1225 

Rockwood. 

i( 

71 

Lynn. 

M 

1174 

Mineral  City. 

fl4  b.  Middle 
1      Measure. 

Coal 

75 

79 

Arba. 
Hollandsburg. 

•4 

Bloomfield. 

11 

84 

Clark's. 

l< 

Switz  City. 

II 

626 

87 

P.  C.  &  St.  L.  Cro 

ssing.      " 

Large  perfect  earthworks  and  mounds. 

Cl.    St.  Louis  limestone ;  very  rich  in  fossils. 

St.  Louid  fosailR  plants,  also  Keokuk. 

62.    Choice  oolitic  limestone  quarries. 

Block  coal. 

63.    Hindoostan  whetstones. 

Bituminous  ooal. 

64.    Sandrock  quarries. 

Niagara. 

65.    Good  Bituminous  coal. 

6on  atlte  bed. 

66.    Roof  of  coal  rich  in  plants. 

Devonian  quarries. 

Geodes  and  Gdodiied  fOBslla. 

67.    Black  slate. 

68.    Keokuk  fossils. 

Kaoiln. 

69.    Wyandotte  and  other  caves. 

Good  Bituminous  coal. 

70.    Pentemltes. 

Pre-historic  mounds. 

71.    Rook  houses. 

Black  slate  and  knobstone. 

7X    Coals.  K.  L.  and  M. 

Snobs  and  white  g 

lass  sand. 

■'   It 


II 


wm^  ■ 


K  '!  [^Ilf 


mm 


i  i,.: 


tv?l:?.S#' 


)■        > 


206 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (IND.) 

I<onlsTlUe,  BTMa«Tlll«  A  Bt.  Kouli  B.  B. 

Loalavlllet  BvAnvrlUe  A  St.  Loala  R,  > 

Mb. 

Alt. 

Ms.                    (Rockport  Brnnoh.)              '^k 

0 

LouisTille. 

0  Centryville. 

14  b.  Middle  CUiJi 

6 

New  Albany.' T 

13  a.  L.  Carb.  k.  8.*»« 

2|Junction. 

12 

Edward8villo.«« 

13  b.  L.  Carbon.  1.  s. 

6 

Bradley's. 

16 

Georgetown. 

ti 

9  Chrisney. 

21 

Crandall. 

u 

10  Miller's. 

"            III 

27 

Ramsey's. 

11 

12;Ritchie'8. 

84 
89 

Milltown. 
Marengo."* 

11 

18 1  Rockport. 

46 

Englit?h.c» 
Taswell. 

14  a.  L.  Coal  Meas. 

Chicago  A  Great  Sontheru  R.  B. 

68 

0 

Fair  Oaks. 

6  c.  Niagara        "~ 

66 

Boston.  »o 

II 

9 

Mt.  Ayr. 

II 

60 

Birdseye."* 

14  b.  Middle  CI.  Meas. 

19 

Percy. 

9-12.  Devonian. 

66 
75 

Kyana. 
Huntingburg. 

II 

22 

26 

Goodland. 
Wadena. 

f  1 3  a.  Lower  Carbon 
\     Knob  Stone,   'i' 

!58 

Evansville. 

14  c.  Up.  CI.  Meas.»7  8 

14  a,  L.  Coal  Meas, 

84 

Velpen.»o 

14  a.  L.  Coal  Meas. 

32 

Orthland. 

ii 

91 

Winslow. 

14  b.  Middle  CI.  Mers. 

84 

Wyndhara. 

i( 

99 

Oakland.*  • 

<>                       »4  6 

40 

Oxford. 

"            ?ti 

106 

Francisco. 

14  0.  U.  Coal  Meas. 

45 

Pine  Village. 

««            (II 

113 

Princeton. 

«                       483 

54 

Attica. 

"            111 

114 

E.  &  T.  H.  June. 

II 

03 

Rob  Rov.«* 

II 

118 

Lyles. 

Mt.  Carmel. 

II 

68 

Stone  lilulf. 

14  b.  Mid.  CI.  Meas, 

124 

II 

73 

Vcedersburg. 

II 

80 

Yeddo. 

II 

e  Division.) 

(Evansvlll 

Ohio  &  Mississippi  Railroad. 

(Louisville  Division.) 

0 

Evansville.' 0 
Smyihe. 

14  c.  U.  CI.  Meas.  »">» 

«                       870 

4 

0  North  Vernon. 

1-12.  Devonian. 

6 

Garvin. 

M                       378 

25i  Lexington. 

II 

8 

Stevenson. 

II 

40 1  Charleston. 

11 

10 

King's  Station. 

II 

53  Jeffersonville. 

11 

12 

Chandler. 

14  b.  Mid  CI.  Meas.*" « 

55  Louisville. 

Ii 

14 

De  Forrest. 

"                       406 

17 

Booneville. 

«                      8»1 

New  York,  Chicago  &  St.  Ikiols  Railroad. 

26 

Tenneson. 
Pigeon. 

14  h.  Middle  Gl.  Meas. 

(Niclcol  Plate  Railroad.) 

80 

0 

Buffalo. 

82 

Centryville. 

■  II 

364 

New  Haven,  Ind. 

9-12.  Devonian.     '" 

88 

Junction. 

II 

371 

Fort  Wayne. 

«            iti 

84 

Lincoln. 

II 

397 

South  Whitley. 

«            III 

88 

Dale. 

II 

406 

Packerton. 

42 

Ferdinand. 

« 

410 

Claypool. 

II                 igi 

48 

Huntingburg. 

i< 

415 

Burkett. 

62 

Rose  Bank. 

14  a.  L.  Coal  Meas. 

419 

Mentone, 

65 

Jasper. 

14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Meas. 

424 

Tippecanoe. 

"                 III 

73.    Martinavitle.  Glacial  bound'y.  Glacialdepositsiothenorth,  east  and  wcs^.j  none  to  the  south. 

V4.  Edwardtport.  Ttiis  road  runs  nearly  parallel  witii  tlie  glacial  boundary  :rom  Martinsriliett 
Edwardsport.    Glacial  striae  10  miles  west  of  Spencer,  pointing  soutiieast. 

76.  Valley  Junction.  Tunnel  between  North  Bend  and  Valley  Junction  is  through  a  glacial  de- 
posit full  of  finely  striated  stones. 

76.  Aurora.  Split  rock,  on  Woolper  Creek  in  Kentucky,  three  miles  below  Aurora,  belongs  toi 
post  glacial  conglomerate,  rising  more  than  200  feet  above  the  river,  and  marlcs  very  nearly  thesouib- 
em  boundary  of  the  glaciated  area.  Gold  is  found  in  glacial  deposits  on  Laughery'a  Creek,  fin 
miles  southwest  of  Aurora.    See  note  C2  in  Ohio,  and  No.  02  in  West  Virginia. 

77.  Broumatown.  The  glacial  boundary  running  nearly  north  by  south  from  Charlestowntotta 
northeast  corner  of  Brown  County,  passes  a  little  east  of  Brownstown. 

78.  WheaUand.    The  railroad  re-enters  the  glaciated  area  at  Wheatland. 

79.  Quiney.  This  railroad  from  New  Albany  to  Gosport  passes  through  an  unglatiated  axen  1v 
glacial  boundary  is  about  three  miles  south  of  Quincy. 

80.  Fort  Branch  ( nd  Evansville.    From  Evansville  to  Fort  Branch  the  country  is  un^laciim 
though  covered  with  Loess.    The  glacial  boundary  runs  Arom  here  nearly  parallel  with  this  roufe  ^ 
the  neighborhood  of  Vinoennes.    The  above  eight  glacial  notes  are  by  Rev.  G.  F.  Wright. 


INDIANA. 


aoT 


ntheru  R.  R, 


!.  Devonian. 
3  a.  Lower  Carboi 


b.  Mid.  CI.  Meai 


I,  Devoniaa. 


t.  I<oala  Railroad. 

tailroad.) 


« 

tti 

« 

l< 

It) 

« 

l( 

l< 

Ml 

ist:  none  to  the  soutt. 
jr  from  Martinsvilleto 

through 

a  glacUde- 

..  Aurora,  belongs  to! 
very  nearly  the  sou* 
iaughery'a  Creek,  8rt 

I  CharleBtowntoIbi 

xnglatlfttedarea.  Tin 

>untry  Is  unglacWeJ 
allel  with  this  Kudu 
F.  Wright. 


New  York  Gbloam  A  St.  Loolt  R.  B.— 

^"  (Nickel  Plate  Railroad.)  / 


140 
151 
t62 
107 

177 
180 
184 
188 
193 
(03 
&10 

m 

S14 
^IC 
\l\ 

m 


Argu8. 

Hibbard. 

Burr  Oak. 

Knox. 

Tbomaston. 

Wanatab. 

Valparaiso. 

Spriggsboro. 

Wheeler. 

Hobart, 

Joliet  Pit. 

Hammond. 

Cummings,  111. 

Stony  Island. 

Grand  Crossing. 

Englewood. 

•2'2d  Street. 

Chicago. 


<4 
II 
II 
II 


6  0.  Niagara. 


II 
It 
11 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


TS« 

aes 
e2s 


604 


680 


Indiana!  Bloomington  Si  Weatern  R.  R. 


O' Indianapolis. 
2  Moorfield. 

Johnsonville. 


15 
|l9 

|23 
127 


9-12.  Devouian 

<i 


Oakley. 
Maplewood. 
Montclair. 
North  Salem. 
Barnard. 
Rochedale. 
Raccoon. 
5  RusscUville. 
S.  Waveland. 
Quion. 

Marshall. 


Bloomingdale. 

Montezuma. 

Hillsdale. 

Dana. 

imana,  111. 

Scotland,  111. 

Chrisman. 


{ 


709 
705 

13  a.  L.  Garb.  Knob 
Stone. 

898 
842 

789 
888 
•  0'/ 
88D 
745 
828 
789 


l< 
l< 
II 

11 
14 

13b.LCarb.I.a. 
II 

M 

II 


14  a.  L.  CI.  Meaa.   «»<> 
14  b.  Middle  Coal 


{ 


Measures. 
II 

II 

II 

If 

II 

II 


700 
842 
494 
482 
648 


Terre  Harate  *  IndlanspolU  Railroad. 

Mb^ (Vandalla  Line.)      Alt 


0 

6 

28 

81 

88 
46 
68 
61 
69 
79 
88 
98 
102 

no 

116 
136 
143 
160 
173 
183 


Terre  Haute. 

Otter  Cr'k  Juno. 

Rookville. 

Judson. 

Wavelaad. 

New  Market. 

Crawfordsville. 

Darlington. 

Colfax. 

Frankfort. 

Sedalia. 

Flora. 

Camden. 

Clymer. 

Loganeport. 

Kewanna. 

Marshland. 

Plymouth. 

Lakeville. 

South  Bend. 


18  0.  U.  CI.  Meaa.  «•* 


14  a. 
9-12. 


L.  Coal  Meas. 
Devonian. 


13  a. 


L  Carb.  Knob  s. 

«  8  26 

9-12  DeTonian.       »*» 
II 

u 


606 


781 


788 


liake  ISrle  &  Westem  Railroad. 


138 
149 
160 
165 
176 


Fort  Recovery. 
Portland,  Ind. 
Red  Key. 
Albany. 
Muncie. 


176 
192 
201 
212 
225 
287 
246 
252 
260 
261 
270 
280 
282 
289 
296 
805 
812 


Munoie. 

Alexandria. 

Ellwood. 

Tipton. 

Circlerville. 

Frankfort. 

Mulberry. 

Dayton. 

Lafayette  Juno. 

Lafayette. 

Moncmorency. 

Templeton. 

Oxford. 

Boswell. 

Ambia,  Ind. 

Hoopeston,  111. 

East  Lynn. 


5  0.  Niagara. 
II 


II 
II 
i< 

-jr 
11 
II 
i< 


904 


948 


948 

»ftr 

888 
868 


9-12 
13  a.  L 


Devonian. 

II 


14  a.  L. 


C. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

CI, 

II 

II 
u 
« 
l< 


841 

Knob8.»»* 

64» 
St» 

Meas.  •" 

70* 
tl4. 

ri» 


ifil.    Uy  the  excellent  Geological  Map  of  Indiana,  published  by  Professor  Collett,  with  his  report 
:  1H84,  the  following  appears  to  be  the  mil  section  or  the  exposed  strata  of  the  State,  with  the  thick- 

fes9  of  each : 


F0BMATI0N8. 

THICKNESS  IN  FT. 

FOBMATIONS. 

THICKNESS  IN  R.. 

c.   Alluvium. 

0-50 

0-12  Devonian. 

b.    Loess. 

0-30 

Genesee  Black  Slate. 

60-120 

a.  Glacial  Drift. 

0-311 

Corniferous. 

6-70 

Permo  Carboniferous  or 

60-lt8 

V   Upper  Coal  Measures, 
b.   Middle  Ccal  Measures. 

Upper  Silurian. 

600-888 

6  0.    Niagara. 

20-fiO 

Lo\''er  Coal  Measures,  and 
\    Conglomerate. 

60-210 

6  c.    Clinton. 

0-10 

Lower  Silurian. 

Sub-  Carhoniferout. 

i  c.    Hudsou  River  or  Cincinnati. 

60-^20 

b.   Chester  1.  s. 

0-74 

b.   St.  Louis  1.  s. 

0-330 

The  sub-divisions  of  the  Devo- 

b.  Keokuk  1.  s. 

6-106 

nian  are  too  narrow  to  be  sepa- 

a.  Knobstone  s.  s. 

12-S32 

rately  noticed  in  the  Guide. 

908 


AM  AMERICAN  QEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


ThU  blank  ipM*  U  intonded  for  additional  geological  not«t  lo  pencil  by  the  trarelor. 


'i-!'')^: 


w 


l'.:'^ 


(S*A 


'''I 


\^ 


ILLINOaS. 


209 


List  of  th«  Qtoiogioal  Formations  on  the  Illinois  RailroadSi 


18  and  19.  Cratacaous  or  Tartiary. 

H  0.  Uppar  Coal  Maasurasi 

14  b.^  Lowar  Coal  Maasuras  and  Con* 

14  a.(        glontaratat 

13  a.  Low.  Carbonlfarous  Limastona.* 

9*12.  Davonian. 


Bo.  Niagara Qroup. 
4  c.  Cinoinnati  Qroup. 
4  a.  Tranton  and  Qalana  Limastona. 
3  0.  St.  Patar's  Sandstona. 
3  a.  Caloifarous  and  Lowar  Magnasian 
Limastona. 


BslUmor*.  Plttobarffand  Ohloago  Railroad. 
Ml.  (B.  *  O.)  Alt. 


0  Chicago.'* 
12  Kingston. 
14  South  Chicago. 
21  Edgemoor. 
80  Miller's. 
84  Mioh.  Cent.  Jan. 


6  0.  Niagara. 


<• 
II 
<i 
II 


Sl» 

sm 

691 
•  IS 


nUnois  Uentrsl  R»llroad. 


0  Chicago.'* 
14  Kensington. 
24  Home  wood. 
27Matte8on.'> 
84  Monee. 
40  Peotone. 
47  Manteno. 
66  Kankakee.* 
65  Chebanse. 
69  Clifton. 
81  Oilman. 
86  Onarga. 

08  Bulkley. 

09  Loda. 
103  Paxton. 

106  Ludlow.  »•» 

114Rantoul.'« 
119  Thomasboro. 
128  Champaign.' •> 
187  Tolono. 
148  Pesotum. 
160  Tuscola. 
168  Areola. 
173  Mattoon. 
186  Neoga. 
100  Effingham. 


Sc.Niag.  88  ms.  »*» 

<  S9S 


•  •9 
796 

Til 
616 

•  44 

•  63 


4  c.  Cincinnati,  16  ms. 

<<  7  77 

<i  104 

14  a.  &  li.  L.  01.  Mrs 
&  Conglom. 


{ 


II 

<i 


S2I 


14  a.  &b.  L.C1.M. 

II  729 

11 

II  96  7 

l<  ^74 

14c.U.  01.  Mrs.    '»» 


u 
II 


618 


216;  Edge  wood. 
230KinmundT. 
244  Odin. 
262!Central  City.* 


Ml.  Illinois  Central  Bailroad.— Continued.  Alt 


253 
208 
267 
274 
280 

289 

802 
808 
316 
828 
828 
389 

344 

366 


Ceutralia. 

Richview. 

Ashley. 

Dubois. 

Tamaroa. 

Du  Quoin.*' » 

De  Soto. 

Carbondale.** 

Makanda. 

Cobden.* 

Anna.* 

Dongola, 

Ullin.*** 

Cairo. 


14  c.  Upr.  Coal  Mrs.*  »• 


II 
II 
II 
II 
<i 


6t» 


494 


649 


14  b,  L.  CI.  Mrs. 


{ 


14  a  &  b.  L.  01.  Mrs. 
&  Conglom.,  48  ms. 


ii 
II 
II 
II 


194 


4  a.  Trenton,  20  miles. 


{ 


18  &  10  Cretaceous 
or  Tertiary  21  miles. 


sit 


0 
2 
19 
26 
81 
40 
46 
49 
67 
70 
74 
82 
87 
92 
106 


Dubuque. 

Dunleith.' 

Galena.' 

Council  Hill.' 

Scales  Mound.* 

Apple  River. 

Warren. 

Nora. 

Lena. 

Freeport. 

Baileysville. 

Forreston." 

Haldane. 

Polo. 

Dixon.* 


Dubuque  to  Cairo. 

4  a.  Trenton,  71  miles. 


II 
II 
<i 
II 
11 
•I 


•  01 


100* 


II  969 

•<  7  59 

6  0.  Niagara,  3  miles. 
4  a.  Trenton,  42  m.^*^ 


649 

716 


*  Oonsisting  of  the  1.  Kinderhook  Shale,  limestone  and  sandstone,  2.  Burlington  limestone,  S. 
Keokuk  limestone.  4.  St,  Louis  limestone  ana  6.  Chester  limestone  and  sandstone. 

( In  many  localities  there  are  no  outcrops  and  the  formations  are  given  only  in  a  general  way.) 

1.  The  notes  are  by  Prof.  A.  H.  Worthen,  State  Geologist  of  Illinois. 

2.  Rich  in  Niagara  corals. 

3.  Shelly  limestone  of  Upper  Coal  Measuren  filled  with  fossil  shells,  bryosoa,  Ao. 

4.  Roof  shales  of  oo»l  rich  in  fossil  plants. 

6.  Upper  Chester  shales  beneath  conglomerate  with  a  few  fossil  shells,  corals.  See. 
o.  Quarries  of  St  Louis  limestone  with  some  small  shells,  corals,  Ac. 

7.  A  few  fossils  oharactoristio  of  the  Galena  limestone. 

9.   Rich  fossiliferouB  band  near  the  base  of  the  Cincinnati  group,  and  crystals  of  barito,  pyrita 
•ad  dolomite  in  pockets  of  the  Galena  limestone. 

9.  Lower  Trenton  or  Blue  limestone  two  miles  northeast  of  Dixon  ftall  of  charactosistic  fossils. 


If!  a 


'■'i'i,u\: 


,"■■>• 


210 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (ILL.) 


Mb. 


nilnolt  Centnil  BallroML 

Dubuque  to  CbAto,— Continued. 


Alt, 


117Amboy.»»8 
126  Sublette. 
188  Mendota. 
141  Dimmick. 

149  La  Salle.  10     »i« 

168  Tonioa. 

169  Wenona. 
180  Minonk. 
188  Panola. 
191  El  Paso. 
200  Hudson. 
207  Normal. 

209  Bloomington.il 
227  Wapella. 
281  Clinton. 
240  Maroa. 
263  Decatur. 
268  Wheatland. 

268  Macon. 

269  Moawoqua. 
276  Assumption. 
286  Pana. 

303  Ramsey.  i> 
816  Vandalia. 
330  Patoka. 
339  Sandoval. 
S44  Central  City. 
846  Centralia. 
358  Cairo.'" 


4  c.  Cincinnati,  8  miles 
4  a.  Trenton,  20  miles. 


74» 


{ 


14  a.  Conglo.  &14b. 
L.  Coal  Mres.  8  ms. 


14b.L.Cl.Mr8. 


it 
« 
<i 
II 
11 
<i 
<i 
II 


741 

838 
727 


14  0.  U.  CI.  Mrs. 

Il  666 

II 

M  716 

It 

M 

M  676 

II 

l«  8  00 

41 

<>  494 

II 

II  4»4 

18.&19.  Creta.&Ter'y 


niinois  Central  B^Oxomd.— Continued. 

Ms.  Springfield  Division.  Alt. 


0 
24 
44 
62 
82 
97 
111 


Springfield. 

Mount  Pulaski. 

Clinton. 

Farmer  City. 

Gibson. 

Roberts. 

Oilman. 


14  0.  Up.  Coal  Mrs.  s» 
II 

14  a.  L.  CI.  Mrs.  15  ms. 
4  b.  Cincinnati,  Urns. 
6.  Niagara,  6  ms.  ^>i 


Chloago,  Barlington  and  Qolnojr  Railroad. 


Middle  Division. 


0 

6 

29 


36 
60 
71 


78 


83 
38 
42 
46 
60 
64 
79 
86 


Kankakee. 
Otto. 
Kempton  Jn. 


Griswoid. 
Pontiac. 
Kankakee  Jn. 


Minonk. 


CuUom. 

Charlotte. 

Chatsworth. 

Crumpton. 

Risk. 

Colfax, 

Barnes. 

Bloomington.'o 


6  c.  Niagara  «>• 

No  exposure. 


14a.&b.LowCI.M.««« 


(t  11 


No  exposures. 

i< 

14a.«b.LowCl.M.»3» 


li     ii 

14  c.  U.  CI.  Mres.  8  28 


0 
30 
38 
43 
47 
53 
57 
61 
67 
74 
84 
100 

106 

112 
118 
124 
132 

140 

148 
162 
156 
164 
179 
186 

198 

207 


164 

178 
183 
186 
192 
208 
210 
212 


Chicago.'* 

Naperville. 

Aurora. 

Oswego.  1* 

Bristol. 

Piano. 

Sandwich. 

Somonauk. 

Leland. 

Earl. 

Mendota. 

Maiden. 

Princeton. 

Wyanet. 
Buda. 
Neponsett. 
Kewanee.i* 

Galva.8»i 

Altona. 

Oneida. 

Wataga. 

Galesburg. 

Monmouth.  18 

Kirkwood. 

Sagetown.18 

Burlington. 


6  c.  Niagara.         »» 
II 


4  c.  Cincinnati, 

II 

II 
4  a.  Trenton,  46  miles. 


Galesburg.'*  8 

Abingdon. 

Avon. 

Prairie  City. 

Budhnfell. 

Macomb. 

Colchester.^' 

Tennesee. 


ii 
II 
ii 


Hi 


f  14a.CongLandl4b, 
\  Low.  CI.  Mrs.  92  ms. 


<i 
II 
II 


in 


r  14  a.  Cong,  and  14  b. 
\  Low.  Coal  Measures. 


II 

II 


rii 


f  13  a.  Lower  Carbon's 
\  Limestone,  16  miles. 


{ 


14  a.  Con.  and  14  b. 
L.  Coal  Mrs.  54  ms. 


II 
II 
ii 
ii 

II 
ii 
II 


(14 


10.  Limestone  of  the  Unper  Coal  Measures  full  of  tossili. 

11.  Minute  shells  in  roofof  coal  seam,  probably  No.  3. 

13.  Upper  Coal  Measure  limestone  witn  fossil  shells  near  Ramsey. 

13.  Cincinnati  group,  rich  in  fossils. 

14.  Fossils  in  roof  snalea  of  coal  seam,  probably  coal  No.  6  or  6. 
16.  Outcrop  of  Burlington  limestone  2  miles  north  of  Monmouth. 

16.  Burlington  limestone  rich  in  fossils. 

17.  Roof  siialea  of  coal  rich  in  fossil  plants,  coal  No.  8. 

18.  Burlington  limestone  rich  in  fossils. 

19.  Fossils  abundant  in  roof  shalos  of  coal  No.  S. 

20.  Fossils  in  roof  shales  of  coals  No.  2.  and  3. 
81.  Fossils  in  roof  shales  of  coal  No.  6. 


ILLINOIS. 


211 


—Continued. 

1.  Alt. 

CoalMrsJ" 
« 

i«  121 

Dl.Mrs.  15  ms. 
cinnati,  14  ms. 
vta,  6  ms.  «'« 

Inoy  Railroad. 

igara.         "» 

icinnati, 

It 
i< 

enton,  46  mileB. 

i< 

It 

it 

It  7i9 

ti 

GongLandHb. 

.CI.  Mrs. 92 ms, 

tt 

tt 

It 


781 


.Cong,  and  14b, 
.  Coal  Measures, 


lit 


Lower  Carbon's 
leetone,  15  miles. 


Con.  and  14  b, 
3oal  Mrs.  64  ms, 


tt 
It 

It 
tt 
ti 


ei( 


Obit 

Ms. 
Soil 

mgo,  Barllnston  and  Qolnoy  Kallroad. 

Continued.                          Alt. 

Chicago,  BnrUngton  aud  Qolnoy  Ballroad. 

Ms.                         —Continued.                        Alt. 
Mendota  and  Clinton  Branch. 

Plymouth. 

Augusta. 

Camp  Point. 

fowler. 

IJuincy.*» 

18  a.  L.  Carb.  1.  s.  6  ms. 
( 14  a.  Cong,  and  14  b. 
1   L.  Coal  Mrs.  27  ms. 

t(                           740 

13  a.  L.  Carb.  1.8. 13  ma. 

It                             48  8 

liO  J 

227 

242 
252 
263 

0 
9 
19 
26 
32 
46 
62 
66 

Mendota. 
La  Moille. 
Ohio. 
Walnut. 
Deer  Grove. 
Prophetstown. 
Fulton. 
Clinton. 

4  a.  Trenton.           »*» 

tl 

tl 
It 

4  c.  Cincinnati. 

6.  Niagara. 

It 

It                    7aT 

Galesburg  and  Peoria  Division. 

164 

Galesburg. 

14  a.  L  Coal  Mra.    "s 

tt                          77  7 
It                           630 
ti                           6  73 
tt                             631 

tl                             46  8 

169 
180 
188 
190 
209 
217 

Knoxville. 

Maquon. 

YRtes  City. 

Elmwood.i* 

Kickapoo. 

Peoria. 

Galva  and  Keithsburg  Branch. 

0 
14 

37 
61 
64 
66 
71 

Galva.             «»i 

Woodhull. 

Aledo. 

New  Boston. 

Keithsburg. 

Oquawka, 

Gladstone. 

13  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 
II 

tt 

It                      67* 
tt                      S4( 

T 

Galena  Junction. 

13  a.  Burlington  1.  s. 

Galena  Junction. 

6.  Niagara.             '"»i 
It 

|l                                   <49 

0  East  Batayia. 
ISjAurora. 

Burlington  and  Quincy  Branch. 

0 
10 
24 
82 
44 
58 
62 
72 

Burlington. 
Lomaz. 
Adrian. 
Carthage. 
West  Point. 
Mendon. 
Ursa. 
Quincy.  * « 

13  a   Ij   Carb    LiniAat. 

Aurora  and  Streator  Branch. 

0 
6 
13 
23 
28 
82 

Aurora. 

Osweiro.    * ' 

Yorkfille. 

Millington. 

Sheridan. 

Serena. 

Wedron. 

Dayton. 

Ottawa. 

Streator. 

6.  Niagara,              «*» 

4  c.  Cincinnati, 
tt 

4  a.  Trenton,  21  miles. 

it 

13  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

"     [3  a  Calcif.  in 

"      bed  of  river.] 

8  a.  Calcif.,  2  ms.  *»« 

18  a.  Low.  CI. Mrs.  «»o 

tl                       666 
It                      466 

86 
40 
44 
60 

Rock  River  Division. 

0 
8 
16 
26 
87 
47 

Shabbona. 
Paw  Paw. 
Brooklyn. 
Amboy. 
Harmon. 
Rock  Falls. 

4  c.  Cincinnati,  3  ms. 
4  a.  Trenton. 
4  0.  Cincinnati,  6  ms. 
4  a.  Trenton.           '»» 

4  0.  Cincinnati. 

It 

Buda  and  BushvillA  Branch. 

0 
20 

Buda.»68 

Wyoming. 

Brimfield. 

Elmwood.  1  ♦ 

Yates  City. 

Farmington. 

Cantoni* 
iLewi8ton.»o 
)  Vermont. 
)Ru8hville.«i 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mrs. 

n 

II 

n                     621 

II                      «78 

If 

II                       6  66 

It 

It 

|l                       6  76 

8S 

Chicago  and  Iowa  Ballroad.  (C.  B.  ft  Q.) 

4fi 
41 
6S 
64 
7t 
95 

0 

39 
67 
64 
69 
79 
86 
89 
94 
98 
100 
118 

Chicago.  7* 

Aurora. 

Hinckley. 

Waterman. 

Shabbona. 

Steward. 

Rochelle. 

Flag  Center. 

King's. 

Holoomb. 

Davis  Junction. 

Rookford. 

6  c.  Niagara.          »•» 

H                              64> 
It                               7*6 

tt 

f 

4  c.  Cincinnati. 

tt 

it                     aor 

H             Auror  i  and  Geneva  Branch. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

tt 

i 

•  Aurora. 
iBatavia. 
i  Geneva. 

S.Niagara.             •«<> 
tt 

tl 

II               \ 

It 

It 

M. 

2S. 

26. 
27. 
28. 

■   »• 

I  this 

30. 


Fossil  plant*  abundant  in  roof  shales  of  coal  No.  2. 
Limestone  of  Upper  Coal  Measures  full  of  fossils. 
Fossils  in  roof  anales  and  limeitono  over  ooal  No.  5. 

Fine  outcrop  of  Devonian  shale  and  limestone  between  these  points  Aill  of  fossils. 
Niagara  fossils  occur  sparingly  at  eaoh  of  these  pointa. 
Fossils  abundant  in  Cincinnati  group. 
Fo&sil  plants  in  roof  ahalea  of  ooal  No.  2. 

Fossils  abundant  In  roof  shales  of  coal  No.  8,  and  also  in  that  of  No.  0.  in  the  ahafta  opened 
vicinity. 

Upper  Ooal  Meaanra  limeatone  with  a  few  foaatls. 


^'fi;^! 


MP  '  I''' V 

iiil '  !1: ;  .  !* 


:    ,11 


212 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (ILL.) 


GhleagOf  Burlington  and  Qolncy  Railroad. 

Ms.  — Continued.  Alt. 

Quincy,  Hannibal  and  Louisiana  Branch. 


0 
10 

17 
19 
36 
41 
43 


Quincy  " 

Fall  Creek. 

Hannibal." 

Hulls. 

Rookport.'* 

Pike. 

Louisiana. '  ' 


488 


13  a.  Low  Carbon,  l.s. 
<< 

i< 

i<  468 

6.  U.  Silu.  Niag.  group. 


St.  Louis  and  Rock  Island  Division. 


0 

20 

26 

38 

42 

56 

67 

82 

87 

92 

101 

111 

116 

120 

185 

164 

170 

182 

203 

220 

227 

239 

242 

246 

265 

268 

278 

280 

291 


St.  Louis. 

East  St.  Louis. 

Alton. »  8 

Upper  Alton. 

Brighton. 

Medora. 

J  vemper. 

Greenfield. 

Whitehall. 

Winchester.'* 

Riggston. 

Chapin. 

Arenzville. 

Beardstown. 

Frederick. 

Browning. 

Vermont. 

Bushnell. 

Roseville. 

Monmouth. 

Rio. 

Orion. 

Port  Byron. »» 

Rock  Island. 

Moline. 

Port  Byron  Jun, 

Rock  River  Jun. 

Erie. 

Lyndon. 

R.  I.  Junction. 

Sterling. 


13  a.  Low  Carb.  l.s.*i« 

<t  418 

«  470 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

«<  6  94 

« 


13  a.  Low  Carbon  1.  s. 

<t 

14  a.  &b.L.  Coal  Mrs. 

II 

II 
11 
II 
<i 
11 


II 
ii 


5  0.  Niagara. 
9-11.  Devonian. 


6.  Niagara. 

II 

Ii 
« 
<i 


664 


rsi 

884 


Sheridan  and  Paw  Paw  Branch. 


0 
20 
51 


Paw  Paw. 
Sheridan  Jun. 
Streator. 


No  outcrop. 
II 

13  a.  Low.  Coal.     «»« 


Chloago,  Book  Island  and  Paoiflo  Rali< 
Ms.  road.  ^It 


0 
16 
30 
40 

51 

61 
71 
76 
84 
94 

99 

100 
114 


Chicago.^* 
Blue  Island. 
Mokena. 
Joliet."  »» 

Minooka. 

Morris.a» 

Seneca. 

Marseillies. 

Ottawa. 

Utica. 

La  Salic.  2  2 

Peru.  2  8 
Bureau. 


6.  Niag.,  48  miles.  >» 


Ht 


14  a.  Cong,  and  14  b, 
L.  Coal  Mrs.  41  ms, 


8  a.  Cal.,  9  ms.      at 
II 

f  14  b.  L.  CI.  Mrs. 5" 

\  and  Conglomerate. 
•i 

«  455 


0 
13 

20 
28 
46 


Bureau. 

Henry. 

Sparland. 

Chillicothe. 

Peoria.  2* 

Pckin. 

Jacksonville. 


<i 
« 

<c 
(( 

« 


451 

4;i 


114 
122 
126 
146 
162 
169 
170 
179 
188 


Bureau. 
Tishilwa. 
Sheffield. 
Annawan. 
Atkinson.' ° 
Geneseo. 
Colona, 
Moline.  2  » 
Rock  Island.' B 


14  L.C.  Mrs.&CoDg.«i< 


« 

« 
II 


9-12.  Devonian. 


5141 


ChlcaKo  and  Alton  Railroad." 


0 
26 
33 
88 
53 

58 

61 
65 
74 
82 
92 
108 


Chicago.^* 
Lemont.»«   »« 
Lockport.'«  T» 
Joliet.»« 
Wilmington.*  7 

Braidwood.  * ' 

Braceville." 

Gardner. 

Dwight. 

Odell. 

Pontiao. 

Chenoa. 


6.  Niagara. 


« 
<i 


551 1 


541 1 


4  0.  Cincinnati.     ">| 

(  14  a.  &14b.CoDgla 

\  and  Lower  Coal  Mn.  [ 


11 
« 
Ii 
<t 
II 
« 


soil 

501 1 
(Oil 

5(1 1 
71(1 


31.  Outcrop  of  coal  No.  6.  1^  m.  west  of  the  station  with  numerous  fossils  in  the  roof  shale). 

32.  St.  Louis  Limestone  with  numerous  fossils. 

33.  Coal  Measur3  fossils  abundant  in  this  vicinity. 

34.  Outcrop  of  Keokuk  limestone  with  characteristic  fossils  3  miles  northeast  of  the  town. 
30.    Keokuk  limestone  l^C  miles  south  of  town  with  a  few  characteristic  fossils. 

36.  Outcrop  of  St.  Louis  limestone  4}i  miles  east  of  the  station  with  numerous  fossils. 

37.  St  Louis  limestone  in  heavy  outcrops  on  Fountain  creek  2  miles  westof  theitatioD,iUl 
of  Chester  limestone  2^  miles  southwest,  both  formations  abounding  in  characteristic  fossils.       I 

38.  Outcrops  of  Chester  limestone  on  Prairie  du  Long  creek  2}j|  miles  north  of  the  atationtltai 
numerous  foaails. 

30.    Fopsils  abundant  in  the  limestone  over  the  coal  No.  6  7 

40.  Fossil  plants  in  roof  shales  and  iron  concretions  of  coal  No.  2.  ,,     ^i 

41.  St.  Louis  limestone  fossils  scarce,  3  miles  west  of  the  town  outcrops  of  Hamilton  wi 
Comiferous  limestone  with  fossils. 

42.  Band  of  ferroginous  shale  abounding  in  Upper  Coal  Measure  fossils. 


43.  NI 

44.  fI 


,  L.Cl.  Mrs.'" 
Conglomerate. 


« 

« 

<l 

<l 

« 

lit 

l( 

lis 

<I 

61) 

Etailroad." 


Cincinnati.     •"! 

a.  &14b.Congto 

d  Lower  Coal  Mn.  I 
toil 


In  the  roof  shalei 


vv                                        ILLINOIS.                                              y        213 

Ms. 

Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad.— Cont.  Alt. 

Ms.  Chlosgo  and  Alton  Railroad.— Cont.  Alt. 

in 

119 

Lexington. 
Towanda. 

14L.  C.  Ms.           »»» 

'<                             8  10 

Dwight  Branch. 

0  Chicago.** 

6  c.  Niagara.          >  * » 

124 

Normal. 

11 

74 

Dwight. 

14a.&b.L.C.M-8.6<'» 

126 

Bloomington.'o 

1.                           St8 

96  Streator. 

II                             6  30 

146 

Atlanta. 

«                          744 

109  Wenona. 

<< 

167 

Lincoln. 

(1                           618 

118  Varna. 

II 

164 
186 

Broadv/ell.      "»» 
Springfield." 

14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

«                           693 

128 

Lccon. 

14 a. &b. L.Coal  Mres. 

118 

Varna. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

194 

Chatham. 

<l                             843 

122 

La  Bose. 

206 

Virden. 

«                             891 

128 

Washburn. 

210 

Girard. 

««                             68  7 

188 

Cazenovia. 

214 

Nilwood. 

11 

137 

Metamora. 

228 

CarUnville.'o.jo 

J  14  a.  &  b.  Low.  Coal 
\  Mrs.  &Congl.  22  ms. 

144 

Washington. 

II                            748 

238 
246 

Shipman. 
Brighton.*^ 

«                              £82 

i(                              6  94 

Chicago,  St.  Iiouls  and  Western  Railroad. 

0 

Chicago.** 

6  Niagara.               *  *  * 

267 

Alton.3  2          470 

13  a.  L.  Carb.  I.e.  2  ms. 

37 

Joliet. 

11                                 841 

nto 

Upper  Alton. 

f  14  a.  &  b.  Lower  Coal 
\  Mres.  and  Couglom. 

89 

Streator.         '^o 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  CI  Mres.. 

268 

93 

Reading. 

II 

261 

Milton. 

f( 

98 

Long  Point. 

<i 

269 

Mitchell. 

13  a.  Lower  Carb.  1. 8. 

108 

Minonk. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

276 

Venice. 

II 

124 

Roanoke. 

II 

280 

East  St.  Louis. 

II                             418 

126 
183 

Eureka. 
Washington. 

II 

126 

Bloomington.»» 

14  a.  L.  CI.  Mrs.     s" 

<i                              745 

149 

Hopedale. 

II 

141 

Morton. 

II 

f  14  a.  &  b.  Low.  Coal 
1  Mres.  and  Conglom. 

145  Groveland. 

14a.&b.L.CLMs.  "» 

167 

Delavan. 

163Pekin. 

II                            70  8 

171 

187 

Mason  City. 
Petersburg." 

11 

leilPeoria. 

i<                           468 

St.  Louis  and  Cairo  Railroad. 

215 
242 

Jacksonville. 
Drake. 

SlB 

18  a.  Lower  Carb.  1.  s. 

0 

East  St.  Louis. 

13a.Low.Carb.l.s.*»» 

265 

Pleasant  Hill. 

II 

13 

East  Carondelet. 

II 

274 

Quincy  Junction, 

5.  Niagara.             *<>* 

14 
19 
28 
82 

Columbia.  8  « 
Attica. 
Waterloo.'* 
Cambria. 

1. 

JacksonTille  Division. 

II 

II                           664 

0 

East  St.  Louis. 

13a.Low.Carb.l.8.*»« 

i< 

3 

Venice. 

II 

87 

Red  Bud.  3 » 

II                           45  7 

16 

Edwardsville  Jn. 

14  a.  and  b. 

46 

Baldwin. 

II 

23 

Alton.            *»» 

13  a.  Low.  Carb.  1.  s. 

64 

Sparta.  s» 

Ua-ftb-KCMrs-O*' 

28 

Godfrey. 

14  a.  and  b.            835 

75 

Ava. 

86 

Delhi. 

II 

90 

Murphysboro.*' 

14  a,  Low.  Car.  1.8.  *" 

43 

Jerseyville. 

II 

116 

Jonesboro.*^ 

(( 

48 

Kane. 

13  a.  Lower  Carb.  1.  b. 

136 

Hodge's  Park. 

19  Tertiary. 

66 
65 

Carrolton."* 
Whitehall." 

II 

147 

Cairo. 

11                                   313 

fi 

49 

Roodhouse. 

14  a.  and b.  L.Cl. Mrs. 

Ms.     Cairo,  Tincennes  &  Chicago  R.  R.    Alt. 

91 

Jacksonville. 

14a.&b.L.Cl.Mr8.6i9 

0 

Vincinnes. 

106 

Ashland. 

II                            8  38 

10 

St.  Francisville. 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

118 

Petersburg. 

<i 

26 

Mount  Carmel. 

II 

135 

Mason  City. 

K 

41 

Grayville.** 

II                             S93 

149 

Delavan. 

II 

66 

Carmi. 

II                             401 

157 

Hopedale. 

14  c.  Lower  Coal  Mrs. 

81 

Eldorado.*  1 

11                             3  84 

m 

Bloomington.8<* 

II                             8  23 

89 

Harrisburg.    »«' 

14  a.  &b,  L.Coal  Mrs. 

-,' 

102 

Stonefort. 

II 

126 

Vienna. 

13  a.  Low.  Carbon  1.  s. 

151 

Mound  City.   »*» 

18  &  19  Creta.  &  Ter'y. 

.^ 

157  Cairo. 

II                              338 

43.  Numerous  fossil  shells  replaced  with  yellow  pyrite  occur  in  thg  roof  shales  r{  coal  No.  7. 

44.  Flue  outcrop  of  Upper  Silurian  and  Devonian  strata  with  characteristic  fossils. 


214 


m  mi') 


n(' 

M'l 


III 


■»■;  / 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE,     (ILL.) 


Chicago  ft  B»st«m  IlSlnola  Railroad. 
Ms.  Alt. 


0 

Chicago. 

5S9 

5  Niagara,  86  miles. 

20 

Blue  Island. 

84 

Bloom. 

II                                   6  95 

88 

Crete. 

ti                                    731 

62 

Grant. 

II                                 708 

68 

Momenoe. 

«i                                 735 

69 

St.  Anne. 

«                                 66  7 

86 

Wataeka. 

648 

14 

a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mres. 

108 

Hoopston. 

785 

<<         46  miles. 

182 

Danville.** 

<l                              618 

140 

Gessie. 

14 

0.  Upper  CI.  Mres. 

Grape  Creek  Division. 


OiDanville  Jn. 
6|Qrape  Creek. 
22|Sidells. 


14a.&b.  L.  Cl.M.«i8 


Chicago  and  Northwestflm  Railroad. 

Council  Bluffs  and  Omaha  Line. 


0 

6 

9 

25 

36 

38 

44 

66 

68 

64 

76 

84 

88 

98 

110 

124 

136 

138 


Chicago.''* 

Austin. 

Oak  Park.  81 

Wheaton.»» 

Geneva. 

St.  Charles. 

Blackberry. 

Cortland. 

De  Ealb. 

Malta. 

Rochelle. 

Ashton. 

Franklin. 

Dixon. «* 

Sterling.*' 

Morrison. 

Fulton. 

Clinton. 


6.  Niagara. 
i( 


II 
« 
II 
II 
II 
<< 
II 

4  c.  Cincinnati 

14 

4  a.  Trenton. 

II 


589 


807 


69A 

718 

"      &  5.  Niagara. 
5.  Niagara. 

4  c.  Cincinnati.       '«» 


(  Continued  in  Iowa. ) 


Cliicago,  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  Line. 


0 
22 
26 
88 
43 
61 
68 
71 
78 
91 


Chicago.''* 
Arlington  Heigh 
Palatine. 
Cary.«* 

Crystal  Lake.** 
Woodstock.** 
Harvard  Jn. 
Sharon. 
Clinton  Jn. 
Janesville.** 


6  Niagara. 

ts.'*" 


II 
<i 

4  0.  Cincinnati. 
« 


589 


7a7 


Milwaukee,  Green  Bay  and  Marquette  Line. 


0 
12 
21 
86 
46 


Chicago.'* 
Evanston.  *  * 
Highland  Park. 
Waukegan.** 
State  Line. 


Chicago  and  Northwestern  Railroad. 

Ms.    Rockford,  Freeport  and  Dubuque  Line.  A't, 


0,  Chicago.'* 

6  Austin. 

9  Oak  Park.* » 
25Wheaton.«« 
30  Jimction. 
39  Clintonville. 
42;Elgin. 
66|  Marengo. 
78;Belvidere. 
93  Rockford. 


100 
107 
121 


Winnebago. 
Peoatonica. 
Freeport. 


6.  Niagara,  66  ms.  »9 


II 
II 
(i 
« 


70t 


4  0.  Cincinnati. 
4  a.  Trenton. 


lit 


Kenosha  and  Rockford  Line. 

0;  Rockford. 

4  a.  Trenton,  18  miles. 

16  Poplar  Grove. 

II 

21  Capron. 

4  0.  Cincinnati. 

28  Harvard  Jn. 

5.  Niagara. 

34Alden. 

II 

( See  W  sconsin. ) 

Chicago,  St,  Paul  and  Minneapolis  Line. 


77 
78 
86 
90 


Caledonia  Jn. 
Caledonia. 
Roscoe. 
Beloit.*' 


4  a.  Trenton. 

)i 

i( 


isi 


Sycamore  Branch. 


Oj  Cortland. 
6 1  Sycamore. 


6.  Niagara. 


Lake  Geneva  Line. 


0 
39 
66 


Chicago.'* 
Clintonville. 
Crystal  Lake. 


6  0.  Niagara. 
II 


510 


Crystal  Lake  Short  Line. 


0 
43 
60 
64 
60 
61 
70 


Chicago'* 
Crystal  Lake. 
McHenry. 
Ringwood. 
Richmond. 
Genoa  Jn. 
Lake  Geneva. 


6  0.  Niagara. 
It 


Wabash,  St.  lionls  and  Pacific  R.  B. 


93  Pontiao. 
104Fairbury. 
126|Qib8on. 
134;Foo8land. 
i46,Mansfield. 
158:Monticello. 
180  Lovington. 
188lSullivan. 
200'Windsor. 
229iAltamont. 


14a.&b.L.CI.Mr."« 
II 
II 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mm 
II 

II 

II 

II  «ii 

<i 

11  <i* 


48.    Fine  outcrop  of  the  Kinderhook  division  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous,  with  characteristic 
fossils,  and  Burlington  limestone  capping  the  bluffs. 


ILLINOIS. 


215 


atem  Railroad. 

Dubuque  Line.  Alt. 

iagara,  66  ma.^ 
<< 


tford  Line. 
Trenton,  18  miles. 


inneapolis  Line, 


d  PBOlflo  B.  B. 


5.  Upper  Coal  Mm 
(I 


- 

WabMh,  St.  liouls  and  Paolflo  B.  B.       i 

Wabash,  St.  Louis  and  Paolflo  R.  B. 

)|g.                          Continued.                          Alt. 

Ms.                            Continued.                            Alt 

0 

Streator. 
Manville. 

14a.&b.L.Cl.Mr8.«" 
« 

Detroit,  Toledo,  Quincy  and  Keokuk  Line. 

6 

0 

Toledo,  (see  Indi 

ana.)    14  c.  U.  CI. Mrs. 

11 

Cornell. 

« 

242 

State  Line. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

Ifi 

Rowe. 

« 

250 

Danville. 

«                 618 

19 

Chicago  Jun. 

II 

262 

Fairmount. 

II                 8  88 

Toledo,  Kansas  City  and  .St.  Joseph  Division. 

269 
276 
28t 

Homer. 
Sidney. 
Philo. 

'•                 3IS 
II 

"0" 

Bluffs. 

13  a.  L.  Sub-Carb.  1.  s. 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrea. 

4 

Naples. 

«                             418 

286 

Tolono. 

11 

13 

Griggsville. 

14  a.  L.  Coal  Mms.*" 

303 

Bement. 

II 

17 

Maysville. 

II 

811 

323 
339 

Cerro  Gordo. 

II                           807 

6 

Pittsfield. 

II 

Decatur. 
lUiopolis. 

II 

20 

New  Salem. 

II                             7  78 

II 

27 

Hadley. 

13  a  L.  Carb.  1.  8.    »«» 

348 

Buffalo. 

II 

37 

Kinderhook.** 

«                             473 

362 

Springfield. 

II                             594 

40 

HullB. 

II                             488 

378 

Berlin. 

II 

50 

Hannibal,  Mo. 

l<                             470 

385  Alexander. 
895  Jacksonville. 
418 1  Bluffs. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrea. 

11 

Cairo,  Vincennes  and  Chicago  Line.            1 

13  a.  Low.  Carb.  1.  s. 

0 

Danville.         •<>» 

14  a.  Lovir.  Coal  Mres. 

426  Versailles. 

13  a.  Low.  Carbon.  1.  s. 

10 

Georgetown. 

II 

436  Mount  Sterling. 

II 

16 

Ridge  Farm. 

Chrisman. 

Paris. 

«                             <85 

II 

II                             705 

446 

Clayton. 

II                             8  59 

23 
30 

446 
458 

Clayton. 
Labuda. 

«•                             1159 
11 

62 

Marshall.        'i" 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 

462 

Bowen. 

II 

81 

Robinson. 

II                             50  8 

467 

Denver. 

II 

90 

Flat  Rock. 

476 

Carthage. 

13  a.  Low.  Carbon.  La. 

97 

Pinkstaff. 

481 

Elvaston. 

II 

102 

Lawrenceville. « » 

II                             424 

488 

Hamilton.*' 

II 

108 
108 
112 

0.  &  M.  Jun. 

Beman. 

Vincennea. 

II                             424 

11 
(1 

452 
457 

Camp  Point. 
Coatsburg. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 
II 

463 

Fowler 

13a  Low    Carhnn   1  n 

Chicago,  Kansas  City  and  St,  Joseph. 

474 

Quincy. 

II                           749 

~0 

Peoria.           *«• 
Pekin. 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

II                             4  78 

St.  Louis  and 

1  Chicago  Line. 

10 

0 

St.  Louis,  Mo. 

22 

Manito, 

« 

3 

East  St.  Louis. 

13  a.  L.  Sub-C.  l.s.*»« 

27 

Forest  City. 

i«                           6  78 

6 

Venice. 

II 

41 

Havana. . 

11                           47  2 

22 

Edwardsville. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mrea. 

49 

Bath. 

38 

Staunton." 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrea. 

59 

Chandlerville. 

52 

Litchfield. 

ft 

68 

Virginia. 

II                           «08 

86 

Taylorville. 

«                             65« 

83 

Jacksonville. 

II                             619 

105 
113 

Boody. 

Decatur           *  o  ^ 

II 

II 

Havana  and  Springfield  Line. 

133 
141 

Bement. 
Monticello. 

14.  Coal  Mres. 

0 

Springfield.     "» 

14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mrea. 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrea. 

la 

Athens. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mrea. 

146 

Lodge. 

14.  Coal  Mrs. 

22 

Petersburg." 

« 

149 

Oalesville. 

■1 

81 

Oakford. 

i< 

164 

Mansfield. 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

47 

Havana. 

«                          471 

166 

Osman. 

II 

iS,  with  characteriatio 


46.  Roof  shale  and  limestone  of  No.  6  coal  Aill  of  fossils. 

47.  Another  outcrop  of  the  same. 

48.  Fossils  in  the  limestone  over  the  coal. 

49.  Outcrop  of  nearly  260  feet  of  Chester  limestone  and  shale  abounding  in  the  characteristic 
fossils  of  this  group. 

60.  Fossils  in  limestone  and  shale  over  coal  No.  6. 

61.  Fossils  of  Upper  Coal  Measures  abundant  in  shale  below  the  mill  dam  and  two  miles  east  of 
town  at  the  bridge  on  the  wagon  road. 

62.  Fossils  in  shale  and  limestone  over  coal  No.  6. 


1 

1 

ft 

% 

't  i? 

f-!(i; 

■■    t 

U'  \h 

IW' 

i 

,!-r 


*SJ 


y.  ] 


•/hi 


■/'! 


J     ..!■ 


2ie 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.    (ILL.) 

^abaah,  St.  Loula  and  Faolflo  R.  R. 

Peoria,  Deoator  A  BraniTllle  Railroad. 

Ma.    St.  Louis  and  Chicftgo  Line.— CSonttnutd.   Alt. 

Ms.                          —CmUnued,                        ^it. 

162 

Howard. 

14  a.  &  b.  Low  Goal. 

98 

Bethany. 

14c.  U.  Coal  Mres.  ess 

174 

Gibson. 

<i 

103 

Hampton. 

"                              665 

182 

Sibley. 

u 

110 

Nelson. 

"                            «5T 

186 

Strawn. 

« 

120 

Mattoon. 

"                          7lS 

193 

Forrest. 

«                             6  78 

131 

Janesyille. 

•' 

198 

Wing. 

No  exposures. 

144 

Greenup. 

"                            8J1 

209 

Bmington. 

4  0.  Cincinnati  group.? 

167 

Falmouth. 

214 

Campus. 

« 

174 

Dundas. 

220 

Roddick. 

II 

181 

Olney. 

"                            480 

226 

Essex. 

Upper  Silurian. 

191 

Parkersburg. 

233 

Ritchie. 

207 

Brown's. 

239 

Manhattan. 
Alpine. 
Worth. 
Oak  Lawn. 
Chicago.^* 

5  c.  Niagara.          *  " 

227 
233 

230 

248 

Stuartsville. 

262 
269 
272 

286 

New  Harmony. 

Poseyville. 
EvansTille. 

"             (?)             - 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  CI.  Mres. 

St.  Louis  and  Jacksonville. 

Chicago,  Mllwaakee  and  St.  Paul  R.  s. 

52 

Litchfield. 

14  Coal  Mres.         *•* 

0                 "'             -      -  • 

unicago.  ^  • 

b  c.  Magara.          >8> 

72 
7fi 

Girard. 
Virden. 

14c.  Up.  CoalMrs.6«7 

"                             691 

6 
14 

Pacific  Jun. 
Montrose. 

88 

Waverly. 

14  a.  &.  b.  L.  CI.  Mrea. 

24 

Deerfield. 

106 

Jftfiksonville. 

"                              610 

32 

Libertyville. 

3Q 

Dl1T*110A 

~0 

Jerseyville  Branch. 

47 

Russell. 

Springfield.  2  e 

14  c.  U.  CoalMres.5  9  2 

0 

Chicago.'* 

6.  Niagara.            ><• 

13  Bates. 

II 

8 

Galewood. 

25  Waverly. 

14a.&b.L.Cl.Mrs.6  9i 

19 

Salt  Creek. 

86  Palmyra. 

ii 

24 

Roselle. 

"                                 807 

50  Chesterfield. 

>i 

36 

Elgin. 

«i                                  7O0 

59  Fidelity. 

ii 

50 

Hampshire. 

68  Jersey  ville. 

11 

59 

Genoa. 

81  Jersey  Landing. 

13  a.  Burlington  1.  s. 

02 

Kingston. 

4  c.  Cincinnati. 

85  Grafton. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

74 

88 

Monroe. 
Byron. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

St.  lioula  Coal  Railroad. 

II 

0 

Marion. 
Bainbridge. 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

Racine  and  S.  W.  Division. 

8 

0 

Racine. 

fSee  Wisconsin.) 
4  a.  Trenton. 

11 

Fredonia. 

69 

Beloit.8» 

18 

Carbondale. 

«                              S»4 

90 

Davis'. 

II 

23 

Glenahl. 

103 

Freeport. 

"                   »j» 

27 

Harrison. 

111 

Florence. 

6.  Niagara. 

29 

Murphysboro. 

<<                             4  25 

117 
124 
181 

Shannon. 

Lanark. 

Mt.  Carroll.'* 

II 

29 

Grange  Hall. 

4.  a.  Trenton. 

86 

Vergennes. 

142 

Say  anna.'* 

4  0.  Cincinnati. 

43 

Pyatts. 

169 

Fulton. 

II 

48 

Pickneyville. 

II                             444 

166 

Albany. 
Port  Byron.  8  « 

14  b.  Niagara. 
II 

Peoria,  Decatur  &  EyansTllle  Railroad. 

181 

0 

Peoria.'  * 

14a.&b.L.  Cl.Mr.4  8  3 

187 

Hampton. 

14  b.  Low.  CI.  Mrs. '" 

10 

Pekin 

"                           47S 

194 

Moline.«T 

II 

27 

Delavan. 
Hartsburg. 

II 

II                             613 

197 

Rock  Island.  8 » 

Devonian.              "* 

37 

86 

Stillmau  Valley. 

Lower  Silurian. 

45 

Lincoln. 

II 

89 

Byron. 

II 

66 

Mount  Pulaski. 

II 

97 

Leaf  Riyer. 

<i 

69 

Warrensburg. 

II 

101 

Adeline. 

II 

78 

Decatur.         '^^ 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 

117 

Lanark  Jn. 

11 

88 

Hervey  City. 

•  1                             70  7 

120 

Lanark. 

II 

96 

Dalton. 

II                           604 

138 

Savanna. 

i( 

ILLINOIS. 


217 


PmuI  R.  R, 


OlnolnBatl,  IndianapoUs,  St.  I^ools  and 
]^g,  Chicago  B.  R.  Alt. 

46 


49 
59 
65 
75 
131 


Lafayette,  Ind. 
8helc)n,  111. 
Iroquois. 
St.  Mary. 
St.  Anne. 
Kankakee. 
Chicago.^* 


S99 


5  c.  Niagara. 

V08 

659 

626 

5S9 

Grand  Tower  and  Carbondale  Railroad. 


0 Grand  Tower.** 

10  Sand  Ridge. » 2 
16  Mount  Pleasant. 
19  Mount  Carbon. 
24  Carbondale. 


9-11.  Devonian,  ^st 

13  a.  L.  Carbon.  l.B. 

14  a.  &b.L.  C.  Mr.»" 


{ 


« 


372 
S94 


Illinois  Midland  Railroad. 


0 

22 

27 

81 

67 

71 

87 

96 

128 

142 

166 

166 
i*70 

178 

170 
176 


Terre  Haute. 

Paris. 

May's. 

Redmon. 

Areola. 

Williamsburg. 

Hervey  City. 

Decatur. 

Waynesville. 

Armington. 

Morton. 


Morton. 

Groveland. 

Pekin. 


Farmdale. 
Peoria. 


14  a.  &b.  L.  C.M.*»8 
"     r27m8.  »0  5 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

674 


(I 
« 
<l 
l( 
(i 
<l 
(( 


707 
666 


14a.&b.L.CoalMreB. 


475 


S83 
46S 


Indlanapollb,BIoomtngton  ft  Western  R.  R. 


Mound  City. 

Danville. 

St.  Joseph. 

Urbana. 

Champaign. 

Mahomet. 

Farmer  City. 

Le  Roy. 

Bloomington. 

Danver's. 

Mackinaw. 

Tremont. 

Pekin. 

[Peoria. 


74 
85 

107 

116 

118 

128 

141 

151 

166 
1177 

186 
1193 
1202 

Im 

116  Urbana. 
118  Champaign. 
128,Mahomet. 
139|Monticello. 
1 164  Decatur. 


577 

14a.&b.L.  Cl.Mr.eaa 


«< 

« 
« 
« 
« 
(I 
(« 
(( 

M 

M 
1. 


783 


•  3* 


475 
463 


« 
« 


733 


14  c.  Up.  CI.  Mrs.  «8« 


Indianapolis,  Decatur  ft  Springfield  R.  B. 


Indianapolis,  Bloomington  and  Western 

Ma.  Railroad.— Condnued.  Alt 


141|Deland. 
168,  Clinton. 
ISOXinooln. 
187lBurtonTiew. 
198  Mason  City. 
219HaTana. 


14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

K  lit 

«  613 

14 
U 

«  473 


IlllnolM  and  St.  liouis  Railroad. 


1  lEast  St.  Louis.*! » 

6  Centreville. 

7|Pitt8burgh.*8 
11  Lenz. 
16Bellville.*» 


18  a.  Low.  Carbon,  l.s. 

«  379 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

«  47  9 


0 
20 

36 
42 

62 
68 
76 


Decatur. 

Hammond. 

TuBcola. 

Camai'go. 

Newman. 

Chrisman. 

lUiana. 


666 


14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 

<<  673 

14a.&b.L.C.Mr8.«»T 

«  641 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 
<( 


Wabash,  Chester  ft  Western  Railroad. 


O^Tamaroa. 
lOiPinckneyville.*' 
20|  Cutler. 
26  St«el's  Mills. 


31 
41 


Bremen. 
Chester.** 


14  a.  &  G.  L.  Goal  Mrs. 

«  444 

«  66  7 

13  a.  Low.  Carbon.  l.a. 
« 


Jacksonville  Bouth-Eastem  Railroad. 


0 
12 
18 
25 
31 
34 
38 
48 
54 
68 
78 
94 
105 
112 


Jacksonville.  «*^ 

Franklin. 

Waverly. 

Lewder. 

Virden.  •»! 

Qirard. 

McVey. 

Bamett. 

Litchfield. 

Sorrento. 

Betterton. 

Kevesport. 

Shattuok. 

Centralia. 


14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

«  69  6 

«  691 

«  713 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 
14  c.  Up.  Gl.  Mrs.  «»^ 
14  Goal  Mrs.  •«« 

((  6  72 

•<  464 

|i 

« 

(( 

(I 

14  c.  U.  GL  Mres.  *»* 


Lake  Shore  and  Mlehlgan  Southern  R.  R. 


OjChicago.»* 
7|Englewood. 
12!  South  Chicago. 


5  c.  Niagara. 


589 
604 
?91 


Michigan  Central  Railroad. 


0 
14 
35 


Chicago.  7* 
Kensington. 
Lake. 


5.  Cinsiunati. 

« 


589 
69« 
468 


63.  Burlington  limestone  and  Kinderhook  group. 

64.  Kinderhook  group  with  a  few  feet  of  Devonian  and  Upper  Silurian  at  the  base  of  the  bluff. 
ill      f    Kinderhook,  Devonian  and  Upper  Silurian,  the  hignest  bluffs  capped  with  Burlington 


U'-A  M 


^V'} 


M  \ 


»J; ''■, 


'  :•  I, 


(■■  ■]ft 


i;'':'ri 


•f'Ji 


\^M.. '' 


218 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (ILL.) 


'Bflehlgan  Gentrsl  Ballroad.— Ctonttnued. 

Ma.  Joilat  DiTision.  Alt. 


0 
16 
24 

82 
87 
45 


Lake. 

Dyer. 

Matteson. 

Frankfort. 

Spencer. 

Joliet.Ts 


6.  Cincinnati. 


« 


5  0.  Niagara. 


460 


758 
712 
S41 


Ohio  and  BUflslfslppl  Railroad. 


18 
24 
27 


61 
66 
70 
87 
96 
108 


0,St.  Louis. 
2  East  St.  Louis. 
lOCaseyville.so 
O'Fallon. 
Lebannon. 
Summeriield. 
81 1  Trenton. 
89|Breese. 
48  Carlyle. 
Sandoval. 
Odin. 
I  Salem. 
Xenia. 
Flora. 
iClay  City, 
llSjOlney. 
180  Sumner. 


139 
149 


Lawrencevillo'  * 
Vinceunes. 


(See  Missouri.)       * '  ^ 

13  a.  L.  Car.  1.  s.  6  nis. 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  Coal  Mrs. 

"  545 

«  441 

<4 

«'  50  0 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 

450 
494 
525 
588 

495 

480 
457 


l( 
(( 
« 
« 
« 
«< 
II 
l< 
>l 
<l 


Springfield  Division. 


0 

18 

29 

40 

44 

46 

58 

68 

72 

88 

121 

182 

146 

163 

174 

181 

194 

199 

209 

216 

226 

228 


Beardstown. 

Virginia. 

Pleasant  Pl'ns" 

Bradford. 

Coal  Shaft. 

Springfield. 

Rochester. 

Edinburg. 

Taylorsville. 

Pan  a. 

Altamont. 

Edgewood. 

Louis. 

Flora. 

Fairfield. 

Bamhill. 

Enfield. 

Sacramento. 

Omaha. 

Ridgeway. 

St.  L.  &  S.  E.  Jun. 

fhawneetown. 


14a.&b.L.C.Mr3.*»» 

II  606 

«<  606 

«  88  1 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

a  -582 


II 
« 
II 

M 
<l 
(C 
l< 
II 
II 
l< 
II 
II 


569 


616 

480 

588 
885 
463 
413 


14  a.  Low.  CI.  Mrs.'" 
"  af  9 

II 

<<  363 


.Ms.   Rook  Island  and  Peoria  Railway.    Alt, 


0|  Peoria.           *•» 

14  a.  &b. 

L. 

Coal  Mrs' 

15  Dunlap. 

22 

Princeville. 

7U 

31 

Wyoming. 

86 

Toulon. 

723 

42 

Lafayette. 

48 

Galva. 

8»T 

53 

Bishop  Hill. 

62 

Cambridge. 

tu 

68 

Osoo. 

80 

Coal  Valley. 

86 

Milan. 

91 

Rock  Island. 

"9-11  Dev.  5M 

Flttsburg,  Fort  Wayne  &  Chicago  R.  R. 


0 
13 


Chicago.  7* 
Hobart. 


i6  c.  Niagara. 


St.  liOuls,  Aton  &  Terre  Haute  K.  B. 


0  East  St.  Louis.*  i« 
6  Centreville. 
10  Ogles. 

13  West  Bellville. 

14  Bellville. 
22Freeburg.s« 
29  New  Athens. 
47  Coulterville. 
61  Pinckneyville. 
71  Du  Quoin. 


18  a.  Low.  Carbon.  1,8, 

14a.&b.L.CoalMre9. 
II 


<i 
11 
« 
II 
i< 
i< 


47! 
Bl« 
40i 
541 
444 
4S9 


LonisTlUe  A  Nashville  Railroad. 

St.  Louis,  Evansville  and  Nasliville  Line. 


0 
14 


20 
26 
32 
35 
49 
60 
69 
87 
100 

"^ 
1 
18 
22 
80 
36 
42 


EastSt.Loui8.4i> 
Bellville.        *" 


Bellville. 
O'Fallon. 


Rentchler's. 
Mascoutah. 
New  Memphis. 
Venedy. 

Nashville.       »<>» 
Ashley. 
Woodlawn. 
Belle  River. 
Shawnee  Jun. 


Shawnee  Jun. 

McLeansboro. 

Broughton. 

Eldorado. »» 

Equality. 

Cyprese  Jun. 

Shawneetown. 


13  a.  Low.  Carbon.  1. 9, 

14  a.  &b.  L.Coal  Mres. 


II 
II 


345 


II 

«  425 

«  411 

«  4U 

14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 

I|  M9 


l< 
It 
II 


4tS 


4ii 


il  4BI 

II  500 

« 

<l  S84 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  Mrs. 

<l  SiO 

II  3t) 


56.  St.  Louis  limestone  and  Lower  Coal  Meaoures  witli  ctiaracteristio  fossils. 

67.  Niagara  limestone  with  numerouR  fossils. 

68.  Coal  shale  \%  miles  northeast  of  station  full  of  fossil  shells. 

69.  Limestone  over  No.  U  coal  with  fossils. 

60.  Upper  Coal  Measure  limestone  full  of  fossils. 

61.  Fossils  in  roof  shales  and  limestone  of  coals  No.  6  and  0.  ^    , 

62.  Coal  Measure  liraestone  with  fossil  corala  and  shells. 


%  m: 


Railway.    All, 

>.  L.  Coal  Mrs^ 


'9-11  Dev.  5H 
Chicago  R.  a 


Saute  K.  R. 


aw. 

Carbon.  Is, 

( 

an 

b.L.CoalMre9, 

< 

< 

47> 

( 

611 

i< 

404 

i< 

541 

« 

444 

(( 

459 

Railroad. 

ishville  Line. 

low.  Carbon.  1.9, 
b.  L.  Coal  Mm 


l( 

4i« 

il 

500 

(1 

« 

3I( 

Lower 

« 

Coal  Mn, 

340 

(1 

S6) 

ILLINOia 

219 

LonlBTllle  *  NaahTlUe  Railroad.— Cbn. 

Ms.  St.  Louii,  EvansTille  and  Naahville  Line.  Alt. 

Lake  Brie  *  Weatem  Railroad. 

805  Hoopstown,  111. 
812; East  Lynn. 

148.L.C.M.&CgL»»t 

101 

MoLeansboro. 

14  0.  Up.  Coal  Mrs.' "« 

113 

Enfield. 

<<                             4S8 

817,Rankin. 

« 

128 

Carmi. 

"                           401 

818  PeUsviUe. 

(1 

131 

Wabash. 

« 

827,Paxton. 

4  c.  Cincinnati. 

St.  LoulB.  Vandalla  tt  Terre  Haute  R.  R. 

841 

Gibson. 

14a.L.C.Ms.&Congl. 

351 
357 

Saybrook. 
Arrowsmith 

<4 

0 

East  St.  Louis. 

18  a.  L.  Carb.  1.  8.  *i»' 

« 

11 

Collinsville. 

14  a.  Low.  CLMrs.*««l 

361 

Ellsworth.   . 

« 

19 

Troy. 

"                              539 

364 

Padua. 

(. 

80 

Highland.*  • 

14  b.  Up.CLMres.s'? 

367iHolder. 

« 

40 

Ad 

Pocahontas. 

•<                             49S 
«<                              5  55 

377Blooming.8o 

<<                          833 

67  Vandalia. 

«<                              800 

Lonlaville,  ETanavlUe  *  St.  Louis  R.  R. 

81  St.  Elmo. 

0  Mt.  Vernon,  Ind. 

407 

86  Altamont. 

"                             6  16 

8  Blueford,        " 

98  Effingham. 

"                                588 

20  Wayne.  111. 

14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

102  TeutopoliB. 

(< 

30 

Fairfield. 

"                              588 

122  Greenup. 

««                              351 

34 

Meriam. 

130  Casey.*  » 

({ 

47 

Albion. 

187  Martinsville. 

"                            5  73 

61 

Brown's  Cross. 

148  Marshall." 

«                             610 

56 

Bellmont. 

161  Griffiths. 

« 

65 

Mt.  Carniel. 

166Dennison. 

13  a.  Low.  Carbon.  1.  s. 

74 

E.  &  T.  H.  Jun. 

168  Farrington. 

(( 

75 

Princeton. 

"                      4I» 

166  Terre  Haute. 

"                             498 

88 
90 

Francisco. 
Oakland. 

Toledo.  Pooria  & 

Western  Railroad. 

<<                         •4« 

0 

Chicago  and  Iowa  Railroad. 

State  Line. 

5.  Niagara. 

"                                   7  08 

2 

Sheldon. 

89 

Flag  Centre. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

11 

Watseka.*!" 

"                                   627 

95 

Chana. 

i( 

26!Gilman. 

"                                   65  2 

98 

Honey  Creek. 

3  c.  St.  Petera  s.  s. 

29|La  Hogue. 

4  c.  Cincinnati. 

101 

Oregon. 

<<                            704 

40  Chatsworth. 

"                    7sa 

108 

Mt.  Morris. 

4  a.  Trenton.  1.  s.    »<»« 

47  [Forrest. 

"                             6  78 

114 

Maryland. 

'<                          941 

62Fairbury. 

14a.&b.L.C.  Mrs.«9  7 

120 

Forreston. 

>( 

63jChenoa. 

724 

14  c.  Up.  CoalMr9.T6  4 

132 

Freeport. 

(1 

67Meadow8. 

Rock  Island  St  Meroer  County  Railroad. 

78  El  Paso. 
92Eureka. 

"                              712 

0 

Rock  Island. 

9-12  Devonian.        »•* 

99 
109 

Washington. 
Hilton. 

1.                            74b 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrs. 

4 
12 

Milan. 
Taylor  Ridge. 

14  a.  &  b.  L.  CI.  Mres. 

lll'Peoria. 

«•                             468 
"                             55  6 

26 

Cable. 

139;Canton. 

Chicago  &  Evanston  Railroad. 

149:Cuba. 
171|Bu8hnell. 

"                           874 
<<                           664 

Oj  Chicago.  7* 
7iFlftxton 

6  c.  Niagara.          ^st 
« 

189:BlandinsvilIe. 

196  T,a  Uamut 

"                           730 

13  a.  L.  Carb.  L  8.  ai^ 

10  Calvary. 

t< 

215 
195 

Burlington. 

Kankakee  &  Seneca  Railroad. 

La  Harpe. 

»                              887 

0  Kankakee. 

5  0.  Niagara.           *'* 

2001La  Crosse. 

( 

5 

Hawkins. 

« 

210|Ferri8. 

«                           «77 

11 

Bonfield. 

4  c.  Cincinnati  gr. 

216|Elvaston. 

<i                           688 

18 

Essex. 

<i 

222  Hamilton.* » 

<i 

24 

Gardner. 

14  a.  &b.  L.  C.Mr.«o» 

227 

Warsaw.** 

(1 

31 

Mazon. 

(( 

36 

Hill  Park. 

i( 

43 

Seneca. 

« 

63.    Fine  outcropa  of  Keokuk  limestone  with  numerous  fossils,  and  geodes  containing  crystal* 
iized  quarts,  chalcedony,  calcite,  dolomite,  arragonite,  blende  and  pyrite. 


220 


AN  AMERICAN  QEOLOQICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (ILL.) 


Ihihf 


Ms. 

IndlanapoUa  A  St.  I<oals  R.  in. 

Alt 

72 

Terre  Haute,  lud. 

' 

84 

Vermillion. 

14.  Coal  Measures 

. 

91 

Paria. 

<t 

705 

100 

Dudley. 

•« 

105 

Kansas. 

<( 

118 

Charleston, 

« 

129 

Matoon. 

i< 

TSJ 

141 

Windsor. 

« 

162 

Shelbyville 

t< 

168 

Pana. 

II 

181 

Nokomis. 

« 

190 

Irving. 

« 

200 

Butler. 

K 

7«7 

207 

Litchfield. 

l< 

217 

Oillespie. 

It 

226 

Bunker  Hill. 

II 

232 

Dorseys. 

!• 

287 

Bethalto. 

11 

242 

Wann. 

13  a.  St.  Louis  1.  s 

• 

245 

EdwardsvilleCro 

asing.     '' 

262 

East  St.  Louis. 

78  a.  L.  Carb.  1.  8. 

418 

265 

St.  Louis. 

« 

416 

Danville,  Olney  &  Ohio  River  R.  R. 


0 

Danville  Jn. 

14. 

Coal  Mres. 

010 

81 

Hume. 

<i 

649 

49 

Kansas. 

(4 

68 

Casey. 

U 

649 

89 

Willow  Hill. 

II 

100 

West  Liberty. 

<l 

109 

Olney. 

« 

Toledo,  Cincinnati  &  St.  Uoula  R.  R. 


272 
278 
288 
297 
811 
832 
849 
857 
870 
882 
401 
407 
418 
481 
450 


Humerick. 

Ridge  Farm. 

Metcalf. 

Brooton. 

Bushton. 

Trilla. 

Stewardson. 

Fancher. 

Herrick. 

Boyle. 

Donnellson. 

Sorrento. 

Alhambra. 

Edwardsville. 

East  St.  Louis. 


14  b.  Low.  CI.  Mres. 

"  615 

"  618 

l< 

<( 

« 

l( 

14  c.  Upper  CI.  Mres. 
« 


14  b. 


Lower  CI. 


Mres. 


13  a.  L.  Sub.  Ca.  1.8.*  18 


Ma.    Indiana,  Illinois  A  Southern  R.  R.    Alt, 


0 
14 
28 
81 
87 
47 
58 


Effingham. 

Wheeler. 

Newton. 

Willow  Hill. 

Oblong. 

Robinson. 

Palestine. 


14o.  Up.CoalMrs.»8i 


« 

« 
« 

(C 

(( 


908 


Central  Iowa  Railvijty. 


0 
13 
18 
24 
29 
88 
48 
49 
57 
01 
66 
78 
77 
84 
92 


Peoria.*  • 

Hanna. 

Trivoli. 

Farmington. 

Claire. 

London  Mills. 

Hermon. 

Abingdon. 

Berwick. 

Phelps. 

Monmouth. 

Eleanor. 

Little  York. 

Seaton. 

Keithsburg. 


14a.&b.L.Cl.Mr.46i 


<i 


« 

ii 


18  a.  Low.  Carb.  1.  s. 
II 


R4,1 


Champaign  and  Havana  Line. 


0 

Urbana. 

14  a 

L  Coal  Mres. 

2 

Champaign. 

««                           732 

10 

Seymour. 

<l 

15 

White  Heat. 

II 

21 

Monticello. 

II 

84 

Argenta. 

II 

45 

Decatur. 

14  c. 

Up.  Coal  Mrs.  «6« 

18 

Lodge. 

«« 

28 

Weldon. 

(1 

40 

Clinton. 

"                           727 

50 

Midland  City. 

II 

62 

Beason. 

II 

56 

Skelton. 

14  b 

Low.  Coal  Mres. 

62 

Lincoln. 

i( 

74 

New  Holland. 

« 

80 

Mason  City. 

(( 

88 

Easton. 

(t 

93 

Poplar  City. 

14 

100 

Havana. 

14 

Utohfleld,  Carrolton  &  Western  R.  R. 


1 
11 
22 


Columbiana. 

Carrollton. 

Greenfield. 


1 13  a.  Low. Carbon.  Is. 
il4  b.  Low.  Coal  Mres. 


Fulton  County  Narrow  Gauge  Railway. 

-'s  iJayCg.^llbXcyjT 


OjGalesburg. 


19  London  Mills. 

30!Fairview. 

35Fiatt. 


40 
50 
61 


Cuba. 

Lewiston. 

Havana. 


II 

44 
44 
44 

II 
II 


64,    Cincinnati  group  witti  characteristic  fossils,  and  near  Savanna  the  Niagara  limestone  caps 
the  hills  and  affords  silicified  corals  in  abundHDce. 


ILLINOIS. 


221 


:JoalMr8.  «68 


r.  Coal  Mres. 


Ms. 

HavaiiA,  Rantonl  A  Eaat«m  R.  R.    Alt. 

Ms.   Indiana,  IlUnoU  *  Iowa  Railroad.    Alt 

0 

West  Lebanon. 

Indiana.                        ' 

0 

Streator. 

14  a.  &b.L.Cl.  Mr.9»o 

12 

Alvau. 

14  b.  Low.  Coal  Mres. 

6 

Missal. 

«< 

17 

Henning. 

<« 

12 

Budd. 

<i 

20 

Armstrong. 

<« 

22 

Dwight. 

«                              «09 

34 

Oifford. 

(* 

21) 

Wilson. 

« 

42 

Rantoul.T'      sai 

14a.&b.L.C.M.&Cg. 

82 

Reddick. 

4  0.  Cincinnati  Group? 

45 

Prospect. 

14  b.  Low.  Coal  Mrea. 

37 

Union  Hill. 

«« 

52 

Fisher. 

« 

42 

Goodrich. 

II 

66iDicker8on. 

<« 

44 

ratrwin. 

6  0.  Niagara. 

68 

Howard. 

41 

52  Kankakee.' 

II                    6aft 

66 

Delana. 

M 

58  Exline. 

II 

71 

Crumbaught. 

l< 

68  Momence. 

<i                      (as 

76 

Le  Roy. 

II 

68  Castleton. 

II 

tern  R.  R. 

SI. 

82. 
83. 
84. 

'.Carbon.  1.8. 

II 

85. 

IT.  Coal  Mres. 

86. 
87. 

'o  Railway. 

88. 

iUb.LC.M. 

(< 

<( 

11 

II 

i< 

II 

ea.  Foaeils  in  limestopes  over  No.  9  coal. 

66.  Upper  Silurian  limestone  with  numerous  fossils. 

OT.  Devonian  limeatone  and  shale  with  fossilH. 

68.  Coal  Measures  fossils. 

QIaeial  Notts  by  Rev.  Q.  Frederick  Wright. 

69.  Carbondale.— The  Glacial  boundry  is  between  Carbondale  and  Mankanda.    Fine  Glacial  atriee 
are  found  2^  miles  southwest  of  Carbondale  and  5  miles  southeast. 

70.  Murphysboro. — Glacial  boundary  about  6  miles  south  of  Murphyskwro  turning  thence  to  run 
parallel  with  the  Missisaipi  to  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis. 

71.  Eldorado.— The  railroad  cresses  the  southern  boundary  of  the  glaciated  area  at  Eldorado 
and  runs  nearly  parallel  with  it  to  Carnie.    The  boundary  runs  northeast  by  southwest. 

72.  Sand  Ridge.— The  western  boundary  of  the  glaciated  area  passes  a  mile  or  two  wast  tiom 
Sand  Ridge  and  runs  northwest,  following  the  course  of  the  Misiasippi  River. 

73.  Eldorado.  -The  southeastern  boundary  of  the  glaciated  loop  of  Illinois,  passea  through 
Eldorado,  crossing  the  Wabash  near  New  Harmony. 

Glacial  Notes  by  Prof.  T.  C.  Chamberlin. 

74.  Chicago.— Subaqueous  till.    Lacusti'ine  plain.    Beach  line.    B.  ft  0.  to  Michigan  Central 
Junction,  and  Illinois  Central  to  Desoto,  drift  plain. 

75.  Mattason.— Obscure  moraine. 

76.  Rantoul. — Moraine. 

77.  Forreston.- Osar. 

78.  Joliet,  Lemont,  Lockport.— Ancient  outlet  of  Lake  Michigan. 

79.  From  Wilmington  to  Quincy  Junction,  deep  drift  plain. 

80.  Bloomington.— Two  vegetal  beds  in  drift. 
Oak  Park.— Beach  ridge. 
Wheaton.— Moraine  ? 
Arlington  Heighta.— Beach  ridge. 
Gary,  Crvatal  Lake  and  Woodstock.— Moraine. 
Janesville.— Glacial  flood  deposit. 

Evanston,  Higland  Park  and  Waukegan.    Subaqueou.o  drift,  beach  formations. 
Beloit.— Glacial  flood  depoaits;  terraces,  Trenton,  St.  Peters. 
St.  Loiila  and  R.  I.  Dirision.— Upper  Alton  to  Winchester.  Loess. 


limestone  caps 


rs^ 


'If  i  i 


irf 


'•M  m' 


i\ 


m 


222 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


Thia  bUukk  apMe  Is  int«nd«d  for  •dditloD*!  geologic*!  notes  In  penoll  by  titv  inTeler. 


.t 

I 

,1 

r'i:,;' 

f '    1 

-7       ' 

! 

':.  .     i 

;•       ; 

ivrv>| 

?  VSl 


WISCONSIN. 


223 


Wisconsin.  1  «• 


LIST   OF   THE    QEOLOCICAL    FORMATIONS   IN    WISCONSIN. 


20.    Quaternary.  }S?SiS|'"'*''* 


[10.    Hamilton ,   (Milwaukee 
Rool(). 

7.    Lower  Helderberg. 

9  c.  Niagara  Limestone.* 

9  b.  Clinton.* 

4  c.  Cincinnati  Shale. 

4  b.  Qalena  Limestone. 


Cement 


4  a.  Trenton  Limestone.* 

3  0.  St.  Peter's  Sandstone. 

3  a.  Lower  Magnesian  (Caiclferous).* 

2  b.  Potsdam  Sandstone.' 

Keweenawan  or  Copper'bearing 
series. 
1  b.  Huronian. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 


Chicago  St  North-Wetttem  Rnllroad. 

I  Ma.    Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Minneapolis  Line.     Alt. 


90 


104 

107 

I  111 
116 
122 

128 
133 


Chicago. 
Beloit. 

AftOD. 

HanoTer. 

Footville. 

Magnolia. 

EvansTille. 

Brooklyn. 

Oregon. 

Syene. 

Madison. 


•  08 


138 


143Mendota. 


148,Waunakee. 


f4b. 
\  4  a. 
(So. 


(Ab  before.) 
'  b.  Galena  1.  s. 
a.  Trenton  1.8.  '** 
St.  Peter's  8.  a. 
I  4  a.  Trenton  1.8.  »»» 
t  8  c.  St.  Peter's  s.  s. 
4  a.  Trenton  1.  8.     »•" 
4  a.  Trenton  1.8.  '** 
8  0.  St.  Peter's  s.  s. 
Juno.  Tren.  and  St.  P. 
4  a.  Trenton  1.  8.     '"^ 
20.  Moraine  Drift. 

4  a.  Trenton  1.8.  "^ 

'.8c.  St,  Peter's  s,  b. 

3  c.  St.  Peter's  s.  s. 

\  3  a.  Lower  Magn.l.s. 

Moraines,  Drumlins. 

3  a.  Lower  Magn.l.s. 

2  b.  Madison  s.s.  •*' 

Mendota  limestone. 

Potsdam  sandstone. 

(  8  a.  L.  Magn. 

'\2b.  Mad.s.B. 

8  a.  Lower  Magn.l.s. 

on  bluffs.      »22 

2  b.  Potsdam  s.  b. 


In  out, 


( 


Chioag3  <ft  North-Western  lUllrokd. 

Ms.    Chicago,  St.  Paul  A  Minneapolis  Line.    Alt. 


153 

158 

164 
172 

176 
181 

184 


191 
198 
205 
208 
212 


Dane. 


Lodi. 


•  41 


Merrimac. 
Devil's  Lake. 

Baraboo. 
North  Freedom. 

Ableman's. 


Reedsburg. 
Lavalle. 
Wonowoo. 
Union  Centre. 
Elroy. 


3  a.  Lower  Magn.1.8. 
(on  top  of  high  di- 
viding ridge.)  !'*• 
3  a.  Lower  Magn.l.s. 
capping  bluffs. 
2  b.  Mad.B.8.  \  bluff 
2  b.Mend.BB.  /  sides. 
2  b.  Potsdam    s.  s. 
valley  bottom. 
2  b.  Potsdam  8.  8.   »»« 
1.  Arohxan  q'rtzite. 
2  b.  Potsdam    b.    b. 

and  oonglom. 
1.  Archtean  q'rtzite. 
2  b.  Pot8dam8.8. 'Si 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  B. 
'  1.  Archaean  q'rtzite. 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s.  (in 
gorge  200  ft.  deep, 
unconformability 
&  exact  June.)'*' 
Potsdam  s.  s.  '"'"' 


2  b. 


« 
« 


•  11 

9tS 


1.  Prepared  by  Professor  T.  C.  Chamberlin,  of  Madison,  the  State  Oeologist,  and  Professors  R.  D. 
Irving  and  At.  Strong,  Assistant  Oeologists. 

2.  Including  the  Ohamplain  and  Terrace  epochs. 

3.  Including  four  sub-divisions  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  and  si:  in  the  northern,  among 
which  are  the  Racine  and  Guelph  limestones. 

4.  The  Clinton  produces  the  Iron  Ridge  iron  ore,  the  fossil  ore  of  other  States. 

5.  Including  two  sub-divisions  in  the  lead  region  and  four  in  southeastern  Wisconsin. 
c.   The  Galcfferous  may  include  more  than  the  Lower  Magnesian. 
7.    Including  several  Bub-divisions,  among  them  the  Madison  sandstone  and  the  Mendota  lime> 

|>tone.  .  , 


¥M 

ffli  n 

f  mWf'  '  ■ 

!  Iijl 

i:  ■':  i- 

ii 

»:■-.    0 

^ 

<:  ;  J 


)     ii 


;i: 


liil 


i 


224 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (WIS.) 


Chicago  Si  North-W«storn  RailroMtl.— Cott- 

Mb.         Chicago,  St.  Paul  and  Min.  Line.         Alt. 


212 
226 
227 
242 
244 
249 

266 

277 
282 
289 
299 
809 
821 
823 
882 
889 
844 
868 
868 
861 
869 

872 

878 
890 

401 

894 
410 


Elroy. 

Camp  Douglas,  r 

Wis.  Val.  Juno. 

Lowery's. 

Warren's. 

Rudd'B. 

Bl'k  River  Falls 

Merrillan. 

Humbird. 

Fairchild. 

Augusta. 

Fall  Creek. 

Eau  Claire.  2 

West  Eau  Claire. 

Elk  Mound. 

Rusk. 

Menonionee. 

Enapp. 

Wilson. 

Hersey. 

Baldwin. 

Hammond. 

Roberts. 
Hudson.' 


River  Falls. 


Stillwater  Juno. 
St.  Paul. 


2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s.   9»8 

II  9  29 

11  9  2S 

11  959 

Ii  1019 

i<  9  74 

(2  b.  Potsdam  s.  :'s., 
resting  on  1  Arch 
aean  gneiss.     *"* 

2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s.  » 3 » 

II  1018 

>•  106  6 

i<  969 

II  939 

"  88a 

"  8  77 

II  9  26 

Pots.  8.8.  /  Glacial  »<»i 
Pots.  s.s.  \  flood  pi.  «T8 

3  a.  Lower  Magn, 
20.  Quaternary. 


919 

1147 

1168 

<<  118  3 

20.  Quat.  &  8  c.  St. 
Peter's.        "oo 
Moraine  West.      io8« 
2  b.  Potsdam.  'oo 


{ 


1 


8  a.  Lower  Magn. 

2  b.  Potsdam,Glacial 

flood  drift,  Moraine 


Moraine  hills. 
'(See  Minnesota.) 


Kenosha  and  Rockford  Division. 


0 
6 
10 
12 
16 
19 
22 
27 
44 
72 


Kenosha. 

Pleasant  Prairie: 

Woodworth. 

Bristol. 

Salem. 

Fox  River. 

BaBsett. 

Genoa  Junction. 

Harvard  Juno. 

Rockford. 


20.  Quaternary. 


818 
697 
748 
T69 
776 


II 


V 


(See  Illinois.) 


o 

M         842 


Mianesota  Division. 


0 
212 
217 
227 
283 
246 
266 


Chicago. 

Elroy. 

Glendale. 

Wilton. 

Norwalk.* 

Sparta.* 

Bangor. 


(As  before.) 

2  b.  Potsdam  8.  8.  •■» 


« 
« 


988 

1010 

786 


2  b.  Pots.  8.  8.Ter.  »»« 


Chicago  &  North-Western  Railroad.— Con. 

Ms.  Minnesota  Division.— Corifinurd.        Alt. 


260|  Salem. 
267iWinona  June. 


2  b.  Pots.  s.  8.  Ter.  '*« 
2  b.  Pots,  s,  s.  Ter,  "s 


27G:La  Crosse. 


267!  Winona  Juno. 
269  Onalaska. 


273 

278 

284 

292 
297 


Midway. 

Lytles. 

Trempealeau. 

Marshland. 
Winona. 


2b.Pots.s.8.L.l\l  _^. 
Valley  drift.  « A 


2  b.  Potsdan\  s,  8.~«'~» 
f  2  b.   Potsdam  s.  s. 
\      Valley  drift. 
f  2  b.   Potsdam   s.  s. 
\      Valley  drift. 
(2  b.   Potsdam   s.  s 
\     Valley  drift. 
(2  b.  Pots.  s.  8.  Loess, 
\      drift.  6J0 

j  Potsdam  s.s. 
\  8  a.  Low.  Magn.'" 
(See  Minnesota.) 


Milwaultee,  Green  Bay  and  Marquette  Lire. 


0 
46 
61 

60 

62 

70 
76 
81 
83 

86 

90 

91 

100 

107 

112 

119 
120 
126 
183 
140 
148 

166 

178 


Chicago. 
State  Line. 
Kenosha. 

Racine  Juno." 

Racine.* 

County  Line. 
Oak  Creek. 
St.  Francis. 
Elizabeth  St. 

Milwaukee.^ 

Lake  Shore  Juno 
Lindivern. 
'^  anville. 
Germantown. 
Jackson. 

West  Bend. 

Barton. 

Kewaskum. 

New  Cassel. 

Eden. 

Fond  du  Lac. 

Oshkoah. 

Menasha  and 
Neenah. 


As  before.) 
lO.  Quaternary. 


611 

(  6  c.  Niag.  (Racine) 
\     limestone.       «" 
^  6  c.  Niag.  (Racine) 
\     limestone. 
20.  Quaternary.     «" 

<l  >i6< 

II 

!10.  Hamilton  oeinent 
rock.  511 

6  c.  Niagara. 
20.  Quaternary.     «" 

631 

6  0.  Niagara,  Drift.'" 

I<  863 

i<  897 

{20.     Moraine,    and 
fluvial  drift.   "" 
r  20.     Moraine,   and 
\     fluvial  drift. 
(  20.  Mor.  and  tiuvial 
\     d'ft.  6c.  Niag.»" 
f  20.  Mor.  and  fluTJal 
{     d'ft.  6  c.  Niag. 
(  20.  Mor.  and  fluTJal 
\     dft.    5  c.  Niag. 
4  b.  Gal.  red  clt; 
drift.  "' 

(4  b.  Galena. 
4  a.Tren.  Strite,  Till 
and  Red  Clay."' 
f  4  a.  Tren.  Striae,  Till 
\     and  Red  Clay.'^ 


{ 


1.  Camp  DougUm.    Remarkable  castellated  outliers. 

2.  Eau  Clairt.    Glacial  valley  drift  carved  into  fine  terraces. 

3.  Hudson.    Potitdam,  glacial  flood  deposits  and  terraces. 

4.  Sparta.    Terraces,  artesian  wells.    Tunnels  in  or  below  Lower  ICagneslan  limestone. 
f).  Racine.    Glacial  and  lacustrine  drift.    Ancient  beach  line*. 

6.  Mihaauktt.    Glacial  and  lacustrine  drifts. 


WISCONSIN. 


226 


3ts.  8.  8.  Ter. '*» 

)t3.  8.  8,  Ter,  655 

Pot8. 8.  8.  L.JIag. 
alley  drift,  'ss 


Ghioago  A  North- Western  Ballroad. 

Ms.     Mil.,  Green  Bay  &  Marq.  Line.— Con.     Alt, 


180 
185 
190 


West  Menasha. 
Appleton. 
Little  Chute. 


192  Kaukauna. 
!98  Wrightstown. 


208pe  Pere. 

^-.|Ft.  Howard  and 
"^^l    Green  Bay. 
21 8J  Duck  Creek. 
2221  Big  Suamico, 


228 
233 

237 

242 
252 
266 
263 
264 
882 


Little  Suamioo. 
Brook  side. 

Pensaukee. 

Oconto. 
Cavoits. 
Peshtigo. 
Marinette. 
Monominee. 
Escanaba,  Mioh 
(Continued 


f  4  a.  Tren.  Strioe,  Till 
\     and  Red  Clay. 
/4  b.  Galena.        '»* 
\  Tren.,  Red  Clay, 
f  4  b.Galena,  red  clay 
\     drift.  TO' 

f  4  b.  Galena,  red  clay 
\     drift.  6" 

f  4  b.  Galena,  red  clay 
\  drift.  StriEe.  sae 
f  4  b.  Galena,  red  clay 
\  drift.  Strite.  »»! 
f  4  c.  Cin.  shale,  ^ss 
\  4.  b.  Gal.,  red  clay. 

4  b.  Galena,   Striae. 

tt 

(I 

20.  Quaternary. 

4  b.  Gal.  limestone. 

4  a.  Tren.  limestone. 
20.  Quaternary. 

4  a.  Trenton  1.  s. 

4  b.  Galena  1.  s.    Striae, 
it 

(Sea  Michigan.) 
in  Michigan.) 


(Lancaster  and  Woodman  Line.) 


OGalena,  111. 

TiBell's. 
15^Benton. 
20  St.  Rose. 

82  Platteville. 


4  b.  Galena  limestone, 
« 

M 

II 

4  b.  Galena  1.  b. 
4  a.  Trenton  1.  s. 


(Sheboygan  and  Western  Railroad.) 


0  Sheboygan. 

6  Sheboygan  Falls, 

10  Town  Line. 
14  Plymouth. 

20Glenbaulah. 

26  St.  Cloud. 
30  Calvary. 
48  Fond  du  Lao. 
44  Fond  du  Lao  Jo. 
47  WoodhuU. 
62  Eldorado. 
S6  Rosendale. 
£7  West  Rosendale. 

68  Ripon. 


6  0.  Niagara.  Sub- 
aqueous drift.  **• 
5  0.  Niagara.  Sub- 
aqueous drift.  «8 8 
20.  Drift. 
20.  Red  clay, 
r  Kettle  Range. 
\  Moraine  drift. 
6  0.  Niag.  1.  8. 
Niag.  drumlins. 
4  b.  Galena  1.  s. 


840 
867 


sar 

840 
746 


20.    Quaternary. 
II 


87S 


<l  891 

II  88  3 

'  4.  b.  Galena  1.  s. 
4  a.  Trenton  1.  s.**^ 
'  3  0.  St.  Peter's  s.  s. 
,  8  a.  Lower  Magn.1.9. 


Chicago  &  North- Western  Railroad. 

Ms.     (Sheboygan  and  Western  R.  R.)— Con.    Alt. 


69 

72 

78 


Green  Lake. 

St.  Marie. 
Princeton. 


(4  a.  Trenton  1.  s. 
3  c.  St.Peterss.s.8»» 
3  a.  Low.  Magn.  1.  s. 
3  a.  Lower  Magn.  1.  s. 


760 


(Madison  and  Montford  Division.) 


165 
176 

182 

184 

188 

193 

197 
203 

212 

220 
223 
227 
228 
237 
239 

241 
248 

251 
257 


Madison. 
Verona. 

Riley's. 

Pine  Bluff. 
Mount  Horeb, 

Blue  Mounds. 

Bamevel'd. 
Ridgeway. 

Dodgeville. 

Edmund. 
Cobb. 

Montford  June. 
Montford. 


(Moraines,  drumlins. 
3  a.  Low.  Magn.*** 
2  b.  Pots.  &  Mad.  8.8. 
Moraines. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

5  c.  St.  Peter's. 
J  a.  Lower  Magn. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

3  c.  St.  Peter's. 
4  b.  Galena. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 
4  b.  Galena. 

4  b.  Galena. 


I 


Preston. 
Lancaster  Juno. 


243 
246 
251 


234 
238 
246 
247 
249 


258 


254 
266 
267 
260 
262 
264 
268 

276 


4  b.  Galena. 
4  a.  Trenton. 
3  c.  St.  Peter. 
4  b.  Galena. 


Fennimore. 
Werley. 

Anderson  Mills. 
Woodman. 


Stitzer. 

Liberty. 

Lancaster. 


Livingston. 
Rewey. 
Leslie. 

Mineral  Point  Jo 
Platteville  Jo. 


Platteville, 


Elmo. 

St.  Rose. 

Cuba  City. 

Benton. 

Strawbridge. 

Bunoomb. 

Millbrig. 

Galena. 


« 


{ 


4  a.  Trenton. 
3  c.  St.  Peter. 
3  a  Lower  Magn. 
2  b.  Potsdam. 
2  b.  Potsdam.  «»i 


4  b.  Galena. 

« 


i< 
II 


98S 


4  a.  Trenton  and  Ga. 


4  b.  Galena. 


(I 
II 
II 
II 


{Loess,  Terraoes. 
4  b.  Galena. 


:  -I'i:. 


1^ 


'Si;,,/, 
■';!<•■'■ 


ilr: 


:■•  i ! 


mm 


A  rM 


■ur'':   f; 


226 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (WIS.) 


GhlokKO  A  North- Western  Railroad.— Osn. 

Ms.  (Milwaukee  ttyMadison  and  Montford.)  Alt. 


0 

86 

96 
97 
102 
110 
116 
121 
132 
139 
144 
164 

165 


Chicago. 

Milwaukee.' 

North  Greenfield. 

Calhoun. 

Waukesha. 

Wales. 

Dousman. 

Sullivan. 

Jefferson  June. 

Lake  Mills. 

London. 

Cottage  Grove. 

Madison. 


(As  before.) 

{10.  Ham'n  cem.  rock. 
6  0.  Niagara.      *** 
20,  Drift. 


5  c.  Niagara. 

20.  Kettle  Moraine. 


808 


20.  Drift,  Karnes  near. 
20.  D'ft,  Drumlins. »»» 
20.  Drift  Kames., 
20.  Drift,  Drumlina. 
20.  Drift. 

r20.  Morainic  Drift. 
J  3  a.  Low.  Magn.  '** 

(.2  b.  Pots.  &  Mad.8.  s. 


(Janesville,  Watertown  &  Fond  du  Lac.) 


0 
70 
78 
82 

91 

99 
104 
110 
116 
119 
121 
129 
180 
188 
146 
148 
151 
160 
168 

176 

184 

198 


Chicago. 
Sharon. 
Clinton  Juno. 
Shopiere. 

Janesville. 

Milton  Junction. 
Koahkonong. 
Ft.  Atkinson. 
Jefferson. 
Jefferson  Juno. 
Johnson's  Creek. 
Watertown  Jo. 
Watertown. 
Glyman. 
Juneau. 

Minnesota  Juno. 
Burnett  Juno. 
Chester. 
Oakfield. 

Fond  du  Lac. 

Van  Dyne. 

Oshkosh. 


As  before.) 
!0.  Drift. 

20.  D'ft.4b.Gal.l.s.»** 
f  4a.Tren.8o.St.PYs 
\  Glacial  flood  plain. 
20.  Quaternary.      »'» 
20.  Drift.  »»» 

4  b.  Gal.,  Drift      »•» 
20.  Drift  »»• 

20.  Drift,  Drumlins. 

ti  TTl 

4  b.Gal.,  Drumlins.* s* 

14 

Drumlins.  »»» 

Drumlins.  "»• 

20.  Drift.   Galena. 


4< 
II 


87? 


ii  888 

r  4  b.  Galena  1.  s. 
t  Red  Clay.  »*• 

Lacustrine  deposit. 

4  b.  Galena  1.  s. 

4  a  Trenton  1.  s.  »»» 


Chicago,  St.  Fault  Min.  A  Omaha  R.  R, 

Mb.    (St.  Paul  and  Lake  Superior  Division.)   Alt. 


10 

80 
88 

41 

46 
66 


Minneapolis. 

St  .Paul. 

Hudson. 

N.  Wisconsin  Jo, 

Boardman. 

New  Richmond. 
Deer  Park. 


4  a.  Trenton. 
8  c.  St.  Peter. 

{Moraine,  Glacial 
flood  deposits. 
8  b.  Potsdam.    "    »»• 
20.  Quaternary.     •»• 
2  b.  Potsdam, 
Moraine  drift*** 
8  a.  Lower  Magn.  **' 
20.  Moraine. 


{ 


{ 


Chicago,  St.  Paul,  SUn.  ft  Omaha  R.  R, 

Ms.  (St.  Paul  aud  Lake  Superior  Div.)— Con.  Alt. 


63 
71 
75 
79 
88 
96 

i;^ 

118 
130 
136 
163 
163 
177 
190 
194 


190 
198 
211 


Clear  Lake. 

Clayton. 

Turtle  Lake. 

Perley. 

Cumberland. 

Barronett. 

Shell  Lake. 

Spooner. 

Veazie. 

Stinnett. 

Hayward. 

Cable. 

Drummond. 

Mason. 

Ashland  Juno. 

Ashland. 


Ashland  Jtmo. 

Washbume. 

Bayfield. 


20.  Moraine,  west. 
i< 

20.  Morainic  drift, 
ii 

M 
II 

20.  Moraine  summit. 
20.  Gravel  drift. 

20.  Glacial  fl'd  deposit. 
II 

II 

20.  Moraine. 
<i 

20.  Bed  clay  drift. 


2  b.  Potsdam,  Drift. 


(Eau  Claire  and  Lake  Superior  Division.) 


0 

10 

25 
88 
42 
49 
66 
81 

118 

139 
160 


Eau  Claire.s 

ChippewaF'llB. 

Bloomer. 

Cartwright 

Chetek. 

Cameron. 

Rice  Lake. 

Spooner. 

Gordon. 

Douglass. 
Superior. 


IS 


Pots,  and  Val.  d'ft.»»« 
2  b.  Potsdam. 
1.  Archaean  granite, 

2  b.  Potsdam,  Drift. 


{ 


2  b.  Pots.,  gravel  hills. 
2  b.  Potsdam. -I  Gravel 
"      J  plain. 
Moraine. 
20.  Ancient  outlet  of 
Lake  Superior. 
r  2  b.  Potsdam. 
\  Keweenawan. 
20.  Red  clay  drift 


{ 


(NeilsTllle  Branch.) 


0 
14 


Neilsville. 
Merillau. 


2  b.  Potsdam  s.  a. 

<i  tsi 


Chicago,  Milwaukee  ft  St.  Paul  Railroad. 

Ms.  (Chicago,  St.  Paul  &  Minneapolis  Line.)  Alt. 


0 
48 
52 
53 
62 

85 

98 
109 

109 


Chicago. 

Wadsworth. 

Kenosha  Juno. 

Truesdell. 

W.  U.  Junction. 

Milwaukee.' 

Brookfield. 
Pewaukee. 

Hartland. 


'As  before.) 
id.  Quaternary. 


1 


«7> 
(7< 


?tl 


10.   Hamilton,  Mil. 
Cement  Rook.  "* 
6  0.  Niagara  1.  s. 
20.  Quaternary.     "* 
f  5  c.  Niag.,  StriJB, 
Drumlins  east  *<> 
'  20.  Moraine 

fluvial  drift.  •" 


iiaha  R,  B, 

liv.)— Con.  Alt, 

ne,  west. 

inic  drift. 
<t 

<i 

II 

ine  summit, 
el  drift, 
lalfl'd  deposit. 
II 
II 

bine, 
clay  drift. 


sdam,  Drift. 
11 

or  Div  ision.) 

id  Val.  d'fl.«" 
Potsdam, 
•ohsean  granite. 

Lsdam,  Drift. 
II 

,  gravel  hills. 
Lsdam.l  Gravel 
«•      j  plain. 

indent  outlet  of 
ke  Superior. 

otsdam. 
eenawan. 

clay  drift 

h.) 

itsdam  8.  s. 
II  >st 


Faul  Rallroftd. 

SRpolis  Line.)  Alt. 

ifore.) 

atemary. 
II  «" 

ti  "» 

II  '" 

Hamilton,  Mil. 

ement  Rook.  "* 

Niagara  1.  s. 

laternary.     "* 
Niag.,  StriBi, 

umlinseaBt."' 

Moraine 

fluYUl  drift. "» 


WISCONSIN. 


227 


Ohloago,  Hllwaakae  &  St.  Paul  Railroad. 

Ma.  (Chicago,  St.  Paul  and  Min.  Line.)— Cbn.  Alt. 


Ill 

116 

129 

130 
139 
144 

148 

152 
168 
163 

168 

176 

193 


Nashotah. 

Oconomowoc. 

Watertown. 

Watertown  Jo. 

Reeseville. 

Elba. 

Columbus. 

Fall  River. 

Doylestown. 

Rio. 

Wyocena. 

Portage  City.' 

Kilboum.* 


20.  Drumlins. 


202  Lyndon. 
209  Lemonweir. 
212  MauBton. 
220  Lisbon. 
225  Camp  D'glas 
238  Tomah. 
242  Greenfield. 
249  Lafayette. 
255  Sparta.^ 
265  Bangor. 
270  West  Salem. 
277  Winona  June. 

280  La  Crosse. 

410  St.  Paul. 
420|  Minneapolis. 


BBS 

9ta 


{ 


20.  Moraine, 
fluvial  drift. 


b.  Galena  1. 
drumlins. 


sei 
s., 

821 


{ 


L..  Magn. 

drift. 
II 


\.  8. 


M 
II 


884 
988 
938 


2  b.  Madison  s.  s 
2  b.  Mendotas.s. 
^  2  b.  Pots.  8.  B.      »«» 
2  b.  Potsdam  a.  s. 
2  b.  Pots.  8.  B.  finely 
exposed  in  dalles 
of  Wisconsin.  *'* 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s. 

II  8  94 

"  f  fine    cas- 
"  ■!    tellated 
"  (  outliers. 


II 

M 
II 

II 

2  b.  Pots.  B 
II 

II 


8.  ter. 


967 


788 
752 


{2  b.Pots.  s.8.,8  a.  Low 
Magn.val.d'ft.«»» 
(See  Minnesota.) 


(Prairie  du  Chien  Division.) 


OMilwaukee.* 

I  Wauwatosa. 

I 

10  Elm  Grove. 
14;6rookfield  Jo. 
17|Forest  House. 

21!  Waukesha. 

28  Genesee.' 
SrNorth  Prairie." 

87  Eagle." 


10.  Ham.  cement  r'ck 

5  O.Niagara  1. s.  *** 

6  0.  Niagara.   Striee, 
Drift.  «»i 

20.  Quaternary.      '** 

II  8  24 

«  818 

5  0.  Niagara.  Striae, 
Drift.  »<>» 

<i  90S 

20.  Quaternary.  »*i 
Kettle  Moraine  »*» 
Glacial  gravel  plain. 


{' 


{ 


Chicago,  BUlwankee  ft  St.  7/aiil  Railroad* 

Mb.       ( Prairie  du  Chien  Divigton.)— Con.       Alt. 


42  Palmyra. 

51  Whitewater.!  » 

56  Lima. 

62  Milton." 

64  Milton  Junction. 

71  Edgerton. 

81  Stoughton. 

89  McFarland. 

96  Madison. 


102  Middleton. 


{ 


110  Cross  Plains. 

115  Black  Earth. 
119  Mazomanie. 
125  Arena. 

182  Spring  Green. 

189  Lone  Rock. 
145  Avoca. 
151  Muscoda. 
166  BoBcobel. 
176  Wauzeka. 

183  Wright's  Ferry. 
186  Bridgeport. 
194P'rieduChien.»* 


64 
71 

78 
83 


r  Inuer  border  of  Ket- 
\  tie  Moraine.  ••• 
4  b.  Galena  1.  8.  «»• 
20.  Quat.,  feeble 
moraine,  E.  •" 
Quaternary.  '** 

u  8  77 

4  a.  Trenton.       •»• 

8o.St.P.s.s.d'fthillB 
20.Quat.heavyd'ft.8s» 

20.  Heavy  drift.  »«» 
\  8  a.  Low.  Magn.  1.  s. 

20.  Mor.  drift.  •*» 
'.8a.  Low.  Magn.  1.  a. 
'  2  b.  Madison  s.  s. 

2  b.  Mendota  1.  s. 

2  b.  Pots.  8.  8.     •" 

3  a.  Low.  Magn.  1.  s. 

(Kettle  Moraine.) 

2b.Mad.B.B.  f  bluff 

2  b.  Men.  1.  s.  \  sides 

2  b.  Pots.  8. 8.  Talley 

bottom.        ••• 

II  610 

M  7  7* 

2  b.  Potsdam  8.  8.  '•* 
8  a.  Low.  Magn. 

on  bluffB.      »»» 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  8.  on 
low  ground.  *°* 
2.  b.  Pots,  in  the 
valley.       Ad-«»» 
jacent     bluffs'** 
capped  with  8''* 
a.  Low.  Magn."»» 
limestone. 
8  a.  Lower  Magn.  •" 

<i  619 


Milton  Junction. 
Janesville, 

Hanover. 
Orford. 


SOBrodhead." 
105  Monroe.  i« 
118  Browntown. 
127  Gratiot. 
ISSlShulaburg. 


29.  Quaternary.  »^ 
4  a.  Trenton.  •!» 
8  c.  St.  Peter's,  gla- 
cial flood  plain. 
4  a.  Tren.  1.  s.  glacial 
b'k water  pl'n.  »«<> 
4  a.  Tren.  1.8.  "r 
3 C.St. P.  8. 8., Drift.  I 

St.  Peter's  8. 8.        »9»\ 

4  b.  Galena  1.  8.      «»» 

4  b.  Galena  1.  8. 

«<  786 


7.  Fortagt  Gtu.    Fluvial  drift,  moraine  between  Portage  and  Kilboum. 

8.  Kilboum.   Beautiful  exhibitions  of  fluvial  erosion  in  Dalles  of  the  Wisconsin. 

9.  Oenesee,    Drumlins  east  and  moraindS  and  kames  west  of  Oenesee. 

10.  Nortk  Prairie.    Till,  fluvial  drift ;  moraines  and  kames  east  and  west  of  this  place. 

11.  Eagle.   Glacial  flood  plainn. 

12.  Whitewater.    Drumlins ;  striee.    Kettle  moraine  south  of  this  place. 

13.  Milton.    Moraines  north  and  south,  glacial  flood  drift. 

14.  Prairie  du  CMen.    Potsdam ;  valley  drift ;  artesian  wells. 

15.  Brodhead.    Trenton  (capping  bluflfs  east).    Glacial  flood  plaint 

16.  Monroe.   Border  of  orift.   Glacial  gravel  capped  with  till.    • 


^8 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (WIS.) 


n 


•V       ! 


;■■  •  ;  '■^%, 


t     ;  ■•(  ,5    : 


I  '■ 


Chleago,  BUlwankee  ft  St.  Paul  Bailroad. 

Ms.  Madison  Division.  Alt. 


0,  Madison. 
12  Sun  Prairie. 


18 
20 

23 

27 

87 


Deanville. 
Marshall. 

Waterloo." 

Hubbleton. 
Watertown  June, 


3  a.  Lower  Magn.    «** 

4  a.  Trenton,  Drift, 
f  4  a.  Trent.  Drift. 

Drumlins.         "" 

/  20.  Quat.  4  a.  Trent. 

Drift;  Drumlins.s** 

4  a.  Tren.on  1.  s. « 1 9 

3  a.  Lower  Magn.  l.s. 

1  a.  Arch.  Quartzite. 

Subaqueous  drift. 

4  b.  Galena  1.  8.      «" 


Northeru  Division. 


9 
16 
20 
25 

83 


87 

41 

46 

47 


76 

"64 
69 

68 
76 


83 


Milwaukee.  ° 

Sohwartzburg. 
Granville. 
Germantown. 
Richfield.  18 

Schleisingville. 

Hartford. 

Rubicon. 
Woodland. 

Iron  Ridge. 


Fond  du  Lac. 


Horicon  June. 
Burnett  June. 
Waupun. 
Brandon. 

Ripon. 


96 


90 
102 


90 
96 

99 

104 


Berlin.  »• 


Picket's. 
Oshkosh. 


{ 


10.  Hamilton,    Mil- 
waukee Cem.Rock 
5  c.  Niagara  1.  s.  *84 

«  648 

M  136 

«  863 

20.  Quaternary.      »»« 
f  Kettle  Moraine. 
\Glac'l  flood  d'ft."" 

15  c.  Niag.  1.  s. 
5  b.  Clin,  iron  ore.® '• 
4  c.  Cin.  shale. 
20.  Quaternary,    ^ois 

«  951 

5  c.  Niagara  1.  s. 

6  b.  Clin,  iron  ore.»»» 
4  c.  Cin.  Shale. 


1 


{ 


4  b.  Galena. 
Red  drift  clay, 


768 


20.  Quaternary.      *** 

•«  611 

4  b.  Gal.,  Striae.      892 

20.  Quaternary.    »«>oo 

'  4  b.  Galena  1.  s. 

4  a.  Trenton  L  8.  »»o 

8  0.  St.  Peter's  s.  s. 

8  a.  Lower  Magn.  l.s. 


{ 


8  a.  Lower  Magn.  l.s. 
2b.Potsdams.8.  »«a 
1  Arch.  Porphyry. 


4  a.  Ti-enton  limestone. 
4  b.  Galena  1.  s.  "» 
4  a.  Trenton  1.  s. 


{ 


Rush  Lake. 
Waukau. 

Omro. 

Winneconne.  *<> 


8  a.  L.  Magn.,  Striae.  «*i 
L.  Magn.  Red  d'ft  clay, 
r  20.  Quat.,  Red  drift 
\  clay. 
8  a.  L.  Magn.  1.  s. 


Chicago,  MUwankee  ft  St.  Panl  Railroad. 

Ms.  Northern  Division.— Continued.         Alt. 


54 
57 
59 

63 

69 

74 


80 

90 
98 


Horicon  Juno. 
Minnesota  Juno. 
Rolling  Prairie. 

Beaver  Dam. 

Fox  Lake  June. 

Randolph. 


Cambria. 

Pardeeville. 
Portage  City.  ' 


20.  Quaternary.      8  84 

«  929 

"  941 

f  4  b.  Galena  Is    »»« 
\  Tren.  l.s.,  drumlins. 
4  a.  Trenton  1.  8.     8  83 
4  a  Trenton  1.  s.  "56 
3  c.  St.  Peter's  a.  s. 
.  3  a.  Lower  Magn.l.s, 
'  3  a.Lower  Magn.  l.s, 
2  b.  Madison  e.s.ss' 
2  b.  Mendota  1.  s. 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s. 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s.  9" 


Madison  and  Portage   Division. 


0 
1 

12 

16 

21 

25 

39 


Madison. 
East  Madison. 

Windsor. 

Morrison. 

Arlington. 

Poynette. 
Portage. 


(As  before.) 


{ 


848 
84S 

3  a.  Lower  Magn.1.8, 
2  b.  Potsdam  8.8.882 
8  a.  L.  Magn.  1.  s.  »«' 
/3  c.  St.  Peter's  s.  b. 
\3a.L.  Mag.l.s.  "«« 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s. 

«  79t 


Racine  and  Southwestern  Division. 


0 
2 
8 
10 
15 
18 
27 

31 

84 
41 

46 

60 
64 
69 

69 


Racine. " 

Junction. 

W.  U.  Juno. 

Windsor. 

Union  Grove. 

Kansasville. 

Burlington. 

Lyons. 

Springfield. 

Elkhom. 

Delavan. 

Darien. 
Allen's  Grove. 
Clinton. 


Beloit. 


(Continued 


Eagle. 

Troy  Center.*^ 


Niag.  (Racine)  Is. «»« 

t(  611 

Deep  drift,  (Till)    «83 

<l  881 

l<  760 


{ 


5  c.  Niag.,  Moraine'" 
Niag.ls.  Moraine*"" 
Till  &  gravel  hills. 
f  20.  Till  and  gravel 
t     hills.  »*' 

20.  Heavy  drift.    "> 
f  20.        «  Till 

\     &  gravel.       "♦ 
20.  Moraine.  »♦' 

Heavy  drift.  »" 

«  t«i 

(Galena  &  Trenton  Is. 
St.  Peter's  s.  s. 
Glac'l  flood  grav.'" 
in  Illinois.)      


Kettle  Moraine. 
Heavy  drift. 


9il 
871 


17. 
18. 
19. 

ao. 
u. 

SL 


Waterloo.    Drumlina;  heavy  drift;  boulder  train. 

Biel^Md.    Heavy  drift;  kattlc  moraine  west. 

Berlin.    Red  clay  drift;  boulder  train. 

Wittnteotme,   Lower  magnesian  limestone  domes  mat ;  heavy  drift    '^- 

TVoy  Centre.    Till  and  glaoial  flood  depoelta. 

Amheret.   Moraine  east;  glaoial  flood  plain  west  of  this  plaoe. 


WISCONSIN. 


229 


Cbicago,  BUlwanh.oe  Sc  St.  Paul  Railroad. 

Ms.    Racine  and  Southwestern  Div.— Con,     Alt 

11 

17 


Mayhew's. 

Fayette. 

Elkhom. 


20.  Heavy  drift. 


861 
991 


Wisconsin  Valley  Division. 


0 

7 

10 
18 
29 

42 

46^ 
54 
60 
70 
76 
89 
08 
102 
107 


Tomah. 

Valley  Junction. 

Norway. 

Beaver. 

Remington. 

Port  Edwards. 

Centralia. 
Rudolph. 
Junction  City. 
Knowlton. 
Mosinee. 
Wausau. 
Trap  City. 
Pine  River. 
Merrill. 


2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s.  98  7 

<i  934 

ii  986 

<i  96  3 

<<  981 

2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s.  on 
Aro'n Gneiss.  »»2 

n  1015 

1.  Archaean, Drift."*6 


f2l 
11- 


4< 
II 
It 
II 
11 
II 
11 


1145 
1181 

12X1 


Mineral  Point  Division. 


Mineral  Point. 


10  Calamine. 


20 
28 


Belmont. 
Flatteville. 


10 
16 


Mineral  Point. 

Calamine. 

Darlington. 


26  Gratiot. 
33Warren. 


{4  b.  Gal.  1.  8. 
4  a.  Trent.  1, 8.    's* 
3  c.  St.  Peter's  B.  8. 
f4  b.  Gal.  1.  a. 
4  a.  Trent.  1.  s.     "2 
3  c.  St.  Peter's  s.  s. 
4  b.  Galena  limestone. 
/4  b.  Galena  1.  s. 
\  4  a.  Trenton  1.  a. 
(As  before.)  »»» 


4  a.  Trent.  1.  s. 
4  b.  Gal.  1.  s. 
4  a.  Trent.  1.  s. 

(See  Illinois.) 


{ 


812 
802 


768 


Prairie  du  Chien  Division.— Con. 


119  Mazomanie. 
127!  Sauk  City. 

129;PrarieduSac."8 


Pots.  s.8.,Val.  drift.  "8 


{ 


8  a.  L.  Mag.  1.  s. 

2  b.  Pots. 

3  a.  L.  Mag.  1.  s 
2  b.  Pots. 


788 


139  Lone  Rock. 
145  Richland  City. 


704 


149 
156 


Twin  BluflFs. 
Richland  Cent. 


2  b.  Pots,  in  val. 
Adjacent  bluffs  cap'd 
with  3  a.  L.  Mag.  1.  a. 

3  a.  L.  Mag.  1.  s. 


Chippewa  Valley  Division. 


OJWabasha,  Minn. 
1  Reads  June. 


2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s. 
Alluvial  bottoms. 


Chicago,  Blllwaukeo  &  St.  Paul  Ballrosd* 

Ms.        Chippewa  Valley  Division.— Cbn.        Alt. 


19  Durand. 

25  Red  Cedar. 

26 'Red  Cedar  Juno. 


32 

43 

47 
48 
54 
56 
62 


Meridean. 

Porterville. 

Shawtown. 
Eau  Claire. « 
Jiafayette  Mills. 
Badger  Mills. 
Chip'ewa  Falls." 


{ 


2  b.Pots.  Bluffs  cap'd 
with  3  a.  L.  Mag.  1.8. 
Valley  d'fl,  terraces. 

2  b.  Pots.  &  8  a.  L. 

'.  Mag.l.s.inadj.hills. 

2  b.  Pots.  &  3  a.  L. 

Mag.l.s.inadj.hills. 

^  2  b.  Pots.  &  3  a.  L. 

Mag.l.s.in  adj.hills. 

2  b.  Pots.  &  8  a.  L. 

\   Mag.Ls.in  adj.hills. 

20.  Glac.  val.  d'ft.  »«« 

f  Terraces,  2  b.  Pots. 

\      8. 8.  "• 

Terraces,  2  b.  Pots.  s.s. 

1.  Archaean  granite. 

2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s. 


{ 


Menomonee  Branch. 


26 

28 
41 


Red  Cedar  Juno. 

Dunnville. 
Menomonee. 


fVal.  d'ft.  terraces; 
2  b.  Pots.  &  3  a.  L. 
Mag.  in  hills. 
fVal.  d'ft,  terraces; 
2  b.  Pots.  &  3  a.  L. 
Mag,  in  hills, 
2  b  Pots.,  Glac.  flood 
plain,  terraces.  ' '  * 


{ 


Green  Bay,  AlTlnona  &  St.  Paul  Railroad. 


0 

10 
17 


Greer  Jay. 

Oneida. 
Seymour. 


23  Black  Creek. 


31 

39 

46 
50 
55 
61 

78 

82 

96 

111 
119 


Shiocton. 

New  London. 

Royalton. 
Manawa. 
Ogdensburg. 
Scandinavia, 

Amherst.  »* 

Plover. 

Grand  Rapids. 

Dexterville. 
Scran ton. 


1 


5  c,  Niag,  1.  s. 

4  c.  Cin.  shale.    »»» 

4  b.  Galena  1.  s. 
II 

4  a.  Trenton  1,  s. 
3  c.  St.  Peter's  s,  s. 
3  a.  Lower  Magn.  1.  s. 
20.  Quaternary. 
3  a.   L.  Magnesian 

1.  8. 
2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s,, 
Red  clay  drift. 
20.  Quaternary.      82a 

II  824 

II  870 

Kettle  Mor.  W,  of  »»» 

(  Kettle  Moraine.  10** 

(2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s. 

Glacial  flood  plain. 

'1.  Archaean  Gneiss 

overlaid  by    ^'>'* 

2  b.  Potsdam  s.  s.  and 

altering  into  Kaolin. 

2  b.  PotB.  8.  3.       1001 

•<  9sa 


23.  Chippewa  Falls.    Glacial  flood  deposit ;  terraces. 

24.  Sauk  Citv.    Drift  Margin.    Border  of  the  driftless  area. 
26.  Prairie  Du  Sae.    Kettle  moraine  and  valley  overwash. 

26.  Wabaiha.    Blufili  canped  with  Lower  Magnesian  limestone.    Valley  drift  terrates. 


II 


m 


2S0 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (WIS.) 


i 


I'A    I 


.i.i'*' 


).,,§ 


f-Ak 


M 

m  ^''^l 

1 

1  '^i 

M 

m ''"''' 

w 

m '  '^ 

m 

1  \(A 

Oreen  Bay,  TTlnona  ft  St.  P»al 

Ml.  BsllroAd.— Continued.  Alt, 


142 
149 
153 
169 
166 
172 
179 
198 

210 

214 


Hatfield. 

Merrillan. 

Alma  Center. 

Hizton. 

Taylor. 

Blair. 

Whitehall. 

Arcadia. 

Marshland. 

Winona. 


2  b.  Potsdam  a.  s. 


« 
« 

a 


043 


Val.  d'tTer 

f  2  b.  Pots.  8.  8.      •»» 

1 3  a.  L.  Magn.  l.s. 

(See  Minnesota.)     •*' 


Sfllwankee,  taike  Shore  ft  Weatem  B.  B. 


4 
6 

10 

18 
20 

25 

81 

83 

88 
42 
46 
48 

62 

£8 

64 
69 

77 

84 

S9 
91 
94 
100 
104 
108 
,118 
116 

120 

T7 
84 


78 

89 
94 


Milwaukee.  * 

Lake  Shore  Juno. 
White  Fish  Bay. 

Dillman's. 

Mequon. 
Ulao. 

Port  Washington. 

Decker's. 

Belgium. 

Cedar  Grove. 
Oostburg. 
Wilson. 
Weeden'a. 

Sheboygan. 

Mosel. 

Centreville. 
Newton. 

Manitowoc. 

Branch. 

Cato. 

Grimms. 

Reedville. 

Brillion. 

Forest  Junction. 

Dundas. 

Kaukauua. 

Little  Chute. 

Appleton. 


Manitowoc. 
Two  Rivers. 


lO.Hamilton  Cement 
Rock.  5  8* 

5  0.  Niagara  1.  e. 
20.  Quaternary.      «*« 
10.  Hamilton,  Red 
clay  drift.       «»* 
20.  Quat.,  Red  clay 
drift.  ««• 

l<  69  7 

5  0.  Niag.,  Red  drift 
clay.  669 

20.  Quat.  Red  drift 
clay.  »»» 

l<  697 

II  696 


M  TOO 

6  0.  Niag.  1. 8.,  Red 
clay  drift,  Strise.6  6 « 

20.  Quat.  Red  drift 
clay.  63  9 

II  637 

II  65  7 

5  c.  Niag.  1.  8.  Red 
drift  clay.         o^* 
20.  Moraine  west.  '* 
5  c.  Niagara.  *** 

II  845 


20.  Quaternary.      8»o 

l<  832 

4  b.  Galena.  «** 

<•  707 

4  b.  Galena  1.8.  "» 
4  a.  Trenton  1.  s. 


20.  Quaternary.      »»» 

«  58  S 


Manitowoc. 

Cato. 
ReedsTille. 


5  c.  Niag.,  Red  drift 
clay.  6»« 

II  814 

<<  830 


Milwaukee,  X<ake  Shore  ft  Weatem 
Ma.  Ballroad.— Continued.  Alt. 


100 

104 
113 
116 
120 
122 
134 
140 
141 
150 
157 
164 
176 
188 
192 
198 
202 
208 
209 
217 
220 
225 
235 
241 
267 
293 

810 


0 

2 

22 


Brillion. 

Forest  Juno. 

Kaukauna. 

Little  Chute. 

Appleton. 

Appleton  June. 

Hortonsville  Jun. 

New  London. 

New  London  Jun. 

Bear  Creek. 

Clintonville. 

Marion. 

Tigerton. 

Eland  Juno. 

Birnamwood. 

Aniwa. 

Elmhurst. 

Antigo. 

Wolf  River  June 

Bryant. 

Malcom. 

Summit  Lake. 

Pelican. 

Monico. 

Eagle  River. 

Watersmeet. 

Gogebic. 


Eland  June. 

Norris. 

Wansau. 


5  c.  Niag.  Red  drift 
clay. 

20.  Quaternary,     at 

<< 

II  72J 

««  706 

4  a.  Trent.,  Red  Clay. 
3  a.  L.  Magn.,  drift. 


20.  Drift, 
ii 

« 

1.  Archaean  granite. 
1.  Archaean,  Drift. 


Archaean,  GlacgraveL 


ii 
II 
II 
II 
II 


Moraine. 

14 

Heavy  d'ft. 


!1  b.  Potsdam. 
Keweenawan. 
1  b.  Huronian. 


1  Archaean  Gran,  d'ft, 
20.  Drift. 
1  Archaean. 


Milwaukee  ft  Northern  Ballroad. 

Milwaukee  Division. 


0 


18 
23 
25 
29 
36 
41 
46 
50 
55 

62 

68 
72 

79 
86 


Milwaukee.  " 

Schwartzburg. 

Thienville. 

Cedarburg. 

Grafton. 

Saukville. 

Fredonia. 

Random. 

Sherman. 

Waldo. 

Plymouth. 

Elkhart  Lake. 

Kiel. 

Holstein. 

Hayton. 

Chilton. 

Hilbert 


(lO.Hamilton  Cement 
Rock  Drift.  "^ 
5  c.  Niagara  1.  s. 
5  c.  Niagara. 
20.  Quaternary. 
5  0.  Niagara  I.  s.  ^'^ 


<4i 


20.  Quaternary. 


I 


m 

7tl 


631 
6)1 
Hi 
944 


20.  Moraine. 
(  Kettle  Range. 
6o.  Niag.,  Mor.E."' 
20.  Quaternary, 


621 
lit 


WISCONSIN. 


m 


Ullwaiikee  A  Northern  Railroad.— Con. 

Ms.  Milwaukee  Division.  Alt. 


86 
91 


109 
113 


114 

119 
124 
128 
141 
146 
153 
166 
159 
165 
177 

185 
187 

168 
176 
185 


Hilbert. 

Forest  Junction. 
Holland. 
Greenleaf. 
Ledgeville. 
De  Pere. 

Oreen  Bay. 

Ft.  Howard. 

Cormier 

Tremble. 

Gardner. 

Grand  Trunk  Jo. 

Maple  Valley. 

Coleman."' 

Pound. 

Beaver. 

Ellis  Juno. 

Porterfield. 


Marinette. 
Menominee. 


Noquebay. 

Wausaukee. 

Pike. 


20.  Quaternary. 


880 


5  0.  Niagara. 
4b.Gal.,R.C.d'ft.»»» 

5  c.  Niagara  1.  s. 

4  0  Cin.  shale.     '•* 

4  b.  Gal.  1.  s. 

4  b.  Gal.,  1.  8.,  La- 
custrine clay.    "♦ 
4  b.  Gal.,  drift. 
20  Drift. 


3.  L.  Magn.,  Drift. 


2  b.  Pots.  8.  s.,  Drift. 
2  b.  Pots.,  sand  plains. 
1.  Archaean,  Drift. 


4  b.  Gal.,  drift.  Striae. 


1.  Archaean,  Drift. 


Appleton  Branch. 


0 
6 
11 
15 
16 
21 


Hilbert. 

Sherwood. 

Lake  Park. 

Menasha. 

Neenah. 

Appleton. 


68a 


838 
835 


20.  Quaternary. 
5  c.  Niagara  1.  s. 
Lacustrine  drift. 
4b.Gal.L8  4a.Tren.l.s. 

«  748 

«  716 


Wlsoonslii  Central  Une. 


0 


82 

89 
48 
57 
66 
74 


84 

88 
98 

97 


Milwaukee.  • 

Schleisingerville 

AUentown. 
Theresa. 
Hamilton. 
Fond  du  Lac. 
Van  Dyne. 
South  Oshkosh. 

Oshkosh. 

State  Hospital. 
Snells. 

Neenah. 


86.Hilbert. 
92  Sherwood. 


98 


Menasha. 


10. 


Cem't 

884 


Hamilton 

Rock. 

6  c.  Niagara  1.  s. 

20.  Kettle  Moraine 

Glac.  flood  deposit. 

6  0.  Niagara  Is.,  Drift. 


748 


4  b.  Gal.  1.  B. 
Lacustrine  drift. 

j  Galena  &  Trenton  Is. 
\  Lacustrine d'ft.  '"^ 
Lacustrine  drift.     '*» 

« 

j  Galena  &  Trenton  Is. 
\     Striae,  Drift. 


20.  Quaternary. 
6  c.  Niag.  1.8. 

4  Gal.  I.  8. 

4  a.  Trent.  1.  a. 


{ 


885 
888 


Ms.       tVUeonaln  Central  lAne.—Con.      Alt. 


107 
110 


124  ^eyauwega. 
181  Waupaca. 
188  Sheridan,     "i? 
144  Amherst. 


Medina. 
Dale. 


160 

171 
175 

183 

192 
195 
200 
207 
211 
213 
219 
226 
236 
247 
254 

267 

268 

278 
285 

288  Colfax. 


Stevens'  Point. 

Junction  City. 
Milladore. 

Aubumdale. 

Marshfield. 

Mannville. 

Spencer. 

Unity. 

Colby. 

Abbotsford. 

Curtiss. 

Withee. 

Thorpe. 

Boyd. 

Cadott. 

Chip'wa  Falls. »» 

St.  Croix  Juno. 

Morris. 
Wiswell. 


{ 


298 

307 
310 
313 
324 
333 
338 
346 
349 
363 
367 
372 


Lochiel. 

Barker," 

Downing. 

Emerald. 

Cylon. 

New  Richmond. 

Clarendon. 

St.  Croix. 

Areola. 

Castle. 

LakePhalenJc. 

St.  Paul. 


8  a.  L.  Mag.  Is.       "i* 
« 

2  b.  Pots.  Bs.  »«» 

I.Archaean.  »»» 

Kettle  Moraine. 

<<  108 » 

(Pots.  ss.  and  Arch. 
Gneiss.  Gl.  flood 
plain.  10  90 

I.Archaean.  *i*» 

« 

1.  Arch,  overl'd  by 
heavy  d'ft.       »"' 

«  1289 

4(  12  0  3 

N  13  0  7 

U  13  3  8 

«  1318 

Drift. 
« 

2  b.  Potsdam,  Drift. 


1.  Arch.  Granite. 

2  b.  Potsdam  ss. 

1.  Arch.  Granite. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

2  b.  Potsdam  ss. 
(I 

r  Pots,  ss.,  Glacial 
\  flood  dep.  Terraces, 
f  20.  Glacial  fl'd  dep. 
\  Terraces. 
2  b.  Potsdam,  Drift. 


11 
« 


3  a.  L.  Mag.,  Drift. 

« 

20.  Drift.    L.  Magn. 

"  PotB.&L.Mag. 
20.  Drift. 


(See  Minnesota.) 


Northern  Division. 


4 
14 
25 
29 
47 
55 
62 
68 
79 


Abbotsford. 

Dorchester. 

Medford. 

Chelsea. 

Westboro. 

Worcester. 

Phillips. 

Wauboo. 

Fifield. 

Butternut. 

Chippewa. 


f  1.  Archaean,  overl'd 


by  heavy  d'ft. 


li 
<( 
«« 
«i 

M 
«« 
II 
II 

(( 


1468 
1418 

1489 

160S 
1454 

1458 


27.   Tiie  formations  given  for  ttiis  station  and  tiie  t'oiluwiotf  four,  occur  in  ttie  vicinity. 


232 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (WIS.) 


i  t  ^  .<i  . 


i  I 


Vs.       Tnaconaln  Central  IAne,—Con.       Alt. 

Ms.      Wisconsin  Central  Idne.— C%n.      Alt 

Northern  Division. 

Southern  Division. 

104 

Penokee.»« 

f  1.  Hur'n,  with  iron 
\   ore.                   i»?» 

71  Portage. 

f  2  b.  Pots.,  overlaid 
\         by  drift.       '93 

126 

White  River. 

20.  Red  clay  drift. 

66{Packwaukee.       120.  Drift. 

188 

Ashland. 

r20.  Red  clay 

\     drift.               «»8 

62  Montello.              i20.  Drift,  Granite. 

Soutliern  Division. 

Minneapolis,  Sault  Ste.  Marie  ft  Atlantic. 

0 

Stevens'  Point. 

(As  before.)          ms'r 

0 

Turtle  Lake. 

Morainic  drift. 

6 

Plover. 

r  2  b.  Pots.,  overlaid 
\         by  drift     "»» 

5 

16 

Scott's  Siding. 
Barron. 

li 
20.  Glao.  flood  drift. 

11 

Buena  Vista. 

It 

20 

Cameron  Juno. 

« 

22 

Plainfield.     i"» 

Moraine  east. 

25 

Canton. 

20.  D'ft.,  Q'rtzite  near. 

28 

Hancock,      "o^ 

Kettle  Moraine. 

81 

Hawkins. 

« 

46 

Westfield.       ««« 

t(           «i 

42 

Tibbets  Siding. 

M 

66 

Packwaukee. 

<<                    f84 

45 

Bruce. 

l< 

28.  Unconformability  between  Huronian  and  Laurentian  finely  shown  at  Penokee. 

29.  NoTK.— Where  several  formations  are  ^iven  it  is  m  be  understood  that  they  occur  in  the 
vicinity,  not  necessarily  immediately  at  the  station.  Also,  that  where  the  drift  eifectually  conceali 
the  underlyinK  formaticua  they  are  not  usually  given,  though  in  almost  all  cases  definitely  knowa 


.i  ■in  I 


J  •    ^ 


1  >^ 


I  A  Atlantic. 


IOWA. 


Iowa  J 


238 


LIST  OF  GEOLOQIC  FORMATIONS  FOUND  IN  IOWA. 


20  b. Loess, (concealing  stratified  rocics. 

20a.QlacialDrift"  «  •< 

18     Inoceramust 

18     Woodbury, 

18     Nishnabotna. 

18     Fort  Dodge.* 

14  c.  Upper  Goal. 

14b.  Middle  Coal. 

14  a.  Lower  CoaL 

13  d.  St.  Louis. 

13c.  Keol(ul(. 


13  b.  Burlington. 
13  a.  Kindernook. 
10.    Hamilton. 

5  c.  Niagara. 

4  c.  Maquoketa. 

4  b.Qalena  Limestone. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

3  b.  St.  Peter. 

3  a.  Lower  Magnesian. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

2  a.  Sioux. 


Brief  Sketch  of  the  Geology  of  lowat 

The  general  geologio  structure  of  Iowa  is  simple:  Ttie  prevailing  dip  of  the  strata  is  low,  rarelv 
reaching  6°,  and  Boutn-westerly  in  direction.  In  consequence  the  outcrops  of  the  greater  rock 
Beries,  from  the  oldest  to  the  newest,  form  successive  zones  trending  N .  W.— S.  E.,  each  overlapped  on 
the  8outh-we8t  by  the  attenuated  margin  of  the  next  higher  series.  In  detail  this  structure  is  modi- 
fied and  complicated  by  slight  diversity  in  strilte  and  dip  and  variations  in  thickness  of  the  several 
formations,  and  the  regularity  of  the  zones  of  outcrop  is  destroyed  through  erosion  by  which  the 
north-easterly  (and  basal)  margins  of  the  successive  formations  are  channelled,  deeply  crenulated, 
and  sometimes  cut  otf  in  insulated  outliers;  and  some  of  the  major  as  well  as  many  of  the  minor 
features  of  the  stratified  rocks  are  obscured  by  a  mantle  of  superficial  deposits. 

The  Potsdam  is  exposed  by  erosion  only  in  the  valley-bottoms  or  the  extreme  northeastern 
comer  of  the  State,  where  it  forms  the  gently-sloping  bases  of  bluffs  300  to  600  feet  high.  The  steeper 
medial  portion  of  these  bluffs  is  Lower  Magnesian  limestone,  which,  by  reason  of  its  firm  texture, 
haa  well  resisted  the  degradation  of  the  rivers  and  forms  nearly  continuous  mural  or  castel  ated 
precipices.  Both  formations  disappear  on  the  Oneota  (or  Upper  Iowa)  river  about  the  west  liti  of 
Allamakee  county,  and  on  the  Mississippi,  a  few  miles  south  of  McGregor.  The  gentle  slopes  toward 
the  summits  of  the  bluffs  in  this  region  represent  the  friable  St.  Peter  sandstone,  sometimes  white 
as  snow,  again  brown,  red  or  yellow,  and  elsewhere  curiou  ily  variegated,  as  at  McGregor,  where  it 
forma  the  "  pictured  rocks  "  of  Iowa.  The  generally  abrupt  escarpment  of  the  Trenton  limestone 
overlooks  the  easy  slopes  of  the  sandstone,  and  forms  a  secondary  line  of  bluffs  along  the  Mississippi, 
Oneota  and  Yellow  rivers  in  the  north,  which  merges  into  the  immediate  river  bluffs  toward  the  mouth 
of  Turkey  river.  The  Trenton  is  the  first  of  the  formations  to  occupy  a  considerable  area.  It  extends 
along  the  Iowa-Minnesota  line  from  a  few  miles  wesi/  of  the  Mississippi  to  several  miles  west  of  De- 
corah;  but  by  reason  of  rapid  attenuation  southward  and  its  confinement  to  the  precipitous  Mississippi 
bluffs  below  the  mouth  or  the  Turkey,  the  terrane  contracts  greatly  toward  Dubuque,  where  it  passes 
beneath  (he  surface.  Almost  everywhere  the  Tronton  is  richly  fossililerous.  The  precipitous  bluffs 
at  Dubuque  represent  the  Galena  limestone,  which  there  has  a  thickness  of  200  or  250  feet,  but  which 
rapidly  dwindles  northwestward.  It  is  the  plumbiftrous  formation  of  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa, 
and  takes  its  name  from  the  prevalent  form  of  the  ore.  "iuia  iio  caverns  are  brought  forth  the 
superb  stalactites  and  crystalline  masses  of  various  minerals  adorning  the  lawns  and  verandas  of 
Dubuque.  A  narrow  belt  of  soft-contoured  hills  cleft  by  spring-born  stioamlets,  or  a  single  gentle 
slope,  rises  from  the  precipices  of  the  Galena  and  is  overlooked  by  the  bold  Niagara  escarpment. 
It  represents  the  easily  weathered  shales  and  clays  of  the  fossiliferous  Maquoketa— a  formation 
typally  exposed  along  the  Little  Maquoketa  river  in  Dubuque  county.  The  tjrpe  section  is  at 
Lattner's,  on  the  D.  &  N.  W.  R.  R.,  and  4  miles  north  of  Peosta,  on  the  I.  C.  R.  R.  The  most 
prominent  topographic  feature  in  the  State  Is  the  deeply  crenulated  escarpment  of  the  western 
equivalent  of  the  New  York  Niagara,  stretching  from  the  Minnesota  line  north  of  Cresco  by  West 
Union,  Elkport,  "Sherrlll's  Mound"  (Dubuque  county),  Lattner's,  and  Peosta  to  the  Mississippi  at 
Bellevue,  and  forming  the  river-bluffs  thence  to  Lyons.  To  the  north  the  formation  (generally  a  poorly 
fossiliferous  dolomite  abounding  in  cherty  nodules)  is  thin,  and  its  outcrop  but  a  few  miles  in  width  ; 
but  toward  the  south  it  thickens  to  350  feet  or  more,  and  its  terrane  widens  greatly.  It  forms  the 
"rapids"  at  Le Claire,  but  psuses  beneath  the  Mississippi  between  that  town  and  Davenport.  It  is 
economically  important  by  reason  of  its  building-stone.  Each  of  these  formations  (Niagara  to  Pots- 
dam) is  clearly  differentiated,  and  conjointly  they  constitute  a  topographically  distinct  section  of  the 
State— a  section  in  which  the  relief  is  the  product  of  sculpture  by  rain  and  rivers  during  a  vast  period. 
Elsewhere  the  monotonous  topography  of  the  State  is  glaoio  in  origin,  with  some  post-glacial  modifi- 
cation bv  hydric  agencies :  Here  it  is  exclusively  hydrlc. 

To  the  southwestward  the  firm  dolomites  of  the  Niagara  pass  beneath  the  argillaceous  limestones 
and  shales  of  Devonian  age  which  are  usually  referred  conjunctively  to  the  epoch  of  the  New  York 

1.  Bv  W.  J.  McGee,  U.  8.  Geologist. 

2.  The  Fort  Dodge  is  referred  to  the  Cretaceous  with  doubt. 


It 

m 


m 


i 


W'l  '  • 


1  ■ 

-    :f]| 

\>    ■    .  .   . 

'■■' 

1  '     '  ' 

'  i' 

'  ' 

234 


AN  AMERICAN  QEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  OUIDE.    (lA.) 


Chlenso,  Milwaukee  A  St.  Paul  lUUroad.  { 

Chloago,  aUlwankee  *  St.  Paul  Railroad. 

Ma.     Prairie  du  Chit  /., 

k  la.  and  Minn.  Div. 

Alt. 

Ma.        Maaon  Clt7  and  Auatin  Diriaion.       Alt. 

r  8  b.  St.  Peter, 

«•! 

0 

Mason  City. 

10  b.  Hamilton,     nao 

0 

No.  McGregor.  1 

'  8  a.  L.  Magnesian  in 

8 

Plymouth. 

"                          1114 

i  hills,  2  b.  Potsdam. 

21 

Carpenter. 

II 

6 

Giard. 

8  b.  St.  Peter. 

28 

Lyle. 

II 

16!  Monona. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

laai 

40 

Austin,  Minn. 

18.  Cretaceous.     ii>7 

19 
26 

tiuana. 

PoBlTille.*     »«o» 
Castalia. 

U                            lias 

4  c.  Maq.  &  4  b.  Galena. 
It             «     1  a  5  7 

Dubuque  and  South-Weatern  Railroad. 

82 

0 

Farley. 

6  0.  Niagara.         uii 

87 

Ossian. 

« 

laai 

7 

Worthington. 

II 

48 

Calmar. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

laas 

14 

Sand  Spring. 

"                                13) 

46 

ConoTer.       »'*» 

4c.Maq.&4.b.Gal.     I 

20 

Monticello. 

«                                100 

68 

Ridgeway. 

5  0.  Niagara. 

24 

Langworthy. 

II 

«2 

Cresco. 

II 

1813 

81 

Anamosa. 

II 

78 

Lime  Springs. 

i< 

13S8 

88 

Viola. 

II 

78 

Chester. 

II 

1344 

45 

Paralta. 

II 

85 

Leroy. 

i< 

12B8 

60 

Marion. 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

(See  Minnesota.) 

66 

Cedar  Rapids. 

"                             7l« 

lovre  and  Dakota  Dirision. 

Chicago,  Council  Bluffs  and  Omaha  Line. 

0  Calmar. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

laas 

OSabula.« 

Maquoketa,  6  c.  Niag. 

« 

Fort  Atkinson. 

II 

1038 

6  Elk  Rirer. 

II                 II 

18 

Lawler. 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

16  Miles. 

II                 <i 

27 

New  Hampton. 

II 

Ilea 

20  Preston. 

6  0.  Niagara. 

86 

Chicasaw. 

II 

1148 

28  Riggs. 

88  Delmar  Junct'n. 

11 

88 

Bassett. 

II 

11 

47 

Charles  City. 

li 

lOli 

40  Elwood. 

II 

£0 

Floyd. 

II 

1107 

62  Oxford  Janot'n. 

««                             710 

69 

Rudd. 

II 

62 

Olin. 

II 

66 

Nora  Springs. 

II 

74 

Martelle. 

II 

74 

Mason  City. 

II 

1180 

79 

Paralta. 

II 

84 

Clear  Lake.* 

Garner. 

Britt. 

Wesley. 

Algona. 

Emmetsburg. 

20  a.  Glacial  Dft. 
II 

11 

II 

1387 
1317 
1380 
I2S4 

87 

Marion. 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

95 
106 

Sioux  City  and  Dakota  DlTlsion.* 

116 

0 

Sioux  City.    »i»» 

20b.Loe88&18Woodb. 

126 

<( 

1500 

8 

McCook,  Dak.> 

II          nil 

150 

II 

II 
II 

13 
14 
21 
80 

Jefferson.      " 
DaTis  Jc.      " 
Elk  Point,    " 
Burbank,      " 

18  b.  Mid.  Greta's."" 

II           nio 

II                  1141 
«                  tlSi 

166 
178 

High  Lake. 
EstherTille. 

162 

Ruthven. 

« 

84 

Vermillion,  " 

•<                  III! 

176 

Spencer. 

II 
II 

44 

60 

Meokling,     " 
Gayville,      " 

"                lUT 

187 

Milford. 

<<            iiri 

192 

Lakes  Okoboji. 

II 

65 

James  Riv.,  •« 

196 

Spirit  Lake. 

1' 

II 

61 

Yankton.  8     " 

II                 1I9> 

200 

Sanborn. 

14 

Davia  Jc,     " 

»                 1130 

211 

Sheldon. 

II 

19 

Joy. 

226 

Patterson. 

II 

24 

Westfield. 

II                1141 

262 

Canton.* 

<i 

29 

Portlandville. 

II             list 

Hamilton,  the  precise  contact  being  ererywhcre  concealed  by  drift  save  at  Fayette  and  a  point  on 
the  Wapsipinicon  river  a  few  milea  above  Central  City,  Linn  county.  The  baaal  member  of  the 
Hamilton  la  a  black  shale  which  does  not  extend  so  far  eastward  as  the  medial  calcareous  member, 
but  is  exposed  by  excavations  at  Independence ;  while  the  uppermost  member,  also  a  dark  Bhale 
or  clay  (typically  exposed  at  Rockford)  rarely  appears  along  the  Drift-buried  western  margin  of  the 
terrane.  The  Sub-Carboniferous  formations  (Burlington,  Keokuk,  Kinderhook,  and  St.  Louia)  caDnot 
be  discriminated  geographically  by  reason  of  their  duep  burial  beneath  Drift  and  Loess ;  but  all  hare 
important  local  exposures ;— the  type  sections  of  the  first  two  being  within  the  State.  The  Burling- 
ton is  noted  for  its  orinoids  which  have  made  famous  alike  the  city  from  which  the  formation  deriTes 
Its  name  and  their  local  investigator.  Dr.  Wachsmuth;  the  Keokuk  is  equally  noted  forthema^i- 
floent  geodas  which  have  enriched  so  many  collections;  and  both  form  the  "Lower  Rapids"  which 
have  so  long  vexed  the  spirits  of  Mississippi  pilots  and  engineers.  The  Kinderhook  yields  a  tbIiu- 
ble  odlitic  limestone  at  Le  Grand  and  elsewhere,  and  the  St.  Louis  is  still  more  important  as  a  sourct 
of  building  material. 


Knl  Railroad. 

[)tTi»lon.        Alt. 

kmilton.     1110 

1114 


acflous.     11" 
n  Railroad. 

rm 


gara. 


100 


amilton. 


71t 


Omaha  Line. 
keta,  6  c.  Niag, 


&gata. 


710 


lamilton. 


DiTlslon.* 

>eBS&18Woodt 

(•  1121 

Hid.  Greta's."" 

nso 

1143 
1153 

uei 

IIBT 
1178 


II 
II 
II 


1196 

1130 

1141 

116i 

te  and  a  point  on 
tl  member  of  the 
Icareous  member, 
also  a  dark  shale 
em  margin  of  the 
1  St.  L0U18)  cannot 
^oess;  but  all  hare 
^te.  The  Burling- 
formation  derirei 
tedfortheintfpi- 
Bt  Bapida"vhich 
olc  yields  n  tbIuit 
iortantasa3ource 


IOWA. 


236 


OhleagOt  BUlwaokaa  A  St.  Paul  B.  B.— Cbnt' 
Ms.  Darenport  Line.  Alt, 


01  Davenport.*    *•* 

6  Mount  Joy. 

elEldridge. 
17  Donahue. 
23  Dixoo. 
82  Wheatland. 
87  Toronto. 
40  MassiUon. 
46  Oxford  Mills. 
63  Wyoming. 
69  MontioelTo. 
77  Hopkinton. 
86  Delhi. 
89  Delaware 
94  Greeley. 
99  Edgewood. 
106  Enfield. 
116  Brush  Greek. 
126  Fayette.'      »o»« 
140  Hawkeye. 


10b.Ham.,20».Gl.Dft 

II  <i 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
6  0.  Niagara. 


149 

168 
166 


Waucoma. 

Jackson  Juno. 
Calmar. 


41 
II 
II 
14 
14 
II 
11 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


tfS 


•  OD 


•  88 


••    &  10  Hamil. 
20  a.  Drift,         " 
r  6  c.  Nias.,  10  Ham 
\  ilton  in  highlands. 
20  a.  Drift,  10  Ham. 
"  4  a.  Tren.   "•» 


Racine  and  South- Western  DiTlslon. 


11 

Eldridge. 

20 

a.  Glacial  Drift. 

14 

Long  Grove. 

6o 

Niagara. 

C.  &  N.W.  Gros'g. 

II 

24 

De  Witt. 

II 

81 

Wilton. 

ii 

87 

Delmar  Junet'n. 

II 

44 

Maquoketa. 

II 

Ohlflago*  MUwanlM*  M  8t.  Paul  a.  U.—ConU 
Mi.  Dubuque  DiTision.  Alt. 


78 

168 

141 
126 
118 
116 

104 

96 

88 
84 
80 
72 

60 
64 

46 

86 

28 

18 

2 

0 


LaCroue. 

New  Albin. 

Lansing.' 
Harper's  Fry.  »« 
Yellow  River." 
No.  McGregor.  1 

Clayton." 

Guttenberg.    •»• 

Turkey  River. 
Buena  Vista. 
Waupeton.i* 
Speoht's  Ferry.  1* 
Peru.i* 
Dubuque.  i« 


Gordon's  Ferry. 

Bellevue. 
Green  Island. 
Sabula.« 
Lyons.  i» 
Clinton. 


( See  Wisconsin.) 
2  b.  Potedam  &  8  a. 
L.  Magnesian 
2b.Pots.&L.Magn. 


41 
4< 


{ 


44  888 

3  a.  L.  Magnesian  & 
8  b.  St.  Peter. 

4  a.  Trenton  &  4  b. 
Galena  limestone. 

4  a.  Tren.,  4  b.  Galena. 

M 
(I 
N 

<4 

4  a.  Trenton.  ••• 

4  b.  Galena  limestone. 

r  4  b.  Galena  Maquo- 
\  keta  &  5  0.  Niag. 
Maq.  &  6  0.  Niagara. 

"  "    in  hills. 


6  c.  Niagara. 


080 
S09 


Volga  Branch. 


88 
103 
111 
126 
188 


Turkey  River. 
Elkport.i» 
Littleport. 
Volga  City. 
Lima. 


4  a.  Tren.  &  4  b.  Galena 

44 
44 

4b.Gal.,6c.Nia.,Maq. 


The  sonthweBtern  third  of  the  State  is  mainly  occupied  by  the  Coal  Measures  (generally  divided 
into  Upper,  Middle,  and  Lower)  which,  notwithstanding  their  economic  importance,  have  not  yet 
been  adequately  studied.  It  is  known,  however,  that  Coal  Measure  outliers,  containing  "  pockets  "  of 
coal,  and  of  such  petrographio  character  as  to  indicate  that  they  were  deposited  in  bays  or  estuaries 
of  the  coal-period  sea,  repose  unconformably  upon  the  Sub-Carboniferous,  the  Devonian,  and  even  the 
Silurian  formation,  far  beyond  the  normal  limits  of  the  terrane;  that  workable  beds  of  coal  (under 
existing  commercial  conditions)  are  coaflned  in  the  lower  mer-'ier;  and  that  the  three  members 
reach  a  total  thickness  of  not  less  than  800  or  1,000  feet.  The  Car.  jniferous  outliers  find  homologues 
in  the  Cretaceous  sandstones  desi^^nated  Nishnabotna  by  Dr.  White,  after  one  of  the  rivers  along 
which  they  occur ;  but  only  slight  remnants  of  the  formaiion  they  represent  (unless  it  be  the  Ino- 
oeramus,  the  Woodbury,  or  both)  are  preserved  in  Iowa.  It  is  a  good  working  hypothesis,  but  noth- 
ing more,  that  the  bedded  gypsum,  of  which  the  Ft.  Dodge  is  composed,  was  precipitated  in  one  of 
these  Cretaceous  estuaries  so  situated  as  to  receive  little  drainage  and  suffer  rapid  desiccation  after 
the  first  influx  of  the  Mesozoic  ocean.  The  Inoceramus  (named  from  its  characteristic  fossil)  and  the 
Woodbury  (named  from  the  county  in  which  it  occurs,  and  well  exposed  about  Sioux  City)  represent 
regularly  bedded  off-shore  deposits  not  yet  finally  correlated  witn  the  well-deTeioped  Cretaceous 
deposits  of  Dakota  and  Nebraska.  So  far  as  certainly  known  they  occupy  a  limited  area  in  extreme 
western  Iowa. 

Over  the  flve-sixths  of  the  State  lying  west  and  south  of  the  Niagara  escarpment  the  lithifled 
sedimentary  strata  are  over-spread  by  a  sheet  of  Glacial  Drift,  which,  in  the  northern-central  and 
northwestern  counties  reaches  a  depth  of  loo  to  200  feet  and  effectually  conceals  the  subterrane,  but 
which  attenuates  eastward,  southward,  and  westward  to  such  a  degree  that  tstream-corrasion  and 
artificial  excavation  occasionally  expose  the  subjacent  rocks.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  State 
Drift-bowlders  frequently  lie  upon  the  surface ;  and  within  an  area  of  4,(i00  or  6,000  square  miles 
centering  in  Bremer  county,  these  superficial  bowlders  of  northern  crystalline  rocks  reach  maxima 
in  dimeusions  and  abundance.  Diameters  of  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  are  common ;  and  a  dozen  examples 
Bometimea  occur  within  a  radius  of  half  a  mile.  In  eastern,  and  at  least  parts  of  central,  Iowa  the 
Drift  is  bipartite,  and  the  "Upper  Till"  and  "  Lower  Till"  constituting  it  are  frequently  separated 
by  a  "  Forest  Bed " ;  and  one  of  the  loops  of  the  great  Kettle  Moraine  of  northern  United  States 
extends  far  into  the  northwestern  portion,  reaching  almost  or  quite  to  Des  Moines ;  but  tripartition 
of  ihe  Drift  inside  the  loop  has  not  yet  been  proven  stratigraphically.  Inside  the  moraine  post- 
facial  drainage  is  not  yet  fully  developed,  lakes,  ponds  and  sloughs  abound,  and  the  topography  is 
ine  acme  of  monotony.  In  extreme  southern  Iowa  the  Upper  Till  disappears,  and  is  replaced  by  a 
compact,  tenacious,  dark  clay  of  aqueous  origin,  locally  known-  as  "  hard-pan ; "  and  both  ( as  well  as 


m 


M 


I 


,  '  ,'      »  i  1 


■;'?    < 


.   • 


^ 


Bin  v.. 


I  < 


i: 


I 


I. , 


J  % 


.5'  '!;<  -I 


286 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (lA.) 


m«.  Chicago,  Mllwaqhe*  A  St.  Pnul  B.  R.  Alt.    Ohloago,  BSllwavkee  ft  St.  Paul  B.  11.— cv;n(, 


194  Rock  Island,  III. 

T88  Savannah,  111. 
Hl'Sabula,  la.* 
147iElk  River. 
157lMile8.»» 
167[Brown8. 
174!Delmar  Junction. 


10  Hamilton.  »«« 


Ms. 


Waukon  Branch. «♦ 


Alt. 


181 
185 
198 
203 


Elwood. 
Lost  Nation. 
Oxford  Junction, 
Olin. 


216  Martelle. 


228 
228 
238 
258 
296 
810 

m 

228 
282 
288 
248 
256 
260 
267 
277 
282 
296 
810 

864 

838 
848 
866 
882 
896 
411 
421 
436 
446 
468 
468 
478 
487 
490 


Marion. 


Marion. 

Cedar  Rapids. 

Amana.*° 

Sigourney.'* 

Hedrick. 

Ottumwa.*' 


«80 


Maquoketa,  6  c.  Niag, 


5  0.  Niagara. 


'<  Tao 

Abciut  Junction  of 
Niag.  and  Hamilton. 
10  Hamilton, 


{ 


0  Waukon  Juno. 


9 
23 


Waterville. 
Waukon. 


I  3  b.  St.  Peter  in  hUlg, 
\  3  a.  L.  Magn. 

(4  a.  Trenton  in  hills, 
3  a.  L.  Mogn.,  3 1).  .St. 
Peter  in  volley. 
4  a.  Trenton. 


Cascade  Branch. 


119 


13  d.  St.  Louis. 
13c.Keok.cScl3d.St.L 


Marion. 

Louisa. 

Covington. 

Atkins, 

Van  Home. 

Keystone. 

Elberon. 

Gladstone. 

Tama  City. 

Pickering. 

Melbourne. 


10  Hamilton. 


Des  Moines.*' 


Cambridge. 

Madrid. 

Perry. 

Bagley. 

Coon  Rapids. 

Templeton. 

Aspinwall. 

Defiance. 

Panama. 

Persia. 

Neola. 

Weston. 

Council  Bluffs,  la 

Omaha,  Neb. 


20  a.  Glacial  DrifL 

13  a.  Kinderhook.  •»» 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
II 


8     7 


14  Lower  Coal,  etc. 
II 


977 


20  a.  Glocial  Drift. 


20  b.  Loess. 


980 


0 

11 


Bellevue. 
La  Motte. 


16Zwingle.«» 

22  Wosh'n  Mills. 
25Bernord.»» 
80  Fillmore. »» 
86Ca8cade. 


36 


(5  c.  Niag.  in  bliiffg, 
Maquoketa  in  valley 
bottom,  20  b.  Loess. 
20  b.  Loess,  6  c.  Ning. 
f20  b.  Loess,  2()  n. 
\  Drift,  6  0.  Niagara. 
20  b.  Loess,  « 

6  c.  Niagara,       " 
«  II 

5o.  Niagara,  20  a.  20  b 


Illlnola  Central  Ballroad. 

Iowa  DiTision. 


0  Dubuque." 

lOJulien. 

15Peo8ta. 

23  Farley. 

29:  Dyers  ville. 

37|Earlville. 

41  Delaware. 

47  Manchester. 

64|Masonville. 

6l!Winthrop. 

69  Independence. 

78,Jesup. 

86  Raymond. 

98j  Waterloo. 

98iJn.C.F.&M.R.R, 

99;Cedar  Falls. 
109  New  Hartford. 
118  Parkersburg. 
123  Aplington. 
132  Ackley. 
143;Iowa  Falls. 
149|Alden. 
1581  Williams. 
172!  Webster  City. 
192  Fort  Dodge." 


4  a.  Trenton. 
Maquoketa. 
6  0.  Niagara 


II 


10  Hamilton. 


61i 
14} 

747 
1111 

940 

1084 

950 

1093 

921 
990 

SSI 

959 


l<  953 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift, 

13  a.  Kinderhook.il" 
II 

II  lies 

Gl.  Drift. 

"      13d.St.L.»o'« 
13  d.  St.  Louis,     ic" 


<i 
II 
II 


the  Lower  Till  when  they  are  absent)  are  commonly  overlain  by  Loess,  which  is  generally  uncon- 
formable to  all  older  deposits,  but  in  southern  Iowa  often  merges  by  imperceptible  gradations 
into  the  Upper  TilL  The  Loess  in  the  south  and  west  ia  often  attenuated  or  absent  on  divides  and 
frequently  eroded  from  valleys,  and  thus  forms  onlv  the  brows  of  the  hills.  The  common  phase  of 
the  Loess  attains  its  best  development  alon^  the  Missouri  River.  In  north-eastern  Iowa,  extending 
below  the  Niagara  escarpment  and  overlapping  the  Drift  margin  for  some  miles,  is  another  phase  of 
the  Loess,  peculiar  in  its  attitude; — it  sometimes  descends  into  valleys,  but  generally  seeks  eminences, 
and  caps  the  highest  Hdges  and  divides  in  the  region.  The  rivers  occaslonallv  exhibit  anomalous 
behavior  in  the  same  region,  in  that  they  have  manifestly  avoided  and  deserted  lowlands  and  hsTa 
sought  and  corraded  their  channels  in  plateaus  and  in  the  axes  of  ridges.  (See  note  67.)  Within  the 
portion  of  the  Wisconsin  "  Driftless  Region  "  extending  into  Iowa,  which  is  bounded  by  the  Niagara 
escarpment,  Glacial  Drift  Is  absent,  and  the  prevailing  superficial  covering  ia  a  residuary  clay  formed 
through  secular  deoomposition  of  the  subjacent  strata,  together  with  a  sheet  of  Loess  and  Drift 
debris.    Alluvium  occurs  along  all  the  streams  of  the  State,  and  its  amount  varies  with  fheir  volume, 

-  ' 

L    North  MeQregor.   St.  Peter  is  hills. 


1  B.  11.— Cunt. 
Alt. 

Poter  in  hills, 
Miign. 

mton  in  hills, 
VIagn.,31...St. 
n  valley, 
ton. 


lag.  in  bliitfg, 
ketain  vallej 
,  20  b.  Loess. 
B8,  6  c.  King. 
Loess,  20  a. 
5  0.  Niagara. 

58, 

ara, 


It 


:ara,20tt.  20  b 
ro»d. 


aton. 

614 

eta. 

S4i 

gara 

74? 

nn 

340 

1084 

»J0 

10S3 

ilton. 

921 

990 

Ml 


SSt 


953 

acial  Drift, 
nderhook.n" 

1165 

rt. 

ISd-St.!."'* 
Louis.     i°" 

generally  unoon- 
>tible  gradations 
i  on  dfvides  and 
ommon  phase  of 
Iowa,  extondin? 
another  pha.se  of 
leeks  eminences, 
;hibit  anomalous 
nrlands  and  hare 
I  67.)  Within  the 
i  by  the  Niagara 
uary  clay  formed 

Loess  and  Dn» 
IthfheirTolume. 


llllnoU  Oantral  Railroad. 


M».             Iowa  DlTlsIon— 

Continued.              Alt. 

210  Manson. 

20 

Glacial  Drift.  »»♦» 

2181'omeroy. 

20 

a.  Glacial  Dft.  i»«* 

220, Fonda. 

235;Newell. 

245  Storm  Lake. 

14                                            * 

258'Aurelia. 

268  Cherokee. 

"20b.LoeBs.i"» 

283  Marcus. 

II                   II            148B 

291  Rcmsen. 

II                   11           1 S  S  8 

802|Lo  Mars. 

II                   II           12  21 

819  James' 

20  b.  Loess  &  Woodb'y. 

827  Sioux  City. 

II                   II            1122 

IOWA. 


Ml 


MT 


ChloHgo  and  North- We«t«rn  K.  H. 

Council  Bluffs  and  Omaha  Line— 0>nt. 


Alt. 


Cedar  Fulls  nod  Minnesota  Bmnoli. 


0|  Waterloo. 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

862 

12  Janesville. 

692 

l8,Waverly. 

642 

27;Plainfleld. 

eae 

85  Nashua. 

«7B 

46  Charles  City. 

1012 

62;Floyd. 

HOT 

63  i  Osage. 

1178 

67 1  West  Mitchell. 

72  St.  Ansgar. 

1179 

80'Mona. 

1203 

Cbicago  and  North-Wegtern  Kallroad. 

Clinton  and  Anamosa  Line. 


Oi  Clinton. 

5o 

Niagara. 

617 

8]Lyons.i» 

II 

617 

10Almont.«» 

"  Maquoketa.' 9  2 

17  Bryant. 

So 

Niagara. 

802 

26  Charlotte. 

II 

711 

83  Delmar  Junot'n. 

It 

837 

88 

Maquoketa. 

II 

718 

44 

Nashville. 

II 

789 

47 

Baldwin. 

II 

744 

60  Monmouth. 

II 

791 

67  Onslow. 

II 

•  86 

64  Amber. 

<( 

es6 

71 

Anamosa. 

11 

(44 

1G3  Grand  Mound. 
IG9  Calamus. 
178  Wheatland. 
1 1 78  Loudon. 
il85  Clnrence. 
il90Stanwood. 
195  Mechanicsville. 
202}  Lisbon. 
208  Mouht  Vornon. 
210iBertrani. 
210|Cedflr  Rapids. 
227 1  Fairfax. 
234.  Norway. 
244jBlairstown. 
240;Luzernc. 
254  i  Belle  Plaine. 
260  Chelsea. 
270Tama. 
277iMontour. 
280' Le  Grand. 
283  Quarry. 
288lMarshall.«o 
i'OG;  Lamoille. 
303, State  Centre. 
310Col. 
;317|Novada. 
326  Ames. 
1 330!  Ontario. 
'335Midway. 
1 3401  Boone. 
|346|Moingona. 
352  Ogden. 


Council  Bluffs  and  Omaha  Line. 


0 
138 
143 
147 
162 
167 


Chicago. 
Clinton. 
Camanche. 
Low  Moor. 
Malone. 
De  Witt. 


( As  before.) 
0  0.  Niagara. 


<i 
<i 
<i 
« 


609 


687 


699 


357 

363 
370 
379 
388 
396 
406 
408 
416 
424 
433 
441 
450 
458 
467 
482 
488 


5  c.  Niagara. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

II 
11 
II 

10  b.  Hamilton. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

<« 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

13  a.  Kinderhook. 
II 

(I 


Beaver. 
Grand  Junction, 
New  Jefferson. 
Scranton. 
Glidden. 
Carroll. 
Arcadia. 
West  Side. 
Vail. 
Denison. 
Dowville. 
Dunlap. 
Woodbine. 
Logan.  •** 

Mo.  Valley  Jo." 
Crescent.' » 
Council  Bluffs." 


736 
731 
•  •• 
ft 

•«a 
••• 
ttt 

181 

sss 

»•» 

744 
714 
10* 
l»» 

140 

832 
868 
9  St 
(»• 

893 


13  c.  Keokuk. 

14  a.  Low.  Coal  Mres. 

II  1094 

i.  105* 

II  lOTT 

13  d.  St.  Louis.        9  36 

14  a.  Lower  Coal. 

« 

<l  iiss 

II  90  7 

<i  1109 

II  1041 

II  lOt-l 

II  1071 

20  a.  Olaoial  Drift. 
II 

II  1740 

II  143  9 

l< 

20b.Loe88,20a.Gl.Dft. 

II     1193 


41 
«< 
<t 
« 


II 
« 


14o.Up.orl4b.Mid.Cl. 
II  II    1 0  a  a 

«  <l     1*0  9 

«  «       OS* 


2.  PostviUt.  Galena  and  Maquoketa,  with  Niagara  outlier  to  south  and  Trenton  exposures  to 
north. 

3.  Qear  Lake  to  Canton,  The  road  traverses  a  plain  of  Glacial  Drift,  characterized  by  the  lakes, 
marshes  and  nascent  drainage  system  of  the  region  circumscribed  by  the  Terminal  Moraine.  The 
drift  is  of  great  thickness  and  the  subterrane  wholly  unknown. 

4.  Sabula.    Maquoketa  in  slopes,  Niagara  in  hill-tops. 

^   5.   MeOook.    One  of  the  finest  exposures  of  Loess  in  the  Missouri  basin  extends  along  this 
Railway  from  Sioux  01^  to  McCook. 

6.  There  are  no  rook  exposures  on  this  division,  and  the  author  of  this  chapter  is  not  respon- 
sible for  the  formations  here  given. 

7.  FapMt.  The  contact  oetween  Devonian  and  Silurian  rocks,  seen  only  at  one  other  locality 
In  the  State  (near  Central  City,  Linn  Co.),  la  well  exhibited  here  in  a  natural  expotore  in  the  nortk> 
vesteta  part  of  the  town. 


IP 


|!| 


ml  4 


is  ', 


\im 


im 


I    ; 


M  "f     {■■ 


H. 


288 


AN  AMERICAN  0E0L06IGAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (lA.) 


Ohleago  and  North-Western  R.  R.—  Cont. 
Ms.        St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis  Lines.        Alt. 


8 

11 

14 

18 

2i 

'Ab 

3i 

87 

44 

6U 

68 

69 

66 

73 

81 

88 

94 

100 

108 

117 

121 

181 

187 


Des  Moines.** 

Saylor. 

Trent. 

Ankeny. 

Pelton. 

Polk  City. 

Ulm. 

Sheldahl. 

Kelley. 

Ames. 

Gilbert. 

Story. 

Randall. 

Jewell. 

Kamrar. 

Webster  City. 

Woolstock. 

Eagle  Grove. 

Thrall. 

Renwick. 

Whitman. 

Iryington. 

Algona. 

Burt. 

Bancroft. 


14  a.  Lower  Ccal.   »»* 

«  884 

(I 

«  1034 

« 

II 

II  lOAO 

II 

13  d.  St.  Louis.       »♦» 
«     20a.Dft.ii»* 

II  II  1189 

II  i<  120T| 

20  a.  Drift.  »<>" 

"  14  c.  Low.  Coal. 
"    13d.St.L.io«« 

20  a.  Drift.  "09 

«  1188 

ii  lias 


II 
II 
Ii 
II 
II 


rise 

1176 
1228 
1178 
1188 


Maple  River  R.  R.  Branch.** 


0 
7 
17 
27 
88 
46 
64 
60 


Maple  River  Jo. 
Breda. 

Wall  Lake. «» 
Odebolt.        "•• 
Ida  Grove. 
Battle  Creek. 
Danbury. 
Mapleton. 


20  a.  Glaoial  Dft.  io«» 

«  1188 

i(  loss 

'<  and  20  b.  Loess. 
Dft. in  valley   "   10 »» 


1028 
884 

889 


Sac  City  Branch** 


0  Wall  Lake.** 
18  Sac  City. 
21  Early. 

29Schaller.       i«3» 
86|GaIra. 
44  Holstein. 


52 
67 
70 


Cushing. 

Correctionville. 

Kingsley. 


20  a.  Glacial  Dft.  10  8  9 

<(  1104 

«  1144 

'*  and  20  b.  Loess. 

II                         i<  1098 

i<                       <i  1354 

<i  1313 

«  844 

i<  1047 


Tipton  Branch. 


190 

194 
198 


Stanwood. 

Walden. 
Tipton. 


{ 


5  c.  Niag.  over-    *«* 
lain  by  Dft. 


II 
II 


"&  Loess. 


Chicago  and  North-Westem  R.  "R.—Cont. 
Ma.        Eagle  Grove  and  Hawarden  Line.       Alt 


868 
377 
386 
391 
898 
404 
413 
421 
428 
487 
443 
460 
465 
459 
479 
488 
499 
614 


Etogle  Grove. 

Thor. 

Dakota  City.** 

Rutland. 

Bradgate. 

Rolfe  Junction. 

Havelock. 

Lawrence. 

Marathon. 

Sioux  Rapids. 

Lime  Grove. 

Peterson. 

Waterman  Sdg 

Sutherland.  i**9 

Granville. 

Alton. 

Maurice. 

Hawarden. 

( Continuec 


20  a.  Drift.  ui» 

«  IJTl 

ISa.Kind'k.  Drift."«i 
«•  ?  "    lur 

20  a.  Drift.  »iu 

II 

20  a.  Glacial  Dft.  nti 

13BI 

ttu 
1283 

1276 
I2S7 


II 
(I 
II 
II 
II 


"  and  20  b.  Loess. 

"  "     1419 

<<     1S2< 
<<     1321 

1201 

in  Dakota.) 


Iowa  and  South- Western  Railway. 


0 
17 
26 
36 


17 
29 
86 


Carroll. 
Manning. 
Gray. 
Audubon. 


Manning. 

Irwin. 

Kirkman. 


"♦'Drift.  14c.Low.CoiL 

«  "  1141 

"  <<  UJJ 

«  «  1131 

l<  It  iu» 

Loess,  Drift.     "  i<"» 

«  «  10S4 


Iowa,  Dakota  and  Minnesota  Division. 


270 
278 

281 
298 
306 

810 
314 
829 
836 
389 

364 
864 
875 
880 
397 


Tama. 
Toledo. 


SS8 

878 


Garwin.  »" 

Conrad.         "*» 
Whitten.       »«•» 

Eldora  June." 

Gififord. 

Lawn  Hill. 

Radcliffe. 

Ellsworth. 

Jewell  Junction. 

Stanhope. 

Stratford. 

Dayton. 

Gowrie. 

Franklinville. 

Lake  City. 


Loess  in  plateau  to 
N.W.,  18a.KindeN 
hook,  Drift. 
Loess  in  plateau  to 
the  West,  Drift,  14  0. 
Low.  Coal  in  vicin- 
ity, 18  a.  Kinderh'k. 
20  Alluvium. 

II  941 

20  a.  Drift,  14  c.  La 

II  II    T20t 

20  a.  Drift.  i"* 

II  1071 

"    14c.L.Cl.i'«i 


<i 
II 
II 
II 
II 


i( 

II  HOD 
II  list 
II 

II    1361 


8.  Davenport,  Hamilton  in  vallevs  and  hillsides,  and  feruginous  sandstone  of  the  Lower  Coal 
on  eminences,  overlain  by  Qlacial  Drift,  Forest  Bed  and  Loess.  The  brown  sandstone  occurs  also 
at  Muscatine,  Iowa  City,  Eldora,  and  ei^ewhere.  It  is  referred  to  Lower  Coal  with  doubt.  It  ocoun 
in  isolated  outliers  end  was  probably  deposited  in  independent  basins,  as  indicated  by  Hall  in  1868. 

0.    Lanting.    St.  Peter  In  hills. 

10.  Harper't  Ferry.    St.  Peter  in  hills. 

11.  YeUowJtiver.    St.  Peter  in  hills. 

12.  Clapton.    St.  Peter,  with  Trenton  on  hills. 

18.    WauptUm.   Trenton  and  Oalena,  with  Maquoketa  and  Niagara  In  bills. 


.) 

n  R.  R.- 

Cont. 

en  Line. 

Alt 

rift. 

118> 

llTl 

id'k.  Drift.ii*i  1 

f 

1147 

rift. 

llii 

laoial  Dft 

ini 

1381 

1414 

12JJ 

1276 

1157 

and  20  b.  Loess. 


14  0.  Low.  CoiL 


Ota  Division. 

18  in  plateau  to 
IT.,  18  a.  KindeN 

Drift. 
38  in  plateau  to 
West,  Drift,  14  0. 
.  Goal  in  vicin- 
ISa.Kinderh'k. 
uvium. 

941 


of  tiie  Lower  CmI 
idstone  occurs  »l«o 
1  doubt.  It  occun 
«d  by  Hall  in  m- 


IOWA. 


289 


Mb.  Cbiosgo,  Rook  Isl'd  and  Pao.  R.  R.  Alt, 


0 

183 

195 

199 

208 
211 
216 
221 
227 
287 
252 
257 
267 
277 
287 
293 
802 
818 


Chicago. 

Davenport.'    '*" 

Woloott. 

Fulton. 

Wilton. 

Moscow. 

Atalissa. 

West  Liberty. 

Downey. 

Iowa  City.'* 

Oxford.' « 

Homestead." 

Marengo." 

Victor. 

Brooklyn.' • 

Malcolm. 

Grinnell.*® 


1 


{ 


806 


840 

857 
872 
879 
386 
892 
897 
403 
408 
415 
422 
436 
465 
463 
474 
490 


Kclligg. 

Newton. 

Colfax. 

Mitchellsville. 

Des  Moines." 

Booneville. 

De  Soto. 

Earlham. 

Dexter. 

Stuart. 

Quthrie. 

Casey. 

Adair. 

Anita. 

Atlantic. 

ATOca. 

Shelby. 

Neola. 

Council  Bluffs. 


(As  before.) 

20  a.  GLDft.,20  b. 

Loess,  14  a.  Low.  CI. 

10  Hamilton. 
20  a.  Glacial  Drift.7" 

5  c.  Niagara.       *  " 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

5  0.  Niagara.  •  ^ " 

10  Hamilton.  •" 

« 

<l  686 

II  68  3 

II  671 

11  730 

li  8  66 
li 

20  a.  GlDft.,  20  b.  Loess 

20  a.  G).  Drift.        "• 
II 

K  1011 

14  a.  Lower  Coal.   "  ^ 

11  9  58 

18  d.  St.  Louis.        »" 
14  a.  Lower  Coal.    "  • 

II  800 

It 

(t 

14  0.  Upper  Coal. 

i<  1146 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 


II 
II 
i« 
II 


1268 
1226 


20b.Loess,20a.Gl.Dft 


li 
II 
II 


II 
II 

11 


ess 


South-Western  Division. 


2081Wilton. 

220  Muscatine.  *» 

233!0nowa. 

240Fredonia. 
1 242  Columbus  Juno. 
Ains  worth. 

258  Washington. 

271  Brighton.*' 

286  Fairfield" 
|292Libertyvme. 
{304  Eldon. 
|317  Belknap. 
|883  Unionville. 
|345  CeutrevUle. 
Seymour. 

( Continued' 


6  O.Niagara.  *"" 

<i  S44 

13  a.  Kinderhook. 

li 

II  88B 

18  d.  St.  Louis. 

ii  788 

ii 

II  767 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
18  0.  Keokuk. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal.   '^^ 

II 

II  101 3 

14c.Up.orl4b.M.CL 
in  Missouri.) 


Chloago,  Rook  Isl'd  and  Paoiflo  R.  R.— Oimf. 

Mb.        Indianola  and  Winterset  Branch.        Alt. 


0 
8 
10 
16 
18 
21 

16 
21 
26 
30 
34 
42 


Des  Moines." 

Avon. 

Carlisle. 

Somerset  Juno. 

Somerset. 

Indianola. 


Somerset  June. 

Spring  Hill. 

Lathrop. 

Bevington. 

Patterson. 

Winterset.*' 


14  a.  Lower  CoaL    '•» 
ii 

11 

14  b.  Middle  CoaL 
11 

ii 


ii 


14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 


ii 

11 


OskaloQg.k  Branch. 


0 
16 
20 
28 
86 
43 

62 

68 
63 
68 
78 


Washington. 

Keota. 

Harper. 

Sigoumey.'* 

Delta.** 

Rose  Hill.*' 

Oskaloosa.      "o 

Enoxville  June. 
Olivet 
Harvey. 
Knoxville. 


13  d.  St  Louis.        »" 

14  a.  Lower  Coal. 

ii 

"      18  d.  St  L. 


r  14  a.  Lower  Coal. 
( Loess.    Drift 
Drift,  14  a.  L.  CI. 


11 
ii 
II 


"  18  d.  StL. 
II         i< 


Keokuk  and  Des  Moines  Division. 


0 
24 

36 

47 

62 

71 

86 

98 

116 

123 

126 

132 

137 

147 

162 


Des  Moines." 

Prairie  City. 

Monroe. 

Pella.*' 

Oskaloosa.      '" 

Eddyville.*'  «»' 

Ottumwa.'*    "0 

Eldon. 

uiummit. 

Bentonsport. 

Bonaparte. 

Farmington. 

Croton. 

Sand  Prairie. 

Keokuk. 


14  a.  Lower  CoaL   ■"* 
II 

11 

14  a.  Lower  CoaL 

[StL. 

<'18o.Eeo.l8d. 
ii        11         i< 


II        I 

18  0.  Keokuk, 
li 


II 

1084 


II 
11 
II 
II 


and  14  b. 

i< 


13c.Keok.&18a.Kind> 


Audubon  Branch. 


0 

1 

12 

16 
26 


Atlantic. 
Audubon  Juno. 
Brayton. 

Exira.*' 
Audubon. 


'Drift,  Loess  in  val- 
leysides,  Subterrane 
probably  14  c.  U.  CI. 
18  Nishnabotnanear 
to  South-easi. 
Drift,  Loess.  [CL 

"        "ov.  14  b.  Mid. 


Carson  and  Harlan  Bra.ich. 


1 
^8 

1 
13 


Carson. 
Avoca. 


Harlan  Junction, 
Harlan. 


Loess  and    Drift 
ov'jr   14  0.    Upper 
^  Coal. 
Loess  and  Drift. 


14.  iSp«eM'8  ,F>rry.    Trenton  and  (3alen%  with  Maqnoketa  and  Niagara  in  hills. 

15.  Peru.   Trenton  and  Oaiena,  with  Maquoketa  and  Niagara  in  hills. 

16.  Dvbuqut.   Trenton  in  river  bed,  Galena  in  hlila,  Maquoketa  on  eminences,  overlaid  by  Loeai» 


i'fi! 


; 


f 


;\v- 


240 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    ( lA.) 


m 


I    r! 


If. ''  '.  ' 


ii  ^  J. 


■!■  ^     Vl 


Jii-^C 


M:.-li  ■ 


OhloagOt  Book  laland  and  Pac.  B.  B.— dont 
Ms.  Monroe  Bm  ich.  Alt. 


0 
10 
17 


Newton. 

Reaanor.*^ 

Monroe. 


14  a.  Low  Coal. 


« 


Guthrie  Braach. 


0 

6 

16 


Menlo. 
Glendon. 
Guthrie  Centre. 


D'ftoverl4c.Up.Cl.? 
"      Nish'botna, 


South-Western  Division. 


188 
192 
197 
203 

211 


Davenport.' 
Buffalo. 
Montpelier, 
Fairport. 

Muscatine.  *i 


As  before. 

tFossilifer's  10  Ham- 
ilton in  valley,  14  c. 
Lower  Coal  in  hills. 
/  Loess,  D'ft,  10  Ham- 
(  ilton,  14  0.  L.  Coal, 


Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quinoy  B,  B. 

Iowa  Division. 


Oi  Burlington.  »* 
QJMiddletown.   '25 

13'Danville.         ^i' 

19  New  London. 

28: Mt.  Pleasant. »»» 

85,  Rome. 

4261endale. 

60B'airfield.»i 

£6  Whitfield. 

62Batavia. 

69  Agency. 

75  0ttumwa.»« 

83  Chillicothe. 

88  Dudley. 

91  Frederic. 
lOOiAlbia. 
108  Tyrone. 
114|  Melrose. 
122iRusBell. 


78S 


180 
189 
146 
156 
166 
180 
190 
195 
211 
215 
225 
283 


Chariton. 

Lucas. 

Woodbum. 

Osceola. 

Murray. 

Afton. 

Creston. 

Cromwell. 

Coming. 

Brooks*. 

Villisoa. 

Starton. 


Chicago,  Burlington  and  Qulnoy  R,  R. 

Ms.  Iowa  Division — Qmtinued.  x\t. 


1018 


13  b.  Burlington,     sac 
20a.  Gl.Dft.,  20b.  Loess 


13c.Keok.&13d.St.L. 

13  b.  Burl.  &  18  c.  Keok. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal.   "^^ 
18  d.  St.  Louis.       '"^ 

«  677 

14  a.  Lower  Coal.   '*° 

((  8  01 

13  C.Keokuk.  ««0| 

«  045 

"  &  18  d.  St.  L. 
20Gl.Dft.&14a.L.Cl. 

It  fi  048 

«  «  819 

«  «  8  58 

«  «  1 0 1  7 

«  <l  1030 

14  c.  U.  or  14  b.  Mid.  C. 
14  c.  Up.  &  Mid.  Coal. 

«  lias 

«  118  8 


241  Red  Oak. 
265  Hastings. 
261  Malvern. 

271  Glenwood. 

275  Pacific  June.  5  a 
279iE.  Plattsmouth. 


f  14o.U.orl4b.M.C 
\  Nish.  &  20  b.  Loesa. 
20  b.. Loess. 

f  14b.  ore.  U. or  Mid 
\  Coal  &  20  b.  Loo?.. 
J14o.  Up.  orMiil.  ^"» 
I  Coal  &  20  b.  Loess. 
14  c.  U.  or  Mid.  CI.  sso 
River  mud.  924  j 


Des  Moines,  Chariton  and  St.  Joseph  Branch. 


0  Indianola. 

5  Ackworth. 
11  Milo. 
19  Lacona. 
26  Oakley. 
SO  Indianola  Junct. 
30  Chariton.       io»o 
44  Derby. 
50  Humeston. 
56 1  Garden  Grove. 
69 'Leon.  5* 


14a.L.&14b.Md7d 

«  (< 

«  (t 

«  K 

><  (( 

«  « 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Jlres 

[Mrs. 

14b.U.orl4c.Mid.Cl. 

(i    102S 


« 


« 
It 

« 
« 
« 


laao 

1137 


1004 


190:  Creston. 
207  Lenox. 
225' Bedford. 
234 'Hopkins. 


241  Red  Oak.       io»» 

254  Essex. 

259  Shenandoah. 

266  Farragut. 

271Riverton. 

280  Hamburg. 

291:  Nebraska  City. 


« 
« 


« 


f  14  c.U.  or  14  b.  Mid. 
\  Coal.  Nishnabotna. 
20  b.  Loess.  > 


« 
« 


97) 
961 
9]1 
911 


River  mud. 


Albia  and  Des  Moines  Branch. 


OAlbia. 

OJLovilla.  . 
14{Bussey. 
191Tracey.»» 
25|  Durham. 
28|Flaglers. 

33Knoxville. 

37'Donnelly. 
43  Pleasantville. 
49  Swan. 
68; Des  Moines." 


Drift  over  14  a.  L  CL 

«  II 


loi.St.L 


« 


Loess  &  Dft.  ove  " 
Drift  over  14  a.  LCI. 
f  Loess,  Drift,  14  a.  L  I 
"iCoal,  13d.St.Loui!.| 
Drift  over  14  a.  L.  G. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal.  "' 


17.  Lyont.    The  Maquoketa  passes  beneath  the  Niagara  a  mile  north  of  Lyons,  where  the  cod-  I 
tact  is  well  exhibited  in  an  artlflclal  cutting. 

18.  BUmort.    Treaton  in  valley.  Galena  |iD  first  bluff,  Maquoketa  in  terrace,  and  Nisgtn  ii  | 
second  bluff. 

19.  MUea.    Maquoketa  in  slopes,  Niagara  in  hills. 

ao.    Amana.    Hamilton,  locally  overlain  by  Lower  Coal  ferruginoua  sandstones. 
81.    Sigoumey.    St.  Louis,  with  Lower  Coal  in  hills. 

S2.    Ottumwa    Keokuk,  with  St  Louis  and  Lower  Coal  on  hills  to  north  and  south. 
23.    Det  JHoinu,    The  Loess  of  Des  Moines  reposes  on  Drift  In  normal  relation,  but  is  in  1°'| 

overlain  by  a  newer  sheet  of  Drift.    Such  supDrposition  U  unknown  elMwharo.    Vidt  Am.  Jawr.  Si 

2d.  XXIV.,  1882.  aoa-ss. 


Joseph  Branch. 
rSUbTiiirCL 


«    102S 

(( 

(( 

« 

« 

,  over  14  a.  L.  CL 


s&Dft.ove  " 

over  14  a.  L.  CI. 
)e88,Drift,U8.L| 
»al,13d.St.Louii.j 
t  over  14  a,  L.  CI. 


fons,  where  the  coo- 
lace,  and  Nisgui  in 


IOWA. 


2^ 


Villisca. 
Clarinda  Junct 
Clarinda. 
Burl'ton  Jc,  Mo. 


14  b.U.CL.Loess,  Drift. 


Chicago,  Burl,  and  Qulnay  B.  B.— CSon(tnu«d. 

Ms.  Branches.  Alt. 

1 

16 
_36 

0 

15 
30 


« 


11 


« 


Chicago,  Burl,  and  Kansas  City  R.  B. 


Creston. 

Orient. 

Fontanel!*. 


Drift,  14  b.  Mid.  Coal. 


0 
11 
22 
29 
44 


Bethany  Junct. 
Eellerton. 
Mt.  Ayr. 
Delphos. 
Grant  City. 


Loess  (sometimes 
absent).  Drift,  14  c. 
Upper  Coal. 


7 

12 
18 


Red  Oak. 

Stennet. 

Elliot. 

Griswold. 


14  c.  Up.  Goal,  Nish- 
nab'na  &  20  b.  Loess 

'Loess,  Drift,  (some- 
times absent),  14  c 

.  Upper  Coal. 


0 

9 
13 

IG 


Hastings. 
Henderson. 
Macedonia. 
Carson  City. 


r  20  b.  Loess  over  14  c. 
\  Upper  Coal. 
(  Loess,  Drift,  (s'times 
\  absent),  14o.  Up.  CI 


0 
12 
18 
2? 


Hastings. 
Randolph. 
Anderson. 
^Sidney. 


'  20  b.  Loess  over  14 
c.  Upper  Coal,  Drift 
sometimes  exposed 
at  base  of  Loess. 


0|  Clarinda. 
ISNorthboro. 


r  Loess,  Drift,   14  c. 
\  Upper  Coal. 


0 
11 

19 

25 
82 
37 


43 


Burlington. 
Wever. 

Ft.  Madison. 

Viele. 
Montrose. 
Ballinger. 
Sandusky. 

Keokuk. 


0 

19 

25 

31 

33 

36 

44 

50 

56 

68 

69 

75 

86 

99 

108 

113 

118 

122 

128 


Burlington.*" 

Fort  Madison. 

Viele. 

Franklin. 

Donaldson. 

Warren. 

Farmington. 

Willits. 

Mount  Sterling. 

Cantril. 

Milton. 

Pulaski. 

Bloomfield. 

Moulton. 

Caldwell. 

Cincinnati. 

Mendota,  Mo. 

Howland,   " 

Unionville," 


983 


13b.Bur.l8o.Keo."» 

«  6  in 

13  c.  Keokuk.         »*» 

«  703 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. »»» 

13  C.Keokuk.  ''o» 
"13d.8t.L.»" 

14  a.  Lower  Coal.   «»* 

i<  •«• 

II  lit 

11  lo* 

II  •4« 

II  114 

<i  ••« 

II  ttr 

II  1017 

CI  8  8S 

14o.Up.orl4b.Mid.a. 
( Con,  in  Mo.) 


1088 


Wabaah,  St.  I.ouia  and  Paclfio  Ballroad, 

St.  Louis  and  Des  Moines  Branch. 


0:St.  Louis. 
229|Qlenwood,  Mo. 


/Loess,  Drift,  13c.»»« 
\Keok.,  13  b.  Burl. 
?  Loess,  D'ft,  13c.  Keo 
\  in  hills,  AUu.  in  val. 
Loess,  Drift. 

Alluvium,    Loess, 

Drift  &  13  0.  Keok. 
Loe8s,Drift,13d.»oi 
\  St.  L.,  13o.  Keokuk. 


230 
252 

266 

279 
293 
298 
317 
328 
343 

844 


Glenwood  Ju^c. 
Centreville. 

Moravia. 

Albia. 

Bussey 

Tracy." 

Dunreath. 

Runnells. 

East  Des  Moines. 

Des  Moines." 


( See  Missouri.) 

•  79 

•  7» 

14  a.  Lower  Coal,  i^i* 

"     overlain  by 

GI.  Drift. 

II  II       948 

13  d.  St.  Louis  " 

II 

14  a.  Lower  Coal. 


I 


1 


"  overlain  by 
20  >>.  Loess  &  20  a. 
Glacial  Drift.      »<»» 


0 

Centreville. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal.  101 8 

7 

Sedan. 

«                      817 

11 

Dean. 

<(                        8iV 

15 

Hamilton. 

•1                           987 

24  Waukon  Branch.  Entirely  in  the  "  Driftless  Area."  The  superficial  detritus  is  residuary 
clays,  sands,  and  alluvium. 

26.    ZwingU.    Attenuated  eastern  margin  of  Glacial  Drift. 

26.  Wathington  MilU.    Maquoketa  a  raw  feet  below  level  of  creek. 

27.  Samara,  Piltnor*.  Between  these  stations  lies  an  insulated  basin  of  Drift,  completely  sur- 
rounded by  Loess. 

28.  Fort  Dodge.    St.  Louis  overlain  b^  Fort  Dodge  resting  on  Lower  Coal  in  hills. 

29.  Almont.    Maquoketa  in  slopes,  Niagara  in  hills. 

30.  Marshall.    St.  Louis  ?    Lower  Coal  in  eminences.    Remarkable  crinoid  bed  near  here. 

31.  Mo.  Valley  Junction.    Glacial  Drift  in  valleys.    Loess  on  uplands. 

32.  ilfapte  River  and  Sae  City  Branches  traverse  an  area  over  which  the  Glacial  Drift  is  of  consid- 
enble  thickness  and  overlain  by  Loess,  gradually  thickening  westward  from  an  irregular  eastern 
margin  generally  coinciding  approximately  with  the  Mississippi-Missouri  watershed. 

i  33.  Wall  Lake  is  named  from  the  adjr^cent  lake,  which  is  in  part  surrounded  by  a  natural  wall  of 
rock,  formed  by  the  long  continued  pus.iing  shoreward  of  the  boulders  lying  upon  its  shallow  bot- 
tom by  the  expansion  or  the  ice  in  whi  jh  they  become  bedded  each  winter. 

34.  Dakota  City.  From  near  Dakota  City  to  the  Big  Sioux  River  this  railway  traverses  a  heavily 
drift-mantled  area,  and  the  subterrane  is  wholly  unknown  empirically.  The  Sub-Carboniferous 
probably  extends  many  miles.    Northwest  of  Dakota  there  may  be  remnants  of  the  Coal  Measures. 

!  The  InoceramuB  and  Woodbury  are  probably  developed  towards  the  state  line  where,  too,  the  red 
quartzites  of  the  Sioux  doubtless  lie  beneath  the  Drift  and  Loess. 
_,  35.   Iowa  City.    Hamilton  in  city,  and  Lower  Coal  sandstones  in  hills  to  northward,  overlain  by 

I  Glacial  Drift  and  Loess.    Locality  of '' Iowa  City  Marble." 

30    Oxford.    Hamilton  with  Lower  Coal  sandstones  in  hills. 


i  I 


S42 


▲M  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (lA.) 


I    ■ill    1    -I 


r 


■    ilr-i"  M  J'    , 


I 


Ms.  WttbMk,  It.  It.  sad  P»e.  B.  B.— Cbn.  Alt. 


269  Keokuk.         «•• 

274  Alexandria,  Mo. 
281  Wayland,       " 
287  Clark  City,    « 
298  Luray,  " 

806  Arbela,  « 

814  Memphis,       « 
826  Downing,       « 
886  Lancaster,      « 
888  Glenwood  Juno. 
862  Sedan. 
869  Centreville. 
887Corydon.       "92 
400  Humeston. 
414  Weldon. 
428  Grand  River. 
468  Goshen. 
484  New  Market. 
492Clarinda.      i(»» 
600  Yorktown. 
618  Shenandoah. 
686  Malvern. 
668  Council  Bluffs. 
Omaha,  Neb. 


{18  c.  Keok.  overlain 
by  20  b.  Loess. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal.  •>' 

«  1018 

14o.Up.orl4b.Mid.Cl. 


« 
« 

« 
« 
« 

A 
« 
« 


<( 
(( 
i( 
« 


20  b.  Loess. 


"•3  m   »T9 


Pes  Moinea  Division  (Narrow  Guage). 


0 
16 
22 
81 
48 
68 
66 
79 
87 
98 
116 


Des  Moines.'* 

Waukee. 

Adel. 

Redfield. 

Panora. 

Hemdon. 

Jefferson. 

Churdan. 

Eads. 

Rockwell  City. 

Fonda. 


968 


(As  before.)  •»'' 

14  a.  Lower  Coal.  1049 

«  901 

«  and  18  Nish. 

«  «     10  74 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
« 

« 

« 

« 


Ohio.,  St.  Paul,  Bllnneap.  and  Omaha  B*y. 

St.  Paul,  Omaha  and  Kansas  City. 


0 
8 
26 
80 
42 
60 
68 
67 
74 
92 


Sioux  City,   ii" 

James. 

LeMars. 

Seney.  i"» 

East  Orange. 

Hospers. 

Sheldon. 

St.  Oilman. 

Sibley. 

Worthington. 


20b.  Loess  &  18  Woodb. 
20  b.  Loess. 

«  1281 

««&20a.Gl.Dft. 
20  a.  Gl.  Drift.      i»o» 

(<  13  8  8 

«  140SI 

«  1442' 

«  15  09 

( See  Minnesota., 


Sioux  Oltj  and  Paetfle  Bailroad. 


0 
9 
22 
88 
68 
60 
66 
71 
77 


Sioux  City.  "»» 
Sergeant's  Bluffs. 
Sloan. 
Onawa. 
River  Sioux. 
Mondamin. 
Modale. 

California  June. 
Missouri  Valley 


20b.Loe88&  18  Woodb 

"  «     1001 

«  M   lost 

AlluTium  &  Loess. > <>•« 
« 

« 
« 

« 


Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  and  Coanoll  Bloflb, 


1 
6 
14 
17 
20 
26 
30 
34 
40 
61 


Council  Bluffs.      20  b.  Loess. 

Traders'  Point.     20.  Alluvium. 

Pacific.  « 

Pacific  Junot.B  a 

Haney's." 

Bartlett. 

McPaul. 

Peroival. 

E.Nebraska  City 

Hamburg. 

(Continued  in  Missouri.) 


« 
« 

« 


ail 

»H 

•<1 

9«0 
III 
>4i 

•  «0 

•  It 
til 
911 


Des  Moines  and  Fort  Dod^e  Bailroad. 


ODes  Moines.'' 

8  Ashewa. 
16  Waukee. 
21  Dallas  Centre. 
27  Minburn. 
34  Perry. 
42  Rippey. 
60  Grand  Junction. 
69  Paton. 
67  Gowrie. 
73  Callender. 
82  Tara. 

88  Fort  Dodge." 


82 
89 
100 
108 
114 
119 
130 
137 


Tara. 

Clare. 

Gilmore. 

Rolfe. 

Plover. 

Mallard. 

Ayrshire. 

Ruthven. 


14  a.  Low.  CI.  Mres.'or 


IS 

O 


>os 

1041 
lOli 

1011 

»7t 

lOll 

lOSi 

nil 

1191 


"  11J9 

/  18d.  St.Louis,»»" 
\  18  d.  Fort  Dodge, 


20  a.  Drift,  14  a.  LCI? 

20  a.  Drift. 
II 

"  18a.Eind'h'k? 

II  II 

II 

II 

II 


37.  Homestead.    Hamilton  with  Lower  Coal  sandstones  in  hills. 

38.  Marengo.    Hamilton  with  Lower  Coal  sandstones  in  hills. 

39.  Brooklyn.    Glacial  Drift  with  St.  Louis?  in  artificial  exposures. 

40.  OrinneU,    About  the  undetermlnod  eastern  margin  of  the  Lower  Goal. 

41.  Muscatine.  Hamilton  with  Lower  Coal  sandstones  on  hills,  overlain  by  Glacial  Drift  ui 
Loess.  From  Davenport  to  Muscatine  the  Mississippi  has  corraded  its  channel  through  one  of  tb« 
Carboniferous  outliers  (ferruginous  sandstone,  with  pockets  of  coal)  characteristic  of  eastern  Ion 
<cf.  Hall,  Geol.  la.,  1868.  Pt.  1, 44, 120  et  seq.)  and  into  Hamilton  strata  which  decline  from  perhtp 
loo  feet  above  the  river  at  Davenport  to  its  level  Just  below  Muscatine.  The  stratified  rocks  in 
overlain  by  Drift,  generally  capped  by  Loess,  which  is  typical  in  Muscatine. 

42.  Brighton.    St.  Louis,  with  Lower  Coal  to  southward  in  hills. 

43.  Winttirtvt.    Lower  Cioal  in  river,  Upper  and  Middle  Coal  generally. 
4A,    Data.    St.  Louis,  with  Lower  Cloal  fn  hills. 


1  Coanoil  Blofb. 


lodge  Railroad. 

Low.  CI.  MreB.'" 


,Drift,14a.L.CU 

Drift. 
I" 
«  18  a.  Kind'h'k! 


by  Glacial  Drift  wd 
Jl  through  one  of  tm 
istic  of  eastern  Ion 
decline  from  perW 

^  stratified  rocks  in 


IOWA. 


248 


Ms. 
0 
176 
268 
269 
278 
278 
291 
299 
811 
822 
827 
836 
843 
349 
354 
363 


Central  Iow»  Hallway^ 


•» 


Alt. 


St.  Louia. 

Keokuk. 

Ottumwa."' 

Eddyviile.** 

Givin. 

Oskaloosa. 

New  Sharon. 

Searaboro. 

Grinnell.*' 

Qilman. 

Dillon. 

Marahalltown.  ^" 

Albion. 

Lisoomb. 

Union.  i"^' 

Eldora. 

St'mboatRook.'T 


874 
879 
384 
389 
895 
404 
412 
424 


Abbott. 

Ackley. 

Franklin. 

Geneva. 

Hampton. 

Chapin. 

Rockwell. 

Mason  City. 


(See  Miaaouri.) 

18  0.  Keokuk.  so^ 

«  680 

"  ISd.St  L.    «?» 
«  « 

14  a.  Lower  Coal,   '^o 

18  d.  St.  Louia.  »io 
20  a.  Glacial  Dft.  lo^^ 
18  0.  Keokuk.        io3» 

«  8  98 

ISo.Keo.&ISd.St.L? 
20  a.  Glacial  Drift.  98  8 

l<  10  78 

14a.  L;Cl.,ferugin's  as. 
«  «    iiss 

{<(  <(     1061 

13c.  Keo.,  13a.  Kind. 
20  a.  Glacial  Drift.ii»« 

««  117T 

13  a.  Kinderhook."»« 
20  a.  Glacial  Dft.  i^si 

«  1140 

«  1246 

10  Hamilton.  "»» 
10  b.    "  ii»o 


93W.KeithBburg.«7 
lOOEIrick. 
108  Morning  Sun. 
119  Winfield. 
molds. 
182  Wayland. 
185Coppaok. 
142  Brighton.  4  2 
147  Clay. 
151  Richland. 
169  Hedrick. 
i  176  Fremont. 
:  182  Wright. 
Il89  08kaloo8a. 


19  Hickory. 

23|Maxon. 
24|Albia. 


20  Alluvium. 


at 

GLDft.  "H'd-pan."5  I 

«  « 

(I 

13d.  St.  L.,  14a.  in  EilTs 

20  Gl.  Drift. 

"  over  14  a.  L.  Gl 
«  « 

<i  « f 

i(  « f 

14  a.  Lower  Coal.    *  *  o 


"    ?     >  ,2 


{Loesa,  Drift  ov.  13  c. 
Keok.  &  13  d.  St.  L 
Loess,  D'ftov.  14a.  L.C 


Belmond  Branch.** 


0 
14 
22 


Belmond. 
Lattimer. 
Hampton. 


t  Drift  over  undeter- 
mined Sub-Carbon- 
iferous strata. 


Centna  Iowa  Hallway— CbnNniMd. 

Ms.  Story  City  Branch. 


Alt. 


0  Marshalltown. 

4iMinerya  Junot. 
11  Minerva. 
13  Bromley. 
17  St.  Anthony. 
22Zearing.s» 
83  Roland. 
89  Story  City. 


118o.  Keok.,  13  d.  St. 
Louis,  partly  over- 
lain by  D'ft  &  Loess. 
Drift  and  Alluvium. 
Drift  over  14  a.  L.  Gl.  ? 


K 
(I 


(( 


«  tt 

"    13  d.  St.  Louis. 


State  Center  Branch. 


0 

6 

24 

83 


Grinnell.*o 
Newburg. 
State  Center  Jet. 
State  Center. 


20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
20a.  D'ftov.  14a.  L.C? 


Newton  Branch. 


OINewaharon. 
14  Lynnville. 
30  Newton. 


(14  a.  Low.  Coal,  •»» 
generally  concealed 
by  Drift.  'S* 


Montezuma  Branch. 


0:GrinneU.*o 


10 
17 


Ewart. 
Montezuma. 


20  a.  Drift. 


1011 


{ 


"  Loess  ov.  East- 
em  margin  14a.  L.C. 


Burlington,  Gedar  Rapids  and  Northern 
Railroad. 


0 
9 
12 
15 
20 
23 
29 
85 
41 
44 
47 
55 
61 
67 
70 
73 
77 
82 
89 


Buri'gton.'o   »»8 

Latty. 

Sperry.  ^ 

Kossuth. 

Linton. 

Morning  Sun. 

Wapello. 

Long  Creek. 

Columbus  J  uno. 

Port  Allen. 

Cone. 

Nichols. 

West  Liberty. 

Centredale. 

West  Branch. 

Oasis. 

Morse. 

Solon. 

Sly.         


13  b.  Burl.  &  13  c.  Keo. 
20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

«  747 

«  769 

M  761 

«  8  8S 

13 a. Kinderhook.    "f* 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
« 

10  Hamilton. 
« 


« 


585 

608 
638 
666 
716 
708 
700 
758 
784 
781 


45.  Rose  nm.    St.  Louia,  with  Lower  Coal  in  hillf>. 

46.  Extra.    About  the  northern  margin  of  Upper  Coal. 
4T.   Pella.    St,  Louis  in  valleys  and  south  of  town. 

48.  Eddyviile.    Keokuk,  with  St.  Louis  and  Lower  Coal  in  adjacent  hills. 

49.  Reasnor.    It  is  probable  that  the  Chicaqua  ( Skunk )  River,  crossed  between  Reiner  and 
(onroe,  cuts  down  to  the  Sub-Carboniferous. 

60.   Burlington.    Burlington,  with  Keokuk  in  hills  overlain  by  Glacial  Drift  and  Loess. 
SI.   Fairfield.    St.  Louis,  with  Lower  Coal  in  hills  to  northward. 

62.  Pacific  Junction.    Upper  or  Middle  Coal  capped  by  Loess  in  hills  to  eastward. 

63.  Des  Moines,  Chariton  and  St.  Joieph  Branch  of  C.  B.  <t  Q.  probably  passes  a  short  distance 
jUtot  and  parallel  with  the  eastern  limit  of  the  Upper  Coal,  sometimes  on  the  Middle  and  some- 

"nes  on  the  Lower,  ^sometimes,  possibly,  over  salients  or  outliers  of  Upper  Coal.    The  stratified 
"■s  are  generally  deeply  covered  by  Drift,  sometimes  overlain  by  Loesi. 

64.  Leon.   Streams  have  rarely  out  down  to  Middle  Coal. 


m 


'i  I  • 


:  ;  U 


I  ml  i 


■■lsj'if,M,1 


244 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (lA.) 


Borllngton,  Cedar  Rapids  and  Northern 
Ms.  Railrdad— CbtiMnued.  Alt 


97 
101 
107 
111 
120 
128 
184 
160 
166 
160 
164 
171 
178 
189 
196 
202 
210 
216 
219 
260 
261 


Cedar  Rapids. 

Linn. 

Palo. 

Shellsburg. 

Vinton. 

Mount  Auburn. 

La  Porte. 

Waterloo. 

Oedar  Falls. 

Norris. 

Finchford. 

Shell  Rock. 

Clarksville. 

Greene. 

Marble  Rook. 

Rookford. 

Nora  Junction. 

Rock  Falls. 

Plymouth. 

Lyle. 

Austin. 


10  b.  Hamilton.      '** 


« 

I'. 
<< 

« 

« 
« 
(I 

« 

« 

« 
« 

« 
(I 


741 
764 
300 
853 
t02 
862 
844 


911 
914 
943 

992 
1011 
1052 
1094 
1114 
1105 


Decorfth  Division. 

0 

Cedar  Rapids. 

10  b.  Hamilton.       i** 

4 

Linn. 

18 

Center  Point. 

i<                     see 

26 

Walker. 

u                             880 

89 

Independence. 

«                 1 1 1 1 

68 

Oelwein. 

«                         1039 

60 

Maynard. 

«                         10  96 

69 

Donnan. 

74 

West  Union. 

«                           8  66 

78 

Brainard. 

5  c. 

Niag.  &  Maq'keta. 

81 

Elgin.  •<> 

4a 

.Trenton.           «»» 

89 

Clermont. 

«                             8  56 

98 

Po8tville.a     »"» 

4c 

?iaq.&4b.Gal. 

Muscatine  Division. 


0 
11 
18 
16 
28 
26 
81 
87 
68 
66 
70 


76 


79 
88 


Muscatine.^  ^ 
Cedar  River. 
Adams. 
Nichols. 
Lone  Tree. 
Rirer  Junction. 
Riverside.  «i 
Ealona. 
Kinross. 
Keswick. 
Thomburg  Juno, 


What  Cheer. 


Barnes  City. 
Montezuma. 


544 

608 

628 
718 


10  b.  Hamilton. 
(I 

« 

(I 

« 

«  6  31 

Loess,  D'ft,  13a.  Kind.? 
i<        «  t< 

«        «  i< 

"        "  14a.  L.  Coal. 


« 


« 


« 
II 


« 
II 


Cedar  Rapids. 

Palo. 

Shellsburg. 

Vinton. 

Garrison. 

Dysart. 

Traer. 

Reinbeok. 

Grundy  Centre. 

Wellsburg. 

Cleves. 

Abbott  Crossing. 

Iowa  Falls. 

Carleton. 

Galtville. 

Clarion. 

Goldfield. 

Hardy. 

Livermore. 

Bode. 

West  Bend. 

Emmetsburg. 

Graetinger. 

Wallingford. 

Esthenrille. 

Superior. 

Spirit  Lake,Minn 

Lake  Park. 

Round  Lake. 

Worthington. 


10  Hamilton. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 


anil  Nortih.  B.  3.— cvm. 
Division.  Alt, 

~7T» 
741 
7<4 
800 
>i« 
918 

tot 

<«        9ie 

20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 
II 

II 

18  a.  Kinderhook.  m 
20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 

II 

II 

II 

II 

"  IIM 

II 

<i 

II 

II 

II 

II 

M 
II 
II 
II 
«l 


Belmond  Division. 


0 
16 
41 


Dows. 

Belmond. 

Madison. 


!f 


20  a. 

over 

erous. 


Heavy  Dritt, 
Sub-Carbonif- 


Clinton  DiviHion. 


0 

6 

16 

25 

87 
46 
53 
68 

69 


Elmira. 

Plato. 

Tipton. 

Bennett. 

Dixon. 

Noels. 

McCausland. 

Folletts. 

Clinton. 


Drift,  10  Hamilton. 
Loess,  Drift,  6  c.  Niag, 


Loess, 


II 
II 
II 

II 


All.,  Loess,  Drift,  Nil 
AUuyium,  6  c.  Niag, 

(Loess  in  hills,  Alio- 
vium  in  valley,  6  o. 
Niagara. 


Iowa  City  Division. 


0 

3 

9 

18 


Elmira. 
Graham. 
Iowa  City.' 8 
Iowa  Junction. 


Drift,  10  Hamilton. 
11  <i 

Loess,  Drift, " 
II        II      (I 


8S.    Traeey.    St.  Louis,  with  Lower  Coal  on  liills  to  westward. 

66.  Haneyt.    Upper  or  Middle  Coal  capped  by  Loess  in  bluffs  one  mile  east. 

67.  Steamboat  Roek.  •  At  and  about  this  place  the  Iowa  River  flows  in  a  gorge  60  to  ISO  feet  dMft 
which  it  has  eroded  in  Ariable  ferruginous  sandstone  and  firm  limestones.  To  reach  the  plsteiu  * 
which  the  gorge  ii^  excavated  the  nascent  river  left  a  low-lying  valley  in  its  direct  coarse,  goiu 
some  miles  outof  its  way.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  examples  of  the  anamalous  behavior  of  senn 
Iowa  rivers  in  avoiding  valleys  and  seeking  ridges  and  plateaus  for  their  oonrsea.  ( cf.  BurLFu 
Soo.  Wash..  VI,  1884,  93;  Scianoe  II.,  1883, 762;  "fians.  Iowa  Hort  Soc.  XVIII.,  1883, 688.) 


IOWA. 


ns 


riht  R.  3i- 

-Cm, 
Alt. 

ilton. 

71» 

741 

1 

tii 

( 

too 

t 

>4t 

( 

9SI 

( 

tot 

( 

>1( 

i( 

oee 

laoial  Drift. 


Linderhook.  •*< 
flaoial  Drift. 


a.  Heavy  Drift, 
Sub-Carbonif- 
U8^ 

an. 

10  Hamilton. 
Drift,6o.Niig. 


Loess,  Drift,  Ni». 
rium,6c.  Niag. 
ess  in  hills,  Alio- 
im  in  valley,  5  c. 
agara. 


B  60  to  150  feet  deep, 
reach  the  pUtew  " 
direct  course,  goal 
behavior  of  aewjj 
■aes.  (cf.Burl.F» 
183, 688.) 


Ms.    Dubnqne  »nd  Dakota  Ballroad.     Alt. 

"T  Hampton. 
12  Diunont. 
16  Bristow. 
22  Allison. 
29  ClarlcBville. 
36  Shell  Book. 
41  Waverly. 
64  Sumnev. 


Drift  OY.  18  S.-G.  strata 
«  «     1 

"      xO  Hamilton. 
«  « 

10  b.  Hamilton.       •!« 
« 

«(  949 

Drift  over  10  Hamilton 


IflniiMapolls  and  Sft.  I<ovlt  Railway. 


121 
127 
142 
156 
167 
176 
182 
192 

210 

216 
230 
246 
259 


Norman. 
Lake  Mills. 
Forest  City. 
Briti 
Corwith. 
Luveme. 
Livermore. 
Humbolt. 

FtDodge."  i"» 

Ealo  Junction. 

Dayton. 

Ogden. 

Angus.    


20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 


« 
« 

« 
« 


Drift,  18  a.  Einderh'k 
( Drift,  18  Ft.  Dodge, 
tl4a.L.C.,18d.St.L 
20  a.  Drift. 

«     14  a.  Low.  CI. 


<( 


St,  Lonit,  Dea  Moines  and  Northern  R.  R, 


0 
21 
43 


Des  Moines.  >' 

Kelsey. 

Boone. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal.  •<>« 
Drift  over  14  a.  L.  CI. 
14  a.  Low.  Coal.    »»»» 


Des  Moines,  Osoeola  and  Southern  R.  R. 


0  Des  Moines. ' ' 


11 

18 
20 
29 
50 
58 
72 
81 
87 
100 
111 


Norwalk. 

Poole. 

R.  I.  Crossing. 

St.  Charles. 

Jamison.** 

Osoeola. 

Van  Wert. «» 

Decatur. 

Leon.'* 

Harding. 

CainsvUle. 


St.  liouls,  Keolrak  and  North-West.  R.  R. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal.  *°<^ 
(  Drift  &  Loess  ov.  14a. 
\L.C.&14b.Mid.C.? 

Drift,  Loess  over  14  a 

Drift,  Loess. 


Dft.,  Loess  OV.14C.U.0, 
Drift  over         " 


« 
« 

4< 
(I 


« 
(I 


15 
17 
82 
87 
43 
49 


Keokuk. 

Boston.'* 
Charleston. 
Houghton. 
Salem. 

Oakland  Mills. 
Mt.  Pleasant.  6* 


r  Loess,  Drift,  18d.  St. 
\  Louis,  18  0.  Keokuk. 
20  a.  Drift. 


« 
« 


[Keok. 

Loess,"  18d.  St.  L.,18o. 
«     «      «  « 


Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  Nebraska  Railroad. 


0 

9 

26 

46 

61 

68 


74 

80 
87 
95 


106 


110 


Des  Moines,    f^s 

Berwick. 

Mingo. 

Melbourne. 

Luray." 

Marshalltown." 

Rockton. 

Gladbrook. 

Berlin. 

Reinbeck. 

Hudson. 


Waterloo. 


Cedar  Falls. 


Drift,  Loess,  14  a.  L.  C. 
"     14  a.  Low.  Coal. 


i< 


{ 


8»a 


18  c.  Keokuk. 

13  d.  St.  Louis? 

Drift. 

/Loess  to  S.-W.,  Drift, 

\  14a.  L.C.,  13a.  Kind. 

Drift. 

"    over  10  Ham. 
«  « 


Drift  ov.  10  Hamilton. 


Fort  Madison  and  North- Western  R.  R. 


0 

8 

6 

32 

:i 


Fort  Madison. 
Bluff  Siding. 
Benbon. 
McVeigh. 
Birmingham. 


f  Drift,  13  c.  Keokuk, 
1 13  b.  Burlington.? 
Drift. 
"     14  a.  Low.  CoaL 


Burlington  and  North- Western  and  Bur- 
lington and  Western  Railroads. 


0 
20 
84 


89 
42 
47 
62 


40 
66 
66 
84 
95 
104 


Burlington.'** 

Roscoe. 

Winfield. 


Wyman. 
Crawfords. 
Havre. 
Washington. 


Wayne. 

Brighton.*' 

Woolson. 

Hedrick. 

Cedar. 

Oskaloosa. 


As  before. 

20  a.  Drift. 
« 


sa» 


"        20  b.  Loess. 
20  a.  Drift. 
Drift,  13  d.  St.  Louis? 
"     13  d.  St.  Louis. 


"  Loess,  14  a.,  18  d. 
"  14  a.  Low.  CoaL 


« 
« 


(I 

« 


850 


58.  Belmond  Branch  traverses  the  eastern  aide  of  the  Iowa  loop  of  the  Great  Terminal  Moraine 
I  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley. 

59.  seating.    The  Terminal  Moraine  crosses  the  railway  f^om  north  to  south  in  this  vicinity. 

60.  Elgin.   Galena,  Maquoketa  and  Niagara  in  eminences. 
81.   Riverside.    Hamilton,  with  Kinderhook  on  south  side  of  river. 

62.  Jamiton.    Drift— concealed  eastern  margin  of  Upper  Coal  probably  near  here. 

63.  Van  Wert.  Drift  along  vallej  sides  generally  overlain  by  Lioess.  The  phase  of  Drift  knowu 
las "  hard  pan  "  (a  dense,  tenaCiOus  blue  or  gray  clay,  weathering  white)  occurs  in  vicinity  of  this  and 
(succeeding  stations. 

I      64.    Boeton  to  Mt.  Pleasant.    Subterrane  includes  easterr  salients  of* Lower  Coal,  the  8t  Louis 
land  Keokuk,  and.  possibly,  the  Burlington. 

66.   Luray.    About  eastern  margin  of  Lower  Coal.  ^ 

66.  MarsniMtown.    Keokuk  and  St.  Louis?  with  Lower  Coal  on  adjacent  hills. 

67.  West  Keithtly^g^  to  Oskaloosa,   Formations  only  approximately  located. 


m 


HI  i 


'.;'"i 


:h 


:  1  )  'F 


II 


■I   I  i  i  !.      . 


e-l^v:--  f 


2M6 


AN  AMERICAN  QEOLOQICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (MINN.) 


Minnesota.* 


LIST  OF  THE  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  FOUND  IN  MINNESOTA." 


PORMATIONB 

1IINNB80TA 

rOHMATIONS 

MINNESOTA 

PBK  OINBBAI.  LIST. 

8VB-DIVI8ION8. 

FEB  OENERAL  LIBT. 

8VB-DlV16IUNg. 

20.   QUATERNART. 

20.  Quater.  or  drift. 
18  b.  Benton. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

4  b.  Qalena  1. 1. 

18  Crktacsous. 

« 

4  a.  Trenton  1. 1, 

1' 

18  a.  Dakota. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 

3  b.  St.  Peter  s.  s. 

10.  Hamilton. 

10  a.  Hamilton  1.  s. 

<« 

3  a.  L.  Magnetian.t 

9  0.  CORNIFEROUS. 

9  c  Corniferous. 

2  b.  Potsdam. 

3  c.  St.  Croix  s.  1. 

6  c.  Niagara. 

5  c.  Niagara  l.s. 

/2  b.  Potsdam  1. 1, 
I    ofWIeconsin. 

4  0.  HcDSON  River. 

40.  Maquoltetath. 

2  a.  Potsdam  of  Min, 

1.   ARCHiBAN. 

1.  Archaean. 

Potsdkin  sandstone  of  the  Wisconsin  geologistfl ;  3  c.  of  this  scheme  for  Minnesota  (the  St.  Croix 
•andstone),  and  the  Potsdam  sandstone  of  New  Yorlt  is  regarded  as  the  equivalent  of  2  a.  by  Prof, 
Winohell.  Under  the  New  Yoric  Calciferous  are  included  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  the  Lower  Magnesiui 
(Shakopee,  Jordan  and  St.  Lawrence),  and  the  St.  Croix  spidstone.  N.  U.  W. 

The  course  of  glacial  stri.  \  and  of  transportation  of  the  drift  in  eastern  Minnesota,  is  southwest 
fi-om  Lake  Superior  to  the  Missisalppi  River :  but  in  the  west  part  of  the  State  it  is  to  the  south  and 
southeast,  from  Lake  Winnipeg  to  Big  Stone  Lake,  and  into  Iowa,  excepting  the  southwest  corner  of 
the  State,  where  the  course  is  deflected  to  the  southwest. 

A  tract  adjoining  the  Mississippi  River,  from  Lake  Pepin  to  the  southeast  corner  of  the  State,  Uw 
In  a  driftless  area,  which  has  a  large  extent  toward  the  east  and  south  in  Wisconsin.  W.  U. 

The  four  most  notable  features  of  the  glacial  drift  in  Minnesota  are  the  following : 

a.  Its  great  depth,  averaging  100  feet,  and  sometimes  exceeding  200  feet,  uponlhe  western  twcH 
thirds  of  the  State,  where  it  generally  covers  all  the  surface  of  the  older  bed  rocKs.  W.  U. 

6.  The  terminal  moraines  of  the  last  glacial  epoch.  These  belts  of  hilly  and  knolly  drift  retch 
from  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  north  and  northwest,  to  the  Leaf  hills  and  Itasca  Lake.  A  great  loop 
of  the  same  formation  also  extends  from  Lake  Aiinnetonka,  by  Albert  Lea,  into  Iowa,  to  Pilot  Moano, 
Mineral  Ridge,  and  the  vicinity  of  Des  Moinos,  where  it  curves  like  the  letter  U,  thence  passing 
northwest  by  Storm  Lake  and  Spirit  Lake  in  Iowa,  and  along  the  elevated  Coteau  des  Prairiet  througn 
southwestern  Minnesota  into  Dakota.  W.  U. 

e.  Lake  Agassis,  which  occupied  the  basin  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North  and  Lake  Winnipeg 
daring  the  recession  of  the  ice  sheet,  that  being  a  barrier  to  prevent  the  water  on  this  area  from 
flowing  to  Hudson  Bay  as  now.  The  beach  of  Lake  Agassia  is  well  exhibited  on  the  Northern  PaciBc 
Railroad  close  east  of  Muskoda.  W.  U. 

d.  The  channel  or  valley  in  which  lakes  Traverse  and  Big  Stone  and  the  Minnesota  River  lie, 
excavated  100  to  225  feet  in  depth  and  about  a  mile  in  width.  It  was  eroded  by  the  outflow  from  Lake 
Agassiz ;  and  the  river  thus  formed  has  been  named  the  River  Warren,  in  honor  of  Oen'l  Georee  K. 
Warren,  who  first  described  this  channel  and  showed  its  origin  from  the  glacial  lake  in  the  Red  liiver 
Valley.  W.  U. 


Ohleaso,  Slllwankee  A  St.  Paal  R.  R. 

Mb^ (Southern  Minne.sota  Division  )  Alt. 


0 
0 

1 

82 
37 
46 
61 
67 

62 
70 

77 


Milwaukee. 
La  Crescent. 
Qrand  Crossing. 
Rushford. 
Peterson. 
Whalan. 
Lanesboro.^ 
iBinours.' 

Fountain. 
Wykoff. 
Spring  Valley.* 


3  c.  St.  Croix.         »•♦ 
3  a  L.  Mag.  Bluffs.s*^ 


« 

« 
« 
« 


722 
766 
78« 
841 
899 


3  b.  St.  Peter.    »»<>a 

4  a.  under  village. 
4  a.  Tren.   Frequent 

sink-holes.  *  *  ^ ' 
10  a.  Ham.  uncon.  on 
4c.Hud.River.»»6« 


Chicago,  Milwaukee  Si  St.  Pan!  R.  R. 

Ms.     (Southern  MinneHotti  Division.)— C»h.    Alt. 


86 

101 
106 
113 
122 
128 
138 
147 
162 
171 
174 
191 
216 


Grand  Meadow. 

Brownsdale. 

Ramsay. 

Oakland. 

Hayward. 

Albert  Lea. 

Alden. 

Wells. 

Delavan. 

Winnebago  City, 

Winnebago. 

Fairmount. 

Jackson. 


{ 


IS 


18.  Creta.  (proba- 
bly) >"» 

II  1271 

<«      i^^S" 

ii  IKlJ 

ii  1341'^ 

over"  Dev.»"iH 

«  12«lJ 

«  IIJI? 

i<         lost 

II  1096 


20.  Heavy  drift. 


*  Prepared  expressly  for  this  work  by  Prof  N.  H.  Winchell,  of  Minneapolis,  the  State  (ieolo^ 

of  Minnesota;  with  elevations  and  notes  on  glacial  drift  by  Mr.  Warren  Upnam,  Assistant  Geologiat 

t  Sub-divided  into  3  SHakopee  1.  s.,  2  Jordan  s.  s.,  and  1  8t.  Lawrence  I.  s. 

1.  The  three  sub-divisions  of  the  Lower  Magnesian :    1,  St.  Lawrence  limestone ;  2,  Jordii 
sandstone :  and  3,  Shakopee  limestone  are  here  seen. 

2.  In  the  immediate  river  bluffs  are  (he  Jordan  and  Shakopee.    Further  back  are  the  St.  PeM 
and  Trenton. 


MINNESOTA. 


24: 


MINNESOTA 
JB-DIVIBIONB. 


i80ta  (the  8t,  Croix 
nt  of  2  a.  by  Prof. 
I  Lower  Magneaias 

N.  H.  W. 
isota,  is  southveat 
is  to  the  Bouth  and 
outhwest  corner  of 

er  of  the  State,  \im 
n.  W.  U. 

Ing: 

tnlhe  western  two- 
s.  W.  U. 

I  knolly  drift  reach 
Lake.  A  great  loop 
wa,  to  Pilot  Mound, 
U,  thence  passing 
ea  Prairies  tnrougn 

W.U. 
nd  Lake  Winnipeg 
on  this  area  from 
le  Northern  Pacific 

W.U. 
innesota  River  lie, 
1  outflow  from  Lake 
of  Gen'l  George  K. 
ke  in  the  Red  River 
W.U. 


,  Creta.  (proba-' 

1831 


,  the  8tat«  Geologiit 
Assistant  Geologist 

mestone ;  2,  Jordu 
Bk  are  the  8t.  Pet* 


01il«aco*  Milwaukee  A  St.  Paul  R.  B. 

Ms.     Southern  Minnesota  Division.— Cm.     Alt. 


240 

268 
282 

296 


St.  P&  S.C.Juno. 


Fulde. 

lona. 

Edgerton. 

Pipestone.  IS 


Heavy  Drift.' 


1708 


Quartzite  &  Gatlinite. 
Dakota  Line.        »»** 


Cbloagu  &  North-WMtem  Railroad. 


297  Winona. 

808  Minnesota  City. 

808  Stockton. 

816  Lcwiston. 

81d  Utioa. 

826  St.  CharlcTs. 

829  Dover. 
884  Eyota.< 
847  Rochester. 
866  Byron. 
862  Kasson. 
868  Dodge  Centre. 
876  Claremont. 
882  Havara. 

887  Owatonna. 

896  Meriden. 

402  Waseca. 

413  Janosville. 
428  Mankato  Juno. 
.OQ  St.Paul&  Sioux  \ 
City  Junction.  J 
428  Mankato* 
487  St.  Peter. 
446  Oshawa. 

467  New  Ulm. 


479 
490 
498 
606 
616 


Sleepy  Eye. 
Springfield. 
Sanborn. 
Lamberton. 
Walnut  Grove. 


626Tracy.»i       i*"' 


639 
645 
653 
661 
1667 


Balaton. 

Redwood. 

Tyler. 

Lake  Benton. 

Verdi. 


{ 


8  c.  St.  Croix  &  8  a. 
L.  Mag.  in  bluffs. 


/So.  St.  Cro!x,  8a. 

1     L.  Mag.  '»• 

«<  laii 

«  1170 

14  8,.  Tren.  in  bluffs. 
8  b.  St.  Peter.  " 
8  a.  Low.  Mag."«» 
8  b.  and  4  a.  i>>* 
4  a.  Trenton.  "8  7 
(SameasStChas.)**! 
ib.  Galena  1.  s.  "50 
<•  1  a  s  2 

18.  Cret.  probably "•• 
it  isto 

«  1346 

4  a.  Trenton.  Heavy 
drift.  "<* 

18.  Cretaceous.     »»<» 
18.  Gretac.     Heavy 
drift.  "»» 

<l  1003 

«  toe 


8  a.  Low.  Magnesian. 
18.  Cretaoe's  clays.' »» 

i<  813 

«  98  3 

2  a.  Potsdam  (con- 
glomerate and  red 
quartzite.) 
Granite.  » •  * 

ir  Archaean.  i<>>* 

18.  Cretaceous.       i«» 


Prob. 


it 


1089 
1144 

iai«> 


{ 


20.  H'vy  drift  of  the 
Coteau  des  Prairies 

l<  18  2  8 

M  103  8 

«  17  8  0 

((  1789 

«  17  71 


Ohlc8iC*>  i^d  .VfortlwWmtem  BaHroad. 
Ms.  Qmtinuad.  Alt. 


674 

662 

666 
676 
698 


Elkton. 


MarshaU. 


Minnesota. 

Canby. 

Gary."  (Dakota 


20.  H'vy  drift  of  the 
Coteau  des  Prairies 
f20.  H'vy  drift,  prob- 
ably undorlain  by 
gneiss  and  schists, 

1174 
ii  1179 

i<  1348 

Line.)      "  **«* 


Minnesota  Valley  Railway  Division. 


479 

481 

493 
499 

606 


Sleepy  Eye. 

Redwood  Jo. 

Morgan. 
Paxton. 

Redwood  Falls. 


Arcliaean.  »o»» 

Heavy  drift  of  the  Co- 
teau des  Prairies^  0  0  * 
Heavy  drift.         i<>*» 

<i  1083 

1.  Archaean  and  18. 
Cret.  ioa« 


{ 


Chatfleld  R.  R.  Branch. 


884 
886 
846 


384 
886 
387 
840 

846 

850 


Eyota.* 

Chatfleld  Juno. 
Chatfleld. 


Heavy  d'ft  4  a.  Tren. 

1387 

Drift  over  Tren.  »»»» 
(4  a.  Trenton..  8  b. 
\     St.  Peter.         »" 


Plainview  R.  R.  Branch. 


Eyota.« 

Plainview 

Doty. 

Viola  Centre. 

Elgin. 

Plainview. 


Juno. 


As  before.  ia»» 

20.  Drift.  "»» 

«  1810 

«  11S9 

(4  a.  Tren.  8  a.  Shak- 

\  opee.  »»«• 

Drift.  "•» 


Rochester  A  Northern  Min'^osota  R'y  Branch. 


347 
348 
366 
360 
364 
868 

878 


Rochester. 
Zumbrota  Junu. 
Douglass. 
Oronoco. 
Pine  Island. 
Lena. 

Zumbrota. 


See  nain  line.  »•* 
4  a.  Trenton.  »»• 

il  1091 

8  a.  Shakopee.  »«*r 
3  a.  and  4  a.  Treu.s** 
Drift.  »o»» 

3  a.  Shak.,  8  b.  St. 
Pet.,  4  a.  Tren.»»i 


{ 


Chicago,   St.  Pkid,  Minneapolia  Jk  Omaha 
Railway. 


6 
11 

19 

22 

28 

84 


St.  s  Aul. 

Mendota  Juno. 
Nicols. 

Hamilton. 

Bloomington. 

Shakopee. 

Merriam. 


jf  3  b.  St  Peter  and 
\4  a.  Trenton.       '«* 

«  718 

«  706 

/  20.  Quaternary,  drift 

\   bluffs.  »i* 

«  fss 

3  a.  Low.  Magnesian, 
Shakopee  1.         »*i 

0  788 


,       3.    Overlying  3  a.  Lower  Magnesian,  i.  e.,  its  two  upper  members,  the  2.  Jordan  sandstone  and 
the  3.  Shakopee  limestone,  seen  In  the  bluils.    Artesian  well  2,000  feet  in  sandstone. 

4.   The  cascade  at  Minneopa  Falls,  80  feet  high,  is  caused  by  the  Jordan  sandstone.    This  rail- 
road  crosses  the  gorge  one-quarter  mile  below  the  fall. 


i 


|:;ti 


248 


AN   AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (MINN.) 


>m 


V 


Mlf 


.  1  •  y 


is:: 


r-  :'-:i  -'.9.-:  )   , 

i  •'  I:  Wi  ■ . 


mi 

■ 

m 

'i 

■ 

VI. 

l'..  it 


OhlosKu,  St.  Paul,  BUnneapoUa  Si  Umalia 
Ma.  ntMMmf ^Continued,  Alt 


89!Jordan. 


43 

47 

51 
68 

62 

69 

76 

77 

86 

89 

91 

99 

109 

116 

122 

187 

148 

164 

160 

170 


St.  Lawrence. 

Belle  Plaine 

Blakely. 

E.  Henderson. 

Le  Sueur. 

Ottawa. 

St.  Peter. 

Kasota. 

Mankato.* 

South  Bend. 

Minneopa.'* 

Lake  Crystal. 

Madelia. 

Lincoln. 

St.  James. 

Mountain  Lake. 

Windom. 

Wilder. 

Heron  Lake 

Hersey. 


178  Worthing!  on. » 


">**    Shakopee  1.  and 

Jordan  s.  s. 
f  8  a  Low.Magnesian 
\    St.  Lawrence, 
f  18.  Cretaceous  over 
\   3  a.  Low.  Mag.»»» 

"  738 

<•  714 

8  a  L.  Mag.,  Shak- 
opee limestone,  Jor- 
dan sandstone.  ''*' 
u  T»o 

«  747 

«<  top 

"1  "18a.Creta. 

(<  (OS 

«  171 

18.Cret.H'Tydrift.»»< 


I 


M 


1021 
1042 
107J 
ISOO 
1S5S 
1448 
1417 
1485 
1S82 


Mb. 


AiiuneapoUs  A  St.  Loul*  Hallway. 

Continued. 


27 
82 
42 
60 
68 
66 
76 
88 
94 

108 


Merriam  Jo. 

.Jordan. 

New  Prague. 

Montgomery. 

Kilkenny. 

Waterville. 

Waseca. 

Richland. 

Hartland. 

Albert  Lea. 


8  a.  Shakopee. 

3  a.  Jordan  s.s. 

Morainio  Drift. 
<i 

<i 
Drift. 

M 
<< 


Alu 
Ti's 

71) 
•  73 


Flat 


10<l 

i«i( 

1001 

list 

IlTI 
«  1297 

(18.  Cret.  (prob.  over 
Devonian)  and  ll'yy 
Drift.  '2»i 


Cannon  Valley  Division. 


Blue  Earth  Branch. 


0 

6 

11 

16 

24 

34 
44 


Lake  Crystal. 
Garden  City. 
Vernon  Center. 
A'mboy. 
Winnebago  City. 


18 


Blue  Earth 
Elmore. 


City. 


18Cret.  h'vydr'ft.  »»* 

3  a.  Shakopee.        »««, 

Drift.  »»"' 

<(  1048 

«  1101 


M 

« 


1088 
1181 


Pipestone  Branch. 


0|  Heron  Lake. 
8  Dundee. 
20  Avoca. 


31 
44 
66 

63 


Hadley. 

Woodstock. 

Pipestone. 

Dakota  Line. 


18.Cret.,h'vyd'ft.»*" 
20.  Drift.  !*»» 

<(  1542 

(I  16  9  9 

<(  183  2 

Quartzite  &  catlinite. 

1729 
((  1724 


Rock  River  Branch. 


0 

8 

16 

28 


Lu  Verne. 
Ash  Creek. 
Rock  Rapids. 
Doon. 


Drift  &  Potsdam.  i*6« 

«  140  5 

u  1464 

«  1294 


Minneapolis  &  St.  Louis  Railway. 


0  Minneapolis.* 

21  Chaska. 
231  Carver. 
261  Sioux  City  Jo. 


3  a. 


a.  Trent.  3  o. 

Peter  s.  s. 

Calciferous. 
« 


St 

825 
725 
719 
768 


0 
6 
9 
17 
27 
30 
32 
38 

46 

66 

66 


Waterville. 

Morriatown. 

Warsaw. 

Faribault. 

Dundas. 

Northfield. 

Waterford. 

Cascade. 

Cannon  Falls. 

Belle  Creek. 

Redwing. 


Flat  Drift. 
Rolling  Drift. 


inoi 

lOOl 
1007 

4a.Tren.  3  b.  St.P.  »ti 
4a.  Tren.  inbIuflM»^« 
8  a.  Shakopee.        'lo 

•<  903 

«  893 

/4  a.  Tren.,  3  b.StPet. 
\  3  a.  Shak.  sii 
Low.  Mag.in  bluffs.f^? 
f  3  a.  Low.  Mag.,  .■?  c, 
I   St.  Croix.  '»« 


Pacific  Division. 


0  Minneapolis. 

8  Hopkins. 
12|  MinnetonkaMills 
lOJEzcelsior. 
26j  Victoria. 
31  Waconia. 
39 1  Young  America 
40;  Norwood. 
48  Green  Isle. 
64  Arlington. 
62  Gaylord. 
69  Winthrop. 
77iGibbon. 
86j  Fairfax. 
94  Franklin. 
lOOi  Morton. 


107 
123 
130 
136 
146 
162 
171 
189 
206 
223 


Redwood. 

Echo. 

Wood  Lake. 

Hanley. 

Clarkfield. 

Dawson. 

Madison. 

Revillo. 

Troy. 

Watertown. 


4  a.Trenton,  3  b. 


Peter  s  s. 

Morainio  Drift. 
« 

« 


S2J 

022 

933 

»4T 

«  >3I 

«  816 

«  993 

(i  97< 

II  191 

99S 

913 

lOlt 

Flat  d'ft  on  Arch."" 

II  lOtl 

<i  loos 

II  341 

Archaean. 
Undulating  Drift. 


II 
« 
« 

(I 


Flat  Drift. 
II 

II 


St.  Fanl  A  Duluth  Railroad. 


St.  Paul. 
Post's. 


/4  a.  Trenton.      "» 
1 3  b.  St.  Peter  s,  s. 
4  a.  Trenton.         •*' 


l' 


MINNESOTA. 


240 


•et.  (prob.  oTer 
lian)  »nd  H'vy 


«  »n 

K  lOU 

ft  on  Arch."" 

«  1011 

li  1005 


Ms. 


St.  Paul  ft  Duluth  KaUroad. 

Cbntinued. 


Alt. 


opee. 

7SJ 

•#••• 

an  s.s. 

751 

r^^ 

Drift. 

»73      I 

/*»> 

(1 

1061 

//17 

(1 

iei« 

r     26 

)rift. 

1001 

80 

« 

im 

42 

« 

1171 

47 

<i 

IIST 

A4 

W.  D.  Junction. 

W.  Bear  Lake. 

Stillwater  Juno. 

Centreville. 

Forest  Lake. 

Wyoming. 

North  Branch. 

Harris. 

Rush  Gitj. 
64iPine  City. 
77!  Hinckley. 
87  Miller. 
95iKettle  Riyer. 
110  Moose  Lake. 


An.  Trenton. 

3  b.  St.  Peter  s.  s. 

3  a.  Caloifeious.  »•♦ 

X  03  1 

«  000 

2.  Primordial. (?)  »»« 

«>  804 


115 

121 
132 
123 
141 

155 


Barn urn. 
Black  Hoof. 
N.  P.  Junction. 
Thompson. 
Fond  du  Lac. 
Duluth. 


Taoonio. 


« 

M 
l( 
(( 
<l 

« 


Potsdam. 
Cupriferous. 


80S 

tl< 
040 

1031 
1136 
1030 
1064 
1007 

1081 

1033 

808 

008 


Stillwater  Branch. 


OiWhite  Bear. 
ISStillwater. 


Drift. 

3  a.  Calciferous. 


930 
097 


Minneapolis  Branch. 


0 
If) 


Minneapolis.* 
White  Bear. 


Trent,  and  St.  Peter's. 
Drift.  »»» 


>iurtheni  Paolflo  Ballrfiad.— C'onfinuad. 
Ms.  Little  Falls  *  Dakota  R.  R.  Alt. 


1   vlor's  Falls  Branch. 


0 
21 


Wyoming. 
Taylor's   Falls. 
Passenger  Dep't. 


2.  Primordial?)     •«« 
St.  Croix.  8.  8.         T41 


Knife  Falls  R.  R.  Branch. 


OlN.  P.  Junction. 
6|Cloquet. 


Huronian  Slates.  »"«* 


i  1  78 


Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

FcTKus  Falls  and  Black  Hills  R.  R. 


O;  Wadena.  I » 
IjWadena  June. 

10|Deer  Creek. 

UParkton. 

ISHenning. 

24'Vining. 

29:ciitheral. 

33,  Battle  Lake. 

39;  Maple  wood. 

41jSouthwick. 

42l  Underwood. 

63;Fergus  Falls.  12 

BOjAmes. 


68 

77 


Everdell. 
Breckenridge. 

Dakota 


Line. 


>>.2 

a  g 

o 


Si 


o 


1349 
1350 
1394 
1394 
1436 
1389 
1346 
1354 
1360 
1342 
1182 
1063 
993 

960 


8 
16 

25 
29 
31 
88 
48 
53 
60 
69 
79 
88 


Little  Falls. 

La  Fond. 

Swanville. 

Gray  Eagle. 

Birch  Lake. 

Spaulding. 

Sauk  Center. 

Westport. 

Villard. 

Glenwood. 

Starbuok. 

Cyrus. 

\forri8. 


fStaurolitic&  garnet- 
iferous  mica  schists. 
Ill* 

Drift.  »i«* 

>•  1171 

«  12  28 

<i  12  26 

«  12  0  2 

Archaean.       ^*** 

•«  13  8  2 

Drift  on  ArchsBan  >  *  *  * 

X  1401 

Drift.  ii»» 

«  1185 

l<  118  4 


Chicago,  Milwaukee  A  St.  Paul  Hallway. 

Southern  Minnesota  DiviHion. 


0 

9 

19 

26 

87 
83 


Wells. 
Minn  Lake. 
Mapleton. 
Good  Thunder. 

St.  P.  &  S.C.  Jc.» 
Mankato. ' 


Heavy  Drift. 


iiss 
loss 

«  10  81 

<>  074 

3  a.  Low.  Mag.Shak. 

I.  B.  18  Cret.      f »» 
18.Cret.  L.  M.  Shak. 

I.S.Jordan,  s.  s.^'" 


Wabasha  Division. 


0 


Wabasha. 


13  Glasgow. 
20  Theilman. 
29  Millville. 
341  Hammond. 
42;  Zurabro  Falls. 
52|Mazeppa. 
63|Foresl  Mills. 
60!  Zumbrota. 


{' 


3  a.  L.  Mag.  8  o.  St. 
Croix  in  bluflfs.*" 

i<  71« 

«  T48 

<«  78  7 

3a.L.Mag.inbl'fs."3 

«  83  T 

«  OSS 

«  0  70 

"  Shak.l.8.«»o 


Hastings  &  Dakota  Division. 


0 

9 
18 
22 
27 
31 
33 


8 
12 
18 
22 


Minneapolis.' 

Hopkins. 

Chanhassen. 

Hazeltine. 

Augusta. 

Benton  Jc. 

Cologne. 


4  a.  Tren.,  3o.St.  Pet. 
Heavy  Drift. 


Hastings. 

Vermillion. 
Auburn. 
Farmington. 
Fairfield. 


« 


Heavy  drift. 


91! 
066 
924 
974 
94S 
04S 


r  3  a.  Low.Mag.  &  St. 

\     Croix  bluffs.    »«>7 
(I 

3  a.  Low.  Mag.       »«i 

3  b.  St.  Peter  s.  s.  904 

"     or4a.  Tren.  »*» 


St.  Peter  s,  s. 


6.    Cantle  Roek.    The  outlier  of  the  St.  Peter 
toward  the  east  gives  the  name  to  the  place. 


sandstone,  70  feet  high,  visible  from  the  station 


I 


S80 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MINN.) 


•I  :  i 


.t'J: 


' :  ■  < 


-!-^Y*-t; 


'■•■m 


Ohloaso,  imiwankaa  M  St.  PabI  B.  B. 

M».  (HMtlng«  *  Dakota  l)iv.)—Con.         Alt. 


88 

41 
45 
48 

64 

89 

114 

137 
167 


178 
178 
182 


Prior  Lake 

Shakopee. 

ChsBka. 

Carver. 

Glenooe. 
Bird  Island. 

Granite  Falls.* 

Montevideo. 
Appleton. 


r  8  a.  St.  Peter  a.  a.  or 

\   4  a.  Trenton.     •«» 

8  a.  Sliakopee  I.  a.  ^>* 

8  a.  Cal.  heavy  drifts  >• 


IIS 

'  20.  Heavy  drift,  un- 
derlain by  1.  Aroh- 
aean  rooka. 
AltematinK  beds  of 
gneisa  ana  aohiata, 
Red  and  grmy  gneiaa. 
20.  Drift. 
'  Heavy  expoaurea  of 
gneiaa  &  granitoid 
Odessa.  |'       gneisa,   with    oon- 

Juno.  Switch,    f  ■    apicuoua  glaciation 
OrtonviUe.  parallel   with  the 

Minneaota     River 
Valley 
(Dakota  Line.) 


(Iowa  A  Minnesota  DiviBJon.) 


0 
85 
96 

111 

114 
117 
126 
135 

144 

150 

159 

170 

178 

179 

186 
193 
199 
200 
212 


N.  McGregor. 
Lfl  Roy. 
Adama. 

Auatin. 

Ramsey. 
L^naing. 
Blooming  Prairie 
Aurora. 

Owatonna. 

Medford. 

Faribault. 

Dundas. 

Northfield. 

Castle  Rock.B 

Farmingtoa. 

Rosemount. 

Weatcott. 

St.  Paul  Juno. 

St.  Paul. 


(See  Iowa.) 
10.  Hamilton. 


Marcellus. 
Heavy  drift. 


{■ 


laso 
tare 

18  a.  Cretaceous  on 

tlBT 
131» 
1334 

latc 

•<         13SS 

4  a.  Tren.  on  river 
banks.  "*♦ 

8  a.  River  Terr's. '"»» 
r  4  a.  Trenton.  '  "* 
t  8  a.  St.  Peter. 
8a.L.Mag.(Shak.)«»> 
/  8  a.  Cal.  &  4  a.  Tren. 
\  on  high  bluffs.  *i> 
/8  b.  St.  Peter  s.  s.  & 
\  4  a.  Tren.  near  »»* 
4  a.  Trenton.  Heavy  9  0* 
"  drift.»»» 

«  813 

"  »5» 

»o*      "&  8b.  St.  Pet. 


Mil. 


lOMtO, 


m  tn.  Paul  H.  B.-Con 

La  Cr(t«ie  A  8t.  Paul  Dtvliton.)  Alt, 


806 

818 
828 
826 
888 
840 
842 
852 
859 
869 
890 
396 
401 

409 


424 


Winona. 

Minnesota  City. 

Minneiska. 

Weaver. 

KellogK. 

Wabasha. 

Reed's  Landing. 

Lake  City. 

Frontenac. 

Red  Wing. 

Hastings. 

Langdon. 

Newport. 

St.  Paul. 

Fort  Snelling. 

Minnehaha. 

Minneapolis.* 


1 


8  a.  Low.  Mng.ft  8  q, 
St.  Croix  8.  8.  com- 
pose  the  bluffs.  <«> 

"  «Tt 

"  e»i 

"  eit 

"  »ei 

"  Ut 

"  III 

"  ♦«• 

"  Til 

"  117 

"  Til 

«  111 

"  »« 


4  a.  Trenton. 
8  b.  St.  Peter. 


fi« 


BUnncspolU  M  St.  lioula  Railway. 


21 
23 
26 


Minneapolis.* 

Chaska. 

Carver. 

Sioux  City  June. 


(4  a.  Trenton.      »» 
\  3  0.  St.  Peter  s.  g. 
8  a.  Calciferoug.     f» 

"  71» 

"  761 


St.  Paul,  MUnneapolla  *  Manitoba  Ry.* 


0 
10 

11 

25 
28 
33 
85 
48 
49 
54 
57 

61 


St.  Paul. 

E.  Minneapolis. 
Minneapolis. 
Wayzata. 
Long  Lake. 
Maple  Plain. 
Armstrong. 
Delano. 
Waverly, 
Howard  Lake. 
Smith  Lake. 

Cokato. 


4  a.  Trenton.      '" 
3  c.  St.  Peter  s.  s. 


«  134 

18.  Cretaceous.?  »•• 

«  BI4 

"  i 

2.  Primordial.?   »"4 

"  III 

«         I'oio^ 
«         ion9 
1.  Metamorphic 
probably     i*'" 


6.  Apring  Valley.  At  four  miles  east  is  the  best  exposure  of  ii/k^aconeJta,  OrtAiA  and  <S'trop/iomena 
I  have  seen.  At  Spring  Grove,  on  the  Preston  Branch  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  A  Bt.  Paul,  han 
been  found  the  largest  Trilobitet  known  of  their  kind  (Isoteles),  Similar  one^ave  been  seen  thre« 
or  four  miles  northwest  of  Eyota,  on  Chicago  A  Northwestern  Railroad.  Two  miles  north  Kasson  build- 
ing  stone  of  Galena  formation  (Upper  Magnesian)  are  quarried  of  any  size,  2}^  inches  thick.  At 
Utockon  and  Lewiston,  the  lower  Magnesian  of  similar  dimensions  are  quarried  oy  the  Railroad  Co., 
Same  beds  are  wrouKhtat  Mankato  somewhat  thinner— supply  unlimited.  Orthoceratidee,  10  inchesii 
diameter. 8  or  10  inches  long,  have  been  found  in  lower  Trenton  about  Rochester.  W.  D.  Hvblbit. 

Some  persons  prefer  to  call  this  the  Upper  Magnesian  limestone.  In  going  Arom  Spring  Vallef 
east,  we  ascend  over  183  feet  of  layers  of  this  rock  in  four  miles  on  the  railroad. 

7.  Worthinqton.  The  drift  here  is  supposed  to  be  700  ft.ele  ration  above  tide;  near  town  is  over  1,800ft. 

8.  The  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  at  Mmneapolis,  are  caused  by  the  rapid  wearing  out  of  the  veir 
friable  St.  Peter  sandstone  under  the  Trenton  limestone,  leaving  a  projecting  shelf  of  the  latter. 

0.  Oranite  Falls  is  a  reef  or  bar  of  auartzite  (probably  metamorphic).  It  is  expected  that  the 
mo9t  of  our  quartzites  will  prove  to  have  been  Potsdam.  They  appear  in  proper  horizon  as  do  thou 
at  Devils  Lake,  Wis.,  and  Sioux  Falls,  Dakota.  Boulders  from  these  quartzite  rocks  are  widely  diitrib' 
uted  in  Minnesota.  VV.  I).  H. 


N.) 


MINNESOTA. 


2/11 


iu\  A.  R.— Con, 
irl»>on.) Alt. 


jow.  Mag.&Sc. 

[7roix  H.  B. 

com- 

1  the  bluffs 

,«61 

<« 

•ri 

<i 

tfi 

it 

•u 

« 

T«i 

<i 

?ll 

i< 

en 

« 

toi 

n 

YtO 

u 

(It 

<l 

701 

<t 

111 

l< 

Ttl 

Trenton. 

f  14 

St.  Peter. 

II 

ti 

II 

Is  Railway. 

Trenton.       •» 
St.  Peter  s.  8. 
alciferouB.     '" 

II  711 

II  711 

If KDltoba  Ry.* 


Trenton. 
St.  Peter 

14 

7ti 

B.  8. 
841 

II 

134 

etaoeouB.' 
« 

911' 
914 

II 

<i 

mordial.7 
11 

loaig 

»"4 

lOlOj 
105i9 

kletamorphic 
obably     i"" 

»  and  Strophomm 
ee  *  8t.  Paul,  hm 
fe  been  seen  three 
torth  KasBon  build- 
inches  thick.  At 
\y  the  Railroad  Co., 
ratidffl,  10  inches  in 

W.  D.  HUBIBIT. 

;i:om  Spring  Valley 

towniBOverl,800ft. 
ng  out  of  the  Tety 
f  of  the  latter. 
I  expected  that  the 
horizon  as  do  thoM 
I  are  widely  distrib' 
VV.  I).  H. 


1.  Metamorph.  *" 

'•  Probably     »» 
•I  11 


II 
II 
(i 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


h 


11 
11 
la 
11 
11 
11 

10 
10 
10 

1 1 
11 
11 

10 
10 
9 


St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  ft  Manitoba  Rjr.— 

Ml. Oontinutd.  A't 

67  DaBBel. 

72  Darwin. 

78  Litchfield. 

86  Swede  Orove. 

91  Atwater. 

98  Kandiyohi. 
104  Willmar. 
Ill  St.  John's. 
118  Kerkhoven. 
127  De  Oraff. 

184  Benson. 
140  Clontarf. 
160  Hancock. 
159  Morris. 
168  Donnelly. 
178  Herman.  1.  Archaean. 

185  Gorton. 
194  Tintah. 
201  Campbell. 
209  Doran. 
217  Breckenridge. 


19 
S3 
19 

93 
11 
11 

19 
21 

"*  a" 
61  » 

47M 

34 

70 
11 
95 
83 

71 

69 


(Branch  Line  8t.  Paul,  Min.  .ft  Mnn.  Ritilway.) 


0 

10 
17 
27 
34 
39 
48 
56 
C3 
75 
76 
108 


St,  Paul. 

St.  Anthony. 
Manomin. 
Anoka. 
Itasca. 
Elk  River. 
Big  Lake. 
Becker. 
Clear  Lake. 
St.  Cloud. 
Sauk  Rapida. 
Melrose. 


X 


0  St.  Paul. 
..{Minneapolis. 


f  4  a.  Trenton.  'o* 

t  3  a.  St.  Peter  s.  s. 

4  a.  Trenton.  «<» 

3  b.  St.  Peters,  s.  »«» 

3  a.  Calciferous.  *''* 

<•  «91 

2.  Primordial.  »»« 


1.  Archaean. 


11 
II 


940 

977 

997 

1011 

1004 

119S 


{ 


2-4.  Low.  Silur.  and 
Cam.  1.  s.  and  s.  s. 


St. 

Ma. 


Paul.  MlnneapollN  A  Manitoba  Rjr.— 

Continutil.  Alt. 


11 

22 
84 
89 
44 

48 

56 

63 

69 

75 

82 

85 

90 

96 

103 

109 

117 

125 

130 

142 

148 

154 

166 

176 

186 

196 

204 

212 

218 

232 

241 


Parker. 

Osseo. 

Hassan. 

Crow  River. 

St.  Michaels. 

Monticello. 

Silver  Creek. 

Clearwater. 

Augusta. 

St.  Cloud. 

St.  JuHcph. 

CoUegeville. 

Avon. 

Albany. 

Freeport. 

Melrose. 

Sauk  Centre. 

West  Union. 

Osakis. 

Alexandria. 

Garfield. 

Brandon 

Interlaken. 

Dal  ton. 

Fergus  Falls. 

Carlisle. 

Rothsay. 

Lawndale. 

Barnesville. 

Sabin. 

Moorhead. 


a 
C 


I 


?2 

M 


A  S  -«  -3  5 
2  'g  S  3  C 


9   . 


t 


a   S 


4.M  5  J 

J   "  S  -J       ^ 

2  I.S  i  a^ 

«i   M   M   ,'0    A 

•o  ^  EC  g  fl  S 

III  ^11 

{The  beaches  of  the 
glacial  lake  Agassie 
are  crossed. 

/  Modified  Drift. 


St.  Paul,  Stillwater  &  Taylor's  Falls  R.  R. 


3 

12, 
10 
20 


St.  Paul. 

Post's. 
St.  Elmo. 
Stillwater  June. 
Stillwater. 


{ 


4  a.  Trenton,       '<>* 
3  a.  St.  Peter  s.  s. 
4  a.  Trenton.  «*' 

II  911 

3  a.  Calciferous.     ''^ 

II  697 


♦  The  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Kailroad  is  given  in  a  separate  chapter. 

10.  The  standard  thickness  of  the  formations  in  Minnesota  of  the  paleeozoic  rock  is :  downward, 
Galena,  or  Upper  Magnesian,  183  feet;  Upper  Trenton,  gray  limeutone,  120  feet;  a  green  shale,  15  feet; 
Lower  (blue)  Trenton,  17  feet;  St.  Peter  sandstone,  115  feet;  Lower  Magnesian,  25U  feet;  Potsdam, 
perhaps,  1,000  feet.  The  upper  measures  are  greatly  corroded  and  show  but  a  small  part  of  the  several 
measures,  except  the  Lower  Trenton  and  its  invariable  associate  the  St.  Peter  sandstone,  giving 
such  uniformity  of  escarpment  as  will  be  found  in  no  other  formations.  The  Upper  Trenton  is  usually 
corroded  woll  back  from  the  front  of  any  blutf  and  shows  light  slopes.  W.  D.  H. 

11.  From  Tracy  to  Gary,  on  the  southwest,  are  to  be  seen  the  foothills  of  the  Coteau  des  Prairies. 
Going  west  from  Tracy  the  railroad  ptwses  into  a  valley  between  two  morainic  hills,  and  near  Canby 
the  ascent  of  the  Ooteau  is  begun,  the  summit  of  which  is  reached  at  Goodwin,  Dak.,  at  1,996  feet 
above  the  sea.  C.  W.  H. 

12.  From  Wadena  to  Fergus  Falls  the  railway  passes  through  the  beautiful "  Lake  Park  Region," 
with  the  abrupt  morainic  mounds  of  tho  Leaf  Hills  and  numerous  glacial  lakes.  Near  Ames  and 
Everdill  are  the  beaches  of  the  glacial  lake  Agassiz  (Upham.)  C.  W.  H. 

13-  Winnebago  City  is  on  the  deposits  of  a  glacial  lake  (Upham.)  After  crossing  the  Des  Moines 
River  the  Ooteau  det  Prairies  is  ascended.  The  three  hignest  points  between  the  Dea  Moines  and 
the  James  Rivers  are :  Four  miles  west  of  lona,  1^05  feet;  four  miles  east  of  Pipestone  City.  1,744 
||<t:  west  of  Lake  Herman,  Dak.,  1,825  feet.  At  Pipestone  City  occur  the  beds  of  quartzite  and 
I  .Catlimte  (Indian  Pipestone),  of  either  Cambrian  (Winchell),  or  Huronian  (Chamberlin  and  Irving). 


Pliers 


V  \ 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (MINN.) 


St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  A  Manitoba 
Alt  Railway. 


Ms. 


218 
2J]6 

235 

241 

249 

254 

264 

276 

280 

285 

290 

297 

298 

80* 

811 

319 

827 

887 

346 

357 

861 

370 

875 

882 

889 

891 


Breckenridge. 

Manston. 

Atherton. 

Bamesyille. 

Downer. 

Glyndon. 

Averill. 

Felton. 

Borup. 

Ada. 

Rolette. 

Beltrami. 

Russia. 

Kittson. 

Carman. 

Crookston. 

Shirley. 

Euclid. 

Angus. 

Warren. 

Argyle. 

Stephen. 

Donaldson. 

Kennedy. 

Hallock. 

Northcote. 

Humbolt. 

St.  Vincent. 

Boundary  Line. 


(See  No.  Pacific.)    •»» 

20.  Drift.  »»« 

20.  Drift.  »»» 

Drift.  1007 

«  9«S 

!Flat  drift  in  the  bed 
of  the  ancient  lake 
Agassiz. 
(I 
« 

M 


« 
l< 
(( 
(« 

it 
tt 

M 
« 
U 
M 
M 
« 
<i 

« 
« 
« 
« 


9t2 
927 
935 
931 
907 
996 
909 
995 
9<l 
895 
8S8 
90S 
995 
875 
858 
850 
832 
831 
8«0 
830 
807 
797 
792 
795 


8auk  Centre  A  Northern  Branch. 


0 
10 
19 
26 
82 
87 


Sauk  Centre. 
Little  Sauk. 
Long  Prairie. 
Browerville. 
Clarissa. 
Eagle  Bend. 


cuonnern  pranc 

Sau'  -  Centre. 
'    d 

w 


1232 
1240 
1386 
1289 
1319 
1371 


St.  Paul,  Miuueapulis  tt  Manitoba  Rail- 
Ms.  wa,y.— Continued.  Alt 

Brown's  Valley  Line. 


0:  Morris. 
ISJChokio. 
26|Graceville. 


Drift  covered. 
« 


111* 

1112 

1197 


St.  Cloud  A  Hinckley  Branch. 


0 
7 
22 
26 
89 
41 
47 
50 
53 
67 


Hinckley. 

2  a. 

Potsdam  b. 

8.1021 

Pokegama. 

Drift. 

Mora. 

i< 

Ground  House. 

« 

Millaca. 

<« 

Bridgman. 
Oak  Park. 

4( 

M 

St.  Francis. 

« 

Foley. 

« 

St.  Cloud. 

See  Main  Line. 

Pelican  Rapids  Line. 


0 

6 

14 

21 

23 


Pelican  Rapids. 

Ehrhardt. 

Elizabeth. 

N.  P.  Junction. 

Fergus  Falls. 


Drift. 
« 

« 


iiu 

tsoi 

1161 

lUI 


See  Main  Line,    mi 


Dulutli  ft  Iron  Range  Railroad. 


0 

26 
32 
38 
49 
62 
70 
75 
80 

93 


Duluth. 
Two  Harbors. 
Sibwissa. 
Gakadina. 
Wissakode. 
St.  Louis  River. 
Okwanim.i^ 
Mesaba  Heights. 
Embarrass  R. 

Tower. 


Trap  rock.  «»♦ 

20.  Drift.  mo 

«  I7li 

«  1871 

Riyer  drift.  »•" 

Gabbro  range.      >*'* 
Granite.  i««« 

20.  Drift.  »««• 

Slates  &  schists,  ><>« 
with  jasp.  &  hematite, 


' 


Notes  Bigned  C.  W.  H.  are  by  Prof.  C.  W.  Hall. 

14.  Taylor't  FcM».  The  primordeal  is  here  Tery  fossiiiferous  and  lies  unconformably  on  trap 
rock,  supposed  to  be  Oiprifrrcut. 

16.  The  great  Mesabi  range  of  Gabbro  is  crossed  between  St.  Louis  river  and  Okwanim.  The 
Mesaba  Hetghtt,  as  here  named,  is  on  a  range  of  granitic  rocks,  the  apparent  equivalent  of  the 
Slant's  range  known  further  northeastand  in  Canada 

■rrata:    Page  246,  after  Wisconsin  geologists,  read,  is  equivalent  to  3  c,  etc. 

Note  6.    For  "of  RhyaimtUa,"  read,  for  BhynchonMa, 

Note  7.    For «'  700,"  read  1,700. 

Note  9.   For  "is  a  reef  or  bar  of  quartzite,"  read,  are  caused  by  a  grey  gneiss. 


•'■Iiiiiiii''^ 


^•) 

nltoba  RaU- 

Alt 

e. 

vered. 
« 

lliU 
1112 

1107 

(ranch. 

sdam  B. 

S.  !<»'» 

rift. 

lOlJ 

K 

III 

« 

lOif 

II 

lOit 

i« 

toil 

M 

1111 

l< 

lOIT 

II 

1122 

in   Lint 

>        1022 

Ine. 


>rifl. 


II 
II 


tin  Line. 


lilt 

1301 
IISI 

llli 

III! 


Railroad. 


Prift. 
It 

11 

drift. 
0  range, 
e. 
ift. 

&  schists,  »*" 
asp.  &  hematite. 


I3i 
1210 
1714 
ISTi 
HOT 
1414 
1104 
1441 


nformably  on  trap 

idOkwanim.   The 
equivalent  of  the 


NORTH  AND  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


25S 


North  and  South  Dakota.  ^ 


Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  Railroad. 

Iowa  and  Dakota  DiTision. 
Ms.  (Mitchell  to  Chamberlin.)  Alt. 


832  Mitchell.* 


347 

861 
888 
420 
429 
461 


855 
867 
879 

390 


Letcher. 

Woonsocket. 

Woolsey. 

Redfield. 

Aahton. 

Aberdeen. 


Plankington. 
Yorkton. 
Kimball.        i»«i 

Puckwana. 
Chamberlain.* 


J  18  a.  &  b.Cretaceous. 
1. 2d  Moraine.       i»9* 
/ 18  b.  Cretaceous, 
\     Deep  Till,      noo 

II  1308 

♦'3dMor.i85» 
18  b.  Cretaceous,  ^^ob 
ia»6  ««Lacust'lAlluv. 
1801     II     ««       "&Till. 


Deep  Tin.  i52i 

»  16  3  9 

Ist  or  Principal  Mora, 
f  Lacustral  Alluvium, 
\  and  Till.  "»» 
f  18b.Cret(Berg)i»8« 
\        Till  on  Uplands. 


(Canton  to  Mitchell.) 


262 
262 
268 


Canton. 

Worthing. 

Lennox. 


381  Parker.* 


287 

287 
298 
309 
819 
843 
350 

287 
303 
318 

332 


Mariira  Ju. 


Marion  Ju. 

Freeman. 

Menno. 

Scotland. 

Springfield. 

Running  Water. 


Marion  Ju, 

Bridgewater. 

Alexandria. 

Mitchell. 


18  b.  Cret.,  Till 
<< 


1341 
1857 
II  1347 

1   b.  Red  Quartzite, 
and  2d  Mor.   i»*i 

<4  1440 


X  1440 

Till  and  2d  Mor.  is"* 
Till.  !«'» 

18  b.  Greta.,  Till.  i»*o 

»  13  2  7 

II  1213 


I 


1440 

1  b.  Red  Quartzite, 
Till.  i*»» 

•  <  1345 

1  b.  Red  Quartzite, 
18  a.  and  b.  Creta- 
ceous, 2d  Mor.'2»* 


Sioux  City  and  Dakota  Division. 


0  Sioux  City, 
McCook. 


8 
13 
21 

21 
38 

33 

47 

66 

_66 

68 


Jefferson. 
Elk  Point. 


Elk  Point. 
Westfield. 

Akron. 

Calliope. 

Eden. 

Rock  Valley. 


Austin. 


18  a.  Cretaceous, 
Drift  and  Loess.  io»' 
Alluvium.         1105 


nil 

1124 


«  1124 

•I  1121 

f  18  a.  and  b.  Cretac, 
\  Drift  and  Loess.  !'*» 

18  b.    "        "       11 ''5J 

<l  it  1215< 

II  II  12461 


Chicago,  AUlwaukee  &  St.  Paul.— Con. 
Ms.       Sioux  City  and  Dakota  Div.— Ccm.        Alt. 


62Fairview. 
68  Beloit. 


Canton. 

Sioux  Falls.  i»«« 


71 
91 

21  Elk  Point. 
29  Burbank. 


36 

44 
60 

61 

70 

78 
90 


Vermillion, 

Meckling. 
Gayville. 

Yankton. 

Utica. 

Lesterville. 

Scotland. 


{ 


18  b.  Cretaceous, 
Drift  &  Loess.  i2o» 

<c  128* 

18  b.  Cret.    TiU.  i«*» 
1  b.  R.  Quartz.  IstMor, 


Alluvium. 
II 


1124 

ii8e 

(■18  b.  Cretaceous, 
\  Drift  and  Loess.  1 1  *  » 

<l  1149 

Alluvium.  ii6» 

f  1 8  b.  Cretaceous, 
\  Drift  and  Loessi"* 
Drift.  n»« 

1st  Moraine.     '*^» 
18  b.  Cret.,  TiU.    i»*o 


South  Minnesota  Division. 


0 

9 
19 
30 

38 


60 
75 


0 
JO 

86 
89 

104 


Woonsocket. 

Foresthurg. 

Diana. 

Roswell. 

Howard . 

Winfre  . 

Russell. 

Madison. 

Coleman. 


Sioux  Falls. 
Dell  Rapids. 


Egan. 
Flandreau 
Airlie. 
Pipestone. 


18  b.  Cret.,  TUl.  i«<»8 

II  1230 

II  1811 

«  13  91 

l<  1561 

"2d Mor.  i»o* 

"  Ist    " 

Drift.  i«»9 

Drift  Plain.  i«»» 


lb.R.Quartz.,Dft.  i8  8« 

i<  I486 


Drift. 


II 
11 


1S22 
1562 
1641 

1705 


Hastings  and  Dakota  Division. 


0 


13 
26 


Ipswich. 


Mina. 

Aberdeen. 
34 'Bath. 
40  Oroton. 
66  Andover, 
66JBri8tol. 
77  Webster. 
87:Waubay_ 
'"  iWUmot. 


123iMilibaiik. 

134  Big  Stone  City. 


136  0rtonville. 


18b.Crfct.,Till.  issi 
"  3d  Mor.i*»» 
"Lac'l  Silt.  1  SOI 

<l       II  13  01 

II  13  0  4 

8d  Mor.i*»« 

2(i      «'     1778 
1842 

Till  and  IstMor.  m* 


II 

II 
«i 

Till. 


3d 


119S 


114S 


la.Gran.,Till&AU.9»» 


<i     997 


James  River  Line. 


11971 


9 
12 
37 
64 


Aberdeen. 
Westport. 
Ellendale. 
Edgeley 


Tlll&Lacu8t'lSilt.no» 
18  b.  Cretac,  Till.i's* 

<i  1458 

«  "SdMor.isi* 


■V  > 


)  I 


264  AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (N.  &  S.  DAK.) 


ih 


|! 


h. 


!  I 


ii 


» 


:/  S 

I 


Chloasot  Milwaukee  ft  St.  Paul  B.  tl.—Oon. 
Ma.  Fargo  Southern  Line.  Alt. 


0 

Ortonville,  Minn. 

Till.  Archaean  9^^ 
granites  extensive- 
ly exposed  in  val- 

222 

Graceville,    «' 

ley   of    Minnesota 

River.              "<>» 

'Lacustrine  de-    ^71 

49 

White  Rock. 

posits   of  Lake 

66 

Tyler. 

Agassiz  overly- ' « ^ 
ing  till. 

88 

Aberorombie. 

«                      988 

120 

Fargo. 

(<                    908 

HastinKS  and  Dakota  Linei.— Con. 


0 
16 
81 


Ipswick. 
Roscoe. 
Bowdle.  7 


Till.  i*»i 

«  18  2  7 

l8t&2d  Moraine.1996 


Roscoe  and  Orient  Branch.    6. 


0 

8 
26 
49 
68 
68 


Eureka. 

Hillsview. 

Roscoe. 

Millard. 

Faulkton.* 

Orient 


Till&2dMoraine,i88  5 

<<  18  5  0 

«  18  2  7 

«  1641 

"2J Moraine.    is74 

a  1600 


Chicago  and  Nortli  Western  R'y. 

Eagle  Grove  and  Hawarden  Line. 


614 
622 
681 
641 
664 
663 
679 
690 
602 
612 
624 
681 
640 

668 


Hawarden. 

Alcester. 

Beresford. 

Centreville. 

Hurley. 

Parker. 

Canistota. 

Salem. 

Canova. 

Vilas. 

Carthage. 

Esmond. 

Iroquois. 

Cavour. 

Huron. 


Till  and  Loess. 

Ist  Moraine. 

18  b.  Cret.,  Till. 
<(        « 

lb.  Red  Quartzite, 

18  b.  Cret.2d  Mor 

"      Till. 
i<        (> 

<(        (I 


3d  Moraine. 

Till. 


1181 
1346 
1505 
1239 
1  268 
1340 
1455 
1817 
1527 
1480 
1438 
1433 
1401 
1311 
128  5 


Minnesota  and  Central  Daliota  Line. 


693 


631 
649 
662 

681 
691 
702 
713 
723 
736 
744 
763 
769 


Gary. 

Altamont. 

Goodwin. 

Eransburg. 

Watertown. 

Henry. 

Clark  Centre. 

Raymond. 

Doland. 

Frankfort. 

Redfield. 

Athol. 

Northville. 

Rudolph. 

Aberdeen. 

Ordway. 

Columbia. 


2d  Moraine.  i*** 

Ist         "  i»3* 

Old  Till.  1996 

«  198  2 

1st  Moraine.  I's' 

Till.  18  12 

2d  Moraine.  1^8  9 

Till.  !*«« 

8d  Moraine.  ^^ss 
Alluvium  &  Till,  i^^* 


Chicago  &  North  Western  B'y.— Con. 
Ms.  (Elkton  to  Redfleld.)  Alt 


574 
584 
590 
597 
608 
619 
644 
653 
663 
662 
675 
687 
699 

713 

725 
739 

752 

761 
781 

662 
675 
684 
703 


Elkton. 

Aurora. 

Brookings. 

Volga. 

Nordland. 

Preston. 

De  Smet. 

Iroquois. 

Cavour. 

Huron. 

Woolsey. 

Wessington. 

St.  Lawrence. 

Ree  Heights. 

Highmore. 
Harold. 

Blunt. 

Canning. 
Pierre.  (Missouri 


Huron. 
Broadland. 
Hitchcock. 
Redfield. 


Dnft  Plain. 


Ist  Moraine. 

Till. 
2d  Moraine. 

Till. 
2d  Moraine. 

Till. 
3d  Moraine. 


17  5! 
1630 
16S8 
16SI 

tm 

169( 
Mat 
1401 

isn 

12li 

I34a 

1410 

1880 


Till. 

f  18  b.  Cretaceous, 
\l8t&  2dMora.i'3i 
2d  Moraine.  ust 

Till.  HOI 

18  b.  Cretaceous, 
1st  Moraine.     i<2i 

«  1561 

River.)    "  i<" 


Till.  12" 

<<  1301 

3d  Moraine.J'" 
18b.  Cret.,    «      laoo 


(Watertown  Junction  to  Watertown.) 


0|  Watertown  Ju. 

8i  Bruce. 
IS^Estelline. 
30!  Castle  wood. 
44  Watertown. 


Drift. 


itot 

ISiO 
l«5t 
1615 

1731 


St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  &  Manitoba  R.  R, 


241  Morehead,  Minn, 

242  Fargo,  Dak. 
251  Harwood. 

Argusville. 
263  Gardner. 
269  Grandin. 
275  Kelso. 
281  Hillsboro. 
289  Cumminga. 
295  Buxton. 
300  Reynolds. 
307  Thompson. 
320i  Grand  Forks. 
333Manvoel. 
345  Ardock. 
.351iMinto. 
;^t)0  Grafton. 


18b.Cret.,3d  .Mor.iao" 
"  Lact'l  Allu.12  96 

«'        "  12  991  374  St.  Thomas 

"         "&  Till.' '    '    3S7  Hamilton. 


« 

« 


13  01. 
1314 
1315 


392 

400 
402 


Bathgate. 

Neche. 

Gretna,   Canada 


J  Plain  of  Lake  Agas- 
\8iz.  Laous'l  Dep.»»' 

«  901 


II 
<l 
II 
11 
<l 
II 
II 
l< 
It 
<l 
II 
K 
II 
M 

n 

i( 
i< 
II 
i( 


816 
884 
898 
891 

89: 

901 
91< 
910 
910 
805 
630 
111 

tu 

810 
821 
840 
824 
82r 
831 


Line. 


1.  By  Profs.  T.  C.  Chamberlin  and  J.  F.  Todd,  U  fl.  Geologists,  w  n  elevations  by  Mr.  Warren 
Upham,  Assistant  on  the  Geological  Survey  '.f  Minnes(  ind  the  V.  S.  :5iirvey.  The  geology  oftni 
two  States  is  given  in  one  chapter  without  reference  to  .tie  division  recently  made. 


DAK.) 


I  B'y.— Con. 
eld.)  Alt. 


lam. 
(t 

« 

It 

■aine. 

1. 

aine. 

11. 

aine. 

11. 

■aine. 

It 

11. 


175: 

1630 
KIS 
16S( 
Hit 
169« 
1716 
1401 
1811 
12tS 
1341 
1419 
1980 


.  Cretaceous, 
k  2dMora.i'3i 
ralne.  "" 

11.  *"' 

.  Cretaceous, 
Moraine.     i«" 

M  15  61 

\      <l  1440 

K  ^^ 

(I  1301 

id  Moraine.i"' 
3ret., 


1300 


Watertown.) 


rift. 


1604 
1640 
16St 
1615 

ITSI 


[anitoba  K.  B. 

in  of  Lake  Agas- 
Laous'l  Dep.«»' 

901 
816 
814 

881 
881 
89T 
tOl 
91! 
910 
910 
808 
830 
111 
124 
810 
831 
840 
824 
811 
831 


l( 

If 

« 

II 

« 

11 

II 

l< 

l< 

<l 

II 

i< 

11 

II 

II 

l< 

|( 

II 

II 


NORTH  AND  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 


25S 


St.  Paul,  Bfinneapolls  and  Manitoba 
Bailroad. — Con. 
Kd.  Breckenridge  Extension.  Alt, 


oll>reeI;enridge. 
ISlDwight. 


21 
63 
80 


[  Colfax. 

I  Eyerest. 

I  Greenfield. 
99|Mayville. 
ISlLarimore. 
145  Orr. 
155  Conway. 
167  Park  Riyer. 


r  Laoustrial  '*• 

\  Ghamplain. 


<i 
Drift. 


9S2 
958 
9S3 
94S 
97B 
1184 
1098 
988 
998 


DevilB  Lakx  Extension. 


0 

28 

67 

83 

118 


Crookston.      **^  Laonstrine  Ghamplain 
Grand  Forks.  "  830 

Dnrt&18.  Creta.ii3* 

<l  1517 

11  1464 

tcr.  "  1432 


St.  Paui,  Alinn.  &  Manitoba  R.  B,.—Con. 
Ms,  Aberdeen  Branch.— Con.  Alt. 


Larimore. 
Michigan  City. 
Devils  Lake,  Sta 
Devils  Lake,  Wa 


Hope  Branch. 


0 

4 

16 

23 

29 


Ripon. 
Ayr. 

Page  City. 
Colgate. 
Hope. 


1042 
1202 


Drift,  Beach near. 

"     18  Crp'aceous.  ? 

II  "       ?        1 1  ?  7 

M  •'      ?         1179 

<l  "       ?         1243 


Aberdeen  Branch.  6 


OTintah  Jo. 

25  Hankinson. 
37  Lidgerwood.» 
55  Rutland. 
58Sprague  Lake.i" 


/Lake  Agassiz  98  8 
\     deposits. 

Herman  Beach.  ^  •* « * 

Till.  1122 

<<  12  25 

«  1219 


64 

71 

78 

84 

91 

96 

102 

110 

11^ 


Havana. 

Kidder. 

Burch. 

Amhorst. 

Clarmont. 

Huffton. 

Putney. 

Hadley. 

Aberdeen. 


f  Till,  Lacustrinei2  9* 
\  plain  Lake  Dakota. 

l<     1295 
II  II      1>9« 

Tin.  4thMor.(?)  i"* 
«'  LakeDakota.iso* 

II  1807 

l<  1306 

f<  isoa 

It  1300 


Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  5 

Ms.    Jamestown  and  Northern  Railroad.       Alt. 


0 
6 
13 
21 
34 
43 


Jamestown,  i*"* 

Parkhurst. 

Buchanan. 

Pingree. 

Melville. 

Carrington. 


eOlNew  Rockford. 


SeiSykeston. 


18.Cret.,Till&Vy  Drift. 

1500 


<f 
l( 
II 
(I 
If 
II 


If 
ff 
If 
ff 
ff 
ff 


1540 
1S48 
1601 
ISSI 

isas 


1680 


Fargo  and  South western.e—Con.ll 


88 


La  Moure. 

Glover. 

Cakes. 


Berlin. 

Medbury. 

Edgeley. 


Cretaceous 

1305 


f  18  b, 

\   Till. 

ff  i< 

f     "  Beach  of 
\  Lake  Dakota. 

18  b.Cret.  Till. 
II 

"  3dMor. 


1370 
1810 

1468 
1520 
1516 


110 

Chiosgo,  St.  Paul,  Minneap.  &Oni{UiaR.  R. 

(Sioux  Falls  Branch.) 


0 

14 

28 
39 


Sioux  Falls. 

Hartford. 
Montrose. 
Salem. 


( 1.  Red  Quartzite, 
\DriftAlluvium.i8»* 

Drift.  »»«! 

1  &  2d  Moraines.  i*^i 

Till.  i»i» 


2.  Mtehell.  Dakota  s.  s.  (18  a.l  fineiy  exposed  along  Enemy  Creek  five  miles  east  of 
I  south.    Also    on    the   Firesteel    at        '  ne«r  the  crossing  of  the  Letcher  Branch.     Niobrara 

(?)  (Ghalkstone)  18  b.  along  the  railroad  .e  mile  east,  and  along  the  Firesteel  a  mile  northeast 
Innd  further  up.  This  with  the  clays  of  probably  the  Ft.  Benton  frequently  struck  in  deep 
I  wells. 

3.  Chamberlain.  Niobrara  and  Fort  Pierre  clays  (18  b.)  exposed  over  3.50  feet  in  the  sides 
lof  the  bluffs,  44)  to  SO  feet  of  Till,  probably  of  glaoio-natant  origin,  cap  the  Uuifs  and  several 
I  feet  of  Loess  frequently  covers  that. 

I  4.  Parker.  Red  Ouartzite  of  Dakota  which  is  1  b.  Huronian,  is  exposed  along  the  Ver- 
Imillion  near  the  level  of  the  water  two  miles  east. 

8,   The  main  line  of  the  Northern   Pacific  is  given   in  a  separate  chapter. 

6.  Elevations,  as  well  as  geology,  on  this  line  by  Prof.  J.  E.  Todd. 

7.  Bowdle.  Unusually  fine  exhibition  of  gravel  plains  and  ridges,  in  a  broad  re-entrant  angle 
lof  the  first  and  second  moraines  which  are  here  united.  They  are  crossed  two  to  three  miles  east 
|of  the  town. 

8.  Faulkton.    The  hills  southwest  are  the  eastern  head  of  a  re-entrant  angle  or  interlobular 
ortion  of  the  second  moraine. 

9.  Lidgerwood.  An  interlobular  portion  (rf  the  fourth  and  fifth  moraines  is  well  developed  a 
■few  miles  south.    The  latter  is  crossed  near  liret)eHt*f' 

1     10,   Sprague  Lake.    Near  the  hea^  »f  Coteau  des  Prairies,  third  and  fourth  moraines  at  its  base, 
phe  second  at  its  summit. 

11.   The  Fargo  and  Southwestern  u  continued  from  the  Northern  Pacific  chapter. 


i 


•x'n 


nsby  Mr.  Warreo 
The  geology  of  tilt 

de. 


H 


266 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  &  S.  DAK.) 


V's^ 


■kH 


I  m 


St.  Psnl,  Minneapolis  and  Manitoba. 

Ms.  Continued.  Alt. 


862  Shawnee. 

406  DeTil's  Lake. 
418 Grand  Harbor. is 
424  Church's  Ferry. 

486  Leeds. 
442  York. 
448  Enoz. 

468  Pleasant  Lake. 
468  Rugby  June. 
474  Berwick. 
481  Towner. 

487  Denbigh. 
600  Granville. 
608  Norwich. 

608  Minot.i« 

686  Des  Laos. 
641  Lone  Tree. 
646  Berthold. 
656Wr11ace." 
662  Delta. 
669  Elton. IS 
677  Stanley. 
684  Ross. 
689  Manitou. 
697  White  Earth. 
606  Tioga. 
616  Ray. 
622  Wheelock. 
681  Spring  Brook. 
688  Avoca. 
646  Willieton. 
656  Trenton. 
666  Buford, 

Montana  Line. 


f  Drift  and  18  o. 
\  Ft.  Pierre 

1484 


<l 
l( 
<l 
<l 
« 
II 
II 
11 
<4 
«l 
<« 
U 
<l 


/ 18  d.  Laramie 
\     Lignite  Mines. 


14ft4 
1468 
1614 

isia 

1808 
1608 
1661 
1488 
1478 
1488 
1608 
1686 
1667 


18  d.  Laramie. 


<i 
•I 
II 
II 
i< 

u 
u 

M 
M 
<l 
II 


licnite  Mines. 
18  ±  Laramie. 


16*7 
1996 
2082 
2162 
2388 
8196 
8882 
8287 
8876 
8087 
3278 
8371 
2874 
2113 
1986 
18S4 
1894 
1944 


Cando  and  St.  John  Line. 


424 

439 
452 


Church's  Ferry. 

Cando. 

Bisbee. 


D'ft.l8cFt.PierTe.»*6  8 

«  II  I48  6 

II  «  16  00 


St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Manitoba. 

Ms.  Cando  and  St.  John  Line.— Con.        xit 


459|Perth. 
471Rolla. 
4791  St.  John.  i« 


D'ft.lSc.Ft.Pierre.'Tn 


Bottineau  Branch. 


468 

484 
604 


Rugby  June. 
Barton. 
Willow  City. 
Bottineau.' " 


D'ft.l8c.Ft.Pierre75«T 

"  "  1605 

«<  "  J  471 

"  <•  1631 


Aberdeen,  Blsmark  and  N.  Western  R'y. 


Aberdeen.     1296 

Foster.  »»•» 

Leola. 

Ashley. »»     «oo» 

Beaver  Creek. 

Red  Lake. 

Lowry. 

Napoleon. 

Merriam. 

Bismark. 


Till.    Lacustral  Silt, 
18  b.  Cretaceous,  Till. 
«•  is«r 

TiU  (?)  Lacustral  Silt 
18  0.  Cret  Drift,  isn 


M 
<l 

« 
U 


1970 

aost 

19SS 
ll«} 

leti 


Fremont,  Elkhom  and  Mtsaouri  Valley. 
Elkhorn  Valley  Line.— Om.ia 


444 

449 
461 
476 
485 
600 
516 
628 
540 
548 
555 


Chadron,  Neb. 
Dakota  Jc. 
Wayside. 
Oelrich,  Dak.i* 
Smithwick. 
Buffalo  Gap.  >o 
Fairbum. 
Hermosa. 
Brennen. 
Rapid  City,  a  » 
Black  Hawk. 


662  Sacora. 


568 
577 
584 
593 
597 


Tilford. 
Sturgis." 
White  wood.*' 
Deadwood. 
Pennington. 


19  b.  Miocene.      S3>« 

«  SHi 


18  Cretaceous. 

18  a. 
i(  II 

II  ii 

(I  II 

it  II 

<i  <i 

Jura-Trias. 
II 

M 


Surveyed. 
II 


till 


iiii 


ittt 


i4tr 

4S4S 
4971 


12.  Geology,  notes,  and  elevations  on  this  line  and  branches  from  Shawnee  west  by  Mr.  Warren 
Upham,  AHsistaut  Geologist,  U.  S.  Geological  Rurvey. 

13.  The  country  is  all  more  or  less  drift-covered  to  Great  Falls,  Montana,  but  is  destitute  of 
drifl  thence  to  Helena  and  Butte. 

14.  The  Laramie  formation,  extending  from  Minot  to  Kiotyre,  contains  occasional  beds  of 
Lignite. 

16.— Terminal  moraine  drift  hills,  marking  a  stage  of  halt  or  re-advance  of  the  ice-Hheet.  are  well 
displayed  along  ihe  distance  of  thirteen  miles  by  Wallace,  Delta  and  Elton,  a  S.  E.-N.  W.  belt  of 
these  deposits  being  there  crossed  by  the  railway. 

18.    Between  St.  John  and  Bottineau,  the  Turtle  Mountain  area,  elevated  about  600  feet  above  tli« 

general  level,  Is  an  extensive  outlying  tract  of  the  Laramie  formation,  overspread  with  irregularl; 
illy  deposits  of  glacial  drift. 

17.  Ashley,  The  first  and  second  moraines  are  crossed  separately  seven  to  twenty  miles  N.W. 
of  Leola.  where  they  turn  sharply  from  a  south-south-westerly  direction  to  nearly  due  west.  Ashlej 
is  on  a  level  pebbless  plain,  covering  perhaps  twenty  square  miles.  The  road  between  Aahleyand 
Napoleon  runs  mostly  in  a  valley  just  outside  of  tho  first  moraine,  which  is  unusually  heavily  deyel- 

oped.  j.e:.t. 

18.  By  Prof  G.  E.  Bailey  of  the  Dakota  School  of  Mines.  Rapid  City,  S.  Dakota. 

19.  Oelrteh.    Cretaceous,  with  here  and  there  outliers  or  Miocene.  G.  E.  B. 

20.  Buffalo  Oap.  Bad  Lands  twenty  miles  east,  the  great  collecting  ground  of  Prof.  Cope  ul 
Marsh.  Fossil  horses,  shells  with  pearl  preserved,  turtles,  etc.  Two  miles  west  handsome  variega- 
ted sandstones,  whetstones,  fifteen  miles  west  hot  springs,  tufa.  Gt.  E.  B. 

21.  BapidCity.  Black  Hills,  tin  mines,  twenty  miles  S.  W.  Gold,  silver,  copper,  lead, iiii» 
•nd  graphite  mines  ;  marble,  gypsum,  brick,  fire  and  potter's  clays.  G.  E.  B. 

&    Sturgia.    Homestake  mines,  ten  miles,  Galena  Smelters,  ten  miles.  ^-^'r,  j 

23.  Whilnoood.  Carbonate  and  Nigger  Hill  mining  districts.  Thecoal,  oil  and  salt  distriouoi 
Dakota.  0.  E.  B. 


•ii-' 


GENERAL  NOTE  ON  THE  GEOLOGY  OP  THE  FAR  WEST. 


267 


SVestem  R'y,  < 


occasional  bedsot 


§mn\  iflti  0n  t\t  6e0l0gg  ai  i\t  Wit$tm  prt  ai  t\t 

It  may  he  useful  to  those  not  familiar  with  the  local  geology  of  America,  to  insert  a  genoraf 
account  of  the  well-marked  difference  between  the  eastern  and  western  parts  of  the  Continent. 
Adopting  the  line  of  Central  Texas,  Indian  Territory,  Kansas,  and  Eastern  Nenraska  and  Dakota,  and 
extending  it  in  the  same  general  course  to  the  Arctic  Circle,  we  will  have  North  America  divided 
into  two  great  divisions,  in  each  of  which  the  geology  of  the  country  has  the  same  general  character 
and  each  widely  different  from  the  other. 

The  eastern  division  shows  a  sub-division  into  a  number  of  great  basins,  representing  all  the 
older  geological  formations  in  their  regular  stratified  order,  and  each  with  a  carboniferous  coal  field 
on  its  summit,  and  then  the  whole  area  framed  on  the  outside  by  two  or  three  irregular  bands  of  the 
Cretaceous,  Tertiary  and  Quaternary  formations,  and  showing  also  several  intermediate  lines  of 
Triassic  and  probably  Jurassic. 

But  on  crossing  the  line  above  described,  we  paso  from  the  old  to  the  new  geological  world,  in 
which  the  Upper  Silurian*  and  Devonian  formations  are  unknown,  and  even  the  Carboniferous  appears 
in  80  changed  an  aspect  fts  to  be  unworthy  of  the  name,  inasmuch  as  it  is  no  longer  coal  bearing. 
As  our  geological  table  is  now  numbered,  much  more  than  half  of  it  has  here  become  useless  in  this 
western  district,  as  none  9f  those  formations  are  there  to  be  seen,  and  we  come  into  a  new  geological 
continent  of  magnificent  distances,  covered  for  thousands  of  miles  chiefly  by  the  Cretaceous  and 
Tertiary,  with  smaller  areas  of  Triassic  and  Jurassic  formations,  with  othor  vnHt  areas  of  mountains 
and  plains  of  eruptive  and  metamorphic  rocks,  with  the  minerals  peculip.r  to  them,  affording  but  little 
material  for  geological  notes,  and  sometimes  greatly  disturbing  and  subverting  the  order  of  stratifica- 
tion and  rendering  Metamorphic  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary.  Some  of  the  ran^^es  no  doubt  contain 
a  central  axis  of  granite  ana  crystalline  formations  of  the  older  rocks,  and  in  time  some  small  por- 
tions of  the  metamorphic  rocks,  like  those  of  New  England,  may  prove  to  have  been  changed  from 
Palieozoic  and  other  formations  well  known  in  the  eastern  division.  A  few  fossils  here  and  there 
may  show  traces  of  what  they  once  were,  but  as  yet  they  may  be  classed  under  the  comprehensive 
name  of  Metamorphic. 

But  the  most  remarkable  point  in  this  description  is  the  vast  extent  and  great  persistence  and 
uniformity  of  these  formations  of  the  Far  West,  so  limited  in  number  and  spreading  from  near  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  Rivers  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  the  North  Pole  to  the  Isthmus  of 
Tehuantepec.  This  statement  gives  a  correct  general  impression  of  the  geology  of  more  than  half  of 
North  America.  An  examination  of  this  "Geological  Railway  Guide."  along  all  the  lines  as  yet  con- 
structed, and  of  all  the  geological  maps  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  and  the 
roports  of  all  travelers,  will  serve  to  confirm  what  has  here  been  stated,  and  to  impross  on  the  mimi 
of  the  student  the  important  transition  he  makes  in  passing  west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

One  of  the  most  unfortunate  facts  in  connection  with  the  geology  of  this  western  district  is,  that 
throughout  a  large  portion  of  it,  especially  its  central  and  southern  parts,  the  soil  is  "  alkaline,"  the 
rain-fall  being  less  than  the  evaporation  by  which  soluble  salts  are  brought  to  the  surface,  rendering 
the  land  unfit  for  cultivation  without  irrigation,  although  portions  of  ft  afford  pasturage,  and  there 
are  many  lakes  and  rivers  whose  waters  contain  a  greater  or  less  per  ceutage  of  soda  salts.  The  areas, 
however,  are  relatively  small  in  which  the  soil  is  not  able  to  yield  crops,  if  only  water  can  be  sup- 
plied to  it. 

Another  point  may  be  worthy  of  mention,  namely,  that  the  study  of  the  formations  of  the  Far 
West  has  only  been  begun,  and  they  are  so  much  more  expanded  and  sub-divided  that,  for  aught  we 
now  know,  a  new  geological  world  may  yet  be  opened,  which  may  greatly  enrich  the  science  of 
Eeoio^y,  modifying  our  present  series  of  the  newer  formations,  giving  us  new  views  of  Ftructural  and 
dynamic  geology  and  discovering  new  forms  of  ancient  life. 

It  is  as  true  now,  as  it  was  when  written  by  Prof.  James  Hall,  thirty  years  ago,  that "  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  geological  formations  of  the  West  is  so  rapidly  progressing,  and  the  materials  are  accumii- 
latmg  in  such  abundance,  that  whatever  may  be  presented  to-day  as  new  and  in  advance  of  previous 
knowledge,  will  to-morrow  he  regarded  only  as  a  historical  record  of  our  propn^ss." J.  M. 

TABLE  OF  THE  TERTIARY  AND  CRETACEOUS  FORMATIONS.    ~ 

From  Dr.  Edward  D.  Cope's  Report  on  the  Vertebrata  of  the  Tertiary  Formations  of  the  West, 

United  States  Oeologieal  Siirrev,  1SS3. 


19  c.  Pliocene.  - 

Magalonyx  Beds. 
Equus  Beds. 

?  Puerco.t 

Puerco. 

. 

' 

Procamelus  Beds. 

i^  -0 

18  d.  Laramie. 

Fort  Union. 

- 

•< 

19  b.  Miocene. 

Ticholeptus  Beds. 
John  Day. 
White  River. 

00   H 
r-l    M 

Bear  River. 

» 

u 
H 

r 

Uinta. 

18  c.  Fox  Hills. 

Fox  Hills. 

OJ 

Amyzon  Beds. 
Bridget. 

< 

Fort  Pierre. 

fH 

19  a.  Eocene. 

18  b.  Colorado. 

Niobrara. 

Qreen  River. 

O 

Fort  Benton. 

Wasatch. 

00 

,—1 

18  a.  Dakota. 

Daitota. 

*The  Lower  Silurian  is  known  in  Idaho,  Montana,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Utah, 
Nevada  and  Arizona,  most  largely  in  the  two  last  named. 

t  Professor  Cope  insilts  there  is  plenty  of  evidence,  since  the  publication  of  his  report,  that  the 
Puerco  is  distinct  n-om  the  Laramie. 


I  '  T^ 


I   I 


I-, 


X    I 


M.i 


. 


1 


^  f:i 


■< 


1 1 


s  K ' 


V 


S68        AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MINN.  &  DAK.) 


Northern  Pacific  Railroad.^ 


Ms. 


MINNESOTA. 


Alt. 


St.  Paul. 


11  Minneapolis. 
13  N.  Minneapolis. 
16  Northtown  June 
18  Fridley. 
25  Coon  Creek. 
29  Anoka. 
86  Itaska. 
41  Elk  River. 
45  Bailey's. 
50  Big  Lake. 
67  Becker. 
64  Clear  Lake. 
71  Haven. 

76  E.  St.  Cloud. 

77  Sauk  Rapids. 
83  Watab. 

90  Rice's. 
97  Royalton. 
103  Gregory. 
107  Little  Falls. 
112  Belle  Prairie. 
116  Topeka. 
121  Fort  Ripley. 
126  Albion. 
130  Crow  Wing. 
138  Brainerd. 

Miss.  River  Low 
146  Gull  River. 
148  Sylvan  Lake. 
151  Pillager. 
156  Bath. 
160  Motley. 
168  Staples  Mill. 
170  Dower  Lake. 
174  Aldrich. 
178  Vemdale. 
185  Wadena. 
187  Wadena  June. 
190  Bluffton. 
193  Amboy. 
197  New  York  Mills. 
203  Richmond. 
209  Perham. 


1.  Archaean. 


f  4  a.  Trenton,  8  a.  St. 
\  Peter  sandstone. ''"i 

»  83  3 

'•>  a.  St.  Peter  sand  s. 

848 
860 

3  a.  Calciferous.     **» 

891 

2.  Primordial.        »oi 

818 
040 
976 
997 
1016 
1030 
1004 
1053 
10S9 
1080 
109S 
1115 
IISO 
1144 
1158 
1173 
1186 
1208 
1162 
1189 
1203 
1200 
1212 
1223 
<>  12  50 
ti         1290 

132  7     "heavy  drift. 

a  1147 

II  1349 

II  1350 

II  1310 

II  13  76 

II  1409 

II  1394 

II  136? 


II 
u 
<i 

II 
II 

Taconic. 

II 

II 
II 


Water. 


<i 


Ms. 


MINNESOTA.-Con. 


Alt, 


Luce. 

Frazee. 

Johnson. 

Detroit. 

Audubon. 

Lake  Park. 

Hillsdale. 

Hawley. 

Muskoda. 

Glyndon. 

Tenny. 

Moorhead. 


214 
220 
225 
230 
237 
242 
248 
254 
258 
267 
269 
276 

Red  River  Low  Water, 


II 


1.  Arch,  h'vy  drift" '0 

1S94 

1393 

1362 

1308 

1334 

1399 

1190 

1O90 

924 

920 

903 


867 


DAKOTA. 


276 
281 
285 
289 
292 
294 
297 
303 
313 
319 
324 
329 
333 


1.  Archsaan. 


342 
346 
349 
359 
364 
369 


376 
386 
390 
398 
406 
416 
420 


Fargo. 
Haggart. 
Canfield. 
Mapleton. 
Greene. 
Dalrymple. 
Casselton. 
Wheatland. 
Buffalo. 
Tower  City. 
Oriska. 
Alta. 

Valley  City. 
Cheyenne  River 
Hobart. 
Sanborn. 
Eckelson. 
Spiritwood. 
Bloom. 
Jamestown." 
James  River  Low 
Eldridge. 
Windsor. 
Cleveland. 
Medina. 
Crystal  Springs 
Tappen. 
Dawson. ' 


Arch,  h'vy  drift.'i's 

«  903 

«  P03 

9-12.  Up.  Devonian' 03 

913 


11 
II 


l< 
« 


18.  Cretaceous. 
Low  Water. 
18.  Cretaceous. 


Water. 

18.  Cretaceous. 


<i 
<< 


920 
930 
98S 
1206 
1170 
1240 
1425 
1218 
1200 
1417 
1460 
1444 
1477 
1413 
U9S 
1310 
1940 
IISI 
1840 
1790 
1790 
1760 
174« 


1.    The 
Wluchell 


he  Keology  here  given  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  east  of  Bismarck,  is  by  Prof.  N.  H. 
n  .u»..i«..  of  Miunesota,  and  that  west  of  Bismarck,  through  Dakota  and  Montana,  is  by  Prof.  Baplwei 
Pumpelly  whose  work,  however,  was  devoted  almost  wholly  to  coal  explorations,  and  his  journeys 
were  made  on  horse  trails,  often  off  from  the  route  of  the  railroad,  before  most  of  the  stations  m 
Montana  and  Idaho  were  located.  His  foot  notes  are  marked  R.  P ,  those  marked  B.  T.  ?•  are.''yn» 
Msistant  B  T.  Putnam,  and  those  signed  G.  W.  D.  are  by  Dr.  George  M.  Dawson,  giving  the  observa- 
tions of  •  passing  geological  traveler  well  versed  in  the  geology  of  the  adjoining  territory  of  Canada. 


J.M. 


DAK.) 


;on. 


Alt. 


h'vy 

drifti'" 

<( 

1384 

(1 

1393 

(( 

1362 

>( 

1308 

(t 

1334 

n 

1399 

a 

IISO 

i( 

1O90 

II 

924 

II 

920 

II 

903 

867 


1.  h'vy  drift.'"' 

II  903 

11  f03 

Fp.  Devoniari'03 

«  913 


11 
II 
i< 
i< 
II 

M 


etaceous. 

iTater. 

etaceous. 


etaceous. 


920 
930 
983 
1206 
1170 
1240 
142S 
1218 
1200 

Hi: 

1460 
1444 

1477 
14tJ 

139S 
1310 
1340 
1831 
1840 
1790 
1790 
1760 
1741 


k,i8byProf.N.H, 
is  by  Prof.  Raphael 
,  and  his  journeys 
;  of  the  stations  in 
B.  T.  P.  arebyhii 

living  the  obserw- 
«rritory  of  Canada. 
J.  M. 


NORTHERN  J>ACIPIC  RAILROAD.    (DAK.  AND  MON.) 

269 

Ms.        Northern  Paolflo  B.  WL,—Ca)t.        Alt. 

Mb.         Northern  Paolflo  B.  K.— Con 

Alt. 

428 

Steele. 

18.  Cretaceous.     "»» 

■  18  d.  Fort  Union 

486 

Geneva. 

11                    18  88 

611 

Fryburg. 

Laramie, 

Creta- 

439 

Driacoll. 

«                    18  8  6 

ceous. 

2767 

446 

Sterling. 

l(                    1865 

617 

Sully  Springs. 

«     2647 

463 

McKensie. 

H                    1696 

620 

Scoria.* 

«     2  505 

458 

Menoken. 

«                    1718 

625 

Medora. 

'^iiH 

<<     2  2  6  5 

467 

Apple  Creek. 

«                   r642 

•  t  «•• 

Little  Mo.  River.  7 

«     3  24  5 

471 

Bismarck.^ 

(  18d.Laramie,Creta- 
\     ceous.             i«88 

626 
633 

Little  Missouri.* 
Andrews. 

"  Lignite  Mines**** 

«                   2476 

••••• 

Missouri  River 

Low  Water.           i8i« 
f  18  c.  Pierre  &  Fox 
\     HiU.               1**4 

641 

Sentinel  Butte. 

l< 

2707 

476 

Mandan. 

MONTANA. 

484 

Marmot." 

II                      1729 

j  18  d.  Fort  Union 

490 

Sweet  Briar. 

"                      168  3 

650 

Beach. 

■1      Laramie, 

Creta- 

500 

Sedalia. 

«                      2030 

(     ceous. 

2754 

•  •**■ 

Summit. 

«                     2  165 

Summit. 

« 

2819 

604 

New  Salem. 

«                     2  161 

669 

McClellan. 

i( 

2685 

507 

Blue  Grass.  3 

1 8 d. Ft. Union."  2042 

661 

Mingusville. 

M 

2639 

611 

Sims.* 

"                    I960 

Summit. 

II 

616 

Almont. 

«                    19  18 

671 

Hodges. 

II 

2535 

521 

Curlew. 

"                    19  5  5 

681 

Allard. 

II 

2299 

528 

Kurtz. 

II                    2023 

691 

Glendive.io 

II 

2067 

533 

Glenullen. 

«                    20  70 

701 

Iron  Bluff. 

II 

2097 

688 

Eagle's  Nest. 

«                    209  8 

706 

Milton. 

II 

2114 

547 

Knife  River. 

«                    2160 

721 

Fallon. 

II 

2206 

666 

Antelope.' 

f  18  d.  Ft.  Union 
\     Laramie.       »*»» 

•  •••• 

731 

0.  Fallon  Creek. 
Terry. 
Powder  River. 

II 
<l 

2145 
2240 

661 

Richardton.' 

«                    2464 

II 

2199 

666 

Taylor. 

<<                    2486 

741 

Moriran. 

II 

2245 

674 

Gladstone." 

«                    2346 

761 

C 

Ainslie. 

II 

2272 

•  •••• 

Green  River  low 

wafejr.     "             "" 

761 

Dixon. 

<l 

3820 

685 

Dickinson. 

«                    2403 

770 

Miles  City. 

<( 

2358 

591 

Eland. 

«                     2434 

Tongue  River. 

i< 

S84S 

697 

South  Heart. 

«                   2470 

772 

Fort  Keogh. 

II 

2865 

f  13  d.  Fort  Union 

rl8  d.  Laramie. 

606 

Belfield.7 

Laramie,  Creta- 
(     ceous.             » » '  ^ 

777 

Lignite. 

■1   Cretaceous, 
(  Mines. 

Lignite 

3375 

2.  From  Bismarck,  at  Missouri  Crossing,  to  a  few  miles  beyond  Marmot  Station,  numerous  expos  r 
ures  in  cuttings,  and  banks  of  Knife  River  of  Pierre  shales,  capped  in  places  by  Fox  Hill  sandstones. 

G.  M.  D. 

3.  Near  Blue  Cfraaa,  detached  portions  of  edge  of  plateau  formed  of  Fort  Union  Laramie  appear, 
rocks  showing  in  some  pla<ies.    At  Sims,  same  rocks.  G.  M.  D. 

4.  Sims  (BIy's  Mine).    Several  seams  of  liguite,  of  which  two,  4  feet  and  7  feet  thick,  are  opened. 

R.  P. 
6.   Line  runs  on  up  Valley  of  Knife  River,  and  gradually  attains  to  level  of  plateau  above  referred 
to.  This,  about  Antelope  and  Richardson,  forms  a  rolling  and  hilly  prairie,  which  is  based  directly 
on  Fort  Union  Laramie,  the  soil  consisting  of  disintegrated  rocks  of  this  formation.    No  erratics  or 
glacial  drift  appear  anyv/here  on  this  plateau,  so  far  as  observed.  O.  M.  D. 

6.  At  Olaastone,  descend  into  Valley  of  Heart  River  continued  exposures  of  Fort  Union. 

G.  M.  D. 

7.  From  Belfldd  Station  to  the  Little  Missouri,  pass  through  fine  "  bad  land  "  scenery.  Fine  dis- 
play of  rocks  of  Fore  Union  Laramie.  Thin  seams  of  lignite,  which  in  many  places  have  been  burnt 
out,  reddening  the  surrounding  rocks.    Large  masses  of  silicified  wood  in  some  places.  G.  M.  D. 

In  entering  the  Bad  Lands  of  the  Little  Missouri,  the  change  in  the  scene  is  startling,  and  the 
appearance  of  the  landscape  wholly  novel  and  singularly  grotesque.  There  are  thousands  of  these 
buttes,  and  you  ride  in  a  fast  train  for  an  hour  in  the  midst  of  red,  gray,  black,  brown  and  blue  towers, 
pyramids,  peaks,  ridges,  domes  and  castellated  heights,  turrets,  battlements,  sharp  spires,  grotesque 
gargoyles  and  huge  projecting  buttresses— an  amazing  jumble  of  weird  architectural  effects,  that 
startle  the  eye  with  suggestions  of  intelligent  design.  It  is  a  region  of  extraordinary  Interest  to  the 
tourist  and  artist.  s  b  b  E.  V.  Smau,by. 

8.  Scoria.    In  Bad  lands  or  Pyramid  Park.    Near  here  are  extensive  burning  seams  of  lignite. 

R  P. 

9.  Little  Missouri.    Several  seams  of  lignite,  of  which  one,  7  feet  thick  is  opened.  R.  P. 
At  Little  Missouri,  high  banks  with  good  exposures  of  Fort  Union  Laramie  rocks. 

10.   Beyond  Olendive,  following  the  Valley  of  the  Yellowstone,  numerous  banks  showing  Fori 


Union,  thin  lignite  seams  and  much  massive  soft  sandstone. 


G.  M.1). 


m 


\i  .' 


'MU 


■ '  i  i  , 


'?  I 


>X. 


•?!■■ 


\l 


260 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.    (MON.) 

Ms.        Morthem  Pacific  R.  B.— Con. 

Alt. 

Ma.        Northern  P»clflo  B.  R.— Con.       Alt. 

C18  d.  Laramie, 

Summit  of  Mt. 

over  Tunnel.         »«»j 

782 

Horton. 

Cretaceous, 

Lignite 

1046 

We«t  End. 

18U.Cre.Juras.&»»4o 

(  Mines. 

3390 

1046 

Timber  Line,** 

•'  [Trias.'soo 

790 

Hathway. 

« 

2426 

1048 

Mountain  Side. 

"             5a7« 

802 

Rosebud. 

II 

2460 

1049 

/RockCafton*» 
\  Chestnut.  ■■"> 

f  17.  Jurassic,     8>ai 
\  16  Carboniferous. 

815 

Forsyth. 

II 

2512 

826 

Howard.*  * 

18  0.  Fox  Hill 

2S58 

1061 

Gordon. 

"                    4905 

886 

Sanders.*  1 

II 

2S93 

1054 

Fort  Ellis. 

20.  Quaternary.    *86o 

847 

Myers." 

II 

26S1 

1057 

Bozeman.*^ 

"                    4782 

867 

Big  Horn. 

II 

2688 

1067 

Belgrade. 

"                    443$ 

868 

Custer. 

II 

27  2S 

1072 

Central  Park. 

"                   4299 

872 

Riverside. 

II 

2777 

•••••• 

Gallatin  River, 

"         ^          4280 

880 

Bull  Mountain. 

i< 

3840 

1076 

Hamilton. 

"         *          4240 

888 

Pompey's  Pillar. 

18                   i< 

3869 

1086 

Gallatin. 

"                4njo 

896 

Clermont. 

11 

2951 

1096 

Magpie. 

/  14.  Carboniferous, 

904 

Huntley. 

18  c.  Fox  Hill. 

3012 

(.2.  Cambrian,     "'so 

Ist  Cross'g  Yel. 

River.      " 

8077 

1103 

Painted  Rock. 

"                    3968 

(18  c.   Fort 

Pierre, 

1112 

Toston. 

"                   8919 

917 

Billings.!  8 

■I     with  BluflFs  of  Fox 
(    HiU  Group.     "»» 

1122 

Townsend. 

f  20.  Quaternary, 
\     Lake  Basin,  ^sot 

930 

Laurel. 

<i 

3253 

Missouri  River. 

"                   3791 

940 

Park  City. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

3386 

1126 

Bedford. 

"                     8882 

953 

Rapids. 

II 

351S 

1137 

Placer. 

"                   4290 

957 

Stillwater. 

11 

3670 

Summit. 

"                   4345 

966 

Merrill. 

II 

3655 

1144 

Clasoil. 

'«                   4123 

968 

Reedpoint. 

11 

3685 

1149 

Jefferson  June. 

"                   3887 

2d  Crossing  Yel. 

River.      " 

3674 

Prickly  Pear  Ck. 

«                   3865 

"984 

Greycliff. 

11 

8845 

usi 

Prickly  Pear. 

"                   8878 

998 

Big  Timber. 

li 

4070 

1156 

Helena." 

"                   3930 

1012 

Springdale.i* 

II 

4188 

10-Mile  Creek. 

2.  Cambrian.        '«'» 

1019 

Elton. 

II 

4280 

1163 

Birdseye. 

"                   4029 

1024 

Mission. 

11 

4355 

1168 

Butler. 

"                   4725 

•  ••  •• 

3d  Crossing  Yel. 

River.      " 

4435 

1176 

MuUan  (Tun.) 

f  14.  L.  Carbon.  Lime- 
\  stone  &  Granite"" 

1032 

Livings'n.  15**0 

18.  Up.  Cretaceous**' »i 

1037 

Coal  Spur.i* 

Juras.&  Trias.? 

4735 

Summit."  2 

f  18.  Cretaceous,  with 
\   Coking  Coal.  »>'» 

1041 

Hopper's.*^ 

i( 

5175 

1044 

Muir. 

i< 

5500 

118/1 

EUiston. 

f  14.  Carboniferous, 
\18.  Cretaceous.  503« 

Belt  Range  Tun 

nel. 

5  5  6  5   p*"^ 

11.  Before  reaching  Howard,  and  between  ttiat  station  and  Saunders,  almost  continuous  exposures 
of  massive  yellowish  soft  sandstone,  evidently  Fox  Hill,  and  nearly  horizontal.  G.  M.  D. 

12.  In  a  cut  at  Meuer's,  and  just  beyond  that  station,  a  slight  undulation  brings  the  top  of  tht 
Pierrfl  into  view.    The  base  of  the  sandstone  becomes  interbedded  with  dark  shales.       G.  M.  D. 

13.  Similar  sandstones,  with  top  of  Pierre  occasionally  showing  below  them,  extend  all  along  the 
Y*llow8tone  Valley  to  Billing's,  and  beyond.  At  Billing's  they  form  bold  cliffs  behind  the  town.  Th« 
BO-called  Pompey's  Pillar,  near  station  of  same  name,  is  an  isolated  mass  of  these  sandstones.     6.  M.  D, 

U.  Near  Springdale,  the  rocka  become  disturbed  for  the  first  time,  and  dip  at  high  angles.  Jugu- 
sic-Triassic,  according  to  Hayden's  map.  (?  ?) 

Beyond  Springdale,  fine  views  of  Little  Belt  Mountains  to  north,  and  north  end  of  YellowstoiM 
range  to  south,  the  former  composed  (by  map)  of  volcanic  rocks,  with  a  belt  of  Carboniferous  tilted 
up  around  them,  the  latter  of  Metamorphic  rocks,  surrounded  by  Silurian,  Carboniferous  and  Jiina- 
■ic-Triasaic.  G.  M.  D, 

15.  Livingston.  Branch  railroad  to  Yellowstone  National  Park,  Lower  caflon  of  the  YollowBtont 
in  sight.  It  is  cut  across  the  arch  of  a  pitching  anticlinal  giving  a  fine  section  of  Carboniferous, 
Jurassic,  Triassic  (?)  and  Cretaceous  fossiliferous  beds.  R.  P. 

16.  From  Livingston  to  Bozeman  T^nne^.  Cretaceous  and  possibly  Jurassic-Triassic  rocks,  much 
disturbed,  and  at  all  angles  to  vertical.  6.  M.  D. 

17.  Hoppers.    Seams  of  Cretaceous  coking  coal  are  worked  a.mile  or  so  south  of  the  tunnel.  R.  P. 

18.  At  Timber  Line,  just  west  of  Bozeman  Tunnel,  spur  track  to  coat  mine,  which  I  am  informed 
yields  most  of  coal  now  used  on  line.  G.  M.  D. 

19.  Bock  CaHon,  just  beyond  Timber  Line,  seems  to  show  Carboniferous  limestones  and  other 
old  rocks  neaily  on  edge.  G.  M.  D, 

20.  Chestnut.  Several  seams  of  coking  coal,  much  crushed.  Carboniferous,  Jurassic  and  Dt- 
kota  exposed  in  a  canon  cut  across  the  end  of  an  anticlinal  arch.  R.  P. 

21.  Helena  is  built  in  a  gulch,  which  has  been  washed  with  great  profit  for  gold.  R.  P> 
C2.    Summit.    Cretaceous  seams  of  coking  coal.                                                                  R.  P. 


..—Con.       Alt. 


NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD.    (MON.  &  IDAHO.) 


261 


Mr. 


Northern  Paolfle  R.  R.— Con. 


Alt. 


1193 

120(5 

1207 
1214 

1227 

1239 

1247 

1255 
12ti2 
1269 

1279 

1286 
1291 
1307 


1316 
1323 

1330 

1338 


Avon. 

Garrison.* 

Lloyd." 
Gold  Creek. 2^ 

Drummond. "  * 

Bearmouth. 


Carlan. 

Bonita.2' 

Wallace. 

Turah. 

Missoula.*' 

De  Smet. 
Evaro.2  9 
Arlee. 

Jocko  Creek. 
Ravalli.  8  0 
Jocko. 

Duncan.*  ^ 

Perma. 

3d  Crossing  Cla 


{14.  Carboniferous. 
18.  Cretaceous.  *«^» 
f  18.  Cretaceous.  *»»» 
\  14.  Carboniferous. 

ii  4  2  95 

(I  4  208 

(14.  Carboniferous. 
Cnnon  in  Carbonif. 
limestone.      •»*» 

«  3  78  7 

Deposit  of  Traver- 
tine. 38»» 

2.  Cambrian,  with 
eruptive-dykes. 

«  8  5  64 

«  8  4  3  8 

<•  3808 

(18.  Cretaceous  basin 
with  seams  of  lig' 
nite.  »»»» 

<<  3318 

2.  Cambrian.         »«*« 
Lakebas.prob-  '<"' 
ablylOf.  Pli-i«9»2 
oceneorQuat-2  8  80 
ernary.  *  ">  ^ 

2.Cambrian  contain 
ing  Plioo.  or  Quat. 
Lake  Basin.  249  7 

(<  2493 

rk'sF'k.  "  a*6  2 


Ms. 


Northern  Pnelflo  R.  R.— Con. 


Alt. 


1844 

1350 
1357 
1304 
1871 
1878 
1881 
1882 


1887 
1394 
1404 
1410 
1419 
1429 
1436 
1442 

1452 


Victor. 

Paradise. 

Horse  Plains. 

Weoksville.*! 

Eddy. 

Woodlin. 

Thompson  Fs.^* 

Allen.»» 
f  2d  Crossing 
\  Clark's  Fork. 

Belknap. 

White  Pine. 

Trout  Creek. 

Tuscor 

Nozon. 

Heron. 

Cabinet.** 

Clark's  Fork. 

1st  Crossing  Cla 

Hope. 


1 


2.Cambrian  contain 
ingPlioc.  or  Quat. 
Lake  Basin. 

41 


u 

<t 

^  *  2  i 

^  *'©  a  * 


F^ 


rk's  Fork 


« 
u 

« 


« 

« 
« 


« 

(I 
« 


3481 

9480 
3463 

3440 
3415 
2485 
3434 

3410 
2298 

3405 
3573 
3  2  7.5 
2235 
3188 
2261 
2187 
3086 
2068 
3108 


IDAHO  TERRITORY. 


1457 

1467 

1473 
1480 


f  Lake  Pend 
\   d'Oreielle.3  5 
Kootenai. 

Sand  Point.  3  « 

Algoma. 
Cocolalla. 


/Clay,  Slate  and  205  9 
\     Trap. 

«  2080 

r  Qranite  k  Gneissic 
\      area.  2100 

<<  2  314 

It  2234 


23.  PowoH's  peak  on  the  south  occasionally  visible  between  OarrUons  and  Drummond,  haa  a  Kraa- 
ite  core,  overlaid  oy  Cambrian  slates,  Carboniferous  limestone,  and  Cretaceous  strata.        B.  F.  P. 

24.  Lloyd.    Cretaceous,  with  eruptive ;  Carboniferous  limestone  in  mountains  to  the  north. 

B.  F.  P 

25.  Oold  Creek.    First  discovery  of  gold  in  Montana  is  said  to  have  been  made  near  here. 

B.  F.  P. 
2fl.   Drummond.    Lower  (?)  Cretaceous  fossils  in  Colerley's  hollow,  6  miles  southeast  of  Drum- 
mond.  B.  F.  P. 

27.  Bonita.  Bitter  Boot  Mountains  seen  towards  the  south  are  granite;  Cambrian  slates  in 
foot  hills.  B.  F.  P. 

28.  Near  Missoula  (Evaro),  the  rocks  evidently  "  Cambrian."  These  continue  in  a  series  of  undu- 
lations, but  often  for  long  distances  at  low  angles,  to  Sand  Point.  "  Cambrian  "  rocks,  consisting  of 
hard  quartzites,  shales,  slate,  etc.  G.  M.  D. 

29.  Evaro.    Probaoly  Pliocene  or  Quaternary,  or  2.  Cambrian.  R.  P. 

30.  Revalli.  A  ride  of  alwut  12  miles  to  MacDonald's  Peak,  one  of  the  grandest  and  wildest  mount- 
ain masses  on  the  continont.  remarkable  for  its  great  amphitheatres  and  lakes  and  high  cascades. 
Here  is  exposed  a  great  thickness  of  Cambrian  overlaid  by  lower  Carboniferous.  The  ascent  is  along 
the  crest  of  a  fine  moraine,  on  a  horse  trail  of  the  Northern  Transcontinental  Survey.  R.  P. 

31.  Duncan  to  Weekaville.  Valley  of  Clark's  Fork  is  between  Cambrian  walls,  and  contains  Pli- 
ocene or  Quaternary  lake  basins.  R.  P. 

32.  Thompson's  Falls.  I  have  seen  no  drift  in  Montana,  Idaho  and  Washington  Territory,  east  of 
the  Cascades,  that  appeared  to  me  to  be  truly  glacial  drift.  Moraines  occur  along  the  great  ranges  as 
remnants  of  local  glaciation;  and  erratics  which  may  have  been  brought  by  icebergs,  agreeably  to 
Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson's  theory,  occur  at  many  points  on  the  high  plains  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  south  of  the  boundary.  R.  P. 

S3.  Allen.  Glaciers  exist  on  a  moderate  scale  In  the  Wind  River  Mountains,  and  others  were  dis- 
covered by  the  writer  in  1883,  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Flathead  River  in  the  main  range  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  just  south  of  the  British  boundary.  Very  large  glaciers  exist  on  Mount  Rainier, 
in  the  Cascades,  and  are  accessible  by  the  horse  trail  of  the  Nortnern  Transcontinental  Survey  from 
Wilkeson.  R.  P. 

34.  Cabinet.  The  valley  of  Clark's  Fork  is  chiefly  between  Cambrian  walls,  and  contains  old  lake 
basins  of  Quaternary,  and  perhaps  also  of  Tertiary  age.  R.  P. 

35.  Lake  Pend  de  Oreielle.  The  islands  in  south  end  of  Lake  Pend  de  Oreielle  are  finely  glaoi* 
ated.  R.  p. 

36.  Shortly  after  passing  Sand  Point,  enter  a  granitic  cr  gneissic  area.  These  rocks  continue,  ap- 
parently at  least  in  the  hills,  to  near  Spokan  Falls,  where  basaltic  rocks  set  in,  and  characterize  the 
whole  Columbia  plain.  G.  M.  D. 


i 


1vS 


it 


262      AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (IDAHO  TER.,  &c.) 


MMm 


iiii 


;. ! '  M 


\m 


l:J' 


I  .'tiillj 


Northern  Paclflo  lUllroad— 

OREGON. 

Mb.                            Continued.                            Alt. 

Mh.    Oregon,  R.  W.  ft  Navig.  Oo.'a  R.  B 

.    Alt, 

1490 

Granite. 

(  Granite  &  Gneissic 
\     area.              "^o 

U                    2  310 

f  Vol.  bas.  rock* 

«  over 

1495 

Athol. 

1716 

Cold  Springs. 

■|      the  whole  Colum- 
i      bia  plain.        36? 

1499 

Chilco. 

H                    3480 

1726 

Umatilla  June. 

302 

1509 

Rathdrum. 

«                     2210 

1733 

Stokes. 

« 

308 

1619 

Idaho  Line. 

«                    212H 

1751 
1762 

Castle  Rock. 
Willows. 

II 

1' 

244 

3.11 

WASHINQTON  TERRITORY. 

1771 
1779 
1794 

WW     m  m^  \r   1  ¥   %^  ^ 

Alkali. 
Blalock. 
John  Day's. 

M 
If 

« 

Spokane  River. 

f  Granite  &  Gneissic 
\     area.              isas 

«                    198  0 

2211 
1  'JO 

1528 

Trent. 

1801 

Grant's. 

k. 

I'O 

1637 

Spokane  Fa's.^s 

f  Volcanic  basaltic 
\     rocks.             1910 

•<                    1798 

'Volcanic  basaltic 

1811 
1824 

Celilo. 

The  Dalles. »» 

(1 

1  <iO 
106 

Hangman  Cr'k. 

1833 
1847 

Rowena. 
Hood  River. 

<l 
l| 

140 
100 

1545 

Marshall,*  9 

rocks    over    the 
\v hole  Columbia 

1867 
1871 

Cascade  L'ks.^' 
Bonneville. 

it 

10* 

plain.             '•'1** 

»                     2340 

1879 

Oneonta. 

If 

i  r 

1653 

Cheney. 
Stevens. 

1880 

Multnomah    Fal 

3  9                   " 

45 

1564 

(1                     2  2  H  2 

1884 

Bridal  Veil. 

II 

46 

1677 
1587 

Sprague. 
Harriston. 

It                       1  !1  S  0 

1887 
1895 

Rooster  Rock. 
Troutdale. 

<■ 

II 

45 

60 

1601 

Ritzville. 

«              ,.        1910 

E.  Portland. 

II 

3r, 

1618 

Lind. 

"                     Li 

1911 

Albina. 

II 

35 

1628 

Providence. 
Twin  Wells. 

«                    1530 
"                    10  7  5 

1912  Portland.*" 

it 

43 

1638 

Rocky  Mountain  R.  R.  of  Montana. 

1646 

PalouHe  June. 
Lake 

«                       8  58 
M                       67  7 

Yeliowatono  Park  Liiie.*» 

1656 

0  Livingston. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

4485 

1665 
1676 

Eltopia. 
Glade. 

It                        6  00 

"                        500 

lOBrisbin.*! 

f  19.  Ti)!'t  Tertinry, 
\  (LakeDepo,sit)i69o 

1686 

Ainsworth. 

"                           3  'j  1 

20  Chicory. 

(4 

4845 

•  •    •  •  • 

Snake  River. 

u                         3  28 

81  Dailey's. 

t( 

4915 

1686 

S.  Ainsworth. 

3  5  6 

41  Sphinx. 

a 

8070 

1698 

Wallula  Junctio 

n.Ore.     "               32« 

51  Cinnabar. 

a 

.IKS 

37.  At  Dalts,  basaltic  lava  In  numerous  supposed  flow.s  forms  the  hills. 

38.  At  Cascades,  tufaceous  and  agglomerate  bed.s  appear,  and  beds  of  rounded  gravol.s  underlie 
the  volcanic  materials.    Basalts  of  hilts  in  light,  broad  undulations.  G.  M.  D. 

39  7%e  Volcanic  Region  The  portion  of  the  Northern  P»<  itic  Railroad  through  the  vast  volcanic 
region  in  Washington  and  Oregon,  affords  but  little  material  for  interesting  geological  notes.  Arecent 
report  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Russel,  in  the  4th  Annual  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Geolog'l  Survey,  gives  Home  de.scriptioD9 
of  the  little  known  part  of  Soutli'-rn  Oregon,  south  of  the  railroad.  Its  rocks  are  almost  wholly  vol- 
canic, and  spread  out  in  great  sheets  of  lava  that  once  formed  a  broad,  smooth  table-land ;  but  in  later 
times  it  has  been  broken  by  faults,  so  characteristic  of  the  Great  Ba.sin  rejgion,  uud  thus  divided  into 
long,  narrow  blocks,  stretching  north  and  south,  and  tilted  by  very  recent  dispiacement.s  soaa  toexpose 
fresh  precipitous  acarps  that  have  not  yet  sensibly  worn  back  from  the  fault  lines.  In  the  Warner 
Valley,  for  example,  the  orographic  blocks  of  the  dark  volcanic  rock,  miles  in  length,  are  literally 
tossed  about  like  the  cakes  of  ice  in  a  crowded  floe,  their  upturned  edges  forming  bold  palisade.ithat 
render  the  region  almo.st  impassable,  which,  with  the  branching  fault  cracks,  combine  to  make  a  re- 
gion of  the  wildest  and  rougneHt  description.  At  present  the  waters  have  retreated  from  the  terraces 
and  benches  that  marked  their  former  level,  some,  like  Summer  and  Albert  Lakes,  are  permanent 
sheets  of  very  saline  water,  but  the  more  numerous  are  fresh.  Mr.  Russel  finds  no  evidence  of  cither 
local  or  general  glaciation  in  the  region  he  examined.  The  volcanic  history  of  Oregon  and  Wa.ihing- 
ton  is  far  fi-om  being  understood.  The  points  that  may  be  claimed  as  centres  of  eruption  are  rare,  m 
far  as  has  yet  l)een  observed,  and  in  only  a  few  instances  can  the  overflows  of  lava  be  traced  to  their 
sources.  Captain  C.  E.  Dutton  reports  immense  Hows  of  lava  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  from  sureris- 
ingly  small  openings.  But  those  were  down  the  sides  of  a  steep  mountain.  Neither  is  there  deffnite 
and  satisfactory  evidence  obtained  that  these  immense  lava  flelds  originated  from  Assure  eruptions. 
With  the  exception  of  very  recent  deposits  of  lacustrine  origin,  nothing  is  to  he  seen  but  volcanic 
rocks  in  sections  or  regularly  stratified  layers,  which  from  a  distance  resemble  sedimentary  bedi, 
but  on  examination  one  finds  them  to  be  wholly  of  igneous  origin.  These  black  volcanic  rocksare 
composed  of  rhyolite,  together  with  large  quantities  of  "l>sidian  or  volcanic  glass.  Noevideneeof 
volcanic  craters  were  observed,  and  no  basaltic  overflows  were  seen  to  indicate  centres  of  recent  vol- 
canic action.  Major  Powell  reports  this  region  ,-^4  containing  the  grandest  and  most  extensive  dls- 
£lay  of  volcanic  phenomena  now  known  in  any  part  of  the  world,  and  the  investigation  of  it  promises 
)  supply  matter  of  great  importance  and  iastruotion  to  geologic  science.    We  do  not  yet  knoveTtt 


NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD. 


268 


Oo.'sR.R.    Alt. 


of  Montana. 

Line.*" 


i  gravels  underlie 

G.  M.  D. 
h  the  vast  volcanic 
jal  notes.  A  recent 
Home  de.scriptions 
almost  wholly  vol- 
?-land;  but  in  later 
1  thus  divided  into 
entHsoaatoexpose 
8.  In  the  Warner 
ingth,  are  literally 
bold  palisades  that 
tbine  to  make  a  re- 
d  from  the  terraces 
:e8,  are  permanent 

evidence  of  either 
egon  and  Wa.'^hing- 
ruptl on  are  rare,  m 
a  be  traced  to  their 
tnds,  from  sunria- 
er  is  there  definite 

flssure  eruptions. 

seen  but  volcanic 

sedimentary  i)edi, 
volcanic  rocks  are 
9B.  No  eyidence  of 
ntres  of  recent  Tol- 
lost  extenHive  dlfr 
ation  of  it  promise! 

not  yet  know  eves 


Ms.           Daliith  &  Brainerd  Une. 

Alt. 

.Ms.    N.  P.  Feryua  *  Black  Hills  R  R 

.      Alt 

0 

Duluth,  Minn. 

1.  Cupriferous. 

h  0  n 

0 

Wadena. 

20.  Heavy  drift  1 

1  3  4"» 

23 

N.  P,  Junction. 

Potsdain  Tuconic 

1  (1  H  0 

1 

Wadena  June. 

with    many 

1360 

28 

Pine  Grove. 

12  3,', 

10 

Deer  Creek. 

glacial  takes 

.   1394 

33 

Norman. 

1316 

14 

Park ton. 

and   nioranic 

1394 

39 

Corona. 

1  .1  0  1 

IH 

Fleiiiiing. 

hills. 

1436 

45 

Cromwell. 

laconic. 

1.10  4 

24 

Vining. 

II              laaff 

51 

Wright. 

1307 

2',> 

Clitheral. 

<<                     1348 

57 

Tamarack. 

12  0  9 

;{;! 

Battle  l.iike. 

•  1                     1S54 

t)6 

McGregor. 

1 J  2  >; 

n<) 

Maplewood. 

i<                     13<!0 

75 

Kimberly. 

1  2  8  .S 

41 

Southwink. 

11                     1342 

XI 

Aitken. 

i'.;o7 

52 

Fergus  Falls. 

.1                     1182 

ii2 

('edar  Lake. 

1  ■•  2  0 

5(» 

French. 

.1                     1085 

07 

Deer  wood. 

liia 

(iO 

.Vmes. 

11              io«a 

108 

Jonesville. 

1  2  3  R 

08 

Everdell. 

II                           9  03 

114 

Brainerd. 

120H 

77 

Breckei;  ridge, 

11  r     1          i 

II                        960 

• 

78 

Wahpeton. 

II                        (1  fi  8 

Paolflc  &  Cssoade  DIvlsionB. 

92 

98 

r 

Ellsworth. 
Mooreton. 

ii                       »i]>i 

0 

Portland,  Ore. 

Volcanic. 

.«                         96  7 

P,8 

Kalamn,  Wash. 

1. 

ss 

Barney. 

'i                     1 081 

59 
75 

Castle  Rock. 

Winlock. 

Chehalis. 

Centralia. 

Tenino. 

Yelm  Prairie. 

14 

82 
328 
204 
20  7 

106 
120 

Wyndinere. 
Milnnr. 

II                    1060 
.1                    1006 

M8 

92 

104 

118 

Fargo  &  Southwestern  Division. 

** 

8  1.1 

38  7 

0 

Fargo. 

(  20.  Lacustrine  silt  of 
\     LakeAgassiz,  "o* 

134 

Lake  View. 

(. 

324 

4 

Cotters. 

'I                       9  09 

143 

Taeoma. 

a 

81 

10 

Horace. 

•  >                       917 

l.)2  I'uvalluD. 

a 

51 

19 

Davenport. 

•  I                         92  1 

153 

^                  a 

Puyallup  June. 
Sumner. 

ft 

67 

28 

Leonard. 

•  (                     1045 

155 

a 

80 

41 

Sheldon. 

20.  Till.                 io»« 

159 

Struck  June. 

tt 

1  10 

60 

Buttzville. 

1171 

156 

Alderton. 

(i 

tfS 

66 

Lisbon. 

1089 

175 

Wilkeson. 

ti 

8S6 

68 

Marshall. 

f  20.  Till  and  4th  Mo- 
\     raine.             »3  4i 

•  1                     13  8  4 

177 

Carbonado.Wash. 

« 

1152 

76 

88 

Verona. 
La  Moure. 

Wlsconsli 

1  DIviaton. 

18.  Cret.  &  Till,    i^os 

0 

Lake  Superior. 

20.  Red  Clay  Drift. ''■"2 

Sanborn,  CooperHtoM 

m  &  Turtle  Mountain 

2 

Ashland,  Wis. 
Omaha  June. 

ii 

4i 

6ti9 
042 

(\ 

Railroad. 

6 

a„_i — _„ 

f  18.  Cret.,  under  very 
\      heavy  drift,  i**" 

24 

Summit. 

ti 

1178 

U  kuniiuuiii. 

64 

Superior. 

4i 

1)0  8 

9  Odell. 

II                     1441 

76 

Walbridge. 

44 

8  18 

ISDazey. 

•  1                     144R 

79 

Carlton. 

** 

ua» 

27  Hannaford. 

11                    143  7 

88 

N.  P.  Junction. 

44 

1080 

36  Cooperstown. 

11                    1447 

theextL-ntof  this  vast  volcanic  regiou  in  Idaho,  Washington,  Oregon,  Nevada  and  California,  but  it 
has  been  estimated  by  Prof.  J(.  I'ph  LeGonte,  at  from  '200,000  to  300,(X)0  square  miles,  and  its  age,  he 
thinks,  is  Tertiary  and  probably  Miocene.  After  these  vast  fields  of  lava  had  cooled  and  consolidated, 
then  came  another  revolution  thut  aflfected  a  region  equally  great,  but  situated  mostly  to  the  south  of 
il,  a  force  or  series  of  forces,  the  power  and  extent  of  which  are  utterly  beyond  the  limits  of  cur  con- 
ception, which  broke  the  earth's  crust  into  thousands  of  fragments,  which  were  depressed  and  buried 
I*  oruphoaved  into  mountain  ridges.  It  will  be,  when  fully  explored,  one  of  the  wonders  of  geolocy 
for  its  extent,  its  remarkable  structure,  and  the  m>[stery  of  its  origin. 

*).  Yellowstone  Park  Line  of  Rocky  Mountain  Railroad  of  Montana;  by  Professor  \Vm.  M. 
Davis,  of  Harvard  College. 

41.  Briibin.  In  passing  up  lower  Canon  of  Yellowstone,  Jurassic  (fossils  just  outside  and  west  of 
entranci ),  Carboniferous  limestone  (very  heavy,  poor  in  fossils],  and  Lower  Silurian  (Potsdam),  are 
crosaed  east  of  river  above  ranon,  contact  of  Lower  Silurian  ami  Archsean. (Hayden.) 

The  altitudes  on  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  were  furnished  by  A.  Anderson,  Engine»r  in  Chief. 
They  differ  slightly  from  those  in  Gannett's  Dictionary  of  Altitu<i"s,  in  Minnesota,  but  agree  with 
them  in  M  itana,  and  all  west  of  that.  The  original  datum  point  wa-x  obtained  by  taking  the  assumed 
low  water  01  Lake  Superior  at  602,  as  determined  by  Captain  Bayfield,  of  the  Royal  Navy,  in  1825,  by 
larometrical  observations,  which  have  been  confirmedf  by  the  United  States  Engineers.  From  the 
west,  the  datum  is  mean  low  water  of  Puget  Sound-  J.  ?T. 


It; 


!»; 


\h\ 


[\\ 


'  !    jf^  11'      'i'lli 


964 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MON.,  WASH.,  ETC.) 

Montana.^ 

Mit. 

Montana  Oantral  Railroad.         Alt. 

St.  Paul,  Minn,  and  Manitoba  By 

.a 

0 

Great  Falls. 

till 

Mi.        Continued  from    North  Dakota. 

Alt. 

14 
28 
86 
44 
51 
69 
66 
68 
80 

89 

Ulm. 

Cascade. 

Hardy. 

Mid  Caflon. 

Craig. 

Wolf  Creek. 

Wilder. 

Mitchells. 

Silver. 

678 
682 
689 
697 
708 
711 
720 
780 

WUlowa.« 

Kila. 

Lanark 

Culbertson. 

Blair. 

Calais. 

Brockton. 

Poplar. 

Chelsea. 

Macon. 

18  d.  Laramie 
II 

u 
II 
II 
•« 
II 
11 
II 
II 

'  ii«t 

198» 
1976 
1911 
19tO 
1914 
1945 
195S 
1980 
19T« 

t 

739 

Marysville. 

746 

Iron. 

1  a.  Laur.  1  b.  Huron. 

751 

Wolf  Point. 

l< 

199S 

97 

Helena. 

II                 II 

762 

Oswego. 

tl 

2018 

108 

Montana  City. 

769 

Lenox. 

<l 

a072 

113 

Clancy. 

776 

Kintyre.* 

l< 

3082 

114 

Alhambra. 

181 

Milk  River. 

18  c.  Ft.  Pierre. 

2048 

116 

Winalow. 

786 

Nashua. 

*i 

3080 

119 

Jefferson. 

794 

Whately. 

II 

2084 

121 

Corbin. 

801 

Glascow. 

i< 

2087 

126 

Wickes. 

806 

Stockholm. 

i< 

3098 

188 

Boulder. 

811 

Tampico. 

II 

2108 

141 

Basin. 

818 

Vandalia. 

11 

2110 

146 

Bernico. 

826 

Hinsdale. 

•1 

2162 

163 

Elk  Park. 

834 

Beaverton. 

II 

1167 

162 

Woodville. 

839 
849 

Saco. 
Ashfield. 

II 

3175 

9  9  n  K 

171 

Butte. 

II 

«  1  U  0 

867 

Bowdoin. 

II 

2209 

86f 
871 

'*alta. 
i:<xeter. 

II 
II 

2342 
2284 

Washington. 

877 

Wagner. 

II 

2288 

884 
889 

Dodson. 
Eureka. 

II 
II 

2279 
2301 

Northern  Paolfla  Railroad  8. —(Con.) 

897 

Savoy. 

II 

2334 

Cascade  Division. 

902 

Wayne. 
Harlem. 

II 
«i 

2383 
2359 

911 

0 

Pasco  Jc.'' 

See  Notes. 

919 

Zurich. 

II 

2368 

8 

Kennewick 

11 

926 

North  Fork. 

i< 

2381 

41 

Prosser. 

i 

982 

Chinook. 

II 

2401 

63 

Mabton. 

i> 

940 

Yantic. 

<i 

2481 

71 

Toppeniah. 

II 

947 

Toledo. 

•< 

2455 

90 

Yakima. 

II                     t9t 

964 

Havre. 

II 

2473 

127 

Ellenaburg. 

II                  151« 

961 

Asainniboine. 

II 

3376 

162 

Clealum.B 

II 

968 

Laredo. 

II 

2637 

158 

Nelson's, 

II 

978 

Box  Elder. 

II 

3669 

166 

Easton. 

See  Note  9. 

989 

Big  Sandy. 

II 

3690 

178 

Martin. 

II 

994 

Verona. 

II 

3708 

176 

Stampede.*  0 

<i 

1001 

Cairo. 

i< 

2837 

183 

Weston. 

<i 

1008 

Dry  Fork. 

<i 

2984 

190 

Hot  Springs. 

II 

1018 

Marias. 

II 

3661 

203 

Eagle  Gorge. 

II 

1023 

Teton. 

<• 

2636 

211 

Palmer. 

See  Note  11. 

1030 

Benton. 

II 

3850 

220 

Enumolaw. 

II 

1036 

Tunis. 

See  Note  6. 

3957 

223 

Buckley. 

II 

1048 

Sidney. 

11 

8098 

227 

Cascade. 

II 

1048 

Flowerree. 

<i 

8308 

228 

South  Prairie 

II 

1066 

Portage. 

II 

8418 

241 

Alderton. 

II 

1066 

Watson. 

II 

•  470 

243 

Meeker. 

II 

1073 

Great  Falls. « 

M 

•  112 

246 

Puyallup. 

II             •' 

'.  /. 

■■'.,  .^  -       '   ..    , 

■■ 

264 

Taooma.*« 

II                     •! 

WASHINGTON. 


m 


u». 


8pol 


By. 


Alt. 


20 
86 
46 
62 
68 
79 
84 
103 
112 


1  Sl( 

Spukane  Falls. 

MarshaM  Jo. 

Spansle. 

Rosalia. 

Uakcsdale. 

Belmont. 

Palouse. 

Whelan. 

Pullman. 

Uniontown. 

Oenesee. 


(Ter.  Erup.,  whose 
limit  on  the  8.  E.  ia 
undetermined. 


M 
l« 
II 
l< 
II 
II 
It 
11 
II 


Central  Washington. 


f  Tertiary   Eruptives, 

0  Cheney. 

Great   Plain  of  the 

Columbia. 

10 

Modioal  Lake. 

16 

Deep  Creek. 

% 

Fairweatber. 

84 

Mondovi. 

41 

Davenport. 

Seattle,  Lake  Shore  ft  Eastern. 


0 

6 

6 

11 

18 

21 

_28 

29 
J6 

27 
88 
42 
49 
68 


Seattle. 

Rosa. 

Fremont. 

Yesler. 

Terence. 

Winsor. 

Snohomish  Jc. 


Earle. 
Snohomish. 


York. 
Adelaide. 
Oilman. 
Preston. 
Falls  City. 


See  Mote  12. 
II 


II 
11 
II 

<i 
li 

li 
It 
II 

It 


Ml. 


Oljrmpla  And  OhehalU  Taliey 
Railroad. 


Alt. 


0 

2 

6 

8 

10 

12 

16 


Olympia. 

Turnwater. 

Dush  Prairie. 

Plum. 

Shurlook, 

Gillmore. 

Tenino. 


Drift. 
II 

II 

11 
i< 

i< 

II 


Puget  Sound  Shore  Railroad. 

0,  Seattle. 

Drift. 

10  Black  River  Jo. 

II 

16  Kent. 

<i 

20  Slaughter. 

« 

28  Stuck  Jc. 

11 

Columbia  St  I'uget  Sound  Railroad. 

FSeatlle] 


10 
18 


21 


19 
28 

81 

84 


Black  River  Jc. 
Ronton. 


Coal  Creek. 


Cedar  Mt. 
Maple  Valley. 

Black  Diamond. 

Franklin. 


Drift. 
II 

Upper  Cretaceous. 
Lignite. 
II 

? 

? 

Upper  Cretaceous. 

Bituminous  CoaL 
II 


Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. 


230 
241 
244 
248 
262 
258 
267 
271 
278 
284 


Pendleton,  Or. 

Eastland. 

Adams. 

Athena. 

Weston. 

Blue  Mt. 

Milton. 

SpoflFord. 

Walla  Walla,  W. 

Valley  Groove. 


See  Note  18. 
It 

II 

•I 

<4 
<l 
t< 
<i 
II 


lOTO 
1415 

isae 
lis* 


•  i« 
ITS 


1.  The  large  number  of  railroads  constructed  in  the  "North  Wesf'since  the  preparation  of 
the  chapter  on  the  Northern  Pacific,  has  necessitated  the  addition,  out  of  the  proper  order,  of  some 
lints  properly  belonging  in  that  chapter.    Other  new  lines  are  also  added. 

5.  By  Mr.  Warren  Upham,  Assistant  Geologist  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 
8.    Kintyrt.    See  note  14,  N.  A  8.  Dakota. 

4.   See  note  13,  N.  *  S.  Dakota. 

6.  The  formations  are  older  than  the  Cretaceous,  including  probably  Jurassic  or  Triassic  and 
Carboniferous. 

6.  The  remainder  of  the  chapter  is  by  Mr.  Bailey  Willis,  Assistant  U.  S.  Geologist.  The 
elevations,  so  far  as  given,  are  f\imished  by  Mr.  Henry  Gannett,  Chief  Geographer,  U.S.  Survey. 
Much  of  the  region  traversed  by  these  railroads  has  not  been  carefully  surveyed,  and  the  assign- 
ments of  formations  and  the  notes  are  necessarily  of  a  general  character.  See  note  39  Northern 
Paciflo  R  R. 

7.  Twenty  miles  west  of  Pasco,  the  road  leaves  the  volcanic  flows  of  the  Great  Plain  of  the 
Oolumbiaand  enters  Yakima  Prairie.  Thence  to  ten  miles  beyond  Ellenhurg  the  route  is  through 
Ahtanam,  Wenass,  and  Kittittass  Prairies  and  through  the  cations  of  the  Yakima,  which  sepsrate 
the  valleys ;  the  Prairies  are  Tertiary  (?)  lake  beds,  drained  through  the  cations  which  the  river 
has  out  in  volcanic  rocks,  also  Tertiary. 

B.  W. 

8.  Branch  from  Clealum  to  Rosyln  coal  -nine.    Coals  of  Puget  group,  (Upper  Cretaceous^ 

B.  W. 

9.  The  road  runs  across  the  main  range  of  the  Cascades,  which  consists  of  granite, 
Falteozoic  crystallines  and  Cretaceous  strnta,  folded  and  afterwards  cut  through  and  overflowed 
bv  Tertiary  eruptiven.  The  Cretaceous  rocks  are  sandstone  and  shale,  resting  on  a  basal  con- 
glomerate.  The  volcanic  rocks  preponderate  in  this  section,  but  give  way  to  granite  nortb- 
ntd  iMvond  Snoqualmie.  B.  W. 

10.  The  pass  la  S/MO:the  tunnel  %886  above  tide. 


.',..V  \ 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (WASH.) 


UA-: 
;.,^' 


'hi'i  ^m 


)    \u 


J 


,i<i 


Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation 

Co. 

Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. 

Ms.                            Continued. 

Alt. 

Ms. 

Continued. 

Alt, 

287 

Hadley,  Wash. 

See  Note  13. 

84» 

448 

Truax. 

See  Note  13. 

291 

Berryman. 

<i 

1011 

455 

Rookford. 

25<o 

294 

Highland. 

« 

1181 

0 

BoUes  Jc. 

2890 

298 

Prescott. 

t( 

10S6 

3 

Waitsburg. 

U6S 

802 

BoHes  Jo. 

II 

IISS 

6 

Huntsville. 

12 

806 

Mencken. 

« 

1298 

10 

Long's. 
Dayton. 

1396 

814 

Alto. 

K 

1907 

13 

UJJ 

820 
825 
829 
883 
846 
858 

Relief. 

Starbuok. 

Grange  City. 

Ripasia. 

Hay. 

Meeker. 

La  Crosse  Jo. 

II 

li 
<< 
11 
II 

II 
« 

1096 
046 
622 
BSD 

noo 

1S03 

1478 

■~o 

7 
14 

24 
29 

0 

Starbuck. 

Delaney. 

Chard. 

Zumwalt. 

Pomeroy. 

ISOt 

6<S 

816 

llSi 

1591 

858 

Connell. 

1900 

861 

Sutton. 

II 

1905 

y 

Sulphur. 

819 

868 

Winona  Jo. 

l( 

1492 

18 

KahlotuB. 

757 

374 

Endicott. 

l( 

1700 

29 

Washtuona. 

890 

385 

Diamonds. 

il 

2045 

39 

Hooper. 

1012 

889 

Mockonema. 

(1 

2180 

48 

Panipa. 

1014 

891 

Crest. 

II 

2278 

53 

La  Crosse  Jc. 

13S0 

894 

Colfax. 

II 

1961 

0 

Colfax. 

1478 

400 

Glenwood. 

li 

2076 

7 

Riverside. 

197« 

406 

Elberton. 

II 

2185 

9 

Shawnee. 

2175 

412 

Garfield. 

II 

2470 

12 

Guy. 

2194 

421 

Farmington. 

11 

2«14 

18 

Pullman. 

2244 

427  Seltice. 

II 

2  525 

24  Garrison. 

234S 

432  Tekoa. 

.. 

2490, 

28  Moscow. 

2S00 

439 

Latah.                   1 

.t 

2442 

2569 

11.  Drift  Plain,  with  occasional  outcrops  of  Tertiary  eruptives  and  river  cufions  cut  down 
into  Upper  Cretaceous  (Puget  Group)  coal  measures.  B.  W. 

12.  This  road  is  probably  all  on  drift  (glacial)  with  occasional  outcrops  of  sand:* --^s of 
Pugpt  group,  coal   measures.  B.  W. 

13.  The  line  lies  chiefly  through  regions  of  volcanic  flows,  and  the  conditions  were  favo^ 
able  for  the  formation  of  lake  deposits  during  both  Tertiary  and  Quarternary  time.  It  is 
probable,  though  not  known  to  be  true,  that  the  agricultural  lands  of  this  region  are  verv  largely 
dried  lake  beds.  Specific  information  as  to  localities  is  not  at  present  obtainable.  The  tiame 
statement  is  also  applicable  to  the  other  line  of  theO.  R.  A  N.  Co.,ea8t  of  Umatilla. 

B.  W. 

14.  The  following  note  is  on  the  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  to  Carbonado.  (See  page  263). 
At  South  Prairie,  Wilkeson,  and  Carbonado,  bituminous  coking  conl  in  mined.  This  I9  the  only 
producing  field  of  coking  coal  on  the  coast;  the  Strata  are  Upper  Cretaceous,  "  Puget  Group." 
iinnilar  trip  south  of  Alaska.  B.  W. 

Wilkeson  is  the  starting  point  for  parties  visiting  the  glaciers  of  Mt.  Tacoma,  distanoe  2S 
miles  over  a  good  horse  trail ;  time  required  for  trip,  Including  ascent  over  snuw  fields  to 
9,600  feet  above  sea,  in  three  days:  the  route  is  through  the  great  forests  of  the  region  in 
their  most  typical  development,  and  the  glacial  phenomena  are  of  mora  striking  interest  and 
beauty  than  those  afforded  by  any. 

Some  suggestions  as  to  geology  on  the  Oregon  and  Wp<ihington  Railway,  in  Washington, 
may  be  gathered  by  the  traveler  from  the  foregoing  notes.  Nothing  more  definite  can  be 
obtained.  J.  R.  M. 

The'following  altitudes,  taken  from  Mr.  Gannett's  Dictionary  of  Altitudes,  are  of  interest 
Mt.  Baker,  10,827  feet;  Mt.  Hood,  11,22.5;  Mt.  Jetferson,  15,/>00;  Mt.  Olympus,  8,138;  Ranier, 
(Tacoma)  14,444 ;   Mt.  Skomegan,  8,400 ;  Mt.  Tchopahk,  7,200 ;   Mt.  St.  Helena,  9,760. 

J,  R  M. 


E       !  I  .  ! 


K',       I 


H.) 


igatlon  Co. 


Alt. 


Note  13. 


(I 


2S«0 

2il«0 

116S 

12 

13S6 

Hit 

uoe 

685 
llSi 
1591 

1900 
>I9 

7  57 
89« 
101] 
1014 
13S0 
1478 
1974 
217S 
2194 
2244 
234S 
2900 
2569 


canons  cut  dovn 

B.  W. 
of  sand:*  -''s of 

B.  Vv'. 
tions  were  faTO^ 
•nary  time.  It  is 
are  very  largely 
nable.  The  same 
matiUa. 

B.  W. 
do.  (See  page  263). 
This  is  the  only 
"  Puget  Group.'' 

B.  W. 
coma,  distanre  25 
if  snuw   fields  to 
of  the  region  in 
king  intereBtand 

,  in  Washington, 
definite  can  be 

J.  B.  M. 
,  are  of  interest 
n,   8.138;    Ranier, 
),750. 
■^         J.  R  M 


MISSOURI. 


U0 


Missouri.' 


OirOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  OF  MISSOURI. 


10.  Quaternary,    Alluviumi     Bluff    or 

Loess,  and  Drift. 
19.  Tertiary,  in  Southeast  Missouri. 
18.  Cretaceous,        "  " 

14.  Coal  Measures,  14  e.  Upper. 
"  "         14  b.  Middle. 

"  "         14  a.  Lower. 

13.  L.  Carboniferous 

or  Sub-Garb.,  13  e.  Chestergroup. 
13  d.  St.  Louis. 
13  c.  Keokuk. 
13  b.  Burlington. 
13  a.  Kinderhook  or 
Chouteau. 
10.  Devonian,  100.  Black  Slate  (Gen- 
esee ?) 
5-7.  Upper  Silurian,  8  Oriskany. 


II 
11 
II 


ii 
ii 
II 
11 


5-7.  Upper  Silurian,  7.  L.  Helderberg. 

5.  Niagara. 
2-4.  Lower  Silurian,  4.  c.  Hudson  River. 
"  "        4.  b.  Galena  or  Re- 

ceptaculite  l.s. 
4.  a.    Trenton    and 

Black  River. 
1st  Magnesian. 

Saccharoidal  s.s. 
2d  Magnesian  l.s. 
2d  Sandstone. 
3d  Magnesian  I.  s. 
Lower  Magnesian 

I.  s.  and  s.s. 
2  b.  Potsdam. 


IS 


ii 


11 

Si 

& 

ii 

ii 

o 

II 

ii 

o 

ii 

ii 

ii 

ii 

1 

b.  Hi 

jronian. 

1 

a.  Laurentian. 

Ms.  Hannibal  and  Si;.  Joseph  Railroad.  Alt. 


0  Hannibal.       *"» 

6  Bear  Creek.    6«9 

lOBarkley.         «»» 

16  Palmyra  Jo.  «** 

19  Woodland.      •»» 

80  Monroe.  »»♦ 

42Lakenan.        '"^ 

68Lentner.         »•» 

59  01arenoe.        "'* 

70  Macon.  »»'' 

79Callao.  •»« 

90  Lingo.  »o» 

104  Brookfield.     "^ 

109  Laclede.         »«» 

121  Wheeling.      '^o 

1300hillioothe.    »«* 

140  Mooreaville.   »" 

150  Nettleton.       ■»• 

160  Hamilton.       »»' 

188  Kidder.         »oit 

172  Cameron.      io»« 

177  08bom.         10** 

186 Stewartsv'le.  »»» 

200[8axton. 

200!  St.  Joseph. 


881 


833 


b.  Sub-Car  b. 
&  20.  Quat. 
Lime  made. 


13  a.  & 

<< 

it 
<< 
(< 

14  a.  Goal  M?es. 

<< 

« 

20.  overlies  18  c. 
14  b.  Coal  Mies. 

"        4  ft.  coal. 
<t  it 

<t 

it 

14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mres. 
fi 

14  0.  Up.  Goal  Mres. 
It 
« 
<i 

u 
it 
<i 
it 

(         <•  and  hin«  oov- 
\  ered  with  BluflF  clay 


Ms.  Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  B.R.— Cont.  Alt. 
0  i 


9 
16 


Quincy. 
North  River. 
Palmyra. 


13  a.  Sub-Carb. 
13  b.  " 


479 
664 


206 

211 
217 
222 
226 


172 
187 
201 
211 
218 
226 


St.  Joseph. 

Lake. 

Halls. 

Rushville. 

Winthrop. 


833 
829 
604 
708 
801 


14  c.  Up.  Coal  Mres. 

20.  Alluvial 

it 

"&14C.U.C.M. 


Cameron. 

Lathrop. 

Kearney. 

Liberty. 

Arnold. 

Kansas  City. 


14  c.  Up.  CL  Mrs.  >oa6 

it  948 

«  6  85 

«  648 

«  789 

«&20  »*» 


Wabash.  St.  liouis  and  Pacific  R.  R.* 


Oi St.  Louis.         8«» 

*i  Bartmer. 
14  Qraham's. 
22  St.  Charles.    »<>* 
30  Dardenne. 
38  Perruque. 
48lF(.ri8tell. 
58  VVarrenton. 
68  Jonesburg. 
77|New  Florence 


858 
806 


13  d.  St.  Louis  group. 

14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mrs. 

[by  20. 
13  d.  St.Lo.  group,cov'd 
20.  Quaternary. 
13  0.  and  d. 
13  a.  &  b.  rests  on  10  c. 
"on4a.&4b. 
13  a.  and  4  a.  Trenton. 
13  a. 


1.  By  Professor  G.  C.  Broadhead,  lat<«  State  OutAngiot  of  Missouri. 

2.  On  W.,  St.  L.  A  P.  R.  R.,  in  Warron  and  Montgomery  CounilM,  we  pass  within  a  few  miles 
irom  Carboniferous,  chiefly  Lower  part  of  Siib-Carbonlferoua  tliroufh  thin  outliers  of  Devonian  to 
the  Receptaculite  (Gtilena  Limestone)  and  Trenton  and  Bla'-k  River  to  the  1st  Magnesian  limestone 
and  Saccharoidal  sandstouej  the  latter  well  developed  nnd  very  suitable  for  glass-making  purposes- 
thick  deposits  and  easy  to  crush.    It  is  the  equivalent  of  the  St.  Ptter's  sandstone. 


[HI 


i!^ 


"1 


f 


'I 


f   ,  ' 


'    ?  -'    1    r 


*fii' 


:   > 


\) 


(  t 


, 


P«    r 


B9f       I 


) 


■ 


I     . 


268 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    ( MO.) 


Wabash,  St.  Loula  and  Paclflo  Bailroad. 
Ma.  Continued.  Alt. 


0 
108 
108 
114 
122 
180 
140 
146 
168 
160 
167 
178 
186 
192 
196 
202 
209 
219 
228 
284 
289 
246 
264 
266 
278 

276 


WelidTille. 

Benton  City. 

Mexico. 

Thompson. 

Centralia. 

Sturgeon. 

Roniok. 

Moberly. 

Hunts  viiie. 

Clifton. 

Salisbury. 

Dalton. 

Brunswick. 

Dewitt. 

Miami. 

Wakenda. 

Carrolltoa.®*' 

Norbome. 

Hardin. 

Lexington  Juno. 

Camden.'" 

Orrick. 

MissouriCity.7«a 

N.  Missouri  June. 

Harlem. 

Kansas  City.* 


14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrs. 
It 

4< 

«        S7S 
«       •47 

"  4ft.ooal. 

<<         882 

»"     "  4  ft.  coal. 

«  721 

<>  7tl 

«'  687 

"  03  1 

«**  "     [quarry. 

"  white  s.  8. 
20.  Quaternary. 
14.  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mrs. 

20.  Quaternary. 

« 

14  b.  Coal,  middle  ser. 
"   2  ft.  coal. 
20.  Quaternary. 
14  c.  base  of  U.  CI.  Ms. 

74  7  « 

20.  Quaternary.  '*« 
Cl4o.Up.Cl.Mr8.T*8 
■!  Good  Mollusca  of 
i  Up.  Carb. 


St.  Louis  and  Des  Moines. 


146 

Moberly. 

14  a.  Lower  CI.  Ms.8  8  2 

163 

Cairo. 

«                    8  60 

162 

Emerson. 

«                    8  66 

169 

Macon. 

i<                    8  00 

180 

Atlanta. 

It                    S06 

189 

LaPlata. 

«                    940 

196 

Millard. 

«                   9  70 

203 

Kirksville. 

14a.&b.  "             •" 

211 

Sublett'fl. 

<( 

218 

Queen  City. 

14  a.         "           1004 

227 

Glenwood. 

u                    9  90 

284 

CoatesTille. 

tl 

(Continued  in  Iowa.) 


St.  Joseph  Division. 


0 
9 
19 
26 
86 
44 
68 
62 
78 


Lexington  June. 
Swan  wick. 
Vibbard 
LawBon. 
Lathrop. 
Plattsburg. 
Gower. 
Agency  Ford. 
St.  Joseph. 


14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mres. 
14  c.  Base  of  up.  Coal. 
14  0.  Up.  Coal  Mres. 


li 

« 


948 
«48 
086 

sar 


Columbia  Branch. 


OiOeatralia.«»» 
22lColumbia. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrs, 
14  a.  and  18  b.  &  o. 


Wabaah,  St.  Iionla  and  Paolflo  R.  B.— Cbnt. 
Ms.  Glasgow  Branch.  Alt. 


0 
16 


Salisbury.       ^ai 
Glasgow.        "'o 


14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrs 
base! 


St.  Louis  and  Omaha  Line. 


0 

88 

64 

80 

107 

131 

148 

223 


«44 


778 


St.  Louis. 

Brunswick. 

Chillicothe. 

Gallatin. 

Pattonsb'gh 

Stanbury. 

M«vrysville. 

Roseberry. 

Burlington  Juno. 

Council  Bluffs.Ia. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrs 
14  b.  Mid.  Cl.Mrg.  »64 


14  c.  Up.  Coal  Mres. 

876 

lojr 

ill 


« 
(I 
t( 


<i 

(I 


»«9 


Quincy,  aflsaonrl  and  Pacific  Bailroad, 


2 
11 

22 
32 
47 
64 
70 


137 


West  Quinoy. 

Maywood. 

Tolona. 

La  Belle. 

Edina. 

Hurdland. 

Kirksville. 

Cooksville. 

Milan. 

Trenton. 


20.  Quaternary. 

13  a.  Sub-Carb.      »>« 

"  «»r 

"  7*1 

13  d.  Overlaid  by  drift 
Deep  drift.  [in 
14a.LowerCl.Mrs.9's 

14  b.  »35 

14  b.  &  14  0.  MO 


Missouri,  Iowa  and  Nebraska  Railroad. 


24 

82 
40 
61 
61 
64 
70 


Alexandria. 

Wayland. 
Kahoka. 

Luray. 
Arbela. 

787 

655 

Memphis. 
Downing. 
Lancaster. 

787 
869 
078 

Glenwood. 

090 

Hamilton. 

937 

20.  Alluvium.  <«! 
18  d.  St.  Louis  1. 8.  XI 
14  a.  Coal  Mres. 


it 


IS 

^  n 

-COS 
£•0   0 


Missouri  Paoiflo  Railroad.* 


0  St.  Louis."      *8» 


Benton. 
Kirk  wood. 


7 

34  Carondelet. 
l9 
26 
30 
37 
41 
62 
64 
67 
75 
81 
88 
92 


470 
688 


Meramec. 

Glencoe. 

Eureka. 

Pacific. 

Gray's  Sum't, 

South  Point. 

Washington. 

Miller's  L'd'g. 

Berger. 

Hermann. 

Gasconade. 

Morrison. 


420 


458 

830 
610 
487 
608 
616 
611 
488 
618 


18  d.  St.  Louis  1.8.  & 
a.  Coal  Measures. 
13  d.  St.  Louis  1.  B. 


fl8 
114 


13  d.  &  18  c.  Eeok. 

13  b.  Sub-Carbonifer'B. 

4  a.  Trenton. 
« 

3  a.Calcif.  &4a.Tren, 
"  Ist  sandstone, 
"  2dMagn.l,9, 


« 

(I 

« 

it 


[0.) 


MISSOURI. 


269 


olflo  R.  B—Cbnt 
h.  Alt. 

Lower  Coal  MrZ 


a  Line. 


Lower  Coal  Mrs. 
Mid.  Cl.Mrg.  »64 
« 

7p.  Coal  Mres. 

"  8  76 

«•  103T 

"  97r 

(( 

(( 


989 


uifio  Railroad, 

iaternary. 
3ub-Carb.      m 

«<  «9T 

»<  J41 

Jverlaid  by  drift 
drift.  [ns 

.lOwerCl.Mra.'" 

99S 

&  14  0.  8«(i 


ftska  Railroad. 

[luvium.  <«5 
St.  Louial.B."! 
Coal  Mres. 

"        i.2 

«  >J    >   0 

«        C     3 

Q 


allroad.* 


d.  St.  Louis  1. 6.  & 
a.  Coal  Measures, 
St.  Louis  1. 8. 

&  13  0.  Eeok. 
Sub-Carbonifer's, 

renton. 
li 

alcif.  &4a.Tren, 
"  Ist  sandstone, 
2d  Magn.  1.  s. 


A* 

<a 

o 


■y[».     Iffissoaii  Padflo  Railroad— Con^     Alt. 


100  Chamois.  ^ai 
10.5|8t.  Aubert.  »»? 
126ljefferBonCity.«!»* 
140  Centretown. 


160 

162 
175 
188 

196 

200 
208 
218 
230 
237 
248 
259 
272 
282 


California. 

Tipton. 

Otterville. 

Sedalia. 

Dresden. 


8S6 
8S« 


«1I 
819 

887 


846 


Lamonte. 
Knobnoster. 
Warrensburg.'s* 
Holden.  '"^° 

Kingsville.     8  9* 
Pleasant  Hill. 
Lee's  Summit. 
Independence. 
Kansas  City . 


lead 


II 
It 

K 

II 
11 


2d  sandstone. 
2d  Magnes'n. 
"   On  hills  some- 
lead  "  times  find  13  b. 
"  Bur'n  1.8.  &  3  a. 

13  a.&b.Burlington  l.s. 
f  "  Potter  clay 
t  &  13  a.  &  14  a. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 
"  iron  ore  &  coal  Ms. 
"  fine  8.  8.  quarries. 

14  b.  Coal  Mres. 

14  b.&c.  U.Coal  Mres. 

<i  8  26 

«  10  2  6 

<l  998 

II  78  1 


Lexington  Brancli. 


0 
4 
22 
88 
65 
68 
75 
87 
97 


Sedalia. 

Georgetown. 

Sweet  Spgs. 

AuUville. 

Lexington. 

Wellington. 

Buckner. 

Independence 

Kansas  City. 


889 

647 
706 
736 


13  a.  Sub-Carbonifer's. 
13a.,b.&o.        " 

18  b.  Upper  Sub-Carb. 

14  b.  Coal  Mres. 

2  ft.  coal.  "  coal  mines 

14  b. 

<< 

14c.Up.  CoalMrs.  9" 

•  I  74  8 


Versailles  and  Boonville  Branches. 


19 
83 
44 


Versailles. 

Tipton. 

Palestine. 

BoonTille. 


f3a.3d.  Magn.I.B.»ii 
lead  ms.  near,  beau- 
tiful cave  12  mi.  so. 
13  b.  Sub-Carb.  on  3  a. 
13  a.  Sub-Carb. 
13  c.         "  •<>» 


Lebanon  Branch. 


OJeffersonCity.*!  "IS  a.  Calcif.  2d  Magn.  Is 
lljMoreau.  " 

««  760 

"  Lead  mines  near 
II 


19  Ruaselville. 

28i01ean. 

83:Eldon. 

37|AuroraSp'8."" 

40  Cooper. 

46|Bagnell. 


Ms.  AUssoarl  Paolflc  Railroad.  Ait. 

Lexington  and  Southern  Br&Dch— Continued. 


64 

Bedford. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

66 

Arthur. 

II                                 710 

69 

Nevada. 

•  TO 

82 

Sheldon. 

.< 

93 

Lamar. 

"  coal  and  s.  s. 

99 

Carleton. 

II 

105 

Jasper. 

13  c.  Keokuk. 

110 

Gary. 

II 

116 

Carthage. 

"  Lime  quar.  ^^ee 

119 

Edwin. 

"  Zinc  and  lead. 

126 

Webb  City. 

II              II 

133 

Joplin. 

l<                     II         1018 

Warsaw  Section. 


0 

20 
42 


Sedalia. 

Cole  Camp. 
Warsaw. 


f  13a.Kiuderhook9  0^ 
\  13  b.  Burlington. 
3  a.  Calcif.,  lead  mines. 
"  on  Osage  River. 


Creve  Coeur  Lake  Branch. 


Oi  Laclede. 
121  Creve  Coeur. 


13  d.  St.  Louis. 
Lower  Carb. 


786 


St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  anU  -Southern  Division.* 

6\  " 


10 
13 
21 
24 
26 

29 

36 
39 


43 

61 

6? 
61 


65 


8a.Calcf.3dMagn.l.s. 
II 

"      Osage  River. 


Lexington  and  Southern  Branch. 


0 
10 

23 

29 
88 

60 


Pleasant  Hill. 
Harrison  ville. 

Archie. 

Adrian. 
Butler. 

Rich  Hill. 


784 


14 


U.  CI.  Mres. 
11 


826 


f  14  0.  Upper  &  14  b. 
\Mid.  Coal  Mres. 
14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mres. 

II  814 

r  14  a.  L.  C.  Mrs.,  coal 
\  mines,  beds  3  to  6ft. 


66 
70 
75 
83 
87 
95 

102 

106 

112 

118 
126 
184 


St.  Louis. 
Jefferson  Bar'ks. 
Cliff  Cave. 
Kimmswick.  *^' 
Sulphur  Springs. 
Pevely. 

Horine.' 

Hematite. 
Victoria. 


De  Soto. 

Blackwell. 
Cadet. 
Mineral  Ft. 


497 


Potosi 


Hopewell. 
Irondale.         *'* 
Bismarck. 
Loughborough. 
De  Lassus.      8'" 
Knob  Lick.     9«6 


817 

Mine  La  Motte. 


Frederickt'n.  »•» 
Cornwall. 


Marquand. 

Bcssville. 

Lutesville. 


6*1 


13  d.  St.  LouisLs.  *ii 
18  d. Warsaw  l.s.  *!« 
13  c.  Keokuk  1.  s. 
13  b.  Burl.  1. 8.,  lime. 

II  411 

4  a.  Trenton.  **i 

r  3  a.Calc,  Sandy  lead 
\    mine  6  miles  north. 

3  a.  Calciferous.      *'8 

II 

"  Valle  lead  ms. 

10  miles  so.,  Frumet 

lead  ms.  10  miles  no. 

Good  building  stone. 

3  a.  Calciferous.      »»2 

"  lead  mine. « 0  5 

"many  lead  ms. 


II  >l         98* 

1024 

2  b.  Potsd.  &  1  b.  Hur. 
"  [quarry. 

"         &  granite 
"    lead,  nickel, 
cobalt,    manganese, 
copper,     iron     and 
porphyry. 

2  b.  Potsd.  &  1  b.  Hur. 
f  2  b.,  1  b.  &  3  a.  Calo. 
\      Iron  and  granite. 

3  a.  Calcif 's,  iron.  »" 

II 

"        Limo.  •" 


Fii 


Iff 


n'M 


3.  LoesB  is  well  developed  at  Kansas  City. 


Wl: 


270 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (  MO.) 


f   '   > 


>:  !  '  •  i 


m 


1'-' 

i.{-       1 

■^     h  . 

n  III 

i 

■ 

Ma.  MisBouri  Faolflo  Bailroad.  Alt. 

St.  Louis,  Iron  Mount,  and  South.  Div.—Cont. 


148  AUenville 


164 

168 

162 

174 
178 
1C5 


Jackson. 


Sylvania. 

Morley. 

Diehlstadt. 
Charleston. 
Belmont. 


345 


8  a.  Caloif  s,  iron.  3»9 


4  a.Trenton  &  Black  riv 


3  a.  Calciferous 
f  20.  Quaternary, with 
\  probably  19.  Tert'ry 


8»1 
S13 


Arkansas   Division. 


76  Bismarck. 


81 

86 
88 
89 
96 
104 
108 

116 

127 
134 
146 
148 
166 
181 

201 

186 


893 
«3S 


Iron  Mountain." 

Pilot  Knob.» 

Iron  ton,  10       s^s 

Arcadia. 

Hogan. 

Ozark. 

Annapolis. 

Des  Arc.         •*^ 

Piedmont.  *«>» 
Mill  Spring.  **» 
Williamsville**! 
Blums.  »*8 

Poplar  BluflF. 
Neelyville. 


S06 


Domphau. 


Moark. 


287 


3  a.  Calciferous.   *<>" 

!2  b.  Pots.  &  1  b.  Hur, 
Specular  iron  ore  in 
vast  quantitiei.io^^ 

«  85' 

2  b.  Potad.  &  1  b.  Hur. 

'«    a  ►^  K  J 

_  o  \< 

£    «    D 

W.    "rt.     9 


j  granite 

\  quarry."         g  g> 


^1? 


8  a.  Calciferous. 


"  &20.Quat 
20.  Quat.     Swamp. 


3  a.  Calciferous. 


20.  Quaternary. 


Cairo  Branch. 


10 
16 

28 
74 


Cairo. 

Hough's. 
Charleston. 
Sikeston. 
Poplar  BluflF. 


860 


I 


Low  lands.  20.  Quat. 
and  probably  19 
Tertiary. 

«       P2  3  2* 

«  «S    S    3  30 

<i         K&H    348 


St.  Joseph  and  Desloge  Railroad. 


18 


Summit. 
Bonne  Terre. 


3  a.  Calciferous  and 
probably  2  b.  Potsd 
'  2  b.  Pots,  with  mines 
of  lead  with  copper, 
nickel,  cobalt  and 
purple  calcite. 


Missouri  Faolflo  Railroad— Continual, 

Ms.  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Texas  Division.  Alt. 
18  a.  &  b.  Sub-CarbV 


0 

12 

22 

34 

44 

67 

70 

80 

88 

96 

99 

108 

122 

131 

143 

156 

164 

172 

1G3 

196 
202 
216 
226 
238 


Hannibal. 

Bensalier. 

Monroe. 

Stouts  Tille. 

Paris. 

Madison. 

Moberly. 

Higbee. 

Burton. 

Fayette. 

Talbott. 

Boonville. 

Harris. 

Clifton. 

Sedalia. 

Green  Ridge,  "o* 

Windsor.         '■"^ 

Calhoun.         »»* 

Clinton. 


43» 

733 
723 
1168 
651 
772 
865 
877 
672 
637 
820 
807 
853 
722 
907 


807 


824 


Montrose. 
AppletonC'y.  8»» 
SchellCity.  "* 
Walker.  »>« 

Nevada.  «»<> 


14  a.  Lower  Goal  Mres. 
18  b.  Sub-Carbonifer'8 
13  0.    " 

13  c.  &  d.  &  14  a. 

4  ft.  coal. 

14  a.  Coal  Mrea. 

<< 

« 

"&18C.U.8..C. 
18  b.  Upper  Sub-Carb. 
18  a.  Sub-Carbonifer's. 

18  b.  Upper  Sub-Carb. 
14  a.  Coal  Mrs.  4  ft,  ol, 
potter  "  clay  &  iron  ore 
"  coal  mine8,fo8- 
ail  ferns,  &c. 


{ 


« 


"4ft.cL 


Kansas  and  Arizona  Division. 


0 

8 

16 

22 


Holden. 

Benton.  *''° 

East  Lynn. 
Harrisonville.'i* 


14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mres, 

14  b.  Coal  Mres. 
14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres, 


Chloago,  Rock  Island  and  Faolflo  B.  R, 

South-Western  Division. 


0 

JO 

0 

5 

11 

21 

29 

36 

47 

55 

76 


Atchison. 
Atchison  June. 


Learen  worth. 
Beverly.»«» 
Platte  Ci  ^ . 
Atchison  June. 
Qrayson. 
Platt8burg.»*8 

Perrin. 
Cameron,  i"'" 

Gallatin. 


14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres, 


.11 

M 
.It 
M 
M 

<l 
It 
l< 


14  0.  Up.  Coal  Mres. 
base  of.    Molluscs. 


4.  On  Minsourl  Pacific  R.  R.,  from  St.  Louis  west,  we  pass  St.  Louis  group,  Lower  Coal  Measure!, 
St.  Louis  group  Warsaw  limestone,  Burlington  and  Cnouteau  group  to  the  Trenton,  but  no  DeTonlii. 
At  Hermann  we  have  2d  Magneslan  limestone  capped  in  hills  back  with  lat  or  Saocharoidal  saodstone, 
and  at  Jeiferson  we  have  2d  Magnesian  limestone  rising  in  a  few  mites  <:  ..i'^  vzjn^^ing  in  succeiiloD 
2d  sandstone  and  3d  Magnesian  limestone.  West  of  Tipton  the  "amt  'nisufMvi^.  (2d)  is  capped  b; 
Burlington  limestone.  The  latter  west  of  Sedalia  having  reposirj>iy;  on  \t  the  saniii^/.u  A  top  of  Suo- 
Carboniferous  (Millstone  Grit  7)  and  underlaid  by  Chouteau  group.     [ h'  t.,  ti'ie  Cr»l  ].i..6ii  ;''e8  ippef' 

6.  At  Cheltenham,  four  mllei  from  St  Loais,  are  vast  deposits  o*'  g  x^i  hrc  i-^(it.y. 


MO.) 


MISSOURI. 


271 


oad— Cbntinutd. 
'exas  Division.  Alt. 

.  &  b.  Sub-CarbT 
« 

.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 

.  Sub-Carboniferti. 

« 

'.  &  d.  &  14  a. 
«< 

4  ft.  coal. 
i.  Coal  Mrea. 

(I 

"&18C.U.S..C. 
).  Upper  Sub-Carb, 
I.  Sub-Carbonifer's. 

t).  Upper  Sub-Carb. 

I.  Coal  Mrs.  4  ft.  d. 

ter  "  clay  &  iron  ore 

"  coal  mineB,foB- 

ail  ferns,  &c. 

"  "4ft.cL 

« 

na  Division. 

b.  Mid.  Coal  Mres. 
<( 

b.  Coal  Mres. 

c.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 

and  Paolflo  B.  R, 

Division. 

0.  Upper  Coal  Mres, 


Jamesport. 

Trenton. 

Princeton. 

LineTille. 

AUerton. 

Seymour. 


14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 


ObloagOt  Rook  Island  and  Paolflo  B.  R. 

jfs.     Soath-Western  Division— Osntinued.      Alt. 

16 
102 
127 
148 

166 
169 


St.  IiouIb  and  San  Franolaoo,  formerly  At< 
Ms.       Jantlo  and  Paolflo,  Railroad."       Alt. 


<( 
II 
<i 
II 

i< 


Middle 
series  in 
valleys. 


Chicago  and  Alton  Railroad. 

Chicago,  Kansas  City  and  Denver  Line. 


276 
282 

286 

298 
802 
811 
820 
826 
839 
861 

381 

393 

404 

416 

434 

448 
469 

478 
489 


Louisiana. 
WatBon. 

Bowling  Green 

Curryville. 

Vandalia. 

Laddonia. 

Littleby. 

Mexico. 

Centralia. 

Higbee. 

Glasgow. 

Slater. 

Marshall. 

Mt.  Leonard. 

Higginsville. 
Odessa. 
Oak  Grove. 
Independence. 
Kansas  City. 


460 
904 


•  7T 


13a.&b.  &10c.  &4c.l 
"  Hud.  Riv.i 

{II  8  B  1 

good  building  stone.: 

13  c.  Sub-Carbonif  B.    '■ 

"  ! 

14  a.  Low.  Coal  Mres.  i 

It 

14  a. Low.  CI.  Mrs.  '»« 

II  «79 

"  coal  mines 
f  "     13c.*3o 

\  and  18  o.  Keokuk. 
14  a.  Low.  Coal  Mres. 

13  c.  Keokuk       i^^s 
and  18  e.  Chester. 

14  a.  Low.  Coal  Mrs. 
salt  springs  near. 

14  a.  Low.  CI.  Mrs.s*' 
14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mres. 


i4c.  Up.  CI.  Mres.99» 

II  74  8 


South  Branch. 


OlChicago. 
825|  Mexico. 
345Canaway. 
aSOjFulton. 
357|Carrington. 
364  New  Bloomfield. 
370iHibernia. 
STB'Jefferson  City. 


0 

37 

44 

49 

66 

66 

78 

91 

104 

114 

124 

188 

144 

150 

163 

171 

178 

185 

217 

241 

266 
278 
291 

306 

314 
825 
330 


St.  Louis. 

Pacific. 

Calvey. 

Mosel?e. 

St.  Clt.ir. 

Stanton. 

Bourbon. 

Cuba. 

St.  Jamea. 

RoUa. 

Ozark. 

Dixon. 

Hancock. 

Crocker. 

Richland. 

Stoutland. 

Sleeper. 

Lebanon. 


14  b.  Mid.  CL  Mrs." » 
14  a.,  13  b.  &  10  c.  «^3 


10  c.  and  3  a.  8«o 

3  a.  Calciferous.      * » » 


481 
458 

988 

759 

867 

•  41 

1010 

1117 

1801 

1146 
1109 

iisa 

1148 
1166 
1209 
1269 


20.  &  18  d.  St.  L.  1.8. 
4  a.  Tren.  &  3  a.  Caloif. 
8  a.  Calciferous. 

"  Iron. 

"  g    «   Q 


1498 
1860 


Copper. 

CD    B    ^ 

»  rt  * 


"  iron. 
"  iron, 


P    E' 


'  iron. 


II 
II 
II 


Marshfield. 

Springfield 
Logan's. 
Verona.        »»•» 
PeiroeCity.  12" 

GranbyC'y. "»« 

Neoaho. 
Dayton. 
Seueca. 
(State  Line.) 


f  "  Highest  pt. 

\  in  Mo.  Good  bldg.  a. 
13  b.  Sub-Carbonifer'a. 


II 
II 


and  c. 

Lime  and  18  c.  Sub-C. 

13  c.  Keokuk  1.  a. 

(Lead  abounda.) 

13  0.  Keokuk  1.  a  ^oi* 
II  947 

Polishing  "  stone. » '  * 
(See  Kansas.)        «*« 


{ 


Arkansas  Division. 


0 

4 

29 
35 


Peirce  City. 

Plymouth. 
Washburn. 
Seligman. 


13c.Keo.group.ii*« 
good  lime  qra. 

II  1326 

II 

11  1525 


White  River  Brancli. 


0 

20 
86 


Springfield. 
Ozark. 
Chad  wick. 


iSc.Keok.group.  i3»» 
f  13  a.  Kinderhook,  & 
\  13  b.  Burlington. 
13  a.  Kinderhook. 


II 
II 


.4  c.  Up.  Coal  Mres. 
base  of.    Moliuict. 


Lower  Coal  Measures, 
ton,  but  no  DeroniM 
ocharoidal  sandstone, 
r,r?ing  In  succeiiioi 
;i!  (20)  is  capped  by 
n.t»*<.r.  :-ttopofSub- 
D'>»1  :j-iv..  .'eiapptW' 
re  i'^ivy. 


6.  Down  the  St.  Louis  &  Iron  Mountain  R.  R.  we  have  St.  Louis  lim  jstone  then  Warsaw  litr»estone, 
Keokuk  Hmestone,  and  Burlington  limestone  within  20  miles.  Crossing  the  Merritnac  River,  we  find 
the  last  for  a  while,  then  the  Receptaculite,  Trenton  and  Black  Fiver  limestone,  1st  Magnesian 
limestone,  and  at  Horine  Station  the  Saccharoidal  sandstone,  very  soft,  used  for  glads-making,  and  is 
Tsry  white  and  pure.  Afterwards  we  have  2d  Magnesian  limestone.  (Jrossing  Big  River,  the  3d 
Magnesian  limestone  near  Iron  Mountain.  De  Lassus,  Mine  la  Motte,  Fredericktown,  Pilot  Knob, 
Dea  Arc  and  Annapolis  are  porphyry  hills  of  Huronian  age,  and  the  adjacent  limestones  and  lower 
aandatones  and  conglomerates  are  proliably  Potsdam.  At  Mine  la  Motte  and  Fredericktown  are 
certainly  Potsdam  fossils,  but  the  absolute  line  (if  any)  has  not  been  determined  between  the 
PotHdam  and  Calciferous  beds.  Near  Iron  Mountain,  Knob  Lick  and  Cornwall  are  superior  granite 
quarrios,  which  may  be  of  age  of  Laurentian. 

7.  Four  nMea  southeast  is  Crystal  City  on  the  Mississippi  River,  where  glass  is  made.  The 
Mcoharoidal  or  St.  Peter's  sandstone  is  here  forty  or  fifty  feet  thick,  and  over  one  hundred  feet 
(nick  in  Warrpn  County.    It  is  very  valuable  for  glass-making. 

8.  Iron  Mountain  is  228  feet  high,  and  its  base  covers  500  acres. 

9.  Pilot  Knob  is  a  conical  hill,  nearly  circular,  581  feet  high,  with  a  north  and  south  diameter 
of  about  one  mile  at  its  base,  which  covers  3C0  acres     Elevation  1,500  feet  above  sea. 

10.  Sheppard  Mountain  magnetic  Iron  ore.  s 


w 


-if! 


-S 


iii'  >  ■'■  '.V  1- '. ' 


li  ;  i  i 


•J     ' 


I         ! 


MM^nP 


272 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  G'  IDE.     (MO.) 


Mr.  St.  lrf>uit  A  San  Fninolaoo  R  R.— Cbn.  Alt. 


0 
21 
24 

89 


Springfield. 
Buckley. 
Graydon. 
Bolivar. 


18  0.  Keokuk. 


1360 


L.Carb.  prob&bly  13  b, 


Joplin  Branch. 


10 
20 


Oronogo. 
Webb  City. 


Joplin. 
Galena. 


1018 


13  0.  Keokuk  mines. 

"  Handsome  crys- 
tals of  Blende,  Caloite 
&  Galena  Zinc  mines. 
1 8  O.Rich  in  lead  &  zinc 


Kansas  Division. 


0 

Peirce  City. 

18c.Keok.lime.    i»»» 

27 

Carthage. 

"    Lime  kilns. 

86 

Oronogo. 

<•    Zinc  &  lecd. 

44 

Smithfield. 

11 

( Continued  in  Kansas.) 


Girard  Branch. 


20 


Opolis. 
Joplin. 


13  0.  Keok. 

"  Lead  &  zinc.  1  PI" 


Kansas  Olty,  St.  Joseph  and  Oonnoll  BluffB 
Ms.  Railroad.  Alt. 


0 

Kansas  City.  »*» 

\ 

14  Upper  Carbon. 
Qood  fossil  moUusca 

10 

Parkville.       »»» 

14 

0.  Upper  Carbon. 

17 

Waldron.        »»» 

II 

26 

E.  Leavenworth. 

<i                            764 

84 

Weston. 

«                            T78 

64 

Winthrop.       «<>» 

II 

66 

Rushville.       »»• 

l< 

66 

Lake  Station. 

20 

Quaternary.       »»« 

70 

St.Joseph. 

14 

c.Upper  Carbon.'  2* 

80 

Amazonia. 

"  fuBulina  abounds. 

99 

Forest  City. 

"        "  &mollusca. 

109 

Bigelow. 

20 

Quaternary.      » « ^ 

116 

Ci»ig.              •»» 

"        over  14  c. 

122 

Corning.         •»« 

II 

185 

Phelps. 

II                              895 

149 

Hamburg. 

"  &14C.U.  C. 

200 

Council  Bluffs. 

88B 

(  Continue( 

1  in  Iowa.) 

Hopkins  Branch. 


70 

79 

86 

91 

101 

108 

116 

128 

181 


St.  Joseph. 

Amazonia. 

Savannah,    i**" 

Rosendale. 

Barnard. 

Bridge  water. 

Maryville. 

Pickering. 

Hopkins. 


14  0.  Up.  Carbon.    "* 

"Fusulina.  •" 

Good  "  fossil  moluBoa 

II  7  95 

943 


Kansas  City,  St.     oa,  *  GouncU  Blulis  SI.  r. 

Ms.  Nodaway  Valley  Branch.  Alt. 


0|  Mound  City. 
lllMaitland. 
17  Skidmore. 
28  Quitman. 


29 


Burlington  June, 


Quaternary.  ««f 

14  c.  Up.  Coal.  Mres. 


II 
<i 


("  Coal  and  m 
highest  Upper  Car- 
bonif  8  rocks  in  Mo. 


Tarkio  Valley  Brf.nch. 


0 


28 


Coming. 
Fairfax. 
Tarkio. 
Northborough. 


Quaternary.  <7< 

"   onl4c.U.C.M. 


Chicago,  BurUngton  &  Kwusas  City  B.  R, 

Burlington  ft  Sout'.i-Western  R.  R. 


0 

Laclede. 

14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Ms.'" 

7 

Linneus. 

Iron.          "  Clays.*" 

20 

Browning. 

II            r«o 

32 

Milan. 

14  0.  Upper  Carb.  »" 

87 

Boynton. 

14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Ms.'fe 

45 

Pollock. 

II                   94S 

53 

Union  ville. 

14a.Low.Cl.M8.»»8» 

18T 

Burlington. 

605 

(Continued  in  Iowa.) 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


1037 
1033 
1048 


St.  liOuls,  Keokuk  ft  North- Western  R.  R, 


0 
6 

22 
28 
40 
63 
69 
65 
74 

84 

94 

100 
110 


138 


Keokuk. 

Alexandria. 

Canton. 

La  Grange. 

Quinoy. 

Helton. 

Hannibal. 

Saverton. 

Ashbum. 

Louisiana.       *^'> 


Clarksville. 

Kissenger. 

Elsberry. 

Winfield. 
Monroe. 
St.  Peters. 


13  c.  Keokuk  1.  s. 


469 


20.  Quaternary. 

13  b.  &  0.  Keok.  Is.  <•• 
11 

13  b.  Sub-Carb.      "» 
13  a.  &b."&4c.Cinn. 
4  0.  Hudson  River, 
f  4  c,  10  c.  and  13  a, 
\  &  b.  Sulphur  Sp'gs. 

(18  a.  Kinderhook. 
18  b.  Burlington  & 
10  Devonian. 
18  a.  and  13  b. 
f  10  Dev'n,  4  a.  Tren. 
\  and  4  b.  Galena, 
18d.  St.  L.  Fault  near. 
18  c.  Keokuk.        »' 
20.  Quaternary. 


St.  lionls,  Salem  &  Little  Rook  Railroad. 


0 

9 

24 

40 

46 


Cuba. 

Steelville. 

Cook'e. 

Salem.  »»•« 

Orchard  Bank. 


3  a.  Caloif. 


lOlt 


9 
p. 

» 

3 


II.  On  St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  R.  R.,  going  Bouthwest,  after  leaving  Pacific  (or  Franklhi) 
the  2d  Magnesian  limestone  gradually  riMos,  showing  some  2d  sandstone,  and  through  Crawford, 
Phelps,  and  Pulaski  counties  the  latter  is  the  highest  rock,  resting  on  8d  Magnesian  litneBtone,  th« 
latter  well  exposed  along  the  Gasconade  River.  Crossing  It,  we  are  upon  the  highest  lands  Is 
Missouri.    Descending  towtxds  Springfield,  we  find  the  Lower  members  of  the  Sab-Carboniferou 


l/^i 


MISSOURI. 


273 


11  Blulla  ».  a 

ich.  Alt. 

ary.  "i 

).  Coal.  Mres. 

I 

1  Coal  and  "• 
ist  Upper  Cat- 
's rooks  in  Mo. 

oh. 

lary.  '" 

onUc.U.C.M. 


isas  City  B.  R. 

tern  R.  R. 

lid.  Coal  Ms.'" 

"  Clays."' 
«  7eo 

pper  Carb.  '*" 
lid.  Coal  M8."9 

<i  941 

<0W.C1.M8."" 

609 

>wa.)        

.Wetttem  R.  R, 


Leokuk  1.  s. 


461 


atemary. 

I  c.  Keok.  Is.  *•• 
it 

Jub-Carb.     *•« 
b."  &4c.CinD. 
iidaon  River, 
10  0.  and  13  8. 
Sulphur  Sp'gs. 
Kinderhook. 
,  Burlington  4 
)evonian. 
nd  13  b. 
)ev'n,  4  a.  Tren, 
4  b.  Galena. 
L.  Fault  near. 
Keokuk.        "' 
a*ernary. 

lock  Railroad. 

h"  1011 


it 


aloif. 


ciflo  (or  Frankliu) 
through  Orawfort, 
ilan  limestone,  tne 
I  hiRht'gt  lands  to 
8ub-Carboni(eroM 


Kansas  City,  Fort  Soott  &  Quit  Railroad. 

Mh.  KnnyRH  City,  Sp'gfleld  ft  Memphis  Line.  Alt. 


0 
15 


Fort  Scott,  Kan. 
Arcadia. 


88  Lamar. 
50  Golden  City. 
65!Greenfield. 
SSJAsh  Grove, 
101 


186 

143 
193 
214 

242 


Springfield. 

Seymour. 

Cedar  Gap. 
Willow  Springs. 
West  Plains. 
Augusta. 
Mammoth  S'pg. 
Spring  City. 


14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mrs.  ^ 
Coal  near. 
■  14  a.  Low.  Coal  Mrs.  i 
Coal  mines. 
"  coal  and  sandst. 
13  c.  Keokuk. 
"  lead  ne.ar. 
"  lead  and  lime. 

«  13S2 

{«  1650 

Highest  land  in  Mo. 
8  a.  Calciferous.    i7<"» 

li  13  70 

II  950 

"3dMagn.l.    "o 

<i 

"  Big  spring. 


PIca.oant  Hill  &  De  Soto  R.  R. 


0 
12 
17 
26 


Pleasant  Hill 
Raymore. 
Belton. 
Stanley. 


14  c.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 
i< 

ii 
(See  Kansas.) 


( Continued  in  Arkansas.) 


Rich  Hill  Branch. 


0 
13 
19 


Miami. 
Rich  Hill. 
Carbon  Centre. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 
"    ooal  mines.  7  ^  ^ 

II  II  7  72 


St.  LouiH  &  Emporia  Railway. 


0 

20 


Blue  Mound. 
Pleasonton. 


14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mres. 
"&14b.Mid.Cl.  " 


14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mrs. 

<«  10  30 


Kansas  City,  Clinton  &  Springfield  R.  R. 

0  Kansas  City. 

21  Olathe,  Kan. 

38  Belton,  Mo. 

48Raymore. 

56|Harri8onville 

62  Dougherty. 

95  Clinton. 
119  Osceola. 
139  HumansTille. 
175  Ashgrove.    . 


II 


14  b.  Middle  Coal  Mrs. 
14  a.  Up.  Coal  Mrs.* 0' 
8a.Calc.&13a.&lSb. 
18  b.  Burlington. 
13  c.  Keokuk. 


Kansas  City  and  Southern. 


0 
13 
16 
17 
21 
26 


67 


Osceola. 
Otter  Creek. 
Browning 
Qrand  River. 
Viokers. 

Clinton.  ••» 

Urioh. 
Index. 
East  Lynne. 


14  a.  &  18  b. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrs 

18  b.  Burlington. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrs. 

14  a.  Good  fossil  plants 

14  a.  &  14  b. 

14  b.  Mid.  Coal  Mres. 


Mh.  Cape  Girardeau  Southw«s*«ru  B.  R.  Alt 


0 

15 

40 
52 


Cape  Girardeau. 

Delta. 

Lakeville. 

Idlewild. 

Wappapello. 


888 


f  4  a.  Trenton. 
\  and  4  b.  Galena. 
(  20.  Quaternary  witl 
\  heavy  timbec 

14  «  8  51 


II 
II 


St.  lionis,  Hannibal  &  Keokuk  Railroad. 


0 
13 
18 
80 
45 
53 
60 
67 


76 
86 


St.  Louis. 

Gilmore  Springs. 

Moscow  Mills. 

Troy. 

Silex. 

Edgewood. 

Bowling  Green. 

McCunes. 

Frankfort. 

Jones. 

New  London. 
Hannibal.       *«» 


460 

18  c.  Keok.  &  L.  Carb. 
"  Archimedes  fos. 
13  0.  Keokuk. 
13  a.  and  13  b. 

13  b.  &  Up.  Silurian. 
4  a.  Trenton  group. 


{ 


3  a.  Ist  Magnes.  1.  s. 

&  Saccharoidal  s.  s. 
4a.Tren.&BlackRiv. 
13  a.&  b.  good  lime  qrs. 


Chicago,  Burlington  A  Qulncy  Railroad. 

Des  Moines  Chariton  &  St.  Joseph  Branch. 


0 
49 
65 
90 
93 


St.  Joseph. 
Albany. 
Bethany. 
Andover. 
Bethany  Jc,  la. 

Grant  City. 


Clarinda  Jc,  la. 
Burlington  Jc. 


14o.  Up.  CoalMs.  »»» 
II 


14  0.  Upper  Coal  Mres. 


i< 
II 


Quincy  Hannibal  &  Louisiana  Branch. 


0 
7 

18 
19 

28 

44 


Quincy. 
Marble  Head. 
Pall  Creek. 
Hannibal. 

Kinderhook,  111. 

Louisiana. 


13b.&c.Keok.l.8.*«« 

20.  Quaternary. 
II 

13  b.  Sub-Carb.  *«» 
rlOc.bl.sl.  ISa.Kin- 
\  derh.  &  13  b.  Burl. 

4c.lOo.&18a.&b.*«o 


Texas  &  St.  liouia  Railroad. 

Missouri  &  Arkansas  Division. 


0 
i! 

68 
70 


Birds  Point. 
Paw  Paw  Juno. 


New  Madrid. 


Maiden. 

St.  Francis,  Ark. 


20.  Quat.,  Swamp  diet. 

Low, 

Bwampy, 

Heavy'*' 

timber.'" 


St.  LooIb,  Creve  Coenr  &  St.  Charles  B.  B. 


0 

6 

16 


St.  Louis. 

Rinkleville. 

Florrisant. 


13  d.  St.  Louis. 

14  a.  Lower  Coal  Mrea. 
20  on  14  a.  Rich  Valley 


r.    ^H  limestone  resting  on  the  2d  Magnesian  limestone  or  Calciferous.    In  southern  parts  of  Lawrence 


newion  and  Jasper,  the  Sub-Carboniferous  limestone,  with  much  chert  is  of  gn 
and  b  galeniferous.   The  celebrated  lead  mines  of  Joplin  and  Granby  oocar  in  thu. 


274 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (KAN.) 


Kansas.^ 


LIST  OF   QEOLOGICAL    FORMATIONS   IN    KANSAS. 


■; ;  " 


*f; 


M 


it 


1 


Hi 


Im 


lil: 


■]i 


W- 


20i  Quarternary. 


19.  Tertiary, 


20  d.  Alluvium. 
20  c.  Loess. 
20  b.  Modified  Drift. 
20  a.  Glacial  Drift. 


19  c.  Pliocenei  includ- 
ing deposits  of  Vol- 
canic asli-possibly 
of  Quarternary  age. 

19  c.  Miocene. 


o 

N 
O 
M 

« 

s 

eo 


18  Cretaceous. 


18  0.  Niobrara,  In- 
cluding the  "Colo- 
rado" above. 

18  b.  Ft.  Benton. 

18  a.  Dakota. 


16-17  Jura-Trias,  or  Red  Beds. 


c 
o 
.o 

k 
c« 

O 


Upper  Carbon- 15.  Permian  orPer 


iferous. 


mo-Carboniferous. 
14  c.  Upp.  CI.Meas. 
14  b.  Low. CI   Meas 


Lower  Carbon-.13c.  Keokuk,limest. 
iferous.  fcciiert,  bearing  of 
1    Lead  and  Zinc. 


Union  Paciflo  Kailway. 

1                   Union  Pacific  Railway. 

Ms.                     KanRab  Division. 

Alt. 

Ms.                    Kansas  Division.                      Alt. 

0 

Kansas  City. 

f  14  c.  Upper 
\     Measures. 

Coal 

Menoken. 

14o.Upp.CoalMrc.'<.'J" 

(Union  Depot.) 

748 

78 

Silver  Lake. 

"                     915 

1 

Kansas  City, 

<i 

748 

Kingsville. 

««                     920 

Kansas. 

an 

Rossville. 

i<                     933 

2 

Armstrong. 

i( 

755 

91 

St.  Marys. 

«                     955 

9 

Muncie. 

(( 

767 

97 

Bellvue. 

«                     96i 

13 

Edwardsville. 

« 

783 

104 

Wamego. 

«                  lOOO 

17 

Bonner  Springs. 

« 

789 

111 

St.  George. 

«                  1000 

Loring. 

« 

789 

119 

Manhattan.^ 

«•                  1000 

23 

Lenape. 

« 

781 

Eureka  Lake. 

15.  Permo-Carbonif. 

28 

Linwood. 

« 

789 

130 

Odgensburg. 

«                              1061 

32 

Fall  Leaf. 

« 

809 

135 

Ft.  Riley. 

«                              1070 

39 

Lawrence. 

« 

822 

139 

Junction  City.* 

"                              1082 

45 

Buck  Creek. 

<i 

846 

14G 

Kansas  Falls. 

«                              1106 

48 

Williamstown. 

i( 

881 

152 

Chapman. 

«                     nil 

SliPerryville. 

{( 

•  52 

158 

Detroit, 

«                              113S 

63,  Medina. 

« 

853 

:i63 

Abilene. 

«                              1155 

55  Newman. 

f( 

861 

'172 

Solomon.^ 

"&  18a.Dak.ii-» 

GlQrantville. 

(( 

877 

180 

New  Cambria. 

«                  1189 

67Topeka.3 

t( 

880 

'l8filSiilina. 

«                    1225 

1.  By  Mr.  Orestes  St.  Jolin  of  Topuka,  Kan.'i.'i.H. 

2.  Leavenworth.  In  the  vicinity  of  Leavenworth  and  at  the  State  Penitentiary  at  Lansing,  a21- 
Inch  seam  of  coal  is  mined  by  means  of  shafts  at  a  depth  of  between  700  and  SOOfeet.  The  limestones 
crossing  lti<i  bluffs  that  hem  the  Missouri  are  richly  stored  with  characteristic  upper  coal  measure 
fdHsils.  Tliu  Loess  heavily  covers  the  bluffs,  and  in  the  bed  of  the  Missouri  Valley  the  glacial  drift 
oi'CUrs  bennnth  the  alluvial  deposits.  Deposits  nf  modified  drift  or  stratified  gravels  locally 
liilnrvona  iiaiween  the  Loess  and  the  basis  rocks  of  the  region. 

h.  TiifUM  The  Osafte  coal  crops  In  tlie  western  suburbs  of  the  city,  where  it  is  mined  to 
llfnited  eiteut.  An  nxiiMrlmental  diamond  drill  boring,  authorized  by  the  local  government, haa 
penetrated  the  coal  liiunsiiro  series  to  the  depth  of  between  1,600  and  1,700  feet  at  this  writing, 
enoountering  aeroral  thin  aeposits  of  coal. 


KANSAS. 


f  ' 


2TS 


). 


Niobrara,  In* 
ng  the  "Colo* 
'  above, 
t.  Benton, 
akota. 

d  Beds. 

rmian  or  Per 
Carboniferous. 
Ipp.  CI.Meas. 
■OW.CI.  IVIeas 
eokuk,limest. 
ert,  bearing  of 
1  and  Zinc. 


Iway. 


Alt. 


p.CoalMiCi<.'">> 


« 

« 

« 
« 


9U 
920 

ass 

9S5 
96S 

loot 

1000 

loot 


■mo-Carbonif. 

1061 
1070 
1081 

not 

1114 
llSS 

1155 

ISa.Dak.i'"' 

«  list 

«  1225 


at  Lansing,  a  21- 
,.  The  lime.«tone8 
—jper  coal  measure 
lythe  glacial  drift 
gravels    locally 

sre  it  is  mined  to 

fovernment,  hai 
at  this  writing. 


Ms. 


VnloD  Paclflo  Ballway. 

KanBM  OiTliion.— Q>n. 


Alt. 


194BaTaria.>o 
201  BrookTille. 

Areola. 

Terra  Gotta. 
211  Carneiro.* 

Mt  Zion. 
218  Kanopolifl. 
228  Ellsworth. 

Black  Wolf. 

Cow  Creek. 
239  Wilson. 

Dorrance. 
263  Bunker  Hill. 

Homer. 
263  Russell. 

Gorham. 

Walker. 
279  Victoria. 

Toulon. 
289  Haya. 

Hogback. 
303  Ellis. 
313  Ogallah. 
821  Wakeeney.* 

Colono. 
336  Collyer. 

Quinter. 
860  Buffalo  Park. 
866  Grainfield. 
366  Grinnell. 
877  Oakley. 
886  Monument. 

Boaz. 
398  Winona. 
406  Lisbon.' 

McAUaster. 

Turkey  Creek. 

Wallace. 


18  a. 


Dakota. 

4< 
<l 

M 


18  b.  Benton. 


W 

it 

M 

r 
u 


It 

ii 


IlTl 
1848 
1483 

1470 
1570 

1880 
1588 

1668 

1*84 

1780 
1864 

1874 
1881 

1912 
1844 
1928 


420 

4-29 
4;J7 


Sharon  Springs. 

Monotony. 

Montero. 


"Up.l.9.»»9» 

(I  2)17 

18l).Niob.&l{).Tr2  3  8  7 
Tert'ry  in  uplands. 

<(        2St6 


19 


Ms. 


«l 

M 
II 
M 
M 
i( 
It 
.1 


27&S 
2811 
2904 
8042 
8181 

3  3  61 


Union  Pacific  BatUway. 

Leavenworth,  Topeka  *  South  Weftem 
Line. 


Alt. 


"&18c.  Colora.3i*o 


<< 

K 
<< 
« 


(I 
l< 


8301 

8450 
8774 


Leavenworth  and  Lawrence  Branch. 


0;Leavenworth.2 

5  Lansing. 
11  Fairmount. 
16  Hoge. 

18  Big  Strainger. 

19  Moores. 

21  Tonganoxie. 

26  Reno. 

34  Lawrence. 


14  c. 


Up.  CI. 
II 

H 
U 
U 
U 
tt 

u 

II 


Mres,'"** 

781 
9SS 
854 
834 
915 
851 
835 
822 


9 
16 
21 

28 

45 

66 


Leavenworth.* 

Bolings. 

Springdale. 

McLouth. 

Mcintosh. 

Oskaloosa. 

Osawkee. 

Meridon. 

Topeka.' 


{" 


0.  Upper  Coal 
Measures.    "*** 

90* 

loas 

116T 

lias 
svs 

964 
884 


M 
II 

41 
« 

I! 


Blue  Valley  Line. 


0 

17 
22 

89 
43 

56 

65 


Manhattan.  7 

Stockdalt. 

Garrison  Cross'g. 

Winkl'r'sMillsSt. 

Randolph. 

Cleburne, 

Florena. 

Irving. 

Blue  Rapids. 

Scliroyer. 

Marysville. 

Hull. 

Okcto. 


(14  0.   Upper   Coal 
Measures,  and  16. 
Permo-Carbon.  i""* 
II 

1081 

loas 

1127 
1141 

1179 

1200 


! 
I 


Solomon  Valley  Line. 


0 


Solomon.' 


Niles. 
9  Verdi. 
15|  Bennington. 
21jLind8ay. 
23|  Minneapolis. 
29jSumnerville. 
36|Delpho8. 
42  Glasco. 
47,Britt8vine. 
50  Asherville, 
67Beloit. 


I 


15.  Permo-Carbonif- 
crous  and  18  a. 


Dakota. 
II 


llTt 

1202 
1229 
184t 
1986 
I28B 
1310 
1819 
1384 
1344 
1389 


Salina  and  Upper  Solomon  Line,  or 
Lincoln  and  Colorado  Braiioh. 


CSalina. 


12 


Trenton. 

York. 

Culver. 


f  18  ft. 
]  15.  IV 
( erous 


Dakota,  and 
ermo-Carbonif- 
117a 
11 
II 
«  laes 


4    Carneiro.    The  Dakota  sandstone  weathered  into  picturesque  monumental  shapes. 

5.  Wnkeeney.  In  the  ravine  cutting  the  upland  slopes,  the  chalky  liraestonefl  of  the  Niobrara 
outcrop,  affording  characteristic  vertebrate  and  molluscan  fossils.  The  manufacture  of  the  chiJk 
into  whiting  is  here  successfully  engaged  in.  Copious  springs  of  delicious  water  issue  t^om  the 
gravel  deposit  at  the  ba.se  of  the  Tertiary. 

6.  Lisbon.  The  Colorado  shales  appear  in  the  valley  piden  and  outlying  buttes,  capped  by 
Tertiary  conglomerate  in  places,  containing  beautifully  dendritic  marked  chalcedony.  The  Colora«lo 
shales  ahound  in  selenite  crystals,  septaria  concretions  and  lossils. 

7.  Manhattan.  Thu  light  gray  limestone  in  the  blutts,  and  which  form  a  convenient  iithologioal 
demarkation  between  the  brown  limestone  of  the  upper.coal  measures  and  the  PermoKsarboniferoua 


HI 


m 

il 

ll 


m 


u 


m''. 


w 


::l*f" 


m  ;■'' 


i  ^ 


r^iiir" 


If 


.^1 


276 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOOIOAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.    (KAN.) 

Union  Paolflo  RallwAj. 

Union  Paolflo  Railway. 

Salina  and  Upper  Solomon  Line,  or 
Hfl.      Lincoln  and  Colorado  Branoh.— Con.      Alt. 

Ms.                  Kansas  Central  Line.                Alt. 

IS 

Toscot. 

r  18  a.  Dakota  and 
\16Permo.Carb.»»9» 

Oi  Leavenworth.' 

1 

f  14o.  Upper  Coal 
\         Measures.    '  •<  & 

24 

Bererly. 

1824 

7 

Hund. 

"                        «30 

86 

Lincoln. 

1ST8 

11 

Pleasant  Ridge. 

M                    1  0  ,1  1 

Vesper. 

15 

Easton. 

M                        90J, 

Sylyan. 

20 

Lee. 

W                    1038 

66 

Lucas. 

lilt 

25 

Winchester. 

««                    1168 

66 

Luray. 

Boyle. 

••                    lUS 

72 

Waldo. 

86 

Valley  Falls. 

"                      911 

t 

Ivamar. 

Arrington. 

<l 

88 

Natoma. 

46 

Larkin. 

M                          »g, 

Codell. 

61 

Elk. 

"                      971 

104 

Plainville. 

65 

Holton. 

•«                    1012 

111 

Zurich. 

63 

Circleville. 

"             lots 

Paloo. 

70 

Soldier. 

"                    1184 

Daman. 

76 

Havensville. 

M                     U«J 

180 

Bogue. 

79 

Savannah. 

•«                    1104 

188 

Hill  City. 

82 

Onago. 

"                    1098 

Redford. 

96 

Blaine. 

16.  Permo-Carb.  >«<>» 

Kalula. 

110 

Olsburg. 

"                    1427 

Carll. 

117 

Garrison. 

"               long 

Tasco. 

Leonardville. 

<l 

171 

Hoxie. 

19.  Tertiary. 

189 

Green. 

««                    1J87 

Gerona. 

it 

147 

Clay  Centre. 

"                 /I  195 
II                 ^'^»» 

Zillah. 

M 

Idane. 

204 

225 

Verner. 

14 

166 

Milton  vale. 

18  a.  Dakota?      1372 

Colby. 
Oakley. 

II 

tl                ao42 

St.  Joficpii  &  Gi 

and  Island  R.  R. 

Salina  and  South 

western  Railway. 

0 

1 
6 
9 
14 
19 
23 
25 
29 
84 
38 
48 

St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Elwood. 

Wathena. 

Blaira. 

Troy. 

Norway. 

Ryans. 

Severance. 

Leona. 

Robinson. 

Mannville. 

Hiawatha. 

1  14  c.  Upper  Coal 
\     Measures.       »2' 

"                      817 
•♦                     818 
II                     89  7 
«l                    109J 
<l                   1042 
il                     891 
II                     909 
•1                     918 
II                     980 

0 

12 
16 
21 

86 

Salina. 

Mentor. 

Assaria. 

Bridgeport. 

Lindsburg. 

Johnstown. 

Hilton. 

McPherson. 

f  16,  Permo-Carb. 
\  and  18  a.  Dak.  1^25 
<i 

<t                    12  8  2 
«(                    1800 
K                    18  80 

18  a.  Dakota. 

(<                   1490 

Junction  City  and  ] 

Ft.  Kearney  Branoh. 

M                     97! 

0 

Junction  City.' 

15.  Permo-Carbo.  i"** 

♦1                   1095 

8 

Alida. 

«                   IlOV 

50 

Hamlin. 

<l                     911 

14 

Milford.' 

i«             1102 

64 

Morrill. 

II                      10!>l 

19 

Wakefield. 

M                     1152 

61 

Sabetha. 

•1                   1308 

28 

Broughton. 

11                    118  3 

69 

Oneida. 

l(                   1219 

83 

Clay  Centre. 

M                    12  0  3 

mm 

Seneca. 

f  16.  Permo-Carbcn- 
\     iferous.         "" 

41 

Morganville. 

(1                    128  8 

77 

49 

Clifton. 

18  a.  Dakota.      "»' 

84 

BaileyVille. 

II           1:94 

60 

Vining. 

u                   127? 

89 

Axtel. 

II                  1368 

66 

Clyde. 

«                   12  9  9 

99 

Beattie. 

II                  1298 

68  Lawrenceburg.     1 

M                    18  2  9 

105 

Home. 

M                  1339 

71 
68 

Concordia. 

II                     1888 
l«                    18  2  9 

113 
118 

Marysville. 
Herkimer. 

II                  11S5 

Lawrenceburg. 

«                  1238 

66  Christie. 

M                   1341 

128 

Hanover. 

18  a.  Dakota?     i"» 

70|Talmo. 

fi                    1865 

187 

HoUenberg. 

K                  I2S( 

80|  Belleyille, 

«                  ISSl 

series,  are  extensively  quarried  for  building  purposes.  Underlying  the  quarry  ledges  isa  heary 
stratum  of  soft  buff  earthy  limestone,  possessing  the  properties  of  an  hydraulic  llmeBtone,  and 
preparations  for  the  manuCgtoture  of  cement  have  been  made  on  quite  an  extensive  scale. 


9.  Alt. 

pperCoal 
easures.    ^ "  ^ 

lost 


14 
II 
l( 
<l 
II 
.« 
II 
II 

II 

II 

|l 

II 

l« 

<« 

II 

II 

mo-Carb, 
11 

II 

II 

II 

II 

It 

Dakota? 


80J, 
1038 
lUS 

lies 

911 

OS* 
971 
101} 
109« 
1114 
lit} 
1104 
109S 
1501 
14JT 
lOltl 


1287 

195 
203 

1372 


(}1?5 


ind  R.  R. 

Upper  Coal 
easures.       »" 

II                    817 

l< 

813 

II 

B97 

II 

109J 

<l 

1042 

It 

892 

i< 

903 

•t 

918 

l< 

960 

II 

97$ 

« 

1098 

<i 

914 

ti 

ion 

II 

1308 

II 

1219 

Permo-Carbcn- 

wous.         »" 
II            i:9i 

II 

II 

II 

II 

i< 

Dakota? 
i( 

KANSAS. 

277 

St.  LouU  and  Ssu  FranoiHoo  Railway.      | 

St.  I<oula  and  San  FranoiMco  Hallway. 

Mh, 

Muiiftt  (Mo.)  to  lialHtead  and  Ellsworth.  Alt 

Ms.       Monett  to  Halstead  and  ?:il8W(>rth.       Alt. 

"^ 

Carthage,  Mo. 

f  Lower  Carbon.: 
\  Keokuk  lirutHt.  »»« 

•226 

Burr  ton. 

16.  Permo-Carb. 

0 

234 

Bubler,  or 

II  7 

( 14  b.  Lower  Coal 
\  Measures.           *  * " 

Hamburg. 

23 

Crestline. 

238 

Medora. 

T 

31 

Columbus. 

i<                       018 

252 

Wherry. 

? 

35 

VVelland,  or 

44                       8  89 

2G4 

Lyons. 

18  a.  Dakota.?      ^"i 

Wilson. 

271 

Clarence,  or 

K 

37 

Sherwin. 

41                     87  5 

Pollard. 

30 

Uallowell. 

If                       861 

275 

Dacey. 

<4 

Oswogo.i* 

/  14  c.  Upper  and  »i* 
\  14  b.  Low.  CI.  Mres.l 

281 

Lorraine. 

«? 

47 

288 

Phipps. 

18  b.  llenton.  ? 

Stover. 
Altamont. 

f  14  c.  Upper  Coal 
\     Measures. 

If                       924 

295 

Ellswortli 

f<                    15S« 

Arkansas  City  iviid  Anthony  Line. 

58 

0 

Beaumont. 

1  >,  I'ermo-Carb.    "o* 

64 

Mound  Valley. 

fl                     83  0 

7 

Burgess. 

It 

m 

Big  Hill. 

44                       8  30 

13 

Latham. 

14 

74 

Cherryvale. 

44                      853 

19 

Wingate. 
Atlanta. 

44 

83 

Brooks. 

44                      8  97 

23 

4( 

88 

Neodesha.i* 

44                       816 

81 

Wilmot. 

44 

Dun. 

44 

84 

Floral. 

« 

101 

Fredonia. 

41                     078 

40 

Younts. 

44 

107 

New  Albany. 

41                     SI  a 

43 

Winfield.i* 

41             1 1 1  a 

113 

Fall  River. 

44                      040 

50 

Tresham. 

44 

119 

Greenwood. 

ff                    1011 

67 

Arkansas  City. 

44                    10«4 

(15.  Permo-Carbon- 
\     iferous.?         i»2< 

C,n.\ei 

44 

125 

Severy. 

64 

Geuda  Springs. 

44 

134 

Piedmont. 

ft                    1216 

69 

Ash  ton. 

II 

140 

Derry. 

II                   14  TO 

73 

Portland. 

44 

145 

Beaumont.^* 

41                    1604 

79 

South  If  iven. 

41                   1114 

15-2 

Keighley. 

41                    18  4  2 

81 

Hunnewell  Ju. 

44             iioa 

160 

Leon. 

44                    13  4  9 

84 

Drury. 

44 

166 

Haverhill. 

44                    1340 

80 

Falls. 

14 

171 

Augusta. 

II                    12  4  6 

91 

Caldwell. 

44 

177 

Lorena. 

44                    1356 

101 

Blackstone. 

44 

181 

Andover. 

4t                    13  7  0 

106 

Bluff. 

186 

Manchester. 

41                    140  3 

Blackburn. 

192 
195 

197 

Wichita.  i» 
Davidson. 
Wichita  Heights. 

41                    1318 

41 

41 

Anthony. 

16  Triassic. 

Wichita  and  Halstead. 

0 

Wichita.  1^ 

15.  Permo-Carb.  i»i« 

201 
210 
219 

Valley  Centre. 

Bentley. 

Paterson. 

44                    1339 

44 

(4 

10 
17 
26 

Valley  Centre. 

Sedgwick. 

Halstead. 

II                   1856 
41                    1S8B 
If                  1402 

ledges  is  ft  heMT 
io  HmaBtone.Md 
igoale. 


8.  Junction  City.  Extensive  quarries  in  heavy  ledges  of  light  buff  limestone,  used  in  the  con* 
struction  of  the  east  wing  of  the  Capital  at  Topelca. 

9.  Solomon.  Strong  brine  wells  in  gypsiferous  shales  of  the  Permo-carboniferous,  from  which 
salt  has  been  manufactured  quite  extensively. 

10.  Bavaria.  The  Dakota  sandstone  near  this  place  affords  numerous  characteristic  fossils. 
Near  Brookville  Dicotyledonous  leaves  abundant  in  the  sandstone. 

11.  Pittsburgh.  Centre  extensive  coal  mining  interests  and  zinc  smelting  furnaces.  The  ores 
arc  brought  from  Galena  and  adjacent  mining  districts  in  Missouri,  in  the  lower  carboniferous 
rocks. 

12.  Wtir  City.    Centre  of  coal  mining  district,  zinc  smelting  establishments. 

13.  Qalma.    Extensive  lead  and  zinc  mines  in  lower  carboniferous  Keokuk  formation. 

M.  Oswego,  The  Neosho  river  is  excavated  into  the  lower  coal  measures,  the  upper  coal  hori- 
zons of  which  appear  at  various  localities  in  the  vicinity.  The  plateau  upon  which  the  town  is 
located,  is  formed  by  the  basal  limestones  of  the  upper  coal  measures,  including  the  horizon  of  tlie 
Ft.  Scott  coal,  which  is  here  a  bituminous  shale  and  the  cement  rock.  Interesting  localities  for 
both  upper  and  lower  coal  measures  fossils. 

15.  Neodesha.  Along  the  Verdigris  and  Elk  rivers  a  heavy  ledge  of  sandstone  ocean. 
which  belongs  well  up  in  the  upper  coal  series,  and  affords  remains  of  large  trees  peculiar  to  the  coal 
measures  period.  Although  the  Verdigris  has  cut  its  bed  more  deeply,  geologically  it  is  more 
than  a  thousand  feet  above  the  Neosho  at  Oswego,  or  on  the  line  of  greatest  depression  between  the 
Ozark  reKionofS.W.  Missouri  and  the  first  great  highland  belt  traversing  Central  Kansas  fkom 
near  the  south  border  to  the  Nebraska  line  on  the  north. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^^6 


1.0 


l.i 


■^1^    |2.5 
■^  lU    12.2 


L25  III!  1.4 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  SYMIT 

WIBSTIR.N.Y.  MStO 

(716)  •72-4303 


X 


^ 


S78 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (KAN.) 


fiiilrkM 


t't  I 


I  ' 


u 


I  r 


r 


rl 


I' 


hi  .'  k.  ' 


St.  IiOulB  and  San  Franolsoo  Railway. 

Oirard  Branch.  Alt. 


12 
18 

n 

22 
29 


Carl  Junotion. 

Opolis. 

Litchfield  Jo. 
Pittsburgh.*  » 
Lone  Oak. 

Girard. 


J  18.  L.  Garb,  and*** 
'  14b.L.Coal  Mres. 
/  14  b.  Lower  Goal*  " 
Measures. 

«  93S 

«  96* 

«  066 

{Upper  and  Lower 
Coal  Measures. » 0  0  3 


Weir  City  Branch. 


0 
10 


Pittsburgh. 
Weir  City.* » 


14b.Low.Cl.Mres.'"'* 

<>  9S4 


Joplin  and  Galnna. 


OJoplin. 
9  Galena." 


f  LowerCarbonif.  * » ^  * 
\   13  c.  Keokuk 

ti  8»S 


Missouri,  Kansas  and  Texas  By. 

In  Kansas. 


0 
21 

28 

84 
41 

48 
66 
62 
69 
78 

83 
93 


Nevada,  Mo. 
Ft.  Scott. 

Ronald. 

Hiattville. 

Hepler. 

Walnut. 

Osage  Mission. 

South  Mound. 

Parsons. 

Labette. 

Oswego. 
Ghetopa. 


{14  b.  Lower  Goal 
Measures.  *""> 

{Low.  and  Upper 
Goal  Measures.  804 
14  c.  Upper  Coal 

Measures. 
« 

M 

« 


{ 


« 
« 


1003 
1002 
931 
S90 
993 
•  02 
■  64 


MlssoiiTlt  Kansas  and  Tezai  By. 

Ms.  Neosho  Valley  Section.  Alt. 


0 

Parsons. 

J  i«o.  upper  uo 
1      Measures. 

ai'Mw 

6 

Ladore. 

« 

90» 

11 

Oalesburg. 

<« 

9T» 

17 

Urbana. 

u 

981 

26 

Chanute. 

II 

910 

36 

Humboldt  Stat'n, 
So.K. 

II 

952 

44 

Piqua. 

<l 

60 

Neosho  Falls. 

II 

980 

66 

Moody. 

II 

69 

LeRoy. 

II 

994 

64 

Bristol. 

<l 

67 

Burlington. 

II 

io3r 

76 

Rockeby. 

II 

82 

Hartford. 

11 

losr 

88 

WyckoflF. 

l< 

95 

Emporia. 

II 

1131 

104 

Americus. 

<l 

IISS 

111 

Dunlap. 

II 

120 

Council  Grove. 

( 15.  Pemo-Cai 
boniferous. 

>.12S» 

127 

Down:i  ig  Station. 

II 

132 

Parkersvillo. 

1  (JT 

137 

White  City. 

ti 

1476 

144 

Skiddy. 

II 

I22& 

162 

Wreford. 

II 

167 

Junction  CHy. 

II 

1  0  9  » 

Lawrence  and  Southwestern  B.  R. 


f  14  c.  Upp.  and  14  b. 
\Low.  CI.  Mres.  »95 
(  14  b.  Lower  Gl.  «»2 
1      Measures. 


Oj  Lawrence, 
lo!  Clinton. 
13;Belvoir. 
19!Richland. 
JRidgeway. 
27  Kinney s. 

31  Carbon  Hill. 

32  Carbondale. 


14  c.  U.Coal  Mres.  »'* 
<i 

<l  «71 

II  901 


II 
II 

« 


I13> 

107» 


16.  Beaumont.  Summit  of  the  "  Flint  Hills,"  composed  of  a  cherty  member  and  the  light  huff 
limestones  of  the  Permo-Carboniferous,  forming  a  highland  bench  of  the  type  of  a  monocline,  pre- 
aentlng  a  somewhat  abrupt  eastern  scarp  and  long  gentle  we.sterly  slope.  A  conspicuous  topogrnphie 
ftature  at  intervals  across  the  central  portion  of  the  State  to  the  Nebraska  line. 

17.  Wichita  lies  within  the  area  oocupicil  by  the  heavy  series  of  sha'y  deposits,  to  which  the 
sreat  salines  and  salt  beds,  occurring  in  central  Kansas,  belong.  These  deposits  underlie  the  "red 
beds  "  presumably  of  Triassic  age,  and  are  in  conformable  sequence  with  the  Underlying  porous 
limestones  and  shales  of  the  so-called  Permo-Carboniferous. 

18.  Winfteld.  Extensive  quarries  of  even,  thick,  and  thin-bedded  limestone,  affording  fiuo 
Imilding  material  and  flagging  in  the  vicinity. 

19.  Scott  City.    Basin  receives  considerable  drainage  from  the  west. 

ao.  The  line  from  La  Cross  follows  the  water-shed  south  of  the  Smoky  Hill,  an  elevated  plain 
•teadily  increasing  in  altitude  to  nearly  4,0iK)  feet  on  the  west  boundary  of  the  State,  and  blanketed 
by  Tertiary  deposits.  The  Niobrara  appears  along  the  more  deeply  eroded  drainage  channels 
flowing  to  the  Smoky  Hill,  the  exposures  affording  characteristic  fossils. 

21.  Louisburg.    Natural  gas  wells,  also  near  Somerset. 

22.  The  highlands  west  of  Mankato  are  blanketed  by  Tertiary  deposits,  the  Crctaceou!), 
Niobrara,  appearing  at  intervals  in  the  more  deeply  cut  drainage  cnannels.  The  latter  deposits 
•bound  in  characteristic  fossils,  vertebrates  and  mollusks. 

23.  Paola.    Natural  gas  found  in  drilled  wells  in  vicinity,  in  considerable  volume. 

24.  La  Cffi,  16.    Coal  shaft,  to  workable  vein  in  lower  portion  of  Upper  Coal  measures. 

26.  Pteaiant4}n.  Coal  shaft,  same  coal  mined  at  La  Cygne.  On  mine  creek,  S.  E.  of  the  town, 
the  ores  of  lead  and  zinc  occur  in  Upper  Coal  measures  strata.  Near  the  town  a  bituminous  sand- 
atone  affords  flagging  layers. 

26.  Ft.Seott.  Gas  and  mineral  water  developed  in  drilled  wells.  Associated  with  a  thin  com 
which  has  been  extensively  worked  by  surface  stripping  In  thevlolnity  and  south  to  Arradia  and 
Mulberry,  occurs  an  hydraulic  limestone,  which  furnishes  material  for  the  manufacture  of  cemeot, 
which  is  extensively  engaged  in  at  Ft.  Scott. 

27.  FarlingUm.    In  the  vicinity,  extensive  quarries  have  been  opened  in  a  flagging  sandstone. 


1 


wslly. 

Q. 

AIL 

[>per  Coal 

»o« 

lures. 

• 

•  o» 

II 

9T» 

K 

9S1 

It 

910 

U 

95S 

<l 

l< 

980 

(1 

t< 

994 

It 

<• 

losr 

<l 

t( 

108T 

« 

(1 

1132 

It 

IISS 

l< 

timo-Car 

.123» 

iferous. 

n 

I  (ST 

•( 

l-iJS 

l< 

IZ2& 

« 

l< 

lOSl 

eru  R.  B. 

CoalMrcs.»" 

t( 

It 

871 

<i 

901 

It 

II 

II 

iiax 

i< 

107» 

d  the  light  hiift 
monocline,  pre- 
lous  topographic 

Its,  to  which  the 
nderlie  tho  "red 
derlying  porous 


J  eleyated  plain 
,and  blanketed 
hinage  channels 


the  Cretaceous 
e  latter  deposits 

o. 

lures. 

E.  of  the  town, 
ituminous  sand- 

with  a  thin  cod 

^  to  Arcadia  ana 

cture  of  cement, 


] 

EANSAS. 

279 

MUsouri  Paolflo  Ballwsy. 

Mlsaouri  Paolllo  Railway. 

Ifii.  Omaha,  St.  Joseph  A  Kansas  City  Line. 

Alt 

Ms.     Denver  ft  Kansas  City  Line.— dm.      Alt. 

168'Helmiok. 

f  16.  Permo-Car- 
\     boniferous. 

T 

ELansas  City. 

14o.  Up.  C'lMre8.»*»i 

8 

Wyandotte. 

K 

lesWilrfey. 

Ramapo. 

l« 

170  Dclavan. 

ft 

10 

l^earman. 

U 

177 

Herington. 

ft                 1S«S 

13 

Pomeroy. 

l< 

186 

Hope. 

If 

16 

[Jonnors. 

l< 

190 

Swrayne. 

ft 

19 

Rcss. 

<l 

194 

Banner  City. 

ft 

Lansing. 

II 

197 

Carlos. 

ft 

26 
29 

37 

Leavenworth.' 
Ft.  Leavenworth. 
Wade. 

Kickapoo  City. 
Oak  Mills. 
Port  Williams. 

t< 
l< 
11 
II 
II 
II 

765 

205 
207 

221 

230 

Gypsum  City. 

ft 

Chico., 
Salina. 

11 

fl6.  Permo-Car-" »» 
\     and  Dakota. 

38 

Smolan. 

11 

47 

Dalbey. 

Atchison. 

Shannon. 

<l 
It 
II 

793 

237 
246 

224 

Falun. 
Marquette. 

It 

M 

65 

Hallville. 

15.  Permo-Carbonif. 

68 

Lancaster. 

II 

230 

Bridgeport. 

If 

63 

Huron. 

II 

235 

Lindsborg. 

It                    18  8  3 

67 

Pierce  Junction. 

II 

1181 

Smoky  Hill. 

If 

68 
76 

Everest. 
Willis. 

it 

II 

246 

Marquette. 

f  16.  Permo-Carb. 
\     and  Dakota. 

79 

Baker. 

II 

254 

Langley. 

18  a.  Dakota. 

87 

Hiawatha. 

II 

1094 

259 

Crawford. 

II 

92 

Pandona. 

11 

265 

Geneseo. 

II 

96 

Reserve. 

II 

272 

Frederick. 

If 

278 

Bushton. 

tf 

Denver  and  Kansas  City  Line. 

286 
299 
309 
303 

Claflin. 
Hoisington. 

11 

0 

Kansas  City. 
Martin  City. 
Stillweli. 

14  0.  Up.  CL  Mre8.7*« 
(< 

II 

If 

Great  Bend. 

II                   1841 

Boyd. 

18  a.  Dakota. 

38 

Bucyrus. 

i( 

309 

Olmutz. 

«    7 

45 

WagstaflF. 

"s 

316 

Otis. 

18  b.  Benton. 

63 

Paola. 

te 

1 

331 

La  Cross.  2  0 

<i 

60 

Ossawatomie. 

II 

4 

346 

McCracken. 

19.  Tertiary. 

66 

Obrien. 

II 

349 

Holbrook. 

II 

69 

Rantoul. 

<i 

357 

Brownell. 

If 

73 

Imes. 

It 

368 

Ransom. 

It 

80 

<"— {c;jij 

s  des       " 
8  Riv.      " 

896 

381 
390 

Utica. 
P6n-Denni8. 

(1 
(f 

Pomona. 

ti 

396 

Shields. 

II 

94 

Lomax. 

II 

406 

Healey. 

It 

101 

Vassar. 

If 

412 

Manning. 

It 

104 

Lyndon. 

« 

423 

Scott  City.  19 

If 

112 

Osage  City. 

II 

1076 

433 

Modoc. 

It 

111 

Rapp. 

i< 

Halcyon. 

ft 

121 

Miller. 

ii 

444 

Coronndo. 

ft 

12f 

i  Admire. 

It 

447 

Leoti. 

If 

m 

I  Allen. 

II 

457 

Tuell. 

i< 

13' 

Busbong. 

II 

465 

Whitelaw. 

II 

us 

]  Comiskey. 

<i 

471 

Horace. 

(f 

161 

i  Council  Grove. 

( 15.  Permo-Car- 
\     boniferous. 

.1388 

Reid. 

If 

28.  Cherokee.  Extensive  mining  operations  carried  on  in  the  main  ooal  of  the  Lower  coal 
Dioasures,  to  the  south  and  east  as  far  ae  Stilson  and  Weir  City. 

29.  Galena.  Centre  of  an  important  mining  district.  The  ores  of  lead  and  nine  occurring 
abundantly,  extensive  works  for  the  smelting  ortlie  former  are  located  here,  the  zinc  ore  being 
•hipped  to  furnaces  located  on  the  ooal  belt,  chiefly  to  Pittsburgh  and  Weir  City  and  Rich  Hill. 

30.  Pittsburgh.  Centre  of  extensive  coal  mining  operations  and  zinc  smelting  establishment)*. 
Tbe  00  J  is  sought  by  meanr  of  shsftH,  40  to  above  100  feet  in  depth ;  the  coal  is  fairly  goodj  coking 


,t 


i 


Jfe 


J  1' 


il 


«80 

AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.  (KAN.) 

Mlssonxi  Paolflo  Railway. 

Mlasonrl  Paolflo  BaUway. 

Sis.                 Central  Branch  Line. 

Alt. 

Mb.           Oentral  Branch   Line.— Con.           AH. 

0 

Atchison. 

f  14  c.  Upper  Coal 
\     Measures.        '»» 

217 

Portis. 
Harlan. 

18  c,  Niobrara. 
11 

18 

Farmington. 

i< 

227 

Gaylord. 

II 

16 

Monrovia. 

<( 

1054 

282 

Cedarville." 

II 

18 

Effingham. 

« 

1144 

242 

Kirwin. 

II 

25 

Muscotah. 

u 

973 

263 

Marvin. 

II 

81 

Whiting. 

u 

1126 

Big  Bend. 

II 

87 

Netawaka. 

« 

1140 

268 

Logan. 

If 

42 

Wetmore. 

<< 

1153 

278 

Densmore. 

II 

49 

Gets 

If 

1200 

282 

Edmond. 

II 

56 

Coming. 

« 

«  ^  w      T4— .                 Al 

1809 

298 

Lenora. 

If 

62 

Centrailia. 
Vermillion. 

f  lo.  Permo-Car-  *  •• ' " 
\     boniferous. 

«                    1188 

Eanaas  City  and  Paola  Line,    ti 

70 

0  Holden,  Mo. 

14  c.  Up.  Coal  Mrea. 

74 

Vleits. 

« 

22  Harrisonville. 

II 

78 

Frankfort. 

« 

llBS 

41  Louisburg.*! 

II 

81 

Barrett. 

« 

1142 

46  Sommerset. 

II 

85 

Bigelow. 
Irving. 
Blue  Rapids. 
Watervilla. 

It 
« 

11S2 

54  Paola. 

If                   854 

91 

Kansas,  Nebraska  and  Dakota  Division. 

95 

« 

1188 
118S 

100 

0 

Topeka." 

14  c.  Upp.Cl.Mre.«»« 

107 

Barnes. 

(( 

13S6 

11 

Tevis. 

i< 

118 

Greenleaf. 

18  a.  Dakota. 

14^2 

16 

Richland. 

If                    801 

Washington. 

« 

1813 

21 

Swissvale. 

<l 

120 

Linn. 

II 

26 

Overbrook. 

II 

126 

Palmer. 

<i 

33 

Michigan. 

II 

129 

Day. 

11 

41 

Quenemo. 

II 

134 

Clifton. 

« 

1281 

48 

Rosemont. 

II 

140 

Clyde. 

<i 

ISIO 

56 

Waverly. 

II 

165 

Concordia. 

«< 

1866 

Amiet. 

II 

160 

Yuma. 

II 

66 

Dickey. 

II 

167 

Norway. 

i<  7 

72 

Glenlock. 

II 

174 

Soandia. 

18  b.  Benton. 

80 

Gamett. 

II             lost 

Sherdall. 

II 

88 

Bush  City. 

II 

188 

Republic. 

11 

93 

Selma. 

II 

190 

Warwick. 

II 

101 
106 
111 

Blue  Mound. 
Yoro. 

II 

If 

160 

Yuma. 

18  a.  Dakota.? 

£t 

166 

Jamestown. 

"? 

Mapleton. 

Harding. 

Devon. 

•• 

176 
188 

Randall. 
Jewell  City. 

18  b.  Benton. 
II 

120 

fl 

II 
If 

191 
199 

Mankato. 
Burr  Oak. 

II 

18  0.  Niobrara.? 

130,Ft.  Scott. 

14b.L&14c.U.C.M,  «o« 

166 

Jamestown. 

18  a.  Dakota.  ? 

Denver,  Memphis  and  Atlantic  Division. 

172 

Scottsvillle. 

18  b.  Benton. 

Pittsburgh." 

14  b.  LowerCLMs. "« 

179 

Danville. 

11 

Cherokee. 

If                    9tl 

184 

Beloit. 

<i 

1888 

Folsom. 

II 

189 

Solomon  Rapids. 

II 

Sherwood. 

II 

196 

Glen  Elder. 

II 

Faulkner. 

II 

102 

Gawker  City. 

11 

371 

Chetopa. 

II                   831 

108 

Downs. 

II 

Bartlett. 

14  0.  Up.  Coal  Mres 
If 

Osborne. 

18  0.  Niobrara.? 

Elm  City. 
Edna. 

Bloomington. 

II 

386 

II 

232 

Alton. 

II 

Valeda. 

<« 

Woodston. 

II 

Kings. 

Coffeeville. 

Deering. 

II 

250 

Stockton. 

i( 

401 
^0" 

II                 Til 

208 

Downs. 

K 

If 

and  averages  abont  40  inches  in  thickness.    Several  thinner  overlying  coals  occur  in  this  regioi 
with  which 'arn  auooiated  fossiliferous  shalos'nad  limestone.    The  town  is  supplied  with  waternoa 
a  drilled  well  -^      feet  deep,  which  penetrates  to  Lower  Silurian  formations 
XL    ¥nkt  Uiy.   Ooal  mines  and  ilno  smelting  Aimaoes. 


Lota  Division. 


A14C.U.C3I.  «^ 
lantic  Division. 
LowerCLM^* 


■Ksourinthis  regioa 
led  with  water  BOB 


.' 

KANSAS. 

28t 

BUuoarl  Paolflo  Railway.                | 

BflsBonrl  Paolflo  Railway. 

Ms. 

Denver,  Memphis  ft  Atlantic  Div.— Con.  Alt- 

Ms.  Winfield,  Indep.  ft  Kan.  City  Line.— Cbn.  Alt. 

413  Tyro.                     | 

14  o.Upper  Coal  Mres. 

Belle  Grade. 

14  0.  Up.Cl.  Mres. 

620  ( 

]aney. 

« 

Ill 

Le  Roy. 

li              ••t 

4311 

'eru. 

(( 

115 

Moody. 

« 

437! 

Sedan. 

M 

121 

Vernon. 

M 

1 

RogerB. 

(1 

129 

Yates  Centre. 

il 

460Wauneta. 

« 

Rose. 

« 

469  Cedarvale. 

« 

142 

Buffalo. 

1 

469  Hoosier. 

16.  Permo-Garbon. 

146 

Roper. 

"                               ( 

476  Dexter. 

i< 

148 
161 

Benedict. 
Guilford. 

«                                1 

Arkansas  City  b  Dexter. 

« 

158 
166 

Altoona. 
Neodesha. 

(1 

Vinton. 

15.  Permo-Carbon. 

(( 

Cameron  City. 
Silverdale. 

174 

Bycaraore. 
Larimer. 

« 

« 

601 

Arkansas  City. 

c<                   1064 

179 

Independence. 

«                      7»i 

476 

Dexter. 

187 

Winton. 

<l 

482 

Baton. 

193 

Deering. 

« 

Mt\E 

Tisdale. 
Winfield. 

«>                   1112 

198 

Goffeeville. 

«              r2s 

496 

Kellogg. 
Oxford. 

Roper  and  Feru. 

605 

146 

Roper. 

14  c.  Up.  Coal  Mres. 

616 

Belle  Plaine. 

«                   1200 

Cordley. 

M 

Riverdale. 

«                   1S80 

Sexton. 

<( 

Arson. 

<* 

Dill. 

(C 

686 

Conway  Springs. 

" 

Fredonia. 

i 

Milton. 

La  Fontaine. 

\ 

648 

Norwich. 

Costello. 

«            ', 

658 

Belmont. 

Elk  City. 

(1 

Alameda. 

Colfax- 

« 

570 

Kingman. 

Hale. 

(1 

583 

Penalosa. 

Monett. 

« 

587 

Olcott. 

Peru. 

« 

lukaaad  Olcott. 

596 

Preston  or 

Silverton. 
Carmi. 

1853 

I  Ft.  Scott,  Wichita  and  Western  kailway. 

601 

0 

Ft.  Scott. 

14  b.  Lower  Coal 
\   Measures.          ">« 
f  14  c.  Upper  Coal 
\  Measures.        ?•*' 

607 

luka. 

587  Olcott. 
591  Turon. 

7 

Marmaton. 

Nfioln. 

10 

Redfield. 

<( 

607 

Stafford. 

16 

Uniontown. 

« 

Bedford. 

22 

Bronson. 

<i 

Hudnnn. 

28 

Moran. 

« 

626  Seward! 
635;  Ray. 
643  Lamed. 

19tS 

35 
41 
48 
60 
68 
73 
81 

La  Harpe. 

lola. 

Piqua. 

Yates  Centre. 

Batesyille. 

Toronto. 

Neal. 

« 

«                     BBS 

l< 

l< 

Winfleld,  Independ'ce  ft  Kan.  City  Line. 

<l 

C 

1  Kansas  City. 

(14  c.  Upper  Coal?" 
\  Measures. 

« 
« 

6( 

)  Ossawatomie. 

« 

87 

Tonovay. 

«                 T0»» 

Duncan. 

(( 

94 

Eureka. 

M 

6S 

'  Lane. 

«i 

104 

Reece. 

<l 

14 

I  Greeley. 
Hecla. 

« 

« 

• 

111 

Summit. 

f  16.  Permo-Carbon- 
1         iferous. 

a 

IQamett. 

«                   10S6 

114 

Rosalia. 

« 

Birch. 

w 

120 

Pontiao. 

M 

9! 

I  Mont  Ida, 

M 

127 

Eldorado. 

M           lisa 

10( 

)  Westphalia. 

M 

136 

Towanda. 

U 

■ 

Aliceville. 

« 

142 

Benton. 

« 

AN  AMERICAN  QEOLOGIGAL  RAILWAT  GUIDE.    (  KAN.) 


\m 


*r 


II; 


»;ni' 


i^ 


^■11  i  I 


'  .9.1  (■  111  >i  'i  1  '     ■         H 


I 


^ 


'i  ,y- ' 


'H 


■Uaaonrl  P»«lflo  Ballway. 

X*.   Ft  Soott.  Wiohtta  ft  Wesfrn  R'y.— Cbn.  Alt, 


147 

152 
168 
164 
169 
174 
179 
186 
190 
196 

208 

214 
221 
224 
281 
286 
242 


7 
12 
19 
27 

89 
46 
64 

70 

78 
84 


Gre«nwioh. 

Tolerville. 

Wichita. 

OatTille. 

Bayneville. 

Clearwater. 

Millerton. 

Conway  Springs. 

Ewell. 

Argonia. 

Freeport. 

Anthony. 

Gobs. 

Ruella. 

Corwin. 

Hazelton. 

Kiowa. 


Pleasanton. 

M  and  City. 

C--tzer. 

Blue  Mound. 

Kincaid. 

Lone  Elm. 

Colony. 

Northcott. 

LeRoy. 

Crandall. 

G-idley. 

D  iuaway. 

Wilbar. 

Madison. 


16.  Permo-Carb. 


i< 

M 

n 
It 

M 
U 
« 


lt»l 


16.  Triassio  Red 
Beds. 


K 
M 
<l 
<« 
l< 


r 


c.  Upper.  Coal 


Measures. 
<t 

4< 
<( 
<( 
II 
II 
II 
II 
<l 
II 
II 
II 
II 


S60 


1121 


•  94 


1068 


Chlougro,   Kansas  and  Mebrasluk  Railway, 

Southwest  Line :  St.  Joseph  to  Libera). 


1 

6 

13 

19 
24 
29 
84 
41 
49 
64 
60 
69 
76 
82 
89 
90 
101 
106 
110 


St.  Joseph,  Mo. 

Elwood,  Kansas. 

Wathena. 

Troy. 

Bendena. 

Dentonville. 

Purcel'. 

Pierce  Junction. 

Horton  Junction 

Whiting. 

Straight  Creek. 

Holton. 

Mayette. 

Hoyt. 

Elmont. 

North  Topeka. 

Topeka. 

Valencia. 

Willard. 

Maple  Hill. 


118;Pazico. 


f  14  c.  Upper  Coal 
\     Measures.       •*<> 
20  d.  Valley  Allu- 
vium. •»! 

«  8  33 

c.  Upper  Coal 


{ 


Measures, 
ii 

II 

II 

II 

i( 

<i 

II 

i< 

II 

it 

II 

M 
M 
U 
l« 
M 
If 


1112 

1124 

1088 

1171 

1161 

1029 

1118 

1007 

10S7 

1210 

1180 

960 

892 

892 

918 

987 

972 

looe 


GUioaROt 

M8.So'weRtLine:  St.  Joseph  to  Liberal 


>,  Kansas  3t  Nebraska  B.'j. 


122 
126 
134 

142 

148 

167 

164 
171 
179 
180 
192 
198 
205 
211 
218 
224 
229 
235 
245 
256 
263 
271 
278 
285 
292 
298 
307 
314 
319 
324 
329 
339 
348 


MoFarland. 

Alma. 

Volland. 

Alta  Vista. 

Dwight. 

White  City. 

Latimer. 

Horington. 

Ramona. 

Tampa. 

Durham. 

Waldeck. 

Canton. 

Galva. 

McPherson. 

Grovel  and. 

Aiken. 

Medora. 

Hutchison. 

Partridge. 

Arlington. 

Langdon. 

Turon. 

Preston. 

Natrona. 

Pratt. 

CuUison. 

Wellsford. 

Haviland. 

Brenhara. 

Greensburg. 

Mullinville. 

Bucklin. 


n.Ali 

14o.Up.Cl.  Mres.io«V 

«  1071 

•«  11»1 

f  15.  Permo-Car-i««t 
\     boniferouB. 

{Up.  Coal  Meas- 
ures.    (Permo-i*»» 
Carboniferous.) 

'•  1421 

II 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
<i 
II 
11 

4< 
«l 

«? 

••? 

«? 

? 

? 


I3]t 
I44t 

14JI 
1911 

IS7t 
1601 

mt 

ISO! 
149t 
ISSS 
14a4 
1941 

lan 
ito» 

1707 
1714 
U9i 

isn 


Probably  Triassici  9" 
"red  beds,"  with  2"» 
remnants  of  Ter-"" 
tiary  forming  tlie^'" 
superficial  depoB-"i* 
its.  "*» 

3949 

2429 


Dodgd  City  Branch. 


356 
366 
373 


356 
363 
370 
381 
392 


Ford. 
Wilroads. 
Dodge  City. 


Kingsdown. 

Bloom. 

Mineola. 

Fowler. 

Meade. 


398Ja8per. 


406 
412 
421 
435 


171 
178 
183 
194 
200 
208 
216 
223 


West  Plains. 
Kismet. 
Arkalon. 
Liberal. 


19.  Tertiary. 


2429 


2494 


(I 
II 
II 

<l 

<< 
« 


■iili 
2909 
296t 
2499 
23IS 
2711 
2779 
27)9 
26i> 
2ISt 


South  Line. 


Herington. 

Lost  Springs. 

Lincolnville. 

Marion. 

Aulne. 

Peabody. 

Elbing. 

Whitewater. 


16. 


Permo-Carb, 
« 
(I 

« 

M 
<< 
M 


lill 
Mil 
l«l 
lilt 
1414 

:iT« 

Mil 
IIH 


AN.) 


raska  B'y. 

ilber»l.— t*n. 


Alt 


p.Cl.  Mre8."»» 

K  1071 

II  11»1 

Permo-Car-»**» 
miferoua. 

11  1510 

Goal  Meas- 
i.     (Permo-i*'» 


boniferous.) 


II 
II 
11 
ii 
II 
II 
II 

<« 

« 

u 

II 

II 

II 

•• 

"? 
«♦? 
•♦? 

? 

? 


1411 

13SI 

144( 

143S 

1311 

1S7> 

1601 

lS6i 

ISOS 

1491 

153} 

1434 

1544 

i«a5 
ieo» 

1107 
1)34 
1331 
lS9t 


bablyTria89ic>9" 
1  beds,"  with  "» 
nants  of  Ter-"» 
forming  the"" 
erficial  depoB-"" 

2243 

234) 
3433 


Jranch. 


Tertiary 


Kansas. 


28S 


OliloAgo,  Kan   >•  and  Nabrask*  B'y. 
South  Line.— Gm. 


Ills. 

S9'Furley. 

286  Keohi. 

1 246  Wichita. 

260  Gladys. 
1260  Peck. 
1262  Zyba. 
1267  Riverdale. 
1274  Wellington. 

283  Perth. 

287  Corbin. 


Alt. 


2423 


16. 


1296 

llOO 
Il09 
114 
122 
1180 
189 
146 
162 
168 
166 
173 


Caldwell. 


Permo-Carb. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

N 

II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


1424 
ItSI 

11X0 
12«t 

IS80 
1242 
1S80 
1208 
122S 
1171 
1128 


Clay  Centre  Line. 


McFarland. 

Wabaunsee. 

Zcandale. 

Manhattan. 

Keats. 

Riley, 

Bala. 

Rosevale. 

Clay  Centre. 

MorganTille. 

Clifton. 

Clyde. 

Agenda. 

Cuba. 

Belleville. 


Chloago,  KamiM  and  Nebraska  B'y. 

Ms.       Colorado  Line.    In  Kangan.— Con.        Ali> 


l4o.  Up.Cl.Mres.1"" 

<<         1  0  S  9 

II        1007 

II        1027 

118B 

1289 

II        1281 

II        119  5 

II        1218 

II        1948 

1281 

1810 

<l         14  2  4 

II        1608 

<l         15  22 


16.  Permo-Garb. 
II 


18  a.  Dakota. 
II 


264 
261 
268 
278 
278 
284 
291 
298 
807 
811 

818 


Smith  Genter. 

Athol. 

Kensingto  *. 

Agra. 

Dana. 

Phillipsburg. 

Stuttgart. 

Prairie  View. 

Almena. 

Calvert. 

Norton. 


827  South  Oronoque. 

886  Clayton. 

842  Jennings. 

861  Dresden, 

360  Selden. 

871  Rexford, 

380  Gem. 

888  Colby, 

396  Levant. 

406!  Brewster. 

416Edson. 

424Goodland. 

483Ruleton. 

441  Kanorado. 


See  Note  22. 
t< 

<i 

II 

i< 

<i 

II 

i< 

11 

<i 


181» 
179Z 
1T7» 
188» 

1*19- 
I94S 
201O' 
218» 
2161 
2208 


(Tertiary,  overlyinp 
Niobrara  extends 
thence  into  Col."»» 

2S4» 


171 

Iso 


II 
II 
<l 
tl 
l< 
II 
l< 

l< 

11 
<l 
II 
II 


2424 
2198- 
278r 
2844 

aosr 

8099- 
8145- 

3317 
3421 

3  5  7  8- 
3691^^ 
3794 

S9ia 


Salina  Line. 


Herington. 

Woodbine. 

Enterprise. 

Abilene. 

i7!Solomon. 

New  Cambria. 
Salina. 


»1 


16.Permo-Car- 

boniferous. 
II 

II 


1838 

1969 
1154 
1160 


Kansas  City,  Wyandotte  and  Xorthwestem. 
Bailway. 


16.  Permo-Car. 

<l  1211 

<l  12  3  4 


Colorado  Line.    (In  Kansas.) 


Horton  Junction. 

Powhattan. 

Fairview. 

Sabetha. 

Berwick. 

Birn,  Neb. 

Mahasha,  Kan. 

Narka. 

Munden. 

BellcTille. 

Scandia. 

Courtland. 

Formosa. 

Montrose. 

Mankato. 

Otego. 

Ezbon. 

Lebanon. 

Bellaire. 


{ 


14  c.  Upper  Coal 


18 


18  b. 


Measures. 
(I 

II 

II 

<i 

(I 

Dakota. 
II 

•I 

II 

Benton. 
II 

II 

II 


See  Note  22. 


1029, 
1220 
1229 
1815 
1873 
1295 
1618 
1598 
1686 
1522 
1438 
1506 
1591 
1664 
1794 
1798 
1885 
1822 
1872 


0 


Kansas  City. 


2  Wyandotte. 

4  Quindaro. 

e  VVelborn. 

8  Calorific. 

9 1  Vance. 
lljBethel. 
12|White  Church. 
IBHoranif. 
ISjMaywood. 
nJRoper. 
lOiMenager  Jc. 
22Baschor. 
28|Edminster. 
31  Tonganoxie. 
36  Neely. 
41  McLouth. 
47  Oskaloosa. 
63  Dunavant. 
61  Valley  Falls. 
71  Denison. 
76  Birmingham. 
81  Holton. 
89  Circleville. 
94  Karmour. 
101  Goffs. 
108  Kelly. 


f  14  c.  Upper  Coal 


Measures. 
II 

II 

(I 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

<i 

II 

II 

II 

II 

i< 

II 

ii 

II 

ii 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

•I 

II 

M 


74a 
76a 

88> 

93» 

1002 

loor 

1004^ 

1008 

1004 

101& 

969- 

90» 

94  2. 

830' 

84» 

93  2 

116» 

99» 

115» 

921 

100  3 

108» 

1004^ 

1097 

iisa 

120O 
117* 


ji;  s' 


1284 


t 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (KAN.) 


^♦l! 


4i 


i: 


^i; 


t 


/ 


'hi' 


Kansas  Cltjr,  Wyandotte  and  Northwestern 
Ms.  Hallway.— Con.  Alt. 


117 

128 
184 
139 


20 
21 
26 
28 
SO 
81 
84 


Seneca, 
Axtel. 
Mina. 
Summerfield. 


15.  Permo-Carb.  ^i^i 

M  18  0  9 

I  1430 

f(  1490 


Leavenworth  Branch. 


Usher. 
Wallula. 
Lansing. 
Soldier's  Home. 
So.  liOaven  worth. 
Leavenworth.  * 
Ft.  Leavenworth. 


14  c.  Up.CL  Mres.  »88 

«  964 

«  788 

i(  844 

<<  7  88 

«  7  86 

«  8  38 


Burlington  and  Missouri  River  R.  R. 

(In  Kansas.) 
Atchison  and  Nebraska  R.  R. 


0 
7 
12 
16 
22 
24 
30 
86 


Atchison. 
Doniphan. 
Brenner. 
Troy. 
Fanning. 
Highland. 
Iowa  Point. 
White  Cloud. 


798 


14  c.  Upp.  Coal  Mres. 


« 

« 
« 
« 
« 


1112 


Nebraska  Railway. 
Hasting,  Republican  and  Oberlin. 


0,  Republican,  Neb. 
10|WoodruflF. 
17  Long  Island. 
27'Almena. 
^ISeth. 
38  Norton. 


47 

67 
<58 
78 


0 

«2 

€9 

76 

S6 

91 

96 

102 

110 

118 

128 

134 


0 

7 

14 
23 


Oronoque. 
Norcatur. 
Kanona. 
Oberlin. 


1944 

'  18  c.  Niobrara  in 
the  deeper  valleys; 
19.  Tertiary  in*  161 

the  uplands.      "°» 

<i  2  2  7  8 

19.  Tertiary.        »342 
« 


Orleans  and  St.  Francis. 


Orleans,  Neb. 

Cedar  Bluffs. 

Traer. 

Hemdon. 

Ludell. 

Atwood. 

Blakeman. 

Beardsley. 

McDonald. 

Bird  City. 

Wheeler. 

St.  Francis. 


19.  Tertiary. 
ii 


11 
i< 
i< 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


Lincoln,  Wymore  and  Ckincordia. 


Odell,  Neb. 
Lanham. 
Hanover 
Emmons. 


1281 


18  a.  Dakota. 
«< 

It 


Burlington  and  Missouri  River  R,  n. 

In  Kansas. 
Ms.  Lincoln,  Wymore  and  Concordia.— Con.  AIL  I 


26 
83 
40 
50 
68 
64 
72 


Washington. 

Morrow. 

Haddam. 

Cuba. 

Wayne. 

HoUis. 

Concordia. 


18  a.  Dakota. 
II 

II 

<i 

u 

II 
II 


leoil 


1311 1 


Kansas  City,  Ft.  Scott  and  MemplUs 
Railroad. 


0  Kansas  City. 

4  Rosedale. 

8  Merriam. 
14  Lcneza. 
21  Olathe. 
26  Bonita. 

29  Ocheltree. 

30  Spring  Hill. 
36  Hillsdale. 
43Paola.»8 

48  Pendleton. 

64  Fontana. 

62  LaCygne.»* 

68|  Barnard. 

74  Pleasanton,^* 

79  Miami. 

82  Prescott. 

86  Fulton. 

92  Hammond. 

99Ft.  Scott.a« 
103  Soutbeastem  Jo. 
106  Clarksburg. 
110  Garland. 
116;  Arcadia. 


f  14  c.  Upper  Coal 

\     Measures,  ut  i 

"  8]S 

"  920 

"  1010 

"  1060 

"  1105 

"  lOtO 

'«  1020 

II  900 

"  «80 

"  855 

l«  920 

«  120 

II  iOO 

II  ISO! 

i<  tiol 

II  tiol 

II  101 1 

l<  lltl 

Low.  &  Up.  CI.  M.  ««»| 
14c.Upp.  CI.  Mres."'! 

"   &  Low.     "  89«( 

14  b.  Low.  CI.  "  '«« 

«  Sitl 


Baxter  and  Joplin  Line. 


99  Ft.  Scott." 


103 

105 
111 
117 
125 
180 

186 

142 
148 
154 

160 

168 
167 
175 


Southeastern  Jo. 

Godfry. 

Pawnee. 

Farlington.** 

Girard. 

Beulah. 

Cherokee." « 

Stilson. 

Columbus. 

Neutral. 

Baxter. 

Lowell  Station. 
Galena.3" 
Joplin,  Mo 


{Lower  and  Upper 
Coal  Measures.  '"I 
(  14  c.  Upper  Co8l"»| 
\     Measures. 

K  till 

II  Mil 

II  iiij 

II  nil 

II  ml 

f  14  b.  Lower  Co8l'"| 

1      Measures. 

Ii  ml 

<i  III  I 

(I  ml 

J  T  Carboniferoiu.'"! 

1  18  c.  Keokuk. 

i<         ml 
II         ml 


KAN.) 


Bort  River  R.  R. 

as. 

Concordia.— Con.  Alt 


a.  Dakota. 
II 
<i 

41 
« 
II 

« 


IIOI 


1311 


tt  and  Memplilt 
ad. 


14  c.  Upper  Coal 
Measures.      '» 


<l 

81! 

M 

920 

II 

1040 

II 

1060 

II 

UOS 

II 

1010 

II 

1020 

II 

900 

II 

l«0 

II 

8SS 

II 

920 

II 

120 

II 

800 

II 

ISO 

II 

910 

II 

610 

II 

801 

II 

III 

ow.&Up.Cl.M.  ««' 
4c.Upp.Cl.Mre8,'» 

"  &  Low.    "    «»l 
b.Low.  CI.  "    ••> 

891 1 

opUn  Line. 

Lower  and  Upper 

Coal  Measures.  '"I 

■  14  c.  Upper  Coal"»| 

Measures. 

i<  titl 

II  ml 

II  ml 

II  ml 

II  iiij 

14  b.  Lower  Coal'"! 
Measures. 

II  Mil 

II  Mil 

•I  ml 

I  Carboniferou!."' 
la  c.  Keokuk. 


II 
<i 


KANSAS. 


28ft 


KansM  City.  Ft.  Hoott  and  Memphis 
Railroad.— Con. 

Mfc  Cherryvale  Line,  viaPittnb'gh  ft  ParHono.  Alt, 


llBjArcadia. 

llgCoalvale. 
123lMulberry. 
laOMinden. 
182iMidway. 
137  Pittsburg,*" 
143;WeirCity.»i 
146  Cherokee." 
1631 


167 

1161 
164 
171 

180 
184 
190 


Monmouth. 

McCHne.»2 

MathewBon. 

Laneville. 

Parsons. 

Dennis. 

Mortimer. 

Cherryvale. 


{ 


14  b.  Lowei  Coal 


Measures. 
II 

ii 

II 

II 

II 

II 

ii 

II 


850 
888 
930 
987 
925 
982 
923 
933 
900 


(•14o.  Upper  Coal*  10 
\  Measures — base  of. 

853 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


870 
902 
925 
895 
836 


I  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Ralli'd.35 

Atchison  Branch. 


0 

Atchison. 

{ 

14  c.  Upper 
Measures 

Coal? 9 8 

6 

Parnell. 

1039 

9 

Hawthorne. 

11 

Cummings. 

981 

17 

Nortonville. 

1158 

20 

Nichols. 

loot 

26,  Valley  Falls. 

907 

36 

Rock  Creek. 

1057 

89 

Meriden. 

964 

40  Meriden  Juct. 

945 

48lKilmer. 

49;  North  Topeka. 

872 

50 

Topeka. 

884 

LeaveniTorth 

Extension. 

0 

Kansas  City. 

14 

c.Up.  01.  Mres.  »*» 

17 

Wilder. 

T70 

18 

Bonner. 
Jaggard. 

29 

Fairmount. 

•  BS 

34 

Lansing. 

86 

Home. 

39 

Leavenworth. 

7«S 

44 

Miocene. 

50 

Lowement. 

66 

Potter. 

62 

Hawthorne. 

71 

Atchison. 

T»S 

Atohlson,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  R.  R. 

Ms.  Emporia   Branch.  Alt. 

14  0.  Upper  Coal » *• 


0  Kansas  City. 

13Holliday. 
67JOttawa,  North. 
68 1  Pomona. 
72|Queneiuo. 

So'Melvem. 

So'oiivet. 

94Lebo. 

102|Neosho  Rapids. 
112! Emporia  Jc. 
llSi  Emporia. 


Measures. 
II 

ii 

II 

II 


II 
« 
II 
II 
II 


75a 


Howard    Branch. 


0 

11 
20 
24 
35 
40 
47 
66 
63 
69 
76 
84 


Emporia. 

Olpe. 

Madison. 

Madison  Jc. 

Hamilton. 

Utopia. 

Eureka. 

Climax. 

Severy. 

Fiat. 

Howard. 

Molina. 


14  c.  Upper  Coal 

1131 


Measures. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 

II 


ioe» 


10  7». 
1018 
109  S 

lOOS 
1050 


Manhattan,  Alma  and  Burlingame  R'y. 


0 

8 

18 

25 

34 

37 
42 
45 
49 
66 


Burlingame. 

Harveyville. 

Eskridge. 

HaHfax. 

Alma. 

Fairfield. 

Pavillion. 

Wabaunsee. 

Zeandale. 

Manhattan. 


14  c.  Upper  Coal 
Measures.      io48. 
<i 

15.  Permo-Car-i*o«- 
boniferous. 


14  c.  Upper  Coal 


Measures, 


II 
II 
II 
ii 


1051 
1060< 
109«. 
1011 

1000- 


Strong  City  and  Ellinor  Extensions. 


Bazar. 

Gladstone. 
Cotton  woodFalls . 
Strong  City. 
Evans. 


lo,  Permo-Carbon- 

iferous. 
<i 

II 

II  11  Ta- 

ll 


.   MeCunt.    Coal  shaft,  sunk  to  one  of  the  upper  workable  codls,  overlying  the  main  coal  of 
he  Lower  coal  measures  of  the  region. 
33.   Fine  flagging  and  building  sandstone  along  the  Neosho  to  the  northeast 
31  Almost  every  locality  within  the  Upper  coal  measures  area  afford  deposits  charged  with 
«ilg  peculiar  to  the  epoch. 

SB.  The  Kansas  chapter  properly  ends  at  the  Colorado  line  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa. 
^,  but  for  convenience,  the  branches  of  that  road  are  given  first,  the  main  line  following  and  con- 
lued  through  Colorado  into  New  Mexico. 


■•I.! 


286 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (KAN.) 


I 

mi. 
'!  I' 


\V 


11 


^; 


Atohiaon,  Topek*  And  Siinte  7«  Railroad. 

Atchison,  Topoka  and  Santa  Ve  R.  b. 

Ms.  Strong  City  A  Ellinor  Extensions.— Cbn.  Alt. 

Ma.               Little  River  Extension.              ^^u 

7  Rockland.            | 

16.  Permo-Carbon. 

0  Little  River. 

16.  Permo-Car0u»i 

11 

Hilion. 

4< 

6  Oalt. 

44 

17 

DiamondSprings. 

II 

10  Geneseo. 

18  a.  Dakota. 

28 

Burdiok. 

« 

14 

Thomas. 

41 

29 

Lost  Springs. 

« 

21 

Lorraine. 

41 

Hope. 

« 

26 

Holyrood. 

44 

48 

Navarre. 

l< 

29 

West  line  of  Ells- 

44 

^6 

Enterprise. 

u.  i: 

worth  County. 

44 

€2 

Abilene. 

44                        1  1  6  & 

Great  Bend  Extension.                 1 

71 

Talmage. 
Manchester. 

4< 

75 

f  15.  Permo-Carb. 
\         or  18  a.  Dakota. 

~0 

8 

Great  Bend. 
Heizer. 

18  a.  Dakota.       im1 

41 

82  Longford. 
«7'0ak  Hill. 

« 

44 

16 
24 

Albert. 
Timken. 

14 
44 

97  Miltonville. 

H 

82 

Rush  Centre. 

?  or  Benton. 

106 

Aurora. 

44 

89 

Nekoma. 

f  18  a.  Dakota  ?  or 
\     Benton. 

117 

Concordia. 

44                    1  S  6  8 

45 

Alexander. 

14 

131 

Haokley. 

18  a.  Dakota,    or  18 
b.  Benton. 

62 
64 

Bazine. 
Ness  City. 

44 
41 

138 

Courtland. 

44 

72 

Laird. 

44 

145 

Lovewell. 

44 

80 

Beeler. 

44 

151 

Webber. 

4< 

87 

Alamota. 

«    1 

155 

State  Line. 

44 

96 

Dighton. 

19  Tertiary. 

167 

Superior,  Neb. 

44 

103 
109 
120 

Ellen. 
Grigsby. 
Scott  City. 

4( 

0 

Abilena. 

16.  Peruio-Carbon- 

iferous.       ^i'* 

'  15.  Permo-Carbonif. 

&  18  a.  Dakota.ii»» 

44                        118  9 
(4                     13  2  5 

44 

8 

17 
22 

Solomon. 

New  Cambria. 
Salina. 

129 
133 
141 
144 
154 
169 

Modoc. 

Halcyon. 

Coronado. 

Leoti. 

Crosby. 

West  Line 

44 
(4 
14 
M 
44 
<4 

0 

Manchester. 

18  a.  Dakota. 

7 
16 
26 

Vine  Creek. 

Wells. 

Minneapolis. 

Brewer. 

Ada. 

4t 
« 

Wichita  County. 

44 

<l                Mil 

Lamed  Extension.                   1 

80 
86 

0 

Lamed. 

f  18  a.  Dakota,  i»»» 
\     Tertiary  ? 

40 

Milo. 

6 

Sage. 

4k 

_45 

Barnard. 

17 
24 
80 
86 
46 

Rozel. 

Burdett. 

Gray. 

Hanston. 

Jetmore. 

44 

"TorBenloi 
<i 

<i 

II 

McPherso 

a  Branch. 

0 
4 

Florence. 

Owesler. 
Marion. 
Canada. 
Hillsboro. 

f  16.  Permo.Car-i»«» 
\     boniferous 

44 

f  <                    12  9  9 

<l 

II                   14  2  4 

10 

Augusta 

Extension. 

15 
20 

0 

Augusta. 

f  16.  Permo-Car."'« 
\     boniferous. 

26 

Lehigh. 

(1                    15  20 

12 

Rose  Hill. 

41 

84 

Canton. 

<l                   1583 

21 

Mulvane. 

44         nil 

40 

Oalva. 

? 

29 

Hukle. 

44                 nil 

47 

McPherson. 

7                    1488 

35 

Clearwater. 

44 

£3 

Conway. 

II                   1  5  2  T 

42 

Viola. 

44 

60 

Windom. 

II 

47 

Anness. 

44 

66 

Little  River. 

II                    15  7  2 

54 

Norwich. 

(4 

72 

Mitchell. 

1T81 

67 

Rago. 

16.  Triassic  ? 

78 

Lyons. 

1«91 

71 

Spivey. 

44 

m 

Chase. 

1708 

78 

Rochester. 

l< 

«8 

EUinwood. 

18  a.  Dakota.       "s" 

86 

Nashville. 

l|                 5,. 

[  Permo-Carb.?»»»« 


)  a.  Dakota.       »4i| 


Sxtension.  _^ 

TST  Permo-Car-""| 


KANSAS. 


287 


- 

Atohlaoiit  Top«k»  A  imito  r«  B.  R.        1 

▲tehlaon,  Vopck*  «  Srato  V*  B.  B. 

III.               Augusta  Extension.— Cbn.          Alt. 

Southern  Kansaa  Division. 

£^ft 

.    .  .                     f  Tertiary  uplands, 

Lawronoe  and  Burlington  Branches. 

981 

.sabel. 

\Triaa8io  in  Valleys. 

0 

Lawrence. 

r  14  0.  Upper  Coal««» 

100 

Sawyer. 

19.  Tertiary. 

V 

\    Measmvs. 

108 

3oat8. 

« 

C 

Sibley. 

M 

Slf 

116 
124 

Sprinffvale. 
BeWidere. 

(1 
18  a.  Dakota.  7 

9 
16 

Vinland. 
Baldwin. 

M 

•1 

•  •1 

io«e 

186 

Wilmore. 

"    or  Tertiary. 

20 

Norwood. 

It 

•  •• 

144 

Lold  water. 

19.  Tertiary. 

20 

North  Ottawa. 

M 

154 

Protection. 

16.  Triassio. 

27 

Ottawa.  (Marais 

M 

•  •• 

164 

9itka. 
\8hland. 

~0 

des  Cygnes  R.) 

170 

Ottawa. 

«i 

•  »• 

178 
186 

Manning. 
Englewood. 

M 
« 

4 

11 
14 
17 
23 

Burlington  Juot 

Homewood. 
Ransomville. 
Williamsburg. 
Agricola. 

M 

M 
H 
M 
M 

Osage  Olty  Extension. 

0  QuenemOr 

f  14  0.  Upper  Coal 
\     Measures. 

C'Deavers. 

II 

27 

Waverly. 
Hall's  Summit. 

M 

11  Lyndon. 

M 

8d 

M 

20  Osage  City. 

M                   1 0  T  S 

88 

Sharpe. 

M 

46 

Burlington. 

N 

lokr 

Wichita  and  Western  and  Kingman,  Pratt 
and  Western  Railroad. 

60 

Oridley. 

II 

Southern  Kansas  Division. 

o!wichita. 

f  15.  Permo-Car-»«9» 
\   boniferoua. 

0 

Kansas  City. 

1  14  c.  Upper  Coal»*« 
\     Measures. 

1    s'College  Green. 

13 

HoUiday. 

II 

*>• 

1  140oddard. 

16 

Zarah. 

M 

1  20|6arden  Plain. 

22 

Elizabeth. 

« 

1  26  Cheney. 

26 

Olathe. 

«« 

lost 

1  ^^ 

Murdook. 

85 

Gardner. 

<l 

I  46 

Kingman. 

« 

40 

Edgerton. 

M 

9«t 

1  66 

Calista. 

46 

Wellsville. 

M 

1041 

I  63 

Ninnesoah. 

50 

LeLoup. 

<l 

•4e 

1  69 

Cairo. 

67 

North  Ottawa. 

«l 

1  77|Saratoga. 

68 

Ottawa.  (Marais 

(1 

89« 

■  80iPratt. 

1930 

des  Cygnes  R.) 

« 

■  89JCuIli8on. 

2053 

G2 

Burlington  Jo. 

It 

■  96|Well8ford. 

2189 

67 

Princeton. 

M 

06S 

noOHaviland. 

2172 

74 

Richmond. 

«l 

1017 

B06|Brenham. 

2214 

78 

Scipio. 

«< 

HllOGreensburg. 

2245 

83 

Gamett. 

«< 

lose 

WO|MullinTille. 

2349 

91 

Welda. 

<l 

109S 

■26  W.  Li'e.KiowaCo. 

99 
106 

no 

118 
127 

Colony. 

Carlyle. 

lola. 

Humboldt. 

Chanute. 

II 
II 
11 

1121 

H             Hutchison  and  Kinsley  Line. 

984 
955 

■ 

(South  of  the  Arkansas  River.) 

II 
II 

9sa 

^H  t 

Hutchison. 

r  16.  Pernio-Car-i"* 
\     boniferous. 

910 

^H    v 

128 

Eastern  J  act. 

II 

Hi; 

Partridge. 

•( 

183 

EarltoD. 

II 

96i 

Hr 

Abbyville. 

M 

140 

Thayer. 

II 

1446 

^■2! 

1  Plevna. 

148 

Morehead. 

II 

900 

H21 

J  Sylvia. 

166 

Cherryvale. 

II 

826 

^■81 

iSafford. 

18  a.  Dakota  ? 

166 

Independence. 

II 

794 

^Bti 

J  St.  John. 

« 

172 

Crane. 

II 

78S 

^■61 

)Dillwyn, 

<i 

178 

Elk-City. 

II 

^V' 

)Maok8viUe. 

II 

186 

Oak  Valley. 

II 

^^^Hn 

Belpre. 

190 

Longton. 

<l 

•  It 

^B 

Lewie. 

196 

Elk  Falls. 

II 

■^ 

IJKiaBley. 

Sl«2 

208 

Moline. 

M 

10t« 

i  •?: 


;^i^ 


•V;' 


};:!! 


ii 


\.  ' 


i^i 


:  ft ; '  i 


t'-'"i 


'i;' 


MmH 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (KAN.) 


AtohUon,  Top«li»  and  8Mit»  Vm  K.  R, 
Mk.  Hoiithern  Knni<n»  DivlNlon.  Alt. 


m 


Greiioliv. 


218Qranil  SuininU. 
220  Cambridge. 
227  Torrance. 
281  Burden. 
230|New  Halom. 
247  Winiiehl. 
248,Wintiel(lJunot. 
264|  Kellogg. 
257  i  Oxford. 

268  Dalion. 

269  Wellington. 

l27 
128 
185 
144 

746 
'i55 
163 
170 
176 
182 
187 
146 
152 
160 
166 
171 

269 
277 
284 
287 


Chanuto. 

Eastern  Junct. 

Vilas. 

Benedict. 

Benedict  Juuct. 

Coyville. 

Toronto. 

Quincy 

Virgil. 

Hilltop. 

Madison. 


Benedict  Junct. 

Fredonia. 

Buxton. 

Upola. 

Longton. 


Wellington. 
Rome. 

South  Haven. 
Hunnewell. 


16.  Permo-Carb.    »«>« 
<t 

II 

41  1S(0 

II  13  4  2 

l<  Ilia 

II 
«• 
H 

II 

i<  laiv 


14c.Up.Coal  Mres.vio 


ti 
II 
II 
II 
II 
<• 
<i 

M 
<l 

<i 


i< 
l| 
II 
II 
II 


91B 


16. 


Permo-Carb. 
II 
It 
II 


iai9 
xiia 

1134 
1103 


Independence  Extenalon. 


166  Independence. 

178  Bolton. 
182  Havanna. 
187  Niota. 
191  Peru. 
199  Chautauqua. 

205  Elgin. 

206  New  Elgin. 
214lHewin8. 
220;Cedarvale. 


I 


14  0. Upper  Coal  »»< 
Measures. 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
ii 
II 


Pan  Handle  ExtenHion. 


261 

262 
270 
277 
282 
284 
289 
297 
803 
808 


808 
819 
829 


Wellington. 

Wellington  Juno. 

Mayfield. 

Milan. 

Argonia. 

Albion. 

Danville. 

Harper. 

Crystal. 

Attica. 


Attica. 
Sharon. 
Medicine  Lodge. 


16.;Permo-Car-i"» 
boniferouB. 


It 
tt 
It 
It 


16.  Triassio. 


If 

M 
tt 


II 
M 
If 


Atohlitoii,  Topek»  and  8«nta  F0  R.  k, 

Southern  KaniiKH  DIvlMion. 
Ml.  Pan  Handle  ExtenHion. 


808 

Attica. 

16.  TriaBsio. 

815 

CriHticld. 

It 

3'2a 

Ilazelton. 

ti 

8;io 

Kiowa. 

II 

Alt 


Oirnnl  nrunih. 


1 

10 
15 
25 
33 

41 


Chanute. 

Eastern  Junct. 

Shaw. 

Erie. 

Walnut. 

Brazilton. 

Qirard. 


SOFrontenao. 

54  Pittsburgh. 
67iChicopee. 


r  14  f.  Upper  Coft'l»i» 
\      MciisureH. 


M 
fl 

II 


ni 


14  c.  Upper 
and  14  b.  Lower 

Coal  Measures. 
14  b.  liower  Coal 

Measurcf. 


091) 


II 
•  I 


Dougla8M  Branch. 


11 

23 
30 
38 
42 
49 
54 
59 
65 


Florence. 

Burns. 

DeOraff. 

Eldorado. 

White. 

Augusta. 

Gordon. 

Douglass. 

Rock. 

Akron. 


74,8.  Winfield. 

I  Hackney  Sta. 
81;  Arkansas  City. 


15.  Pernio-Car-"«» 
boniforous. 

<•  14SS 

II 

"  1112 

II 

"  1211 

II 

«  Iltt 


l| 
II 
II 


1111 


lOlt 


Arkansas  City  Branch. 


9 

10 

J8 

10 
17 
22 
27 
82 
88 
48 
68 
58 
66 
71 
78 


Newton. 

Sedgwick  Junot 

Sedgwick. 

Halstead. 


Sedgwick. 

Valley  Center. 

North  Wichita. 

Wichita. 

Green. 

Derby. 

Mulvane. 

Udall. 

Seeley. 

S.  Winfield. 

Hackney  Sta. 

Arkansas  City, 


{ 


16.  Permo.Car.i«'» 

boniferous. 

<i  nil  I 


II 
II 


nil 
nil 


II 
II 
ft 
It 
If 
ft 
It 
It 
II 
If 
ff 

M 


nil 
nil 
nil 
nil  I 

IHI 
lll>  I 

iiri 
iii> 
nil 

III* 


UV.) 


HmiiU  Fe  R.  U. 

)lviHliin, 

ihIoi).  Alt, 


rriassio. 


M 


l.'h. 

\  i\  Upper  CoHl»r» 
MciiBurcH, 


N 
II 


»31 


M  0.  Upper     "» 
nd  14  b.  Lower 
Coal  Measures, 
4  b.  Ix)wer  Coal 
MensurcH. 


It 


anch. 


16.  Permo-Car 

boniforous. 

<t 

.lUO 

list 

i( 

<t 

1112 

t< 

u 

llli 

it 

it 

lit! 

tt 

It 

II 

llli 

tl 

It 

lost 

Branch. 


16.  Permo-Car-i*»» 

boniferous. 

tl  111* 

II  no  I 

It  u)>  I 

~i  wtil 

It  ll» 

I,  lilt 

tl  li"  I 


It 
tt 
It 
It 
II 
tl 


11" 

itlH 
nil 
ii» 
nil 

ilK 


KANSAR. 


m 


Atohlwm,  Topak*  Antl  S»nt»  F«  R.  R. 

Southern  KaniM  DlTiston. 
Mr.  Caldwell    Branch.  Alt. 


0 

6 
11 
17 

27 
81 
89 


Mulvane. 

Belle  Plaine 

Cioero 

Wellington. 

Perth. 

Corbln. 

Caldwell. 


16.  Permo-Car-»<»»» 
boniferous. 

II  I  lot 

II  isos 

tt  1310 

It  laoi 
tl 

II  110  3 


AtohiMon,  Topeka  A 

Main 


Santo  Fe  Railroad,  i  s 

Line. 


0  KanMi  City. 

5  Argentine. 

7|Turner. 
lOjMorrii. 
ISHolliday. 
ISChoteau. 
UWilder. 
23  Cedar  Junot. 


25 
33 
40 
46 
61 
64 
66 
69 
62 
66 
73 
79 
84 
87 
93 
98 
101 


—  ■   106  Barclay. 


De  Soto. 

Endora. 

Lawrence. 

Lake   View. 

Le  Compton. 

Glendale. 

Orover. 

Spencer. 

Tecumaeh. 

Topeka.* 

Pauline. 

Wakarusa. 

Carbondale. 

Scranton. 

Burlingame. 

Peterton. 

Osage  City. 


112  Reading. 
120  Lang. 

127  Emporia  Junot. 

128  Emporia. 
134|Phillips. 
137!Plymouth. 
139  Staffordville. 
143  Ellinor. 


14  0.  Upper  CoaP*» 

Measures. 
It 


It 
It 
It 
tl 
tl 

M 
11 
II 
tl 
It 
U 
tl 
tt 

u 
tl 
tl 
tl 
It 
tl 
II 
It 
tl 
11 
II 
li 
tt 
it 
It 


It 
It 


748 

763 

7&8 
7«4 
770 
778 
790 
(1  I 
(4B 
t2« 
(44 
(49 

«50 

(60 

884 

1027 

148 

10:2 

1099 

1043 

lOK.-i 

1075 

1  1  l<  9 

1073 

1133 
1  1  32 
1  1  2S 
1  185 
U40 
1  184 


Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  ¥m 
Ms.  Railroad. 


All. 


148 

162 

164 

162 

160 

178 

180 

184 

188 

194 

201 

211 

220 

227 

284 

289 

246 

268 

269 

266 

269 

275 

280 

280 

1 293 

299 

1 808 

818 

319 

325 

1882 

841 

840 

|852 

361 

368 

877 

887 

398 

400 

406 

412 

418 

425 

433 

440 

449 


Strong  City. 

Evans. 

Elm  dale. 

ClonientR. 

Cedar  Grovft. 

Florence. 

Horner's. 

Peabody. 

Braddook. 

Walton. 

Newton. 

Halstead. 

Burrton. 

Kent. 

Hutchison. 

Bath. 

Nickerson. 

Sterling. 

Alden. 

Raymond. 

Clarendon. 

EUinwood. 

Dartmouth. 

Oreat  Bend. 

Dundee. 

Pawnee  Rook. 

Lamed. 

Hamburg. 

Garfield. 

Nettleton. 

Kinsley. 

Offerle. 

Belleionte. 

Spearville. 

Wright. 

Dodge  City. 

Howell. 

Cimarron. 

Ingalla. 

Charle,  town. 

Pierce  ville. 

Mansfield. 

Garden  City. 

Sherlock. 

Deerfield. 

Lakin. 

Hartland. 


I   14  0.    16.  Per-U7i 
\  mo-Carbonifer. 


It 
tt 
It 
It 
II 
II 
II 
II 
tl 
tl 
It 
It 
tl 
It 
tl 
It 


18  a.  Dakota. 


It 
tl 
tl 
It 
tl 


19.  Tertiary. 


>i 
11 
II 
II 


lilt 

lasT 
lane 
iiu 

ll4t 

1837 
I4(( 
!((• 

14(1 
\8tl 

1811 
ll(( 
1«7I 

1731 

17tS 

1(41 
l(f« 
19(t 
Ktl 

30«« 
21  11 
3I«1 
33(1 

26(a 

344t 

347S 
35(« 

3«l« 


27(« 

28tr 
293* 
29IS 
2»(e 
3047 


86.  The  portion  of  the  line  in  Culoradu  is  hv  Mr.  S.  F.  Emmons,  (see  Colorado  chapter),  aud  that 
from  Trinidad  to  the  end  of  the  chapter,  with  the  notcH,  was  prepared  by  James  Macfarlaue,  but 
from  what  authority  compiled,  his  notes  do  not  in  all  catieM  indicate. 

J.  R.  M 
ST.   The  road  follows  the  valley  bottom  of  the  Arkansas  river;  underlying  rocks  are  Cretaceous. 

8.  F.  B. 
88.   Pm6(o.    Niobrara  limestone  in  R.  R.  cut  north  of  town.    Casts  of  Inoceramus. 

S.F.  E. 
88.    THnUad.    Coal  mines  in  Laramie.    Sandstones  capped  b^  basalt  8.  F.  E. 

40.  Santa  Fe.  New  Mexico  is  a  very  mountainous  country  with  a  large  valley  in  the  middle,  in 
which  is  located  the  At.  Top.  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  The  valley  is  formed  by  the  Rio  del  Norte, 
I  which  follows  a  generally  southern  direction,  at  least  2,0<k)  miles  fVom  the  region  of  eternal  snow  to 
1  tno  almost  tropical  climate  cf  the  gulf;  and  only  the  lower  end  of  it,  about  700  miles  from  Laredo  to 
I  the  mouth,  is  navigable.  The  valley  is  generally  about  twenty  miles  wide,  and  bordered  on  the  east 
I  and  west  by  mountain  chains  six  or  eight  thousand  feet  high,  and  north  of  8anta  Fe  ten  nr  tvelf* 


w 


290 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (A.  T.  &  S.  P. 


n  i; 


; ,  !■ 


( i 


iWr:-  . 


Ms. 


Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fo 
Railroad. 


Alt 


468 
465 
470 

477 
486 
487 


491 

601 
616 
626 
687 
646 
652 
662 
571 

590 
606 
615 
628 
634 


679 
588 
599 
607 
316 
625 
fi43 
652 

658 

663 


662 
676 
679 
681 


Kondall. 
Mayline. 
Syracuse. 
Med  way. 
Cooledflre. 
State  Line. so 

Colorado.  "< 

Holley'8.»» 

Granada. 
Blackwell. 
Prowers. 
Caddoa. 
Hilton. 
Las  Animas. 
Robinson. 
La  Junta. 


18  b.Ft.  Benton. 

« 


« 

u 

"? 
«? 


8318 

8184 
8889 


Gatlin. 

Nepesta. 

Boone. 

Baxter. 

Pueblo." 


Benton. 

Tempas. 

Iron  Springs. 

Delhi. 

Thatcher. 

Tyrone. 

Holhne's. 

Trinidad." 

Starkville." 

Morley. 

New  Mexico. 

Lansing. 
Raton. 
Dillon. 
Otero. 


20.  Quat.  River 

bottoi-t. 
« 


18  b, 


<( 

K 
f( 

t( 

<t 
<( 
« 
« 

Colorado. 

M 
«< 

« 


<( 
U 
U 

18  d.  Laramie. 
18.  Lignitic 
Group. 


{ 


18. 


Cretaceous. 


8488 

8878 

87  56 
8877 
8854 
8977 
4044 

4284 
4854 

44S8 

4689 

4407 
4674 

5899 
5518 
5704 
5965 
6331 

8746 


705S 
6620 
6454 
6377 


Ms. 


Atohlsont  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
Railroad. 


Maxwell. 
692porsey. 
7 16|  Springer. 
736jLevy. 

758  Shoemeker. 

766 


776 
780 


Watrous. 

Onava. 

Azul. 


786  Las  Vegas. 
792  Hot  Springs. 

805  Bernal. 


816 

837 
841 

846 

849 

851 
869 
863 


San  Miguel. 

Pecos. 

Glorieta. 

Canoncito. 

Manzauares. 

Lamy. 
Santa  Fe.*o 
Ortez. 


868  Los  Ccrrillos. 
870  Waldo. 
881  Wallace. 
893  Aigodones. 
902  Bernalillo. 
910  Alameda. 


Albuquerque.*' 


918 

928  Isleta. 

931  A.  &  P.  Junct.*2 

938  LoH  Lunas. 

948Belen.*» 

95Jj;Sabinal.** 


18. 


Cretaceous. 
11 


{ 


18  Cretace- 
ous No.  1. 
<i 

18.  Cretace- 
ous. 
« 

« 


Alt. 

«06I 
3883 
5766 
6238 
6254 

6396 
8731 


6670 
6381 
"  6709 

14.  Carbonifer-«05j 
ous. 

"  «OIJ 

(I 

"  74JJ 

18.  Cretace-  ««5« 
I.  ous  No.  1. 
14.  Carbonifer-«'«9 
ous. 
(  18.  Cretaceous  < 4 S8 
No.  1. 

"  6937 

5819 


Lignitic 

Group. 


«  5604 

««  5246 

•«  5087 

«  8031 

«  4919 

(Base  18.  Cret.<»3i 
Summits  of  16.  &  17. 
Jura  Triass.  alter'g, 

«  4811 

<<  48:4 

l<  4831 

4784 

4741 


thousand)  composed  of  Igneous  rockH,  granite,  .sienite,  dioritf,  basalt,  etc.  On  the  higher  mountains 
excellent  pine  timber  grows;  on  the  lower,  cellars  and  sometimes  oak  :  In  the  valleys  of  the  Rio 
Orande,  mezquite.  The  general  dryness  of  the  climate  and  the  aridity  of  the  soil  will  always  confiDe 
agriculture  to  the  valleys,  by  well-managed  systems  of  irrigation  ;  but  water  courses  which  conwin 
ranninjc  water  throughout  the  year  are  very  rare.  There  are,  however,  large  tracts  of  land,  too 
distant  from  water  or  too  mountainous  to  be  cultivated,  whli'h  afford  excellent  pasture  for  millions 
of  stock  during  the  wuole  year,  as  horses,  mules,  cattle,  sheep  and  goats,  and  no  feeding  in  stables 
in  the  winter  is  necessary. 

41.  Albuquerque.  On  the  east  are  rugged  granite  mountains.  The  country  about  the  place  is 
well  cultivated  by  means  of  Irrigation.  It  is  astonishing  how  soon  this  apparently  sterile  soil  is 
changed  into  the  more  fertile  by  affluence  of  water. 

42.  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Junetw^.  For  the  sake  of  continuity,  the  railroad  fk'om  this  point  by  the 
Needles  to  Mojave,  is  given  In  the  chapter  on  California. 

43.  Belfn,    Mountain  bluffs  reach  the  Rio  del  Norte, and  consist  of  black  am^gdaloidal  ba-sall 

44.  Sabinal.  This  book  is  strictly  a  geological  work  and  not  botanical,  but  it  is  well  to  note  the 
beginning  here  in  going  south  of  two  of  the  prevailing  plants.  The  so-called  mez^utfe,  now  first 
makes  its  appearance.  It  is  thorny  like  a  locust,  bears  yellow  flowers  and  long  pods,  with  a  pleii^aDl 
sour  taste,  and  the  wood  is  compact  and  heavy.    The  mezquite  is  the  most  (Common  cree  on  the  higli 

§lain8  of  Mexico,  and  the  pest  of  the  country  for   travelers  and  forms  the  endless  chaparnl. 
[ere  it  Is  but  five  or  ten  feet  high,  but  in  Mexico  it  is  some  times  forty  or  fifty  feet. 

The  other  new  plant  is  the  yucca,  resembling  the  palm  tree  with  very  fibrous,  straight,  pointed 
leaves.  It  Is  often  the  only  tree  growth  visible  in  the  desert,  with  its  awkward  branches  terminaW 
by  tufts  of  its  rigid  lance-snaped  leaves  imparting  a  weird  aapeot  to  the  landscape.  It  bears  a  clusttr 
of  white,  bell-shaped,  numerous  flowers  hanging  down  from  their  weight,  one  to  two  feet  in  lengtn. 


A.  T.  &  S.  P.) 


i  Santa  Fe 


Alt. 


retaceous. 

'i061 
5883 

ti 

5766 

It 

6238 

i  Cretace- 
ous No.  1. 
« 

6354 
6398 

8.  Cretace- 

6718 

ous. 

4( 

6670 

« 

6381 

« 

6709 

i.  Carbonifer-«»5« 

ous. 
« 

8019 

ti 

<i 

7419 

18.    Cretace-  ««'» 
ous  No.  1. 
4,  Carbonifer-«"9 

ous. 

8.  Cretaceous"" 
No.  1. 

X                  «937 

Lignitic 

Group 

S819 

•< 

8604 

« 

5246 

II 

5087 

II 

5031 

II 

4919 

Base  18.  Cret.^'^i 
Summits  of  It).  S:!'. 
fura  Triass.  alter'g. 

<•                 4111 

i< 

48!4 

II 

4931 

VH 

4741 

the  higher  mounlains 

the  valleys  of  the  Rio 

oil  will  always  coiifiM 

•ourses  which  contain 

■^e   tracts  of  land,  too 

'it  pasture  for  millions 

no  feeding  in  stables 

try  about  the  place  js 
parently  sterile  soil  u 

ft-om  this  point  by  the 

K  amygdaloidftl  basalt 
Hit  is  well  to  note  the 
led  maquite,  now  fin 
ipods.withftpleH*"' 
?monireeonthehijh 
the  endless  chaparral. 

jJu8!8traight.pointj 
d  branches  termnat*! 
•ape.  Itbearssclurtit 
to  two  feetinlengtli 


ATCHISON,  TOPEKA  AND  SANTA  FE. 


291 


Atehlton,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
Ms.  Railroad.  Alt. 


981 

994 

1004 

1011 

1021 
1028 
1037 
1047 
1069 
1067 
1079 
1090 
1096 

1123 


Alamillo.     *»»* 
Socorro.*'  ♦'*' 

.451» 

San  Antonio. 

Amy.  *"« 

San  Marcial. 

Pope. 

Lava. 

Crocker. 

Engle. 

Cutler. 

Upham. 

Grama. 

Rincon,  N.  M.*« 

Tonuoo. 

Dona  Ana. 


The  plains  are  chief- 
ly 18.  Cretaceous. 
The  Mountains  in 
partPaleozoio  prob- 
ably Carboniferous 
limestones  and  in 
part  eruptive. 

If  4487 


4557 

4708 

4707 

4688 

4587 

4835 

4014 

3899 


Atolilson,   Topeka  and  Santa  Fe 
Ms.  Itallroad.  Alt. 


1128  Las  Cruoe8.»»»i 

1140Mesquite. 
1148  Lyndon. 
1162  Anthony. 
1161Montoya.*T 
1172  El  Paso,  Tex.*» 


1096 
1101 
1110 
1134 
1142 
1149 
1166 
1173 
1180 
1197 


Rincon,  N.  M. 

Hatch,  N.  M. 

Sellers. 

Florida. 

Coleman. 

Doming. '• 

Crawford. 

Hudson. 

White  Water. 

SilverCity,N.M. 


The  plains  are  ohief> 
18.Ciet.  TheMtB. 
partPaleozoic,  etc. 

l<  8  811 


fTl 
]y 
in 


M 

7513 

U 

877a 

41 

II 

3713 

It 

4014 

« 

4488 

«« 

44*5 

M 

4484 

II 

4858 

II 

4837 

57T1 


Near  Santa  Fe  it  is  from  two  to  three  feet  high,  but  the  larger  species  in  Northern  Mexico  grow  as 
trees  of  several  feet  in  diameter  and  forty  or  fifty  feet  in  height.  W. 

Meaquit  or  Prosopis  glanduloaa  of  Qray  and  Torrey,  is  a  shrub  or  tree  with  thorny  branches  and 
desiduous  foliase,  which  is  composed  of  thin  and  scattered  leaflets,  affording  no  protection  from 
the  heat.  Its  flowers  are  greenish  vhite  at  first,  and  later  yellow.  The  ripe  pods  are  yellowish 
white,  mottled  with  red,  and  the  ripe  beans  are  used  for  food  by  the  Mexicans,  and  are  eaten  by 
animals.  As  fuel,  the  wood,  both  root  and  stem,  is  unsurpassed.  The  roots  often  afford  much  fUel 
when  there  is  hardly  any  stalk,  branches,  or  foliage.  Of  roots  there  are  two  kinds,  some  of  them 
spreading  laterally,  while  others  are  very  long  top  roots.  Large  mesquite  trees  indicate  the  pres- 
ence of  water  beneath.  The  mesquit  flourishes  in  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Mexico,  its 
northern  limit  being  the  37th  parallel  or  the  southern  boundary  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

Db.  V.  Habvabd.  U.  S.  A.  in  Am.  Na*. 

46.    Socorro.    The  mountains  consist  principally  of  porphyritic  rocks,  with  green  trachyte. 

At  Lopez,  six  miles  beyond  Socorro,  the  mountains  which' have  generally  been  ten  to  twenty 
tnileii  distant  now  approach,  and  the  bluffs  consist  of  brown,  nodular  sandstone ;  south  of  this  the 
tiills  are  black  basalt. 

46.  Rineon.  The  Jornada  del  Afuerto,  UterMy  the  day's  Journey  of  the  dead  man,  which  refers 
to  an  old  tradition  that  the  first  traveler  who  attempted  to  cross  it  in  one  day  perished  on  the  way, 
was  a  part  of  the  old  Santi  Fe  road,  90  miles  in  length  without  any  water  in  the  dry  season.  Trie 
circuitous  course  of  the  river,  with  rough  mountains  along  side  of  it,  rendered  it  necessary  to  resort 
to  this  awful  Jornada.  As  to  the  Colorado  Dosert,  see  in  the  California  chapter  notes  Nos.  24, 26, 29, 
SO  and  31. 

47.  Montoya,  Organ  Mountain.  The  eastern  mountain  chain  has  a  very  broken  pointed 
basaltic  appearance,  and  is  called  the  Organ  Mountain,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  basaltic 
columns  of  its  terminus  to  the  pipes  of  that  instrument. 

48.  Bl  Paao.    Note  13  on  Texas. 

Thi  Desirt  Formation.  To  the  traveler  ftom  the  East,  the  desert  country  of  the  West  and 
Southwest  is  surprisiuK.  The  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  so  called,  lying  between  the  Appalachian 
chain  and  the  desert  border  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  consists  of  each  an  expanse  of  fertile 
country,  as  o<«n  be  found  in  one  body,  nowhere  else  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  producing  all  the 
fruits  of  the  earth,  including  those  found  in  every  zone  from  the  boreal  regions  to  the  tropics. 
The  region  west  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  extending  to  the  Coast  Range  of  California  on  the 
contrary,  is  widely  different,  owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  climate  and  the  presence  of  "alkidiea" 
injurious  to  vegetation  in  extensive  districts,  and  the  physical  structure  of  tne  surface  formations 
onen  consisting  of  stratified  pebbles  and  coarse  sandy  layers  of  great  thickness.  In  these  deep 
porus  layers,  rapidly  absorbing  the  rain-fall,  which  is  very  smaU,  leaving  the  surface  an  arid  waste 
under  a  Durning  sun  w  j  !<ee  one  important  cause,  in  many  places,  of  the  desert  character  of  this 
region,  covering  a  vast  extent  of  the  great  Southwest.  Except  on  the  borders  of  streams  scarcely 
•nything  exists  deserving  the  name  of  vegetation,  in  the  iibsence  of  irrigation.  But  there  seems  to 
be  hope  Tor  most  of  these  deserts,  as  in  other  arid  localities  poptilation  and  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil  increases  the  amornt  of  rain-fall,  while  irrigation  fircm  the  streams  and  artesian  wells  develop 
woaderfal  fertility  firom  the  soils  of  deserts. 


I'j'i 


Bi'T     i,< 


11 

MM' 


292 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


This  blank  soace  is  intended  for  additional  geolorlcal  notes  in  pencil  by  the  traveler.^ 


mi 


in;-'  <-'4.  .1] 


'm 


i-i  f 


• ;  I 


'?i-'.f  1  . 


Mi 


) 

1  '     :ii£aifl 

3 

1  :     IHH 

i 

t 

,s 


NEBRASKA. 


293 


,.-'''! 


Nebraska.'*' 


GENERAL  NOTES  ON  THE  GEOLOGY  OF  NEBRASKA. 

1.  A  large  number  of  the  localities  have  been  peraonally  visited.  For  lines  not  traversed, 
careful  consideration  of  published  statements  by  Hayden,  Meeic,  Aughey,  and  others,  has  been 
employed. 

2.  The  quaternary  deposits  may  be  grouped,  in  the  order  of  formation,  as  follows :  (a)  Till  or 
typical  Boulder  Clay,  with  numerous  striated  pebbles  and  boulders  ft'om  the  north.  It  is  usually 
yellow  or  blue  and  "jointed."  (6)  Red  Clay,  showing  commonly  a  red  color  and  always  more  or  less 
piratified  but  otherwise  resembling  till,  into  which  it  passes  below.  It  sometimes  shows  few,  if  any 
aebbles  in  its  upper  portion,  (c)  Loess,  a  homogeneous  straticulate  silt  usually  dull  yellow  or  drab 
Hud  commonly  containing  calcareous  concretions,  always  cracked  within,  (d)  A  Red  Loam,  contain 
ing  sometimes  white,  water-iirorn  quartz  pebbles.  This  deposit  is  found  beyond  the  western  limits  of 
the  till  and  red  clay,  underneath  the  Loess.  It  is  frequently  capped,  as  is  also  the  Red  Clay  at  some 
points,  with  a  dark  chocolate-colored  earth,  two  to  four  feet  thick,  commonly  called  "  the  old  soil." 
Bods  of  gravel  and  sand  occur  irregularly  in  all  quaternary  deposits,  except,  perhaps,  the  lioess.  In 
Knox  county  it  is  the  prevailing  drift  deposit.  The  term  drift  is  here  used  to  indicate  any  deposit 
containing  northern  erratics  referable  to  glacial  origin. 

A  volcanic  ash  stratum,  evidently  deposited  in  Quaternary  times,  is  widely  deposited  in  Knox, 
Cuming,  Lancaster,  Seward,  and  Furnas  counties,  and  along  the  Republican  further  west. 

3.  The  Tertiary  Deposits  are  not  satisfactorily  determined,  especially  in  portions  of  the  State 
most  traversed  by  railroads.  Hayden,  Aughey,  and  others  agree  that  the  later  Miocene,White  River 
Group,  and  the  Pliocene,  Loup  Fork  Group,  are  both  represented.  But  as  they  are  conformable, 
quite  variable  in  composition,  imperfectly  exposed,  and  fossils  are  rare,  they  are  easily  confounded. 
Hence  the  formations  given  in  the  table  are  largely  provisional. 

4.  Another  question  in  several  cases  is  whether  certain  beds  are  Quaternary  or  Tertiary. 
Certain  beds  of  silt  or  "  silicious  marl "  do  not  clearly  show  whether  they  were  deposited  in  Lake 
Clieyenne  of  the  Pliocene  age  or  in  Lake  Missouri,  as  we  may  call  its  successor  or  continuation  in 
Quaternary  times. 


Us.  Burlington  &  Sllssouri  River  R.  R.  Alt. 


0  Plattsmoutli. 

4  Oreapolis. 

9  Concord. 
19  Louisville. 
31  Ashland.s 
43Waverly. 
65Xincoln. 
65  Denton. 


1155 


71 


Berks. 


76  Crete. 

83  Dorchester.* 

92  Friend ville. 

108,  Fairmont. 

115  Grafton. 

123  Sutton. 

136  Harvard. 

151  Hastings. 

166  Kenesaw. 

176  Lowell. 

182  Fort  Kearney. 

191  Kearney  June. 


Loess,  14  c.  Up.  Carb. 

X  «  974 


>i         1040 

18  a.  Dak.,       "      iio» 

«         1186 

18  a.  Cret.  Dakota  Gr. 

(«  12  4  7 

f  Deep  till  over  i**' 
\  19  c.  Pliocene?  sail''. 
18  b.  Niobrara.      i»68 


0. 

9 


X 

5 


OS 


> 
o 

o 
Cm 


t 

>■ 


1573 
16»« 
1599 
1689 
1812 
1947 
2088 
2076 

2150 


Ms.    Atclilson  and  Nebraska  Division.  Alt. 


0 
9 
11 
16 
22 
36 
49 
63 
72 
86 
92 
111 


Lincoln.*       'i^o 

Saltillo. 

Roca.9  i2i» 

Hickman. 

Firth. 

Sterling. 

Tecumseh. 

Table  Rock. 

Humboldt. 

Salem. 

Falls  City. 

White  Cloud. 

(Continuec 


Loess,  18  a.  Dakota  Gr. 

'  '<  n  1       1178 

"  14  c.  Up.  Carb. 

"  «      1247 

II  «      1319 

II  <i      1185 

>>  «      Ills 

>•  i<      102S 

«  11       98  5 

(I  (t       915 

"  14  b.  CLMres.«o* 

i(  I<       8  5  S 


in  Kansas.) 


Nebraska  Railway  Division. 


0 

11 

Nebraska  City. 
Dunbar.  i» 

Till,  Loess,  14  C1.M.  941 

«             «                «         1051 

22 
34 
41 

Syracuse.*  ° 

Palmyra. 

Bennet.i» 

i< 
|< 

i( 

II 

«         1058 
II         1151 

<i 

47 
57 
75 

Cheney's. 

Lincoln. 

Oermant'n. 

1164 
1584 

«            It               11        1435 

Loess,  18a.  Dak.  Group 
Till,  Loess,  18  Cret. 

82 

Seward. 

i( 

« 

i<     1445 

5.    Ashland.    Fine  exposure  of  Dakota  sandstone  a  little  "as^  ^''^n^  the  Platte, 
fl.    Dorchester.    Six  miles  northwest,  in  bank  of  West  Blu  i,  a  »in»ium  of  volcanic  ashes  1  to  6 
feet  thick  with  drift  above  and  below.    (See  Note  2.) 

7.  Sutton.    ( See  General  Note  3.) 

8.  Lincoln.    Loess  and  Till  found  overlying  all,  the  latter  not  conspicuous  throughout  this  line. 

9.  Roea.    Fine  quarries  near  station. 

•  By  Prof.  J.  E.  Todd,  of  Tabor  College,  Tabor,  Iowa,  Assistant  Geologist,  Glacial  Division,  U.  b. 
tieotoBical  Survey. 


294 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     ( NEB.) 


\f.l. 


m 


^^  ill'''' 


ti  t'vt ! 


n 


ft. 


I  'i  * ' 


■frii 


Ma.        Mebraaka  Railway  Tilv.—Cont.       Alt. 


89 
96 
102 
109 
117 
124 
181 

142 
160 

142 

149 


164 
178 
186 
196 
206 
219 
286 
240 
242 


Tamora. 

Utica. 

Waco. 

York. 

Bradshaw. 

Hampton. 

Aurora. 


Marquett.     i»»» 
Central  City.*  70 » 


Phillips. 
Grand  Island. 


Hastings. 

Kenesaw. 

Hartwell. 

Minden. 

Aztell. 

Holdrege. 

Rouse. 

Oxford  Juno. 

Oxford. 


2   3 


3 

o 


istg 

1989 
1627 
1G43 
1725 
1770 
1S03 


19  b.  W.  River,  Loess. 
"  Alluv. 


Alluv.,  19  b.  White  Riv. 

«  «  18  71 


t 


1B47 

20  Loess,  19  c.  «««« 
Pliocene  Sand  oyer 

19  b.  White  River, 

20  Loess,  19  c.  Plio- 
cene Sand  ?  over 
19  b.W.  Riv.  ?  2o»9 


Salera  Branch. 


0 
11 
17 
26 


ru~ 


Falls 
Verdo. 
Shubert. 
Nemaha 


(  Loess  and  Drift.  »<»* 
\  14  b.  Coal  Mres.  ? 
j  Loess  and  Drift,  14  c. 
\  Up.  Coal  Mres.?*  »5 


De  Witt  Line. 


0 
16 
23 


De  Witt. 
Western. 
Tobias. 


(20  Drift  and  i"» 
Loess,  18  b.  Niobrara 
Chalkstone. 


Hebron  Branch. 


0 

6 

11 


Chester. 

Stoddard. 

Hebron. 


1621 


20  Loess,  18  a.  Niob.  ? 


ii 


Nemaha  Line. 


f  Drift  and  Loess. 

0 

Beatrice. 

18  a.  Dakota.     i"» 
14  c.  Upper  Carb. 

21 

Crab  Orchard. 

00 

86 

Tecumseh. 

S     •£         11  ao 

48 

Johnson. 

67 

Auburn. 

^         ».               1051 

67 

Nemaha  City. 

g      &          >>> 

72 

Brownville. 

<S     &           «»* 

79 

Peru. 

2   ^      •" 

©     2 

86 

Barney. 

94 

Nebraska  City. 

S        ^                041 

Northfarn  Division. 


0 

7 

18 

19 
24 


Lincoln ,        1 1  s  6 
Emerald. 
Pleasant  Dale. 

Milford.        »*i* 
Ruby.  1*" 


Dft.,  Loess,  18  a.  Dak. 

II  <l  i<  1206 

K  <i  l<  1  *  1 1 

„  /  18b.  FtBen- 
\  ton  &  Niob 
„        „  f  18b.  Ft.Ben- 
l  ton?  &  Niob. 


NebitMka  Hallway  DlvlHlon. 

Mi.  Northern  DIvlaion— Cont,  Alt. 

Dft.Loefiiiiov.  >>,?i*4» 


29  Seward, 


42 
50 

56 
64 

74 


Ulysses. 
Garrison. 
David  City. 
Bellwood. 
Columbus. 


Loess,  19oV.lUy.'  'sa* 
II  laok- 

II  II  14^'; 

Alluv.        "  1*5: 

««  '«  li58 


Eastern  Division. 


0 
7 

19 
28 
39 

48 

57 

66 

72 

80 

90 

97 

106 

114 

122 

136 

142 

146 


Table  Rock. 

Pawnee. 

Birchard. 

Liberty. 

Wymore. 

Odell. 

Diller. 

Endicott. 

Kesterson. 

Reynolds. 

Hubbell. 

Chester. 

Harbine. 

Hardy. 

Superior. 

Guide  Rock. 

Amboy. 

Red  Cloud. 


C  a,  J 
OS  « 


loat 

1180 


o 


1272 
I2t2 

Loess  and  Drift,!  2  91 
18  a.  Dakota  Group. 

"       1S49 
«       1291 

"  Loess. 

II  11 

<»  "  1460 

"?  "  16J1 

««7  II  167S 

18b. Niobrara?"   isn 

II  7  II  1574 

t'  ?  "  1650 

"  ?  "  169J 

><  II  1691) 


Republican  Valley  Branch. 


12 

19 

31 

37 

41 

49 

64 

66 

69 

74 

81 

87 

98 

106 

120 

134 

148 

160 

171 

193 

211 

238 

242 

249 

267 

264 


Hastings. 

Ayr. 

Blue  Hill. 

Cowles. 

Amboy. 

Red  Cloud. 

Inavale. 

Riverton. 

Franklin. 

Bloomington. 

Naponee. 

Republican. 

Alma. 

Orleans. 

Oxford. 

Arapahoe. 

Cambridge. 

Indianola. 

McCook. 

Culbertson. 

Stratton,Neb. 

Benkleman. 

Haigler. 

Laird. 

Wray,  Col. 

Robb. 

Eckley. 


f  20  Loess,  19  c.  i94» 
\  Pliocene  ?  ss. 


II 
II 
<i 
II 


1147 
1971 
1801 
1691 
1698 

19c. '"» 


Loess. 

Pliocene  ?  over,j„ 

18  b.  Niobrara. "«» 

Chalkstone.      ^^^ 

19  0.  Pliocene  (Loup 
[Fork)? 

2071 
1177 

sail 

2910 
2S1I 
2071 

2600 
2975 
1265 


<l 
l< 
ii 
(I 
It 
t> 
II 
11 
It 
ti 
il 
II 
II 
II 


SSII 


3i;> 


10.  Dunbar,  &fraeuse.    Quarries  within  two  miles. 

11.  Betmet.    Quarries  near,  and  Strie. 


•) 


NEBRASKA. 


296 


virion. 

hnt. 


Alt. 


iSiov-b.?!*" 


<l 
II 


KOk 

145 -. 
14St 


1031 

net 


i2fa 

1212 


as  ^ 

Band  Drift,!  2  SI 
,  Dakota  Group. 

It  1&49 

II  1291 

"  Loess. 
II      <i 


It       •< 

14(0 

Uf        II 

1621 

ii*^      11 

16:j 

fiobrara?" 

11      7      " 

1511 
1574 

,1      7     " 

16J0 

«      ?      II 

1691 

ii            II 

1690 

Branch. 

Loess,  19  c 

_  194T 

ocene  ?  ss. 
II 

184T 

K 

197» 

l< 

1801 

II 

1«91 

1690 

joess.    19 

c.i"' 

ocene?  overu,. 

b.  Niobrara.  1'" 

i»:» 
alkstone.      19(4 

,  Pliocene  (Loup 
"       [Fork)? 

II 

II 

II 

Ii 

I' 

It 

If 

ft 

ft 

II 

ft 

11 

II 


2079 
2117 
21ti 

1310 
ISU 
1571 

1801 
2979 
I16S 

8511 

S97» 


Ms. 

"0 
40 

48 
58 
66 
76 
83 
90 
99 
114 
124 


St.  Joseph  and  Western  Railroad.  Alt. 


Kearney  Juno. 

Hastings. 

Glenville. 

Fairfield. 

Edgar. 

Davenport. 

Carleton. 

Belvidere. 

Alexandria. 

Fairbury. 

Steele  City. 


19b.W.Riv.Tert'yao»o 

1947 


1780 

1660 
1554 
1501 
1308 
1316 
1269 


II 

If 

? 

II 

? 

If 

18  b.  Niobrara 

II 

? 

II 

7 

II 

18  a. 

Dakota 

, 

Union  Pacific  Ruilroatl. 


0 
10 
21 
31 
47 
54 
69 

84 


109 

121 

182 

142 

154 

162 

170 

183 

195 

204 

212 

221 

231 

239 

250 

260 

268 

277 

291 

299 

315 

332 

342 

367 

861 

387 


1369 


406 
414 
423 
433 


Omaha. 

Gilmore. 

Millard. 

Waterloo. 

Fremont.  * ' 

Timberly. 

Rogers.  1* 

Schuyler. 

Richland. 

Columbus. 

Jackson. 

Silver  Creek. 

Clark's. 

Central  City. 

Chapman's. 

Grand  Island. 

Alda. 

Wood  River. 

Gibbon. 

Kearney  Juno. 

Stevenson. 

Elm  Creek. 

Overton. 

Plum  Creek. 

Cayote. 

Willow  Island 

Warren. 

Brady  Island. 

McPherson. 

North  Pl;-tte. 

Nichols. 

Dexter. 

Roscoe. 

Ogalalla. 

Brule. 

Big  Spring. 

Chappel. 

Lodge  Pole. 

Colton. 

Sidney. 

Brownson. 

Potter. 


14  c.  Upper  Carb.io's 

If  998 

II  10  78 

If 

18a.Cret.Dak.Gr.i208 

II 

18b.  Ft.  Benton  &Niob. 

fi 

ff  is  60 

19  c.  White  River. 

ft 

If  15  5  5 

19b.W.Riv.Tert'yi628 


Ms.    Union  Paclflo  Railroad— Cbntinued.    Alt. 


448  Bennett. 
461  Antelope. 
468  Bushnell. 
473  Pine  Bluffs. 
479  Tracy. 
484  Egbert. 
406  Hillsdale. 
508  Atkins. 
508|  Archer. 
516|  Cheyenne. 


19  b.  White  Riv.  Tert'y 

II        4712 


II 
II 

u 


5047 


(See  Wyoming.)  •<>»» 


II 
II 
II 


If 
ft 
If 
II 
ft 


ff 
ft 
f< 
If 
ff 
ff 
fi 
If 
II 
II 


1776 
1871 
1022 
1996 
2067 
2167 

2278 
2326 
2394 

2529 

2657 
2695 
2808 
2920 
3000 

3216 

3371 

3833 

4095 
4200 
4386 


Omaha  and  Repnblican  Valley  Branch. 

Nebraska  Division. 


0  Valley.  n^s 

7  Clear  Creek. 

19  Wahoo.J* 

27  Weston. 

38  Valparaiso. 

47  Raymond. 

68  Lincoln. 
66  Jamaica. 

69  Hanlon. 
80  Cortland. 
90  Pickrell. 

98  Beatrice. 

112  Blue  Springs. 
119  Otoe  Agency. 
125  Oketo. 
136  Marysville,  Kan 


Alluv.,  18  a.  Dak.  BS. 
Loess,  "  ?    ii»» 

If  ft    7     1183 

11  If    7      1261 

f  Drift,  Loess,      i^it 

\l8b.Niob.  Chalkst. 

f  Loess,  19c.  PIio-"«» 

\  cene  sand  and  clay. 

Dft.,  Loess,  18a.  Dak.  ss 
If  tl    f 

If  ff    7 

If  ft    7 

II  ft    7 

f  Dft., Loess,  18a.i  28 1 
\Dak.ov.l4c.U.Carb. 


Valparaiso. 

Brainard. 
David  City. 
Risings. 
Shelby. 


88 

61 

61 

71 

78 

85 1  Osceola. 

90  Stromsburg. 


1597 


ft 
It 


? 


J  Drift,  Loess,  1 » » « 
\  18b.  Niob.  Ch'kstone 
Drift,?  Loess.       i«8  7 

II  1619 

Loess,  19  c.  Plioc.  sand. 


If 
It 


1642 
1636 


Omaha,  Niobrara  and  Black  Hills  Branch. 


OiNorfolk. 
6  Munson. 


15 
24 

36 
41 
60 


9 
20 
81 
43 


0 
13 
30 


Madison. 
Humphreys. 
Platte  Center. 
Lost  Creek. 
Columbus. 


Till,Loess,19Tert.i6»i» 
Loess,  19 c.  Plioc.  ^*9* 


Lost  Creek. 

Genoa. 

St.  Edwards. 

Albion. 


II 
If 
ft 


ft 
ft 


Alluvium,  " 

If  ft 


Genoa. 
FuUerton. 
Cedar  Rapids. 


II 
If 


1585 
1650 
1537 
1500 
1453 

1500 

1584 
1666 


"Loess*' 
Loess,  19b.W.R.?i»»8 

"     19c.  Plioc?  ^»«* 
fi  7  ff 


12.  Fremont.  Very  fine  oxposureB  of  Till,  Red  Clay,  Old  Soil  and  Loess  in  bluff  south  of  tl« 
Platte,  2  to  6  miles  soutnwest.  A  high  terrace  extends  along  north  of  the  Platte  from  Kearney  to 
Fremont. 

13.  Rogtra.    Fort  Benton  exposed  6  to  8  milos  south  near  Linwood  and  Skull  Creek. 

14.  WM09.    On  west  bank  of  an  old  valley  of  the  Platte. 


296 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (NEB.) 


'  ii  h 


ijt.; 


iH 


5:1 


•i  i 


Union  Paolflo  Railroad— CbnMnued. 

Ms.        Grand  Island  and  North  Loup  Br. 


Alt 


0 

47 
49 


Grand  Island. 
Sootia. 
North  Loup. 


20  Alluvium.  "" 
/  Loess,  19  c.  Pliocene 
l  over  19  b. White  Rlv 


Ma. 


Sioux  City  and  Paolflo  Railroad. 

Elkhorn  Valley  Line,  Nebraska  Dir. 


Alt. 


0 
12 
13 
20 
29 
88 
46 
63 
61 
73 
89 
96 
106 

117 


117 
119 
124 
132 
140 
149 

169 


128 
140 
147 
162 
171 
192 
200 
210 
219 
229 
240 
260 
269 
269 
280 
287 
299 
806 


Mo.  Valley,  la. 

S.C.&P.  Bridge" 

Blair: 

Kennard. 

Arlington 

Fremont. 

Niokerson. 

Hooper. 

Scribner. 

West  Point.  18 

Wisner. 

Pilger. 

Stanton. 

Norfolk  June. 


Norfolk  June. 

Norfolk. 

Hadar. 

Pierce. 

Morehouse. 

Plainview. 

Creighton. 


Battle  Creek.  1 7 

Burnett. 

Oakdale. 

Neligh. 

Ewing. 

O'Neill. 

Emmett. 

Atkinson. 

Stuart. 

Newport. 

Bassett. 

Long  Pine. 

Ainsworth. 

Johnstown. 

Woodlake. 

Arabia. 

Thatcher. 

Valentine. 


20  Alluvium. 

20Dft.  pud  Loess.iioo 

t<  K  11S7 

r  20  Drift  and  »»»« 
\       Loess,  i2o» 

i  18  a.  Dakota.  "" 
f20Alluv.  and  i^s' 
tLoes8,18a.Dak.»2«6 

20  Till  and 
Loess, 

18   b.   Niob- 
rara. 
(  Till,  Loess,  19 
\  Tertiary.      ? 


1326 
139S 
1413 
1488 
1532 


Mn. 


Missouri  Paclflo  Railroad. 


Alt. 


379 
384 
394 
401 
408 
414 
418 
423 
427 
432 
337 
444 
440 
456 
4(55 
471 
481 
486 
496 


Reserve,  Kan. 

Falls  City,  Neb. 

Verdon, 

Stella. 

Howe. 

Auburn. 

Qlen  Rook. 

Brock. 

Talmadge. 

Delta. 

Dunbar. 

Berlin. 

Avoca. 

Weeping  Water. 

Louisville. 

Springfield. 

Papillon. 

Gilmore. 

Omaha. 


<3   iS 


•c 

o 
IN 


•-I 


904 


Drift,   Loess,     'o^a 
14  c.  Upper  Carb. 


ti 
u 
t< 
u 
u 
« 
« 
«l 
l< 
<( 


lost 


1140 

100.1 

99s 

1039 


1532 
1532 


Chic,  St.  Paul,  Mlnneapolitt  &  Oiiialm  K.  K. 

Nebraska  Divi.Hion. 


(Drift  and  Loess,  19  c. 
rUocene(Loup)  over 
19  b.  White  River. 


^ 

6 

OS 

PU 

, 

> 

u 

o 

C5 

00 

1-H 

-s 

^ 

e 

2 

a 

n 

m 

w 

a 

a 

© 

V 

Oi 

u 

OD 

.a 


ja 
^ 


19  b.White  Riv. 


« 


1602 
1691 
17  2 
1761 
1875 
1992 
2039 
2125 
2171 
2249 
3340 
3416 
3538 
3618 
3704 
2735 
3669 
3598 


0 
2 

7 

12 
16 
29 
51 
68 
06 
81 

98 


104 
107 
122 

128 


12 
16 

28 


Sioux  City 

Covington. 

Dakota  City. 

Coburn  June 

Hubbard. 

Emerson. 

Bancroft. 

Lyons. 

Oakland. 

Tekamah. 

Blair. 


112<! 


102  De  Soto. 


Mills. 
Calhoun. 
Florence. 
Omaha. 


Coburn  June. 
Jackson.        >  ^ ♦ ^ 

Ponca.i* 


Till,  Loess,  18  a.  Dak. 
Alluvium,        "    '124 

<«  "      1121 

"    Loess,  "    1124 
Loess,  18  b.  Niob.  ii«i 

'<  "  1450 

»<  "  '.'  I31H 

<«  <<  7  13  06 

<«  a  V  1300 

Till,  18  a.  Dakota.!  »-5 
(  Drift,  Loess,  noo 
\  14  Carb.  Coal  Mres, 

«  l<?  1100 

«  t,  ? 

<<  <<?  1S2T 

«  (I 

«  <(      1039 


See  above.  ''^4 

Drift,  Loess,  18  a.  Dak. 

«  «1U3 

18  b.  Niobrara. 


{u 


Hartington  Branch. 


29 
39 
49 
63 

73 


Emerson. 
Wakefield. 
Concord. 
Coleridge. 

Hartington. 


1673 


Loess,  18  b.  Niob.  '45« 
"  Drift,  "         i4«* 

«  «  14S5 

"  19  c.  Plioc.  sands. 
fDft.,  Loess,  19c.i"* 
■I  Pliocene  sands,  19  b. 
[  W.  Riv„  18  b.  Nioh 


Norfolk  Brunch. 


48  Wayne. 
67iHo8kin8. 
761  Norfolk. 


20  Loess. 

« 

Drift,  20  Loess. 


146> 
1684 
1942 


M 


18.    8.  C.  A  P.  Bridge.    14  c.  Upper  Carboniferous  limestone  50  feet  below  low  water. 

16.  W«$t  Point.    A  fine  exposure  of  more  than   100  feet  vertical  5  miles  northwest,  showing 
Loais,  Red  Clay,  Volcanic  Ash  (6  feet)  and  Till.    Chalkstone  struck  in  wells  at  West  Point. 

17.  Battle  Creek.    "  Yellow  Banks,"  a  cliff  of  60  to  70  feet  of  sand  above  as  much  bluish  olay.botli 
with6ut  fossMo,  3  miles  northwest. 

18.  Ponta.    A  seam  of  lignite  at  the  ferry  landintr 


5.) 


.Ilroatl. 


Alt. 


•^      >i  904 

I      aa     Q, 

t,  Loess,     losi 
,  Upper  Cavb. 

ti 

i( 

t< 

(I  lost 


COLORADO. 


297 


Colorado. 


BT  St  r.  XMM0M8,  UNITED  STATES  OEOLOOtST. 


GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS  IN  COLORADO. 


II 


1040 

loon 

99S 
1039 


H  &  Omaha  K.  K. 

lion. 

Loess,  18  a.  Dak. 
'ium,        "    "24 

I  II      1121 

<    Loess,"    n" 
J,  18  b.  Niob.  n«i 

II  14S0 

II       •)        13H 

II       ■)         1306 

II  ?  :300 
18  a.  Dakota.'""' 
ift,  Loess, 


1100 

Carb.  Coal  ^Irei 

II  7  1100 

'•? 

11?  1J2) 

11 

II      1039 

Above.  ^* 

[.Loess,  ISa.Dfik, 
'      u  iiuoa 

b,  Niobrara. 


\nch. 

^8b."Niob.  "»« 
iDrift,  "        1*" 

■  i<  HS5 

|l9  c.  Plioc.  sands, 
ft.,  Loess,  19C.1"* 
liocene  sands,  19  b. 

|.  Riv.,  18^^^ 

7h' 


loess. 
1" 


146) 
1684 


\,  20  Loe8s^_2!." 

[northwest,  showing 

Vest  Point. 

tch  bluish  olay.both 


20.  Quaternary. 

17.  Jurassic. 

16.  Triasslc. 

».  Tertiary. 

14.  Carboniferous. 

14  c.Upp.Ci.Mres. 
l4b.W9ber  Qrits. 

14  a.  Low.  Carbon* 
L           iferous. 

(A 

3 
O 
« 

u 

(4 

*' 
O 

k 

0 

CO 


18  d.  Laramie  (Lignitic  of  Hayden.> 
18  c.  Fox  Hilis. 
18  b.  Colorado. 


18  a.  Daltota. 


Fort  Pierre. 
Niobrara. 
Fort  Benton. 


9-7  Siiurian. 


2.  Cambrian. 


I.  ArchsBan. 


GEOLOGY  OF  COLORADO. 

Certain  broad  general  features  of  the  geology  of  Colorado  are  comparatively  simple  and,  owing 
to  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  region  which  leave  the  rocic  exposures  relatively  unobscurea, 
can  be  easily  recognized  by  the  geological  tourist.  The  details  of  structure  for  any  particular 
region  are,  on  the  other  hand,  as  a  rule  extremely  complicated  and  have  only  been  worked  out 
over  limited  areas.  Even  were  they  fully  known  it  would  not  be  practicable  to  explain  them 
in  the  restricted  space  of  the  present  guide).  The  notes  given  above,  therefore,  must  be  un- 
derstood as  only  indicating  the.se  broad  and  easily  recognizable  features.  In  some  few  cases, 
moreover,  the  country  has  not  been  visited  since  tne  respective  railroads  have  been  built, 
and  in  such  cases  tne  geological  indications  given  may  not  be  strictly  applicable  to  the 
actual  location  of  the  given  railroad  station;  in  other  cases  there  may  still  be  some  doubt 
as  to  the  exact  subdivision  of  a  geological  formation  which  is  exposed  at  a  given  point.  It 
is  believed,  however,  that  such  oases  are  sufflciently  explained  by  the  accompanying  notes 
to  avoid  leading  the  observer  into  any  serious  error.  Tne  Hayden  atlas  of  Colorado  gives  a 
most  excellent  idea  of  the  general  distribution  of  geological  formations  throughout  the  state 
,  whenever  these  notes  differ  therefrom  it  is  because  later  and  more  detailed  studies  hare 
I  enabled  the  writer  to  make  such  later  corrections,  as  would  naturally  be  called  for  in  a  work 
I  of  BO  general  a  character  as  that  necessarily  was. 

GlNERAL    STNUOTURK. 

In  phvsical    structure    this    region   may    be  divided    Into  a   mountain   area  nnd    plain 

areas    which    border     it     both    on    the    east     and     west     sides.      Thd    plain    areas    and 

many  of  the  broad  valleys,  included  within  the  mountain  arep,  proper,   show  as   a  rule   only 

I  exposures  of  Mesozoio,  generally  Cretaceous,    strata,    or  of  overlying  Tertiary  beds,  either  of 

iwhioh  may  be  completely  obscured  bv   later  Quaternary  deposits,    in  the  mountun  area  on 


298 


AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (COL.) 


W: 


^■\ 


M  t- 


if     ! 


•'  i  *■ 


■  f.-i   '  ■ 


111 


the  other  hand  are  found  the  original  Archrean  rocks,  which  form  the  baae  of  all  the  depositfi,  and 
Bome  considerable  areas  of  upturned  Palteozoic  beds,  and  of  eruptive  rocks.  Aloug  thu  im- 
mediate flanks  of  the  mountains,  especially  un  the  east  flank  of  the  Colorado  or  Front 
Range,  the  upturned  Mesozoic  strata  often  form  fringing  reefs,  popularly  called  "Hogback" 
ridges,  approximately  parallel  with  the  shore  line  or  the  sea  in  which  they  were  originally 
deposited.  Large  areas  of  Archeean  rocks  have  undoubtedly  never  been  entirely  subnrterged 
since  Aroheean  times,  and  everywhere,  where  erosion  has  gone  deep  enough,  they  are  exposed 
as  the  base   rock. 

While  the  view  of  earlier  geologists  that  the  time  of  principal  uplift  in  this  region  was 
at  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous  still  nolds  good,  evidence  has  recently  been  found  in  local 
noaconformitles,  of  subsidence  and  elevation  both  previous  and  subsequent  to  this  period. 

AncHCAN  Formations. 
These  consist  of  granite,  granite-gneiss,  micaceous  and  hornhlendic  gneisses  and 
amphibolites.  The  granite  is  sometimes  found  as  an  immense  central  mass  upon  which 
the  more  distinctly  stratified  members  of  the  formation  are  apparently  resting ;  again 
as  distinctly  eruptive  or  intrusive  masses  penetrating  these  members,  and  still  again  as 
a  constituent  part  or  them,  sharing  in  their  bedded  structure.  Granite  has  never  yet  been 
found  in  Colorado  penetrating  later  formations  than  the  Archwan,  although  .noma 
later  eruptlves  have  so  crystalline  a  structure  that  they  might  on  hasty  esamin- 
atlon  be  considered  to  be  granite.  Granite-gneiss  is  the  name  given  to  a  very 
co'.nmon  development  among  these  rocks  in  which,  while  the  component  miner- 
alj  are  foliated,  the  rocks  nave  still  the  massive  structure  of  granite.  The  true  gneis- 
ses vary  flrom  the  extreme  micaceous  to  the  extreme  hornblendic  type,  and  the  amphibolites 
are  massive  rocks  composed  almost  exclusively  of  hornblende.  Less  crystalline  rocks  than 
the  above,  if  present,  are  very  rare,  and  as  yet  no  limestones  whatever  have  been  found 
among  these  rocks.  For  one  who  wishes  to  make  a  study  of  this  oldest  known  geological 
formation,  which  presumably  represents  the  first  rock  crust  of  the  globe,  no  better  fieldcan 
be  found   than  is  afforded  by  the  many  deep  canon  exposures  of  Colorado. 

Paueozoic    Fonmations. 

These  are  much  thinner  in  Colorado  than  in  Nevada  or  in  the  Eastern  states.  The 
Cambrian  which  is  the  lowest  formation  found  in  contact  with  the  Archcean  consists  of  a  few 
hundred  feet  of  saccharodial  quartzites,  generally  white,  and  passing  up  into  shaly  and  more 
or  less  calcareous  beds  carrying  fossils  of  the  Upper  Cambrian.  A  still  lower  unconform- 
able series  of  beds,  about  ten  thousand  feet  in  thickness  and  later  than  the  Archiean,  has 
been  observed  by  the  writer  at  a  single  locality  in  the  state  but  not  on  the  line  of  any  rail- 
road. Above  the  Cambrian  are  a  few  hundred  feet  of  light  colored  siliceous  limestones,  of- 
ten magnesian,  sometimes  greenish  or  pinkish  in  color,  whose  fauna  corresponds  to  that  ol  the 
Pogonip,  or  Silurian  limestone  of  Nevada. 

The  Devonian  is  apparently  wanting  in  Colorado,  as  the  beds  found  immediately  overly- 
ing the  above,  generally  a  blue  gray  limestone  or  dolomite,  carry  lower  Carboniferous  fos- 
silri.  There  is  some  evidence  of  a  nonconformity  by  erosion  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  Silurian  which  would  explain  the  local  absence  of  Devonian  formations.  The  Carhoniferoui  for- 
mation has  a  greater  aggregate  thickness  than  all  the  other  Palteozoic  formations  combined. 
The  lower  Blue  limestone  (above  mentioned  is  genera'.ly  succeeded  by  black  shales  andthe»e 
by  a  very  considerable  thickness,  amounting  to  two  or  three  thousand  feet,  of  sandstones 
and  conglomerates  with  subordinate  beds  of  bincK  shale  and  limestone,  locally  known  as 
the  Weber  Grits.  Thin  beds  of  impure  anthracite  are  sometimes  found  in  the  lower  part  of 
this  formation.  Its  prevailing  colors  are  gray  or  red.  The  upper  part  of  the  CarVion- 
Iferous  formation  is  of  similar  constitution,  generally  with  an  increasing  proportion  of  calcar- 
eous beds  and  of  coarse  red  sandstones,  which  are  often  diflicult  to  distinguish  from  the  imme- 
diately overlying  red  sandstones  of  the  Trias.  Gypsum  is  found  in  these  unper  beds.  >'o 
unquestionably  Permian  fauna  has  yet  been  found  in  Colorado. 

Mksozoio    Formations. 

The  Tria$  is  represented  by  a  series  of  coarse  red  sandstones  and  conglomerates,  the  form- 
er often  strikingly  cro8sl>edded,  which  are  everywhere  prominent  by  their  brilliant  coloring. 
Organic  remains  are  apparently  almost:  entirely  wanting  in  these  beds,  for  which  reason  it  is 
impossible  to  draw  a  definite  dividing  line  between  this  and  the  proceeding  or  succeeding  forma- 
tion. 

The  Jura  consists  of  a  gray  or  buff  sandstone  at  base,  often  crossbedded,  succeeded  by 
shales  of  variegated  colors,  with  lenticular  secretions  of  limestone  which  sometimes  form  a 
distinct  and  prominent  bed.  This  formation  is  locally  well  defined  by  both  molluscan  and 
vertebrate   remains. 

The  OretaeeoM  is  the  most  important  of  the  Mesozoic  formations  and  is  subdivided  into  four 
members.  The  Dakota  at  the  base  is  characteristically  a  heavy  bedded  sandstone  or  quartz- 
ite,  carrying  a  peculiftr  conglomerate  bed  at  its  base.  The  formation  also  includes  some  beds 
of  shale,  and  on  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  mountains  carries  beds  of  remarkable  pure  fire 
clay.  The  Colorado  next  above  is  essentially  a  clay  formation,  its  clays  being  black  when 
freshly  opened  and  bleaching  upon  exposure;  its  topography  hence  is  quite  characteristic. 
It  generally  carries  a  bed  of^light  colored  limestone,  which  is  known  as  the  Niobrara  lime- 
stone, being  characteristic  of  the  sub-division  of  that  name  formerly  made  by  Dr.  Hayden. 
The  Abx  HUl$  and  Laramie  sub-divisions  which  succeed  consist  of  alternating  friable  sandstones  and 
clays,  and  are  only  distinguishable  flrom  each  other  by  their  molluscan  remains,  which  in 
the  former  are  marine,  in  the  latter  brackish,  or  fresh  water.  The  Laramie  formation  hss 
been  formerly  considered  Tertiary  by  some  geologists  on  account  of  its  fauna,  but  later  in- 
vestigations have  shown  it  to  be  more  properly  the  closing  member  of  the  Cretaceous  from  i 
paleontologlcal  point  of  view,  while  its  stratigraphical  relations  have  always  associated  it  with 
the  Cretaceous.  It  is  the  coal-bearing  formation  of  the  West,  most  all  the  known  coal  deposit) 
whose  horizon  has  been  accurately  determined  having  been  found  to  belong  to  it,  while  of 
those  not  yet  thoroughly  studied  some  have  been  provisorily  assigned  to  the  Fox  Hills. 


30L.) 

the  depositR,  and 
Along  thu  im- 
ilorado  or  Front 
ailed  "Hogback" 
were  originally 
;lrely  subnnerged 
they  are  exposed 

I  this  region  was 
m  found  in  local 
to  this  period. 

ic  gneisses  and 
nass  upon  which 
tl V  resting ;  again 
ad  still  again  as 
M  never  yet  been 
,  although  sDme 
1  hasty  examin- 
given  to  a  very 
3omponent  miner- 
.  The  true  gneis- 
I  the  amphibolites 
italline  rocks  than 
'  have  been  found 
known  geological 
no  better  field  can 


istern  states.  The 
^n  consists  of  a  few 
nto  shaly  and  more 
I  lower  unconform- 
the  Arcluean,  has 
he  line  of  any  rail- 
ous  limestones,  of- 
iponda  to  that  ot  the 

mmediately  overly- 

1  Carboniferous  fos- 

upper   part   of 

Corooni/eroui  for- 

nations    combined. 

shales  andthee>e 

eet,  of    sandstones 

locally  known  as 

the  lower  part  of 

art  of  the  CarVion- 

roportion  of  culcar- 

ih  from  the  imme- 

unper  beds.    No 


merates,  the  form- 

•  brilliant  coloring. 

which   reason  it  Is 

succeeding  forma- 

led,  succeeded  by 
sometimes  form  a 
oth  motluscan  and 

ubdivided  Into  four 
indstone  or  quartJ- 
Includes  some  beds 
markable  pure  Are 
being  black  when 
uite  characteristic. 
the  Niobrara  lime- 
ie  by  Dr.  Hayden. 
able  sandstones  and 
remains,  which  in 
imie  formation  has 
,una,  but  later  in- 
Cretaceous  from  I 
(  associated  it  witn 
known  coal  deposia 
ong  to  It,  while  of 
he  Fox  Hills. 


COLORADO. 


299 


TcRTiARV  Formations. 

There  are  many  detached  remnants  of  fresh  water  Tertiary  formations  in  Colorado,  the 
relations  of  which  to  each  other  have  not  yet  been  thoroughly  worked  out,  nor  in  most 
cases  have  their  ages  been  satisfactorily  determined.  In  the  above  notes  therefore  they  have 
not  been  assigned  to  any  definite  subdivision,  and  the  local  names  are  given  only  when  they 
tre  sufficiently  known  to  Justify  it. 

QUATCRNANV      FORMATIONS. 

These  have  likewise  not  been  subdivided,  though  it  is  evident  that  there  were  Beversl 
dUtinot  periods  of  deposit.  They  have  been  indioated  in  the  notes  only  where  they  so  ob- 
scure the  underlying  formations  that  the  latter  can  be  determined  either  not  at  all  or  only 
with   oonslderable  unoertainty. 

Cruptive    Rocks. 

These  form  a  most  important  feature  in  the  geology  of  Colorado.  In  the  Archeean  rocks 
they  occur  as  narrow  dikes  of  porphyry,  diorite  and  diabase.  In  the  Paleeozoic  and  Mesozoic  forma- 
tions are  laccolitio  masNOH  and  immense  intrusive  sheets  of  prophyry,  porphyrite  and  diorite  whose 
principal  time  of  eruption  was  Just  preceding  and  subsequent  to  the  Post  Cretaceous  upheav- 
tl.  Among  later  Tertiary  and  recent  eruptive  rocks  are  found  hornblende  and  hypersthene  an- 
desites,  basalts,  rhyolites  and  less  frequently  trachytes.  'I'he  larger  areas  of  recent  surface 
flows  pro  found  in  the  southwestern  part  of  tlie  State.  H-^re  are  extensive  bedded  masses 
of  breccia,  formerly  considered  trachytic  but  probably  *n  large    part,    if  not    entirely,    ande- 

BiviC 

Minerals. 

Colorado  is  exceptionally  rich  in  rare  and  precious  minerals.  The  best  known  locality  is 
in  the  Archeean  area  around  Pike's  Peak,  extending  west  as  far  as  Florissant  and  north  to 
Platte  Mountain.  Here  are  found  very  nne  topaz,  amazon-stone,  zircon  and  phenacite  crys- 
tals and  avery  complete  series  of  cryolite  minerals,  hitherto  known  only  in  Greenland.  Boul- 
der county  is  famous  for  its  great  variety  of  Telluride  minerals,  many  new  to  science.  Topaz 
is  also  found  in  the  Arkansas  valley,  in  druses  in  the  rhyolite  of  Nathrop  and  Chalk  Mountain, 
associated  in  the  former  locality  with  fine  clear  garnets.  A  great  variety  of  silver,  copper 
and  bismuth  minerals  have  been  obtained  from  various  mining  districts.  The  San  Juan  and 
Elk  Mountains  offer  a  most  attractive  field  for  the  mineralogical  explorer  and  have  already 
yielded  many  new  and  rare  mineral  species. 

Precious   Metals. 

In  the  value  of  its  product  of  precious  metals  Colorado  ranks  first  among  the  States.  Its 
average  annual  product  may  be  estimated  in  round  numbers  at  four  million  dollars  in  gold  and 
sixteen  millions  in  silver  (coining  value).  Of  this  value  the  single  district  of  Leadvilk  pro- 
duces more  than  half.  In  other  metals  its  most  important  products  have  been  lead  and 
copper,  amounting  in  a  single  year  to  7(),ono  tons  of  the  former  metal  and  a  thousand  tons 
of  the  latter.  Its  ores  present  every  variety  of  mineralogical  composition,  but  that  which 
produces  the  greatest  aggregate  value  is  argentiferous  galena  and  its   secondary  products. 

In  geological  distribution  the  ores  are  as  diversifiod  as  in  their  mineralogical  constitution. 
In  the  Archeean  are  found  the  Telluride  ores  of  Boulder  County,  the  auriferous  pyrites  of 
Gilpin  County,  the  argentiferous  galena  and  other  silver  minerals  of  Clear  Creek  and  Hall's 
Valley,  and  deposits  in  in  the  Wet  Mountain  valley,  the  Mosquito,  Sawatch  and  other  ranges.  Ores 
have  been  extracted  from  the  Cambrian  and  Silurian  in  the  Mosquito  Range,at  Red  Clif^atOuray 
and  possibly  at  other  localities.  From  the  Lower  Carboniferous  limestone  is  derived  most  of 
the  ore  of  Leadville,  of  Red  Cliff,  Aspen,  Monarch,  Ouray  and  other  mining  districts.  At  the 
Ten  Mile  district  and  in  various  parts  of  the  Elk  Mountains  and  San  Juan  Mountains  ores 
are  obtained  from  the  upper  horizons  of  the  Carboniferous.  Some  of  the  ores  from  the  vi- 
cinity of  Breckenridge  and  of  the  San  Juan  region  come  from  Triassic  horizons,  while 
those  in  the  vicinitv  of  Irwin,  Gunnison  County,  and  probably  of  several  other  regions  not 
yet  examined,  are  round  in  Cretaceous  rocks.  While  eruptive  bodies  in  some  form  are  an 
almost  invariable  accompaniment  of  the  valuable  concentrations  of  ore  in  Colorado,  the  ore 
itself  is  rather  more  frequently  found  in  the  associated  sedimentary  rocks,  especially  when 
the  latter  are  calcareous.  Important  deposits  are  found,  however,  in  the  eruptive  rocks  them- 
selves, notably  in  the  San  Juan  region,  in  Summit  District,  Rio  Grande  County  and  in  Wet 
Mountain  Valley,  (Rosita  and  Silver  CiifT);  moreover  the  so-called  fissure  veins  in  the  Arch- 
tean  are  sometimes  only  mineralized  dikes  of  eruptive  rock. 

Coal  and  Iron. 

Although  the  development  of  these  more  useful  minerals  is  still  in  its  infincy,  amount- 
ing to  a  million  and  a  quarter  tons  of  the  former,  and  25,(K)U  tons  of  the  latter,  the  natural  resources 
of  the  State  are  most  extensive.  The  coal  horizons  surround  the  mountains  on  every 
side  and  penetrate  many  of  the  interior  valleys,  while  many  deposits  of  iron  ore  have  al- 
ready been  discovered,  although  the  industrial  conditions  h  ve  not  yet  developed  a  very  ac- 
tive search. 

Semery.  Colorado  presents  several  types  of  scenery,  each  in  itsvtoyof  great  interest.  On 
the  east  are  the  great  treeless  plains,  sloping  imperceptibly  towards  the  Mississippi  valley.  Their 
soil  is  naturally  rich,  but,  owing  to  the  slight  rainfall,  only  that  portion  which  can  be  irri- 
gated is  available  for  agriculture,  the  balance  being  utilized  as  pasturage  for  cattle  and  sheep. 
Facing  the  plains  is  the  Coloraao  or  Front  Range,  whose  trend  is  nearly  north  and  south 
and  which  is  cut  by  the  deep  caflons  of  draining  mountain  streams,  utilized  bv  the  various 
raflroads  which  reach  the  interior.  Back  of  this  are  a  series  of  mountain  valleys,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  the  Wet  Mountain  Valley,  San  Luis  Park,  South  Park,  Middle  Park  and 
North  Park;  all  but  the  last  of  these  are  penetrated  or  traversed  by  railroads.  West  of 
these  is  a  second  series  of  mountain  ranges  forming  the  general  line  of  elevation  known  as 
the  Park  Range,  but  which  is  less  regular  in  structure  than  the  Colorado  Range.  Opposite 
the  South  Park  it  is    spilt    into    two  ranges,  the    Mosquito  and    the  Sawatch,  by    the   deep 


800 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (COL.) 


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longitudinal  Tnlley  of  the  Upper  ArkanaM  River.  West  of  thene  two  syntemB  of  elevation  Htmtnhei 
the  Mesa  reKion  of  the  basin  of  the  Colorado  river,  characteriiied  hy  its  inti.cato  net- 
work of  deep,  narrow  oaflons  out  through  Rott  horizontal  etrnta,  which  flndu  ItH  mowt  RtrilcinK 
deTelopment  beyond  the  boundarieH  of  the  state,  in  Utah  and  Arizona.  DetitchcU  moim. 
tiUn  masaefi  strftch  out  on  the  western  fla.iks  of  the  ranges  above  mentioned  into  tliii)  iilg. 
teau  region.  of  these  the  most  important  are  the  San  Juan  Mountains  and  tiiu  Elk  Moim- 
tains,  on  the  south  and  north  of  the  Ounnison  River  respectively,  which  are  largely  componed 
of  eruptive  rocks,  and  some  smaller  masses  such  as  the  Sierra  La  SnI,  eto.,  which  aiipnrint- 
ly  owe  their  elevation  entirely  to  eruptive  action.  Types  of  the  varied  scenery  of  tluxo  va- 
rious regions  can  be  seen  from  the  railroad  itself,  but  a  far  better  knowledge  is  ohtnint'il  by 
short  excursions  which  can  be  readily  made  from  various  central  points. 

From  Denver  excursions  may  be  made  Ist  to  Estes  Park,  76  miles  north,  (two  hours  tiy 
rail  and  four  hours  by  stage)  a  most  beautiful  mountain  valley  in  the  granite  mountains, and 
the  only  one  to  whicn  the  name  "  Park,"  as  it  is  understood  outside  of  Colorado,  is  properly 
applicable.  A  good  hotel  and  various  ranche  boarding  houses  atford  accommodations  to  the 
tourist  and  a  great  variety  of  excursions  may  be  made  on  horseback  or  in  wagon.  Lon"'a 
Peak,  the  most  precipitous  in  the  Colorado  Range,  can  be  easily  ascended  nn  boi,  by  th.se  whcise 
nerves  are  sufflciently  steady.  The  air  Is  dry,  cool,  yet  mild,  and  peculiarly  hcaltliail.  ju 
elevation  is  about  8,()no   feet. 

2nd.  By  rail  to  Boulder  and  tnence  by  wagon  or  on  horseback  to  the  famous  Tdluride 
mines  of  Boulder  County. 

3rd.  By  rail  past  the  volcanic  mesas  of  Golden,  up  Clear  Creek  Caflon  to  the  .nines  of 
Central  City  and  by  Idaho  Springs  (thermal  baths)  to  Georgetown;,  from  Graymont,  the  ttr- 
minus,  it  is  an  easy  two-hours'  walk  or  ride  to  tho  summit  of  Gray's  Peak. 

4tn.  By  rail  to  Morri.son— upturned  Mesozoio  strata,  carrying  gypsum  and  rema  ns  of  At- 
lanta sauru.a. 

6th.  By  the  Denver  and  South  Park  Railroad  up  the  Platte  cafion  to  the  South  Park, 
Thence  either  across  Mount Guyot  to  Breckonridge,  and  up  the  Ten-Mile  valley  to  Ltmiville' 
or  southwest  across  South  Park  to  Buena  Vista  in  the  Arkansas  Valley,  ana  over  tiio  Sa^ 
watch   Range,  by  the  Alpine   Pass,  to  Pitkin   and  Gunnison. 

6th.    By  the  Jenver  and     Rio    Grande     to     Palmer    Lake   (summer    hotel  and    pfoasure 

? 'rounds)  on  the  divide  between  the  South  Platte  and  the    Arkansas  rivers  and  close  to  the 
oot  hills  of  the  Colorado  Range. 

The  metallurgist  will  be  repaid  by  a  visit  to  the  Argo  (copper)  and  Grant  (lead)  smelt- 
ing works  on  the  outskirts  of  Denver. 

From  Colorado  Springs  (excellent  hotel— "The  Anthers").  By  carriage  or  rail  (four  miips) 
to  Manitou,  the  fashionable  summer  resort  of  Colorado.  Many  hotels.  Iron  and  sota  (effer- 
vescent) spring?.  Caverns  In  the  Silurian  limestone.  Ute  Falls  (granite).  Garden  of  the  Gods 
(upturned  red  sandstones).  Glen  Eyrie  (residence  of  General  Palmer),  with  picturp-C|UH  gorge 
in  Archaean  and  Cambrian  just  ba.'lc  of  the  house.  Ascent  of  Pike's  Peak  (station  o?  the 
U.  8.  Signal  Scrvii-e  on  the  summit)  can  be  made  in  a  day  either  on  foot  or  on  liorsiback. 
Drive  across  Ute  Pass  to  Manitou  Park,  a  pretty  mountain  valley  containing  a  remnant  of 
Cambrian  and  Silurian  strata,  deposited  in  a  bay  of  the  original  Archa?an  land  mns.s,  which 
have  escaped  erosion.  Near  Cheyenne  Mountain  are  found  'the  rare  cryolite  minerals,  and 
south  of  Manitou  near  Florissant  amazon  stone,   topaz  and  phenacite. 

The  piojectHd  I.iidland  Railroad  (broad  gauge)  starling  lr<>m  Colora>lo  Springs  will  cross 
the  Ute  Pass,  traverse  the  lower  part  ot  South  Park,  crossing  the  Mosquito  Range  (Palseo- 
zoic  and  Archrean)  to  LeadviUe,  and  thence  across  the  Sawatch  Range  (Archiean)  to  Aspen  (silver 
ores  in  lower  Carboniferous  limestone)    on  the  Roaring  Fork  of^ Grand  River. 

Pueblo  is  of  more  importance  as  an  industrial  centre,  than  from  a  picturesque  point  of  view.  To 
it  are  tributary  the  Caf\on  City  coal  fields,  and  those  worked  by  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  S.inte  Fe 
R.  R.,  and  the  Denver  &  Rio  Gr-inde  Railway  in  the  vicinity  of  Trinidad  and  El  More,  while  the 
various  interior  railroad  lines  centering  here  communicate  with  the  principal  mining  districts  of  the 
state.  Two  large  lead  smelting  works  and  one  Bessemer  plant  are  already  established  in  its  imme- 
diate vicinity. 

From  Pueblo  railroad  lines  run  south,  southwest,  west,  north  and  east.  (SoutA,  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  k  Santa  Fe  leads  to  New  Mexico,  and  the  southern  overland  route.  Southweit,  the  D.  4  R, 
G.  Railway  crosses  the  La  Veta  pass,Just  north  of  the  Spanish  Peaks  and  south  of  Blanca  Peak.into 
the  broad  alluvial  valleyof  San  Luis  Park.  From  Alamosa  a  branch  follows  up  the  Rio  Grande  river 
to  Wagon  Wheel  Gap,  now  a  favorite  summer  resort ;  another  branch  runs  south  down  the  same  river 
into  New  Mexico;  while  the  main  line  crosses  a  low  range  of  eruptive  rocks  resting  on  Archten, 
past  the  Toltec  gorge,  and  then  crossing  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertlarv  plains  of  the  basin  of  the  San 
Juan  River  to  Durango  (coal  mines  and  smelting  works),  penetrates  the  San  .Juan  Mountains  tnrough 
the  magnificent  gorge  of  the  Amimas,  having  its  present  terminus  at  Silverton  in  Baker's  Park. 
This  is  the  centre  of  the  boldest  and  most  precipitous  mountain  mass  in  Co.orado,  as  well  asofman^ 
Important  mining  districts.  The  Alpine  climber  will  here  find  many  u^itried  peaks  to  test  his 
prowess;  the  j<eologist  many  problems  to  solve,  and  the  mineralogist  an  endless  variety  of  mineral 
species  to  be  aetermined. 

Wutward.  The  main  artery  of  the  D.  &  R.  G.  Railway  reache '  the  mountains  at  Cafion  City 
(State  Penitentiary,  Hot  Springs  and  bath.  Soda  Springs,  Load  smelting  works.  Limestone  quarries, 
and  petroleum  wells  in  the  country  around).  From  here  a  branch  runs  southwest  through  thena^ 
row  gorge  of  Grape  Creek  to  Wet  Mountain  valley  and  the  mines,  of  Silver  Clift.  The  main  line  fol- 
lows up  the  Arkansas  river  through  the  magnificent  cafion,  known  as  the  Royal  Gorge,  and  throMh 
minor  valleys  cutting  across  the  north  end  of  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  range  and  the  south  end  of  the 
Mosquito  Range  to  Salida  at  the  junction  of  the  South  Arkansas  with  the  main  stream.  From  SalHi 
the  original  line  follows  the  flne  north  and  south  valley  of  the  Upper  Arkansas,  carved  mainly  out 
of  Archaen  granite,  to  Leadville,  the  great  silver  mining  centre.  From  Leadville  the  beautiful  Twin 
Lakes,  formed  by  the  damming  up  by  terminal  moraines  of  a  mountain  stream  issuinc  from 
a  deep  gorge  in  the  Bawatch  Range,  can  be  reached  in  a  drive  of  16  miles.  A  good  macadamized  road 
leads  across  the  Arkansas  valley  (six  miles)  to  Soda  Springs,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Massive  (14,298 
feet).    Beyond  Leadville,  branches  of  the  D.  &  R.  G.  Railway  cross  the  Continental  divide  to  tba 


iL.) 


levatinn  fttrotohei 
its  Intiicatu  net- 
itH  moHt  Rtrlking 
Detuched  moun- 
med  into  thin  |>lt. 
id  thu  Elk  MoiiD> 
larKely  compoNed 
,  which  anpurtnt- 
anury  of  tru'so  va- 
Ige  18  ohtaiiK-il  Ijy 

rth,    (two  hniiM  liy 

ito  mountalnH.and 
lorado,  if)  properly 
amodatinnti  to  the 
1  WRK<>n.  Lon},''9 
jofoy  th.-so  whose 
riy  healtlii'ul.    lu 

)  fatnoua  T(  llurldo 

I   to    tl>o   ,ninP8  of 

iraymont,  the  tcr- 

c. 

ind  rema.na  of  At- 

»  the  South  Park. 
valley  to  Lcailville; 
,  and  over  titu  Sa- 

lotel  and  pfeaaure 
a  and  close  to  the 

Grant  (lead)  amelt- 

)r  rail   (four  miies) 

)n  and  ho'Ir  (effcr- 

Jarden  of  the  Goils 

pictiir«>'-C|iio  Borge 

leak  (stRtion  oi  the 

l)t  or  on  iiorsi'back. 

ing  a  reninant  of 

land  mass,  which 

olite  minerals,  and 

Springs  will  cross 
iio  Range  (Palieo- 

ui)  to  Aspen  (silver 

ver. 

e  point  of  view.  To 

Topeka  A  Sante  Fe 
El  Moro,  while  the 

ining  districts  of  the 

ibliahed  in  its  imme- 

South,  the  AtcliisoD, 
outhuiest,  the  D.  i  R. 
of  Blanca  Peak,  into 
he  Rio  Grande  river 
down  the  same  river 
resting  on  ArchEeu, 
he  basin  of  the  San 
.  Mountains  tnrough 
)n  In  Baker's  Park. 
o,  as  well  asofinanj' 
d  peaks  to  test  his 
8  variety  of  mineral 

.tains  at  Cafion  City 
Limestone  quarries, 
est  through  the  no- 
The  main  linefol- 
Gorge,  and  through 
;he  south  end  of  the 
tream.  FromSalidt 
,  carved  mainly  out 
the  beautiful  Twin 
tream  Issuine  from 
i  macadamized  road 
Mint  Massive  (14,1S8 
lental  divide  to  the 


COLORADO. 


801 


Mr. 

0 
1 
8 
7 
7 

11 
17 
21 
•27 
29 
82 
85 
40 
42 
48 
62 
66 
69 
62 


Union  Paolflo  Itallwajr. 

Denver  And  South  Park  Division. 


74 

76 

81 


Denyer.' 

West  Denver. 

Auraria. 

Mooreville. 

Bear  Creek. 

Littleton. 

Wheatland. » 

Platte  Carton.' 

Deansbury.' 

South  Platte.* 

Dome  Rook. 

DawBon'a. 

Buffalo. 

Pine  Grove. 

CrosBon's.* 

Eatabrook.* 

Bailey'e. 

Slagkt's. 

Meadows. 

Grant.* 

Webster.* 

Hoosier.  ^ 

Kenosha.^ 


Jefferson. 

Como.* 

94  Halfway. 

97  Selkirk. 

99  Boreas.* 
101  Dwyer. 
104  Argentine. »» 
106Mayo.>o 
UOBreckenridge.** 
114|  Broncho. 
116jDickey.>» 

120  Frisco. 


122 
126 
188 
184 
187 
1 139 
il44 

il51 


Curtin.»« 

Wheeler. 

Kokomo. 

Robinson. 

Climax. 

Alicants." 

Bird's  Eye.^i* 

Leadville.  ^  * 


20.  Quaternary. 


M 
tl 
«< 
<l 
•< 
II 


Alt. 

5  17  5 
ftl79 


8  54  7 
5380 


1.  Archaean 
« 

II 

<i 
ii 
11 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


Granite.»o*9 
11 

II 

II 


(491 


9B0.t 


(20.  Quaternary"  •» 

\     over  Laramie. 
II 

Quartz-porphyry. 
II 

II 

16.  Red  Sandstone. 

18.1 

18./ 

Quaternary. 
II 

11 

r  20.  Quaternary 
\     over  Archtean. 


14  «.& porphyry."  o« 0  9 

i>  i<  10849 

14  b.  Webber  Grits. 
1".  Archaean.       n"' 
14b.&  porphyry.! 01 8  J 
f  20.  (Quaternary 
\     Lake  beds.  >oi7» 


Union  Paolflo  lUlIwajr. 

Ma.  Denver  and  South  Park  Division.— Cbn.  Alt. 


88 

94 
108 


Como.* 

Red  Hill. 

Arthur's. 


104  Garos. 


lOf-Oaro's. 
115Fairplay.>» 
120  London. 


118  Platte  River.  >•> 

120  Hill  Top. 

127|McGee'8. 
182' Charcoal. 
188  Schwanders. 

187  Buena  Vista. 


188 

187 


142 
149 
163 


Sch  wanders. 
Nathrop.i' 

Hortense. 

\lpine. 

St.  Elmo's. 
156  Murphy's. 
176,Pitkin.»» 
190|ParlinB, 
202  Gunnison. 
216Baldwin. 
219'Baldwin  Mines. 


r  20.  Quater.  over 

\  LaraniieCretaoeoui, 

18  b.  Colorado. 
II 

i< 

II 
16.  Trias.  •»«» 

l.Archoean. 
20.  River  Bottom, 
f  14.  Carboniferous 
\     Limestones. 

1.  Granite. 
II 
II 

f  20.  Quaternary 
\   over  Aroha'AQ. 
1.  Archaean, 
r  20.Quateniary 
\     over  Archaean. 
1.  Granite. 

N 
11 

1.  Archaean. 
II 

20.  Quaternary. 

•I 

18  d.  Laramie. 


Colorado  Central  Branch— Colorado  Diviaion. 
Broad  Gauge. 


0 

6 

18 
24 
82 
40 
63 

7: 

80 

85 

92 

100 

110 


Cheyenne. 

Colorado  Junct. 

Lone  Tree. 

Taylor's. 

Bristol. 

Fort  Collins. 

Loveland. 

Berthoud. 

Longmort. 

Niwat. 

Boulder. 

Louisville.** 

Church's. 


r  19.  Niobrara     «•»♦ 

\     Pliocene. 
II 

18  c.  Fox  Hills. 


18  b.  Colorado. 
II 

II 

II 
18  c.  Fox  Hills.     »»o« 
18  d.  Laramie. 


north,  one  descending  Eagle  River  to  the  mining  town  of  Red  Clitf,  the  other  the  Ten-Mile  river  to 

the  Middle  Park,  each  valley  being  extremely  precipitous  and  pieturesoue. 

I  From  Salida  again,  the  prenenit  main  line  goes  westward,  past  Poncno  Springs  (Thermal  baths), 
I  sending  off  a  short  branch  to  the  northwest  to  the  Monarch  mining  district,  and  southward  acroas 
I  PoDcho  Pass  into  the  San  Luis  Valley  and  the  iron  mines  at  Hot  Springs.  The  main  line  croaaea  the 
Isouth  end  of  the  Sawatch  range  by  the  Marshall  Pass  and  follows  the  Gunnison  river  down  to  the 
I  Utah  boundary  line.  From  Giinnlsc.n  City  (LaVeta  Hotel)  a  branch  runs  north  to  Crested  Butte,  a 
lEood  centre  for  visiting  the  wild  and  beautlrul  scenery  of  the  Elk  Mountains,  and  the  mines  of  an- 
lihracite  and  bituminous  coal,  of  silver,  copper  and  lead.  The  forest  growth  and  vegetation  is  gen- 
leially  more  luxuriant  on  these  western  mopes  thnn  on  the  east  flanks  of  the  mountains.  Below 
IGannlson  the  railroad  paaaea  part  way  through  the  cafion  of  the  Gunnison  (known  aa  the  Black 
Icaflon)  and  then  divorges  to  the  south  into  the  Uncompaghre  valley.  From  Montrose  in  this  valley 
Ithe  San  Juan  mountains  may  be  reached  by  stage  by  way  of  Ouray,  probably  the  most  picturesquely 
leituated  town  in  the  state.  Further  westward  the  country  asaumes  the  somewhat  monotonous  but 
iBtriklDg  appearance  characteristio  of  the  Colorado  plateau  region. 


ft 


! 


I, 


fill* 


m 


I 


Ifc 


1^1 


ilifl 


,<•■ 


802 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (COL.) 


Union  Paclllo  Rnl  lw»y. 

Colorado  Central  Draiich— Cult>raiio  DivlRiuu. 
Ma.  Broad  OauRe— Con.  Alt. 

~18"d 


118 
121 

122 

130 
186 
188 


Ralston.  >o 

Jones'  Siding. 

Golden.  21 
Arvada. 
Argo.»« 
Denver. 


Laramie. 
(  10.  Monument 
\  Creek  Tertiary. 
18  d.  Laramie.       **»* 
20.  Quaternary     »»»» 
over  Denver 
Tertiary.  » >  t  s 


Narrow  Oauge. 


16 
19 
22 
24 
28 

2g 

81 
84 
86 
40 


Denver. 
Golden.  2  2 
Chimney  Gulch. 
Guy  Gulch. 
Beaver  Brook. 
Big  Hill. 
Forks  Creek. 
Cottonwood. 
Smith  Hill. 
Black  Hawk  »* 
Central  City." 


20. 

18  d.  Larnmic. 

1.  Arokvan.^* 


« 

« 


Georgetown  Branch. 


Omaha  and  Denver  Short  Line. 


861 
869 
871 

886 
400 
417 
429 
441 
468 
471 
480 
606 
622 
683 
641 
649 
664 
666 
669 


(Continued  fro 
Big  Springs.  *» 
Barton. 
Denver  Jc.  (form- 
erly Julesberg.) 
Sedgewick. 
Crook. 
Hiff. 

Sterling. 
Merino. 
Snyder. 
Denel. 
Orchard. 
Hardin. 
La  Salle." 
Platteville" 
Lupton. 
Brighton. 
Henderson. 
Jersey. 
Denver.  •» 


m  Nebraska.) 
20.Quaternary. 


(I 
« 

« 
<i 
II 

ti 

K 
(i 
l< 
l< 
« 
l< 
II 
tl 
II 


t«l4 
A»09 
•  111 
flSSl 
t»23 

esTs 

717« 
7«2« 
S031 
84«4 


29 

Forks  Creek. 

1.  Archx'an. 

88 

Floyd  Hill. 

7201 

88 

Idaho  Springs. 

7541 

46 

Lawsons. 

8111 

61 

Georgetown." 

8474 

66 

Silver  Plume. 

9074 

60 

Oraymont.*' 

»184 


4812 

4886 
4979 


S175 


Mh. 


Union  Pnolflo  Kutlway. 

Denver  Paclflo  Branch 
Colorado    Dlvlaion. 


All 


0 

2 

7 
14 

19 
26 
86 

41 
46 

48 

62 

60 
67 
76 
86 

96 


Denver. 

Jersey. 

Hatchery. 

Henderson. 

Brighton. 

Lupton. 

Platteville.a* 

Hautes. 

La  Salle. 

Evans. 

Greeley. 

Eaton. 

Pierce. 

Dover. 

Carr. 

Athol. 


20.  Quaternary'i^n 
over  Denver 
Tertiary. 


II 
II 


18  d 


soil 


Laramie, 
tl 

II 

ii 

•I 

( 20.  Quaternary«'<4< 
\   River  Bottom. 

•'  mt 

18  d   Laramie. 
« 
«• 

"  tiii 

f  19.  Niobrara 
(  Pliocene. 


Boulder  Branch. 


0 


Denver. 


2  Jersey. 

7  Hatchery. 
14  Henderson. 
19  Brighton. 
26  Dick. 
30  St.  Vrains. 
84  Erie. »» 
35!  Northrop.  •» 
3fiCanfield.»o 
40  Clifton. 


43 

46 


V'oohmont. 
Boulder. 


1 


20.  Quaternary 
over  Denver"" 
Tertiary. 


18  d. 


Laramie. 
It 


ioai 


II 
II 
II 
II 


18  c.  Fox  Hills. 
18  c.  Ridge  of  Solerile, 
18  c.  Fox  Hills. 


Boulder  and  Carbon  Branch. 


0  Boulder. 
6  i  Marshall 'o 


!l8c.  Fox  Hills,. 


18.  Laramie. 


ilCI 

itii 


Morrison  Branch, 


1 
7 
8 

10 
13 
16 


Denver. 

West  Denver. 
Mooreville. 
Bear  Creek. 
Oilman. 
Mt.  Carbon. 
Morrison.  B^ 


20.  Quaternary'"' I 
over  Denver 
Tertiary. 


II 
II 
II 
II 


18  d. 
18  a. 


Laramie. 
Dak.  17.  JaiMl 


1.  Dettve,- to  Wheatland.    The  road  follows  Platte  Valley  l>ottom,  and  edges  of  benches  forotd 
of  Denver  Tertiary  underlain  by  Laramie  Cretaceous. 

2.  JKatte  Canon.  16. 17, 18  a.,  IH  b.  Hog  back  ridges  of  Cretaceous  sandstones  and  Jurassic  liDt' 
atones.    Sections  from  Ft.  Benton  to  Trias,  inclusive,  from  a  point  one  mile  east  to  a  point  one  iuV  | 
mile  west  of  station. 

3.  DeansbiMry.    Granite  gneiss  and  amphibolites. 

4.  South  Platte  to  Croeeon'e.  Massive  red  granite  throughout  this  distance.  In  part  disintegiitiii 


COLORADO. 


808 


d.  Laramie.     »"♦ 


rbon  Branch. 


8  d.   Lnramie. 
8  a.  Dak.  17.  Juti»  I 

dges  of  benches  fotmed 

pones  and  JurMsic  lit* 
[east  to  a  point  one  iw 

In  part  disintegnM 


Vnlon  Paolflo  Railway. 

Hi.   Oreoley,  Salt  Lake  and  Paciflo  Branch.    Alt 

20.  Quaternary 
over  Denver 


Uiilwa  Paolflo  Railway. 

Mn.  Kaniaa  Dlrliion. 


Ali 


2 

7 

14 
19 
26 
86 
41 
46 


Denver. 

Jersey. 

Hatchery. 

Henderson. 

Brighton. 

Lupton. 

Platteville. 

Hautes, 

La  Salle. 


48 
62 


Evans. 

Oreeley. 
64iWind8or. 
76  Fort  Collins. 
80  La  Porte. 
91  Stout." 


r 


Tertiary. 


M 

<l 


18  d.  Laramie. 


It 
« 


{ 


20.  Quaternary* •*» 
River  Bottom. 


18  0.  Fox  Hills. 
18  d.  Colorado. 

10(?) 


4816 

5065 


0 
4 
6 

7 

9 

18 


Boulder. 
Oredel. 
Crisman. 
Gold  Hill. 
Sugar  Loaf. 
Sunset  Branch 


Boulder  Cafion  Branch. 

18  0.  Fox  Hills. 
1.  Arcboean.*' 


'ssoe 


II 

<i 
II 


Continued  tro 

420  Wallace,  Kansas. 
429  Eagle  Tail,  •• 
440  Monotony,    " 
462  Arapahoe  <*' 
462  Cheyenne  Wells. 
472  First  View. 
487  Kit  Carson. 
499  Wild  Horse. 
610  Aroya. 

628  Mirage. 
634  Hugo. 
646  Lake. 

662  Cedar  Point. 
666  Oodftey. 
677  Agate. 
696  Byers. 
607  Bennett. 
617  Box  Elder. 

629  Magnolia.  3  4 

637  Jersey." 
639  Denver. 


m  Kansas. 

18  d.  Laramie. 
II 

II 

II 

ii 

«i 

II 

II 

M 
« 

II 
II 
II 
<l 
M 
II 
II 
II 


1414 
ST7« 

400* 
4aTT 

41l» 
441« 
4«4I 
4S4t 

S050 

»7II 

A«0« 
84SI 

BIOS 

ssai 


20.  Quaternary 
Gravels. 

4<  5175 


tpo.surc  to  the  atmoN^here,  in  part  reHlsting  diHintegration  and  making  handsome 
8.    Quarries  near  Buttalo  Station. 


silver  ores. 


readily  un  ex|: 

buildinjt  stone.    Quarrii 

5.  Estabrook—Qrant.    Granite  gnei-ss,  schLsts  (8ome  amphibolites)  and  gray  granite. 

6.  iVebster.    Ftrnnch  Valley  leads  to  Geneva  district  and  Hall  Valley  mines.  Bismuth  i 

7.  Hoover— Kenosha.    Gray  granite  and  xome  eruptives. 

8.  Como.  Coal  mines  west  of  town.  At  Hamilton,  higher  up  'i'arryall  Creek,  are  abandoned  gold 
placers.    Here  was  the  first  discovery  of  gold  in  Colorado  west  of  the  Colorado  range. 

9.  Boreas.  Mt.  (luyot  to  the  east,  almost  entirely  made  up  of  eruptive  rocks,  with  a  few  caught 
upfrnKmonts  of  sedimentary  beds. 

10.  Argentine— Mayo.  The  Vieds  are  much  disturbed  and  probably  faulteil  on  the  slopes  of  the 
range  toward  Blue  River  valley,  and  the  horizons  have  not  been  deti'rniined  with  certainty. 
The  Hanib'ones  on  the  lower  slopes  prol)ably  belong  to  the  Dakota,  and  the  black  clays  higher  up 
may  be  Colorado. 

U.  Breckenrtdge— Dickey.  Road  follows  valley  of  Blue  River.  Rich  gold  placers  have  been 
vashed  in  this  and  tributary  ralleys. 

Vi.  Curtain— Birds  Eye,  On  the  east  side  of  the  narrow  valley  of  Ten  Mile  Creek  which  the 
R.  R.  ascends,  the  steep  slopes  of  the  Mosouito  Range  furnish  excellent  exposures  of  Archaean 
rocks.  White  veins  of  pegmatite  and  dark  bands  of  hornblondio  schists  stand  oi  t  prominently  in 
the  generally  liifht-oolorea  mass  of  granite-gneiss.  About  three  miles  above  Wheeler  the  R.  B. 
crosses  the  Mosquito  fault,  and  passes  from  Archeean  into  Upper  Cnri>ouiferous  and  intrusive 
porphyry. 

13.  Alicante.  The  Mosquito  fault  crosses  the  Arkansas  valley  in  a  north  and  south  direction 
about  tangent  to  the  curve  or  loop  of  the  railroad.  By  its  displacement  the  Archtean  rocks  forming 
the  high  mountains  to  the  east  have  been  lifted  up  and  brought  into  juxtaposition  with  Upper 
CarboniferouH  and  Triassio  strata  on  the  west. 

U.    Leadville.    Silver  mines  in  Carboniferous  limestone.    Gold  placers  in  gulches. 
Fairplnti.    Quarternary  gravels  which  have  been  washed  for  gold. 
Platte  /iiver.    Salt  Springs  and  gypsum  deposits  west  of  here. 
Nathrop.    Ridge  east  of  station,  rnyolite  carrying  topaz. 
Pitkin.     Ridge  of  Paleeozoic  limestones  to  the  northwest. 

Louisville.    Fault  in  R.  R.  cut  one  half  mile  south.    In  opposition  are  seen  the  coal  s.s.  at 
base  of  Laramie,  and  the  shales  and  iron-stones  above  the  sandstone. 

20.  Ralston.    Basalt  breaking  through  the  Cretaceous  formations  in  hill  to  the  west. 

21.  GoMen.  Table  topped  ridges  to  south  and  east  formed  of  Denver  Tertiary  beds,  capped  and 
j  protected  from  erosion  by  flow  of  basaltic  lava.  Hogback  ridges  of  Dakota  sandstone,  carrying  fire 
I  clay  to  the  west.    Coal  mines  in  vertical  beds  of  Laramie  sandstone.    See  22. 

:       22.   The  road  crosses  vertical  outcrop  of  Laramie  and  Dakota  Cretaceous  and  of  Triassio  Red 
I  beds  before  entering  the  Archeean.     Excellent  fire  clay  found  in  the  Dakota,  north  of  Golden. 

23.   Qranite,  granite-gneiss  and  schitits. 

Si  Gold  mines  in  granite-gneiss  often  associated  with  porphyry  dikes.  Main  ore  is  auriferous 
I  pyrites.   Treated  in  amalgamating  mills. 

I      25.    Oeorgetoum.    Silver  mines  mainly  in  granite-gneiss  and   intrusive  porphyry.    Main  ore 
ivsentiferous  galena,  pyrlte  and  sulphides  ol  silver.    Ore  mostly  treated  in  smelting  vi 
I  being  dressed  and  concentrated  here. 


15. 
16. 
17. 
18. 
19. 


ing  works,  after 


804 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (COL.) 


Union  Paolflo  Railway. 

Ms.  Denver,  Marshall  and  Boulder  Branch. 


Alt. 


11 


wt 


b 
n 


'o 
S 

B 
VI 

^« 

•  1-4 

Pt4 


Denver. 

Argo.'* 

Argo  Junction. 

St  i™  per. 

C.  C.  Junction. 

Louisville.f  g 

Boulder. 

Ni  Wot. 

Longniont.^i* 

Highland. 

Berthoud. 

Loveland. 

Fort  Collins. 


120.  Quaternary 
over  Denver 
Tertiary. 

20.  Quaternary. 
« 

H 

18  d.  Laramie. 

18  c.  Fox  Hills.     »»o« 

18  b.  Colorado. 

« 

<i 
18  c.  Fox  Hilla. 


Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

Denver  and  Leadville  Line. 


2 

4 

8 

11 

17 

26 
29 
88 
85 
89 
43 
47 
62 
66 
68 
62 
67 
71 
75 


84 

89 

94 

96 

106 

112 


Denver. 

Bumham. 

N.  0.  Crossing. 

Petersburg. 

Littleton. 

Acequia.'^ 

Sedalia.i* 

Plateau. 

Castle  Rock.«» 

Douglas. 

Glade.** 

Larkspur. 

Greenland.*  < 

Palmer  Lake.** 

Monument. 

Borsl's. 

Husteds.** 

Edgerton. 

Pike  View.** 

Colorado 

Springs.** 

Widefield. 

Fountain. 

Butte.** 

Wigwam. 

Pinon. 

Cactus. 


1 


20.  Quaternary, 
over  Denver  *  *  ^  * 
Tertiary 


II 

It  S  S  5  0 

19.  Monument  »■*'« 

Creek 

Tertiary. 
i( 

<i 

M  61(8 

l< 

«  e  s  1 5 

4<  664 1 

It  «»»9 

u 

M  6  9  S  3 

l(  6  1 1 1 

(( 

It 

<( 

18  d.  Laramie 

SB70 

20.  Valley    Quater- 
nary over        5g,^ 

Colorado 
Cretaceous. 

«  6&0S 

l<  18  46 

41 

(I  sole 


Ma 

120 

124 

130 
135 
140 
143 
144 
163 
157 

161 

162 
165 

171 

176 
186 
193 

199 

205 
207 

|216 

217 
1224 
!225 
1226 

234 

239 

242 

243 
246 

250 

'255 
•269 
201 

266 

'270 
1273 
274 
277 


Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

Denver  and  Leadville  Line.— Con:       Alt. 


Pueblo.*  » 
Goodnight. 

Meadow.*' 

Swallow. 

Carlisle. 

Beaver.** 

Thompson. 

Florence.*" 

Reno.'  1 

Cafton  Clty.s" 

Cafion  Junction. 
Gorge.** 

Parkdale.** 

Spike  Buck.»» 
Texas  Creek.** 
Cotopaxjc.*' 

VaUio. 

Howards.  *  • 
Badger. «» 

Cleora. 

Salida.«o 
Brown's  Cafton. 
Harp. 
Hecla  Junction. 

Nathrop.«> 

Midway. 

Buena  Vista.  •  ' 

Domick. 
Aniericus. 

Riverside. 

Pine  Creek. 
Granite." 
Twin  Lakes. 

Hayden. 

Crj'stal  Lake. 
Malta. 
Eilers.** 
Leadville.** 


I 


18  b.  Colorado.  *6t>» 
f  18  b.  Colorado  *'oi 
\     Cretaceous. 

"  4794 

« 

« 

18  c.  Fox  Hills, 
f  18  b.  Colorado  "» 
\     Limestone. 
1.  Archcean.         ssu 
(I 

17.  and  18  a.  Jura 
and  Dakota  sns 
Cretaceous. 
1.  Archaean. 
1.  Gnei.s8.  <iig 

1.  Red  Granite.    ^>n 

120.  Quaternary  and 
Tertiary  beds  «"» 
over  Archiean. 
f  20.  Quaternary's" 
\  over  Arch.Tean. 
f  14  a.  Upper  Carbon. 
\     iferous.  «'" 

f20.  Quaternary"" 
\     over  Archaean. 

<<  7011 

(t 

1.  Archivan. 
(i 

( 20.  Qaternary  »'• 

\     over  Archiean. 

1.  Archaean.         "•« 

f20.  Quaternary"*! 

\     over  Archaean. 
<{ 

«  nil 

f  1.  Archaean      "" 
\  uranite. 

«  1711 

<•  I9ii 

0  9009 

f20.  Arkansas   »'J 

\  Valley  Quaternary, 

II  9111 

>i  9»l 

120.  Quaternaiy.   "•• 

«  lOlTI 


26.  OraymoJit.    A.icent  of  Gray's  Peak  easily  made  in  a  few  hours. 

27.  Biq  Springs-La  Salle.  The  railroad   follows  the  bottom  of  the  South  Platte  Rivpr.  The 
country  acfioininj?  is  formed  of  Upper  Cretaceous  beds  overlaid  on  the  north  by  Miocene  Tertiary. 

2a     Platttsville- Denver.    The  pinin    country   traversed    is  underlaid    by  Laramie  Crotaceoiu 
covered  by  quaternary  gravels  and  loess,  and  in  some  parts  by  remnants  of  Denver  rprUary. 

29.  PlatteviUe.    directly  west  is  Long's  Peak  (14,  371  ft.),  at  the  southern  end  of  the  beautiftl 
vauey  of  Estes  Park ;  it  ia  the  highest  and  finest  mountain  in  this  portion  of  Colorado. 

30.  Coal  mines. 


COL.) 


le  Railway. 

[iine.— Con:       Alt. 

Colorado.  *^t 
b.  Colorado  *»»• 
Cetaceous. 

'«  479» 

<4 

« 

4< 

l( 

<l 

Fox  Hills. 

b.  Colorado  »»» 

Limestone. 

rchiBan.  '"» 

<i 

'.  and  18  a.  Juts 
and  Dakota  !'>> 

Cretaceous, 
rchsean. 

ineiss.  •'•• 

ed  Granite.  *'•« 
3.  Quaternary  and 
tertiary  beds  «»" 

over  Archoean. 
0.  Quaternary""' 

over  Arch.'^an. 
4  a.  Upper  Carbon* 

iferous.         «"♦• 
0.  Quaternary"" 

over  Archaean. 

«  7011 

(< 

lrcha.an. 
« 

0.  Qaternary  '"• 

over  Archxan. 

^rchflpan.  "" 

0.  Quaternary"*' 

over  Archaean. 

«  till 

Archuean      '^'o 
uranite. 

It  1711 

<.  SI13 

i<  900S 

10.  Arkansas  "" 
Valley  Quaternary. 
Jill 

99(1 
9111 


Quaternaiy. 


loni 


h  Platte  Rivfr.  The 
Miocene  Tertiary. 
Laramie  Crotaceoui 

nver  Tertiary, 
end  of  the  beautiful 

olorado. 


COLORADO. 


MNT 


Denver  and  Rio  cfrande  Railway. 

Denver  and  Ogden  Line. 


Mb. 
217SaUda.«o 

221  Poncha  Junct.*' 

22(jOtto.«« 

228  Mears  Junction. 

230|  Shirley. 

235;  Gray 's.«» 

242|Marshall's.«» 

245'nillden. 

246!  Shamans.' » 

250|Chester. 

254  Buxton. 

259  Sargent. 

2C4'Elk8. 

2G7|Crookton. 

27llDoyle. 

272  Bonita.'o 

278;Parlin." 

284  Mounds. 

290;Gunni9on.'» 

29()'Ri<lgcway. 

302  Kczar. 

309Cebolla.»» 

310Sapinero.''* 

322  Curecante. 

329|Crystal  Creek." 

331iCimarron.'« 

336Cerro  Summit." 

343  Cedar  Creek. 

353,  Montrose." 


Alt. 


•  20.  Quatem&ry  7o^« 
\      over  Archaean,      i 
/  19.  Tertiary       »*8  8 
\         Lake  beds. 
1.  Archaean. 
Andusite. 

«  8  8  s  4 

1.  Archaean  Granite. 

Andcsite. 

1.  Gneiss. 

Eruptive  Rocks. 


1.  Archaean. 

« 

Eruptive  Rocks. 


,  Archoean. 

20.  Quaternary. 
1.  Archxan. 


« 
« 


8456 


8085 

7928 

»66» 

7409 
7330 
7223 
7052 
6869 
6874 


Ms. 


Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

Denver  and  Ogden  Line  —Con. 


Alt. 


364Colorow.»9 
374  Delta. 
3V6|Escalante. 
392|Dominguez. 
399|  Bridgeport. 
409  Kahnab. 
412  White  Water. 
425;Grand  Junct. 
433|Roan.8o 
439jFruitvale. 
446  Crevasse. 
452Shale. 
457  Excelsior. 
463' Acheron.  "9 
474'We8t  Water.121 

479  Cottonwood. 
I  Continued 


20.  Quaternary. 


« 
« 
« 
« 

<• 

u 
« 

« 

l( 
<l 
« 
II 
(( 


4947 
4814 
4771 
4727 
4649 
4638 
4561 
4509 


457» 
4895 


in  Utah. 


Denver  and  Silverton  Line. 


rJlJBessenier.'i 
129  San  Carlos. 
134  Greenhorn. 
141  Salt  Creek. 
147  Granero's. 
151  Huerfano. 
164  Apache. 
176  Wal8en's.8  0 
ISljWahatoya. 

191  La  Veta. 


f  Fox  Hills 

\         Sandstone. 
i< 

f  18  b.  Colorado  6»2  8J|l99lOjo. 

\  Clays.  r202iMule  Shoe.8  2 

«  577i|'206,Veta  rass.88 


18  b.  Colorado.  *"i 

«  4912 

i<  6  0  76 

U  5442 

« 

«  S65r 

«  5  917 

18  d.  Laramie.  «»«» 

18  a.  Dakota.  «*»« 
14.  Carbonifer-^0  2 
ous  Beds. 

«  8167 

<(  8782 

« 


{ 


found  in  Jur.i— Trias  (red  beds)    just  above  town 

Mines  of  gold 


.11.    Morrison.    Rpmains  of  Atlnnosanrus 

resting:  on  Aroliiiean  Gypsum  deposits. 

n'     Stout.    Gvpsum  deposits  found  in  Triass;?  roplsa.  .      ,i 

•i'i    Numerous  diluis  of  porphyry  and  diorito  traversinj;  the  Rrnnito  and  schistn 

mid  silver.    In  the  former  a  most  interesting  series  of  telluride  minerals. 

34    Aravahoe—Mnwivlia.    Tlio  outlines  of  tlie  formations  on  tlits  plain  area  are  still  somewhat 

miocrtiiin;  tiiey  are  uniiouhtedly  Cretivceoiis,  however,  with  iv  viirying  cover  of  (iimternary. 

X,'  Underlaid  hy  l>eiiver 'I'ertiary.  „.  ,  ,      ,,  i-        , 

3G.    Anjo.   Lar^e  smelting  works  using  the  Augustine  Ziervogel  process  for  the  separation  of 

silver  from  eopper.  r,,        ^       ■ 

.■iT.    Acfiiiia.    High  line  eanal  crosses  Plum  <  reelc.  ...       m  i     _ 

m!    SMm.    \\M  Cat   Unites  to  the  west  fihow  folding  of  Monument  Creek  beds.    Plateau 

'"^"^i!  'ZaftTnT  Taulo  '{oppe7hills  to  the  east,  capped  by  pink  rhyolitic  tufa,  extensiv^ 

tisc.l  lis  liuililing  stone  in  Denver. 

4(1.    aiiiile.    bawson's  Hutto  to  west.  ^       _,,  «il* 

41     Greenland.    White  K-noll  of  Tertiary  to  west,  known  as  Casa  Blanea.  ,„„,,„.„  „„V'J»iO. 

i>.    Fcdmrr  Lake.  ■  Tertiary  covers  upturned  edges  of  Mesozoic  and  Palffiozolc  strata  and|[;#Bur8 

RMirst  Arc'hiean  t..^^^^^^  to  tlio  west  are  some  tall  mouumenta,  characteristlmiij^^ 

forip  ition  ''■"  '!''d)la 

44.    Pike  Vim.    On  the  line  between  Monument  Creek  and  Laramie  formations.  ,,•».*'.„. 

4^  Colorado  Sprinqn.  Finrt  view  of  Pike's  Peak.  Manitou,  a  summer  resort  where  ,tj>^ff^u^ 
-Mini's  an' situated  lies  four  nlies  west,  in  a  recess  at  the  foot  ot  the  mountains.  '""'-"y'yL 

W  iiuf/ruoad  follows  the  bottom  of  the  Fontaine-qui-bouille,  or  Fountain  Creek.^aipftd  *y 
t  10  Canailiaii  trappers  from  the  effervescent  springs  at  its  source.  '^^^ JJ 

47.  Pueblo.    Niobrara  litnestone  carrying  casts  of  Inoceramus  in  railroad  cut  nortn,9f)tofl(t. 

48.  iileadow.    Biutfs  capped  by  limestone.         ,,        ,  ,         m   /r»  „.,  »uhn,  »iwJ'il^  »ilir««H 

49.  Beaver.    Prominent  outcrops  of  Niohraro  "mestonealonR  Bluffs  on  either  Bld^f^  r#^roa<I. 


Florence.  Oil  Well*.    Brancii  to  Ci^f^on  City  coal  fields  to  south. 
J?e)io.    Laramie  beds  capping  dirt's  to  north. 


Ijrrtli    .or 
u<ih 


60.  -^  ,    , 

61.  Peno.    Laramie  beds  capping  dirts  to  north.  oii^  VtiSi'.Lltoi'F 

62.  Cniion  City.    Road  crosses  upturned  edges  of  Dakota  8an<|ftone   Jura  and^f^^tfcr 
flapped  by  later  horizontal  beds.    Effervescent  spring  in  Dakota  hog  back  n^m^fifo^^mf-mfi- 


Hot  Spring  on  south  Dear  oonUot  of  Aroheean. 


I'> 


><; 


'[■yii 


i'J 


806 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (COL.) 

Ilenver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

Denver  and  Rio 

Grande  Railway. 

Ms.       Denver  nnd  Silrerton  Line.— Om.       Alt. 

Ms.       Denver  and  Silverton  Line.— Con.       Alt. 

208 

Blanca.8* 

j  14.  Carboniferous 
t         Beds. 

894 

Carracas.9* 

j      18  C.    D'OX            6141 

t                Hills. 

213 

Placer. "  * 

20.  Quaternary.     «8  8« 

f  19.  Tertiary      S99i 

219 

Trinchera.'« 

f20.  Quaternary* o» a 
\  over  Archaean. 

402 

Arboles."" 

Sandstones 
(     and  Shales. 

226 

Garland. 

<<                   7914 

406 

Siding  No.  22.»« 

II 

(20.  Alluvial      »»»2 

409 

Vail  ego. 

"                   «»00 

288 

Baldy. 

deposits  in  the 

412 

Solidad. 

"                   835J 

(.     San  Luis  Valley. 

416 

Serape. 

«•                   «  2 1 0 

247  Hayes. 

(1 

417 

LaBoca.9» 

20.  Quaternary. 

260l  Alamosa. 

«                   7524 

r  13.  Tertiary      «4i5 

265  La  Jara. 

l<                   7S8  7 

424 

Ignacio. 

Sandstones 

279 

Artonito." 

f20.  Quatemary»»«6 
\     Gravels. 

430 

Silla. 

(     and  Shales. 

•I                   6850 

289 

Lava. 

«                   8  44  8 

483 

Colina. 

"                   8712 

298 

Big  Horn. 

/   Basaltic           ^o"" 
t         Tufa. 

436 
444 

Florida. 
Bocea. 

18  d.  Laramie,     ^'n 
Fox  HiUs. 

803 
809 

Sublette. 
Toltec." 

(   Andesitic         »"» 
1             Creceia. 

«                   0443 

447 

450 

Carbon.8° 
Durango." 

II 

f  18  b.  Colorado'*" 
\          Clays. 

817 
821 

Osier. 
Los  Pinos. 

«                   »61S 
11                   9615 

452 

Animas. »» 

f  18d.  Dakota    «53J 
\         Sandstones. 

829 
831 

Cumbres. 
Coxo. 

<«                    9998 
N                   9701 

467 

Home  Ranch. 

f  14  0.  Upper  Car- 
\         boniferous. 

834 

Cresco. 

M 

459 

Trimble.!  0  0 

II 

838iLobato. 

« 

461 

Hermosa.o* 

14  b.  Weber  Grits.««» 

843 
848 

Chama. 
Willow  Creek. 

U                 7S41 
«                 7720 

468 

Rockwood.»oi 

f  1.  Archaean  Red 
\         Granite. 

862 

Azotca. 

«i                  7701 

477 

Cascade. 

f  1.  Granite  Gneiss 
\     and  Schists.  "«• 

862Monero.8  9 

18  0.  Fox  Hills.     »"« 

865  Amargo.9  0 

«              ess  7 

481 

Needleton. 

II            >iii 

872Dulce.9» 

«                   6757 

489 

Elk  Park.10  2 

II                  8T61 

876 
885 

Navajo." 
Juanita.'* 

l<                   6  5  6  6 
II                    6819 

496 

Silverton. 

/20.  Quaternary'"' 
\         Valley. 

63.  Oorgt.  The  Archtcan  in  the  Royal  Gorge  conHists  of  gneiss  and  schists  with  intrugirt 
masHOS  of  red  granite  and  small  dikes  of  diabase. 

64.  Parkdala.    This  valley  was  one  of  the  ancient  bays  in  the  original  Archeean  land  mats. 

66.  Gneiss  and  amphibolite  traversed  by  red  granite. 

SB.    Texas  Cr»$k.    At  head  of  valley  to  north  are  horizontal  beds  of  eruptive  rocks  (andesite!), 

67.  CotopaxL    Eruptive  rock  on  high  hill  to  north.    Carboniferous  to  the  south  of  Vallio. 

68.  Houards,    High  peaks  of  the  Saagre  de  Christo  range  to  the  south. 

69.  Badfjer.  A  continuous  descending  series  of  upturned  Paleeozoic  beds,  somewhat  faulted, 
and  resting  on  Archaean  is  crossed  front  liere  to  Cleora. 

('      60.    Salida,    Tertiary  beds  on  west  side  of  valley.    Andesite  hills  east  of  town. 

61.  Iforthrop.  Ridges  .of  Rhyolite  just  above  station.  Rock  carries  Crystals  of  garnet  and 
topaz. 

62.  Buena  VUta.  Fine  view  of  the  high  peaks  of  the  Sawatah  Range.  Mt.  Harvard  (14,375  ft,) 
the'  northermost,  then  Mt.  Yale  (14,187);  to  south  of  west,  Mts.  Princeton  (14,196),  Mt.  Antero 
<M^i*i),  and  Mt.  Shavano  (14,239). 

**^-  -Mi  Ornnite.  On  the  weHt  side  of  the  valley  are  many  important  gold  placers.  Twin  Lakes, 
beautiflil  sheets  of  water  held  by  terminal  moraines,  at  the  north  of  Lake  Creek,  a  few  miles  west 
(^r  mllroad.  (Good  mountain  hotel,  trout  fishing,  etc.)  Remarkably  well  defined  moraines  on 
either  side  of  lakes. 

64.    Eileri — LeadvilU.    Road  rises  from  Arkansas  valley  over  mesa  of  Inke  beds  covered  by 
n^Ur^au^ed  moraine  material.    Above  Leadville  are  argentiferous  lead  deposits  in  Carboniferous 
limestone. 
K''  '  tXii  ■' iPoncha  Junction.    Line  of  Archroan  opposite  Spring  hotel. 

66.    Otto.    Some  Andesite  on  the  east  side. 

•  W.''  Woy'8.    Andesite  at  mile  post  237. 

68.    MarshalVt.    Hills  around  are  largely  Archroan. 
•t"'  "W"!  BhUman'B.    Eruptive  on  the  south  and  at  sign  of  station. 

70.  Bonita.  At  Bonita  are  Cretaceous  rocks  resting  on  Archooan— eroded.  At  273.5  to  274.5 u 
eroded  antiplinal  gives  a  wider  outcrop  to  the  Archwan. 

r,''  El'^tf^    Cretaceous  on  hills  to  north.    Probably  eruptives  to  south  capped  byCretBceoui 

72.    GhMfiiMfk    Eruptive  cliffs  (Andesite)  on  west  and  northwest. 


[COL.) 


le  Railway. 

line.— Con.       Alt. 

0.  Fox        «m 

Hills. 
Tertiary      *»»» 
Sandstones 
ad  Shales. 

II  6100 

II  63(S 

II  (210 

aatemary. 
Tertiary      «*i5 
Sandstones 
hud  Shales. 


•I 
II 


6«S0 
66«9 


Laramie. 

HiUa. 
II 

)b.  Colorado**" 
Clays. 

Id.  Dakota    «»" 
Sandstones. 

[  0.  Upper  Car- 
boniferous. 
II 

.Weber  Grits."" 

,  Archtean  Red 

Granite. 

Granite  Gneiss 

and  Schists.  '"» 
II  >ui 

II  87<1 

Quaternary"" 
Valley. 

hlBta  with  intrualTt 

^roheean  land  mats. 

ve  rocks  (andesitet), 
outh  of  Vallio. 

somewhat  faulted, 

WD  • 

ystals  of  garnet  and 


t 


Harvard  (14,375  ft,) 
(14,196),  Mt.  Antero 

acers.  Twin  Lakes, 
ek,  a  few  miles  wesi 
defined  moraines  on 

Ite  beds  covered  by 
its  in  Carboniferous 


At  273.6  to  274.6  W 
tapped  by  Cretaceoui 


COLORADO. 


307 


Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

I^g.  Manitou  Branch.  Alt. 


76  Colorado  Spr'gs. 

781 


81 


Colorado  City. 
Manitou.io» 


5970 
60»2 


18  d.  Laramie. 
18.  Colorado. 
fl4.  Carbonifer-«»o2 
\     oua  Limestones. 


Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

Ms.  Monarch  Branch. 


Alt 


Silver  Cliff  Branch. 


161 

163 
172 
177 

194 


Caiion  City. 

Caiion  Junct. 
Marsh.10  4 

Soda  Springs. 
WestCliflF."' 


fl8a.  &b.  Col-  8322 
■j  orado  Limestone  & 
(  Dakota  Sandstone. 
1.  Archaean. 


6326 


II  6  8  2  8 

20.  Quaternary  7842 
over  Archaean. 


San  Luis  Branch. 


217 
228 
231 

247 

255 


Salida. 
Mears  Junct. 
Poncha  Pass. 

Villa  Grove. 
Hot  Springs.*  o« 


20.  Quaternary.  »<>»• 
Andesite.  »*i^ 

1.  Archaean.  '945 

J  20.  Quaternary  T»«5 

of  San  Luis  Valley. 

14.  Carboniferous(?) 
Limestone. 


217 
221 

228 

1235 
238 


Salida. «« 
Poncha. 

Mayaville. 

Garfield.i" 
Monarch. 


20.  Quaternary.    »»»• 

«  T458 

19.  Tertiary       «»»• 

Lake  Beds. 

1.  Archaean 
II 


{ 


Eagle  River  Branch. 


{ 


Crested  Butte  Branch. 


217  Salida. 

290  Gunnison.'" 
801  Almont.io" 
812  Jack's  Cabin, 
818  Created  Butte.io" 


{ 


20.  Quaternary T02 8 
over  Archaean. 

II  7  8  5  8 

1.  Archaean. 

18  c.  Fox  Hills.     »2»* 

18  c.  Laramie.       *'*' 


Del  Norte  Branch.  109 


250 
268 
281 
297 
811 


Alamosa. 
Henry. 
Del  Norte. 
South  Park.  "0 

Wagon  Wheel 
Gap. 


20.  Quaternary 
«< 


f  Eruptive 
I  CliflFa. 


7524 

7858 
S1S6 

8427 


277LeadTJ;ie. 

273  Malta. 
279  Keildar. 

282  Crane's  Park."  2 

283  Tenneasee  Paaa. 
294  Eagle  Park."* 
300RedCliflF."* 


f  20.  Quaternary 
\         Lake  Beda. 
f  20.  Arkansas     »"• 
\  Valley  Quaternary. 

■I  9948 

f  I.Archaean      >oo»» 
1  Granito. 


("20.  Quaternary 9 20' 
\  Valley  Bottom. 
1 2  b.  Cambrian  »«♦» 
\         Quartzite. 


Blue  River  Branch. 


277 

282 
290 
294 
j296 

,302 

1309 
1313 


Leadville. 

Birds  Eye. 
Fremont  Pass."* 
Robinson. 
Kokomo. 

Wheelers. 

Frisco. 
Dillon. 


20.Quatemaryioi" 
Lake  Beds. 
14b.&Porphyry.ioi8r 
14  b.  Weber  Grita. 
14c.&Porphyry.»o«*9 
14c.  &Porphyry.io«o» 
20.  Quaternary'"' 
over  Archaean. 

I'  906i 

«•  8  8  5  3 


{ 


El  Moro  Branch. 


120 
170 
180 
190 
199 
I2O6 


Pueblo. 
Cuchara. 
Santa  Clara. 
Apishapa. 
Chicosa. 
El  Moro.i" 


18  b.  Colorado. 

M 

u 
«< 

M 

18  d.  Laramie. 


4669 
5921 

6137 

6095 
5857 


73.  CeboUa.  Large  deposits  of  magnetite  occur  in  the  valley  of  Cebollo  Creek.  Capping  of 
Cretaceou.s  .sandstone  and  andesite  to  north. 

74.  Sapinero.    Archtean  capped  by  Cretaceous  and  eruptive  rocks.  Cliffs  of  granite  and  gneiss. 

75.  Crystal  Creek.    Archaean  capped  by  Dakota  sandstone. 

76.  Cimarron.    At  contact  of  Archasan  fault  line. 

77.  Cerro  Summit.     ArchB'an  traversed  by  eruptive  dike  to  north. 

78.  Afontrote.  Stage  line  from  here  south  to  Ouray  (35  ms.),  which  is  beautifully  situated 
in  an  amphitheatre  at  the  head  of  the  Uncompaghre,  alm0.1t  entirely  surrounded  by  high  peaks 
of  the  San  Juan  Mountains.  Panoramic  view  or  these  mouutains  seen  from  higher  points  on  the 
railroad. 

79.  Coleroio— Acheron.  Road  follows  in  general  valley  bottom,  ridges  around  formed  of  Creta- 
ceous beds,  sometimes  capped  by  lava.s. 

80.  Roan.    Roan  or  Book  Cliffs  to  the  north. 

81.  Besiemer.    Steel  works  of  Colorado  Coal  and  Iron  Company. 

82.  Mule  Shoe.    Sp.anish  Peaks  to  south,  porphyry  breaking  through  Carboniferous  strata. 

83.  Veta  Pait.    Red  sandstone  shales. 

84.  Blanea.    Gray  sandstonxs. 

85.  Quaternary  rests  on  Carboniferous  strata.  Archoean  exposed  on  railroad  cut  below.  Mag- 
netite mines  five  miles  north  of  station. 

86.  Trinehera.    Blanea  Peak  to  the  south  Is  the  hichcst  peak  In  Colorado,  (14,404  ft.) 

87.  Mainly  the  debris  of  eruptive  rocks,  basalt  and  andesite. 

88.  Toltee.    Toltec  gorge  is  cut  through  Arclucun  rocks  which  underlie  the  eruptives. 

89.  Monero.    Coal  mines  in  sandstones. 

90.  Amargo,  Stage  to  Pagosa  Springs  (Hot  Sulphur),  beautiful  natural  pools  in  a  bend  of  the 
Ban  Juan  river,  formerly  held  in  high  repute  among  the  Indians  for  their  curative  powers. 

91.  Dulee.  Narrow  vertical  dikes  of  basalt,  crossing  sandstone  strata  and  standing  oat  lik« 
•tone  walls  on  the  8urf,«ce. 


i 


ii 


^,i 


!:^HifM- 


P-i 


iiii 


111  11 


,;K 


808 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (COL.) 


644 
661 


20.  Quaternary.    »8»» 

48SS 


Burlington  and  Missouri  River 
Ma.  Railroad.  Alt. 

400 
439 
452 
463 
472 
487 
604 
621 


Eokley. 
Akron. 
Pinneo. 
Brush.  1" 
Fort  Morgan. 
Corona. 
Roggen. 
Hudson. 

Derby. 

Denver. 


1 


« 

(( 
It 
II 
« 
<i 


43SS 
4800 
4S47 


4098 

20.  Quatemarysiss 
over  Denver 
Tertiary 


8175 


Denver,  Utali  and  Paolfio  Railroad.  1 1 8 

Narrow  Gauge. 


1 
17 
21 
23 
84 
45 


Denver. 

Argo. 

Baker. 

Erie. 

Mitchell. 

Longmont.  *  i  • 

Lyons.iao 


{ 


20.  Quaternary  over 
Denver  Tertiary. 


i( 

i< 


18  d.  Laramie. 


18  b.  Colorado. 
16.  Trias. 


Denver,  Texas  and  Oulf  Railroad. 

Ms.       Formerly  Denver  <fe  New  Orleans.      Alt. 


A 

23 
30 
39 
47 
62 
58 
64 
72 
78 
81 


_90 

87 
94 
99 
105 
112 
118 
112 


Denver. 

Melvin. 

Parkers. 

Bellevue. 

Elizabeth. 

Cameron. 

Elbert. 

Sidney. 

Easton. 

Granger. 

Bierstadt. 

Manitou  June. 


Colorado  Sp'ga. 


France  ville  Juc. 

Fountain. 

Little  Buttes. 

Wigwam. 

Pinon. 

Cactus. 

Pueblo. 


20.  Quaternary 
over  Denver 
Tertiary. 
19.  Monument 
Creek  Tertiary. 


II 
II 
<i 
(I 
II 
<i 
II 
<i 
II 


sjoa 

5970 


18  d. 

18  d.  Laramie. 

As  on  D.  &  R.  G.  ssoa 

"  534J 

II  82H 

««  501J 

<<  4859 

«  46et 


92. 
93. 
94. 
95. 
96. 
97. 
98. 


Quarry  of  building  stone  used  in  new  capitol  at  Denver. 
Junction  of  San  Juan  River. 


JVaviyo. 

Juantta. 

Carraeai.    Cretaceous  roclis  dip  down  to  west  and  are  succeeded  horizontal. 

ArboUs.    Tertiary  beds. 

Siding  Ko.  22.    Junction  of  Piedra  River. 

La  Boea.    Valley  of  Los  Pinos  River. 

Durango.    Coal  mines  and  smelting  works.  Colorado  Cretaceous  clays,  capped  by  Fox 
Hill  sandstones. 

99.    From  Animas  to  Hermosa  the  cliffs  on  either  side  of  the  valley  show  an  excellent  section 
from  the  Cretaceous  down  to  the  Middle  Carboniferous. 

100.  7)rimble.    Thermal  bath  establishment. 

101.  Roekwood.  In  the  gor^e  of  the  Animas  river  is  some  of  the  boldest  Alpine  scenery  in  tho 
Rocky  Mountains.    Especially  hne  are  the  Needle  peaks  to  tho  east. 

102.  Elk  Park.  At  entrance  to  gorge  below  are  Cambrian  quartzites  and  Silurian  limestones 
rc<<ting  on  Archtean.  Mountains  arouud  capped  by  great  thickness  of  andesitic  Breccia,  often 
highly  altered  and  mineralyzed. 

103.  Manitou,  Good  section  of  Carboniferous  and  Silurian  limestones  and  Cambrian  qnartzites 
resting  on  Arcmean  seer,  in  Williams  Cafion.  Cave  is  in  Siluriiin  limestone.  lTt«  Falls  aru  in  the 
Archfcan  just  below  the  Palreozoic  beds.  In  Glen  Eyrie  tho  red  sandstone  (Trias),  by  fmilting 
or  nonconformity,  comes  in  contact  with  the  Cambrian  quartzite  which  rests  directly  on  tiie 
Archrean.    Garden  of  the  Gods— Trias. 

104.  Mnrsh.    Somo  dark  eruptive  dikes  seen  traversing  tho  Arehiean  schists. 

105.  Flat  hills  of  Rhyolito  at  Silver  Clitl'. 

106.  Brown  hematite  mines  of  tho  Colorado  Coal  and  Icon  Co. 

107.  Almont.    A rehtean  capped  by  Sandstones  of  Jura  and  I)akota  Cretaceous. 

108.  Crested  Butte.  Mines  of  bituminous  coal  in  hills  southwest  of  town.  Anthracite  on 
either  side  State  Crei>k  v  .|loy. 

109.  Road  follows  aliiivial  deposits  of  Rio  Grande  river, 
no.     Wapon  Wheel  Oap.    Andesitic  breccia. 

111.  OarHeld.    Arehiean  on  west.  Carboniferous  and  Silurian  on  east 

112.  Crane's  Park.    Cambrian  quartzite  resting  on  Archrean. 

11.3.    Eagle  Park.    Valley  rut  partly  in  Areliisan,  partly  in  overlyinp,  Palwozoic  rocks. 

114.  Rea  Cliff.  Archtean  cut  Just  below  town.  On  either  sido  clitts  of  Cambrian,  Silurian  and 
Carboniferous  bed."). 

115.  Fremont  Pass.    Archiran  forms  mountains  east  of  Mosquito  fault. 

116.  El  Mora.    Coal  mines  and  coke  ovens. 

117.  Plains  country  underlain  by  Cretaceous  beds,  either  Laramie  or  Fox  Hills. 

118.  Distances  ami  stations  on  this  line  given  approximately. 

119.  Longmont.    Red  sandstone  quarries.    Flagging  and  building  stone. 

120.  LMons.    Stage  starts  from  here  for  Estes  Park,  twenty-two  milos. 

121.  Sierra  La  SaU    High  isolated  peak  to  south. 


WYOMING,  UTAH,  NEVADA  AND  IDAHO. 


809 


Railroad. 

Orleans. 

Alt. 

Quateruarj 
rer  Denver 

r 

Tertiary. 
Monument 

eek  Tertiary. 
II 

<i 

II 

<i 

<i 

14 

<l 

II 

«< 

II 

8301 

59J0 

Laramie. 

D.  &  R.  0. 

6503 

II 

53le 

(I 

8211 

i< 

5018 

II 

4859 

II 

4669 

n  excellent  section 


pine  scenery  in  the 

iliirian  limestones 
itic  Ureecift,  often 

'nmhrian  qnnrtz.ites 
it«  Fnlls  me  in  the 
/rriaw),  I'v  Irtulting 
,ts  directly  ou  tiie 


Anthracite  on 


ic  rocks. 

ibrian,  Silurian  and 


Wyoming,  Utah,  Nevada  and  Idaho.* 


LIST  OF  CEOLOCICAL  FORMATIONS  IN  THESE  TERRITORIES, 

In  the  region  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  Central  Pacific  Eailroadt. 


Geneual  Tablx. 


Wyoming. 


Utah. 


20,  QuATEENARY.      20.  Quaternary. 


20.  up.  Quatern'y. 
!20.  Lower  Quat'y. 


Nevada. 


20.  Up.  Quatern'y. 


19  c.  Pliocene. 
19  b,  Miocene. 

41 

19  a.  Eocene. 
«' 

It 

19  c.  Niobrara. 

19  b.  White  River. 
19  a.  Bridger. 
19  a.  Creen  River. 
19  a.  Vermill'n  Cl(. 

19  c.  Humboldt. 

19  a.  Bridger. 

19  a.  Creen  River. 

19  a.Vermill'nCk. 

19  c.  Humboldt. 
19  b.  Truckte. 

19  a.  Green  River. 

18.  Cretaceous.  ' 
II 
(1 
i( 

18  d.  Laramie. 
I8c.  Fox  Hill. 
18  b.  Colorado. 
18  a.  Daicota. 

18  d.  Laramie. 
IB  •.Fox  Hill. 
18  b.  Colorado. 
18  a.  Dakota. 

No  Cre- 
taceous 

in 
Nevada. 

17.  Jurassic. 

17.  Jurassic. 

17.  Jurassic. 

17.  Jurassic. 

16.  Triassic. 
11 

16.  Red  Beds. 

16.  Red  Beds. 

16.  Star  Peak. 
16.  Koipato. 

14.  Carboniferous. 
<i 

<i 

II 

14  Coal  Measures. 

14-15.  Perm.  Carb. 

14  c.  Up.  CI.  Mres.    14  c.  Up.  CI.  Mres. 
14  b.  Weber  Quart.   14  b.  Weber  Quart. 
14  a.  Low.  CI.  Mres.  14  a.  Low.  CI.  Mres. 

13.  Sub-Carbonif's. 
It 

13.  Sub-Carbonif's.   13.  Sub-Carbonif's. 

Diamona  Pk.  Quart. 

9-11.  Devonian. 
11 

9-11  Nevada  1.  s. 
Ogden  Quartzite. 

9-11.  White  Pine  Sh'ie. 
Nevada  Limestone. 

5-7.  Sjlurian. 
II 
II 

5-7.  Ute  Limestone. 

5-7  Lone  Mt.  1.  s. 
Eureka  Quartzite. 
Pogonip  Limestone. 

2<4.  Cambrian. 
II 

11 

II 

II 

2-4.  Cambrian. 

2  4.  Hamburg  Shale. 
Hamb'rg  Limestone. 
Secret  Canon  Sh'le. 
Prospect  Mt.  1.  s. 
"           ••    Quart. 

1.  ABGHiEAN. 

1  b.  Huronian. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 

1  b.  Huronian. 
;i  a.  Laurentian. 

1.  Archaean. 

*The  Table  of  Formations  and  the  main  line  of  the  Union  and  Central  Paciflo  Railroads,  the 
Utah  and  Northern  Division,  the  Eureka  and  Palisade,  and  Virginia  and  Truckee  Raiiroails  are  by 
Mr.  Arnold  Hague,  Geologist,  United  States  Geological  Survey.  Mr.  G.  K.  Gilbert,  U.  S^  Geologist, 
furnishes  the  lines  in  Utah  and  Mr.  John  B.  Hastings,  M.  E.,  of  Ketchum,  Idaho,  and  Prof.  Q.  E. 
Bailey  of  Rapid  City,  8.  Df^ot*.,  have  noted  the  lines  given  under  their  authority. 


mm 


f 


!..«I 


I  i.ili 


!i 


(' 


I  /  : 


:    'ih 


810 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE,     (WY.,  UTAH,  ETC.) 

Wyoming. 

Utah. 

Ms.            Union  Pacifla  Railroad.            Alt. 

Union  Paolflo  Railroad. 

463 

Bushnell,  Neb. 
Pine  BluflFs,  Wy. 

19  c.  Niobrara,Pl'c'ne. 

«                6047 

Ma.                            Continued.                           Alt, 

473 

96^ 

'|Evanston,»» 

19  a.  Ver'n  Ck.     sres 

484 

Egbert. 

II 

968lWasatch.J*         1 

"                 6  8  33 

496 

Hillsdale. 

<l 

97< 

Castle  Rock. 

«                 6249 

508 

Archer. 

II 

99? 

t  Echo. 

"                 .14  8  0 

616 

Cheyenne.  1 

II                 6  0  S  9 

100£ 

>  Weber.  i» 

14  b.  Lr.  C'l  Ms.  »o»o 

623 

Hazard. 

II 

1021 

Devil's  Gate." 

1.  Archaean. 

631 

Otto. 

(1 

102f 

1  Uinta.  IT 

20.  Quaternary.    *»i9 

636 

Granite  Caflon.* 

1  a.  Lauren'n.       ^'i* 

1035 

iOgden.'o 

"                 4308 

642 
649 

Buford. 

Sherman.* 

Harney. 

«                7  78  5 

<«                 S  2  S  6 
« 

Central  Paciflo  Railroad. 

659 

0 

Ogden.»o 
Bonneville. 

20,  Quaternary,    iioj 

<<                4310 

684 

Red   Butte8.7«o9 

17  Jurassic  &  Trias. 

10 

670 

Fort  Sanders. 

18  a.  Dak.,  Cretace's. 

24 

Corinne. 

«                 4232 

673 

Laramie  City. 

11                 715  8 

43 

Blue  Creek. 

14  a.  Lr.  C'l  Ms.  <3'» 

681 

Howell. 

II                7090 

53 

Promontory. 

«                4905 

689 

Wyoming.     »<»«« 

18  b.  Colo.,  Cretac's. 

78 

Monument  Pt, 

20.  Quaternary.    *2J? 

<•                  4223 

699 

Cooper's  Lake. 

II                 70  7  8 

94 

Keltou, 

608 

Lookout. 

I*               7I7T 

113 

Matlin.i' 

Basalt.                  ■«5" 

616 

Miser. 

II 

124 

Terrace. 

20.  Quaternary.    *»" 

625 

Rook  Creek. 

« 

!134 

Bovine. 

««                4347 

640 

Aurora.* 

17  Jurassic. 

147i 

Lucin. 

«                4491 

648 
667 

Medicine  Bow. 
Carbon.*       «»*<> 

18  b.  Colo.,  Cret.  '»" 
18  d.  Laramie,  Cret. 

M.rzi  1 

Nevada. 

668 

Percy.' 
Edson. 

U                 «S71 

11 

m^  \*  W  ^^\A9k9 

682 

690 

Walcott's.     •»«<> 
Fort  Steele. 

18  c.  Fox  Hill,  Cret. 

Central  Paolflo  Railroad.— ConMnueti. 

696 

1«7 

Montello. 

20.  Quaternary,    '"o 

711 

Rawlins.'     •»»» 

14  b.  Coal  Measures. 

183 

Toano. 

lOo.Humb't.        59" 

724 

Separation. 

18  d.  Laramie,  Cret. 

193 

Pequo. 

><                S1I4 

789 

Creston. 

«                 7048 

195 

Otego, 

19  a.  Green  R.  E'cene. 

764 

Wash-a-kie. 

19  a.  Ver'n  Ck. 

1205 

Independence. 

20.  Quaternary,    s""' 

764 

Red  Desert. 

<i                6  7  2  2 

1210 

Moors. 

14  c.  Upper  C'l  M.S. 

779 

Table  Rock. 

II                7  S  5 1 

1220 

Wells.»» 

20.  Quaternary,    ss^i 

787 

Bitter  Creek. 

«                6  7  0  5 

1227 

Tiilasco. 

l<                S41I 

791 

Black  Buttes. 

18  d.  Laramie,  Cret. 

252 

Halleck. 

II               1230 

801 

HallTille. 

«                  6590 

257 

Peko. 

II                S204 

807 

Pt.  of  Rocks.' 

«                6SI7 

266 

Osino.»o 

II                5100 

818 

Salt  Wells. 

20.  Quaternary,    "si 

1276 

Elko." 

II               SOU 

826 

Baxter.'        ""o 

18  d.  Laramie,  Cret. 

1287 

Moleen.»» 

II               491] 

832 

Rock  Springs.! ° 

«                  6  2  70 

299 

Carlin. 

II           4sjr 

8'17 

Green  River.^ 

19  a.  Green  R.      'oss 

308 

Palisade.*' 

Rhyolite.             *•" 

860 

Bryan.           «i»« 

19  a.  Bridger,  Eocene. 

326 

Bc-o-wa-we. 

20.  Quaternary.    <«'« 

878 

Granger. 

<l                 6  2  8  9 

336 

Shoshone. 

«                4«3t 

888 

Ch'rch  Buttes.  13 

II                6  8  6  8 

347 

Argenta. 

II               45U 

905 

Carter. 

II 

360 

Battle  Mount'n. 

II 

916 

Bridger.        «"' 

19  a.  Ver'n  Ck.  E'ne. 

379 

Stone  House. 

*♦"          "  [ofstat'n. 

930 

Piedmont.      7"»2 

19  a.  Green  Riv.  E'ne. 

394 

Iron  Point.   *»»» 

16.  Trias.,  to  the  wes'd 

939 

Aspen.           »*<" 

18  c.  Fox  Hill,  Cret. 

403 

Golconda. 

Rhyolite.              "" 

1.  At  Chalk  Bluffs,  16  miles  southeast  from  Cheyenne,  the  Niohrara  Pliocene  and  White  River 
Miocene  are  both  exposed,  the  latter  resting  unconformably  upon  the  beds  of  the  Laramie 
Cretaceous. 

2.  Both  to  the  north  and  south  of  Granite  Caflon  the  Paleeozoic  beds  may  be  seen  resting 
against  the  Archeean  rocks.  ,  , 

3.  Sherman,  the  highest  station  along  the  line  of  the  Union  Paciflo  Railroad,  lies  8,266  feet 
above  sealevel,  and  is  on  the  summit  of  the  Colorado  range. 

4.  The  railroad  passes  through  the  axis  of  an  anticliaal  fold,  exposing  an  excellent  section  oi 
Jurassic  strata. 


CAH,  ETC.) 


iroad. 

Alt. 


iTer'n  Ck. 

67e8 

i< 

6833 

i< 

62«9 

II 

5480 

Lr.  C'l  Ms. 

6090 

hoean. 

laternary. 
II 

4Slt 
4303 

atilroad. 

Liaternary. 
II 

430] 
4310 

II 

4231 

Lr.  C'l  Ms 

.  4379 

II 

4905 

uatemary. 
it 

4217 
4223 

It. 

4697 

tuaternary. 
ii 

4344 
4347 

i< 

4498 

1. 


ttkd'— Continued. 

Juaternary.    "lo 
Humb't.        5"' 

ti  S1I4 

Green  R.  E'cene. 
uatemary.  «<"" 
Upper  C'l  Ms. 


Quaternary. 
II 

3629 
S4U 

11 

"5230 

II 

520< 

II 

3100 

II 

SOtl 

II 

4911 

II 

4897 

'olite. 

Quateruary. 
II 

4811 

4613 
4616 

II 

4SU 

II 

"  [ofstat'n. 
Trias.,  to  the  wes'd 
rolite.  "" 


ene  and  White  Rlw 
Bds  of   the  Laramie 

nay  be  seen  resting 

airoad,  lies  8,266  fee* 

excellent  eectloDot 


WYOMING,  UTAH,  NEVADA  AND  IDAHO. 


811 


Ms. 

ill 

419 
430 
440 
448 
459 
471 
481 
483 
493 
502 
509 
621 
528 
635 
646 
655 
6G9 
681 
680 
600 
616 


Central  Paolflo  Railroad. 

Continued. 


Alt. 


Tuie. 

Winnemucca. 

Rose  Creek. 

Raspberry. 

Mill  City.»* 

Humboldt." 

Rye  Patch. 

Oreana.         *^** 

Humbolt  Bridge. 

Lovelocks. 

Granite  Point. 

Brown's.  2  "J    »»=*» 

White  Plains. 

Mirage. 

Hot  Springs.  2' 

Desert. 

Wadaworth.a* 

Clark's.         *»«» 

Vista. 

Reno. 

Verdi. 

Boca,  Cal. 

(Continued  in 


19  0.  Humb't,  Pliocene. 

II  4882 

«<  48  2  2 

II  43  2  7 

4aa«  •«  [side. 

16.  Triassic,  on  the  east 

II  42  5  7 

19  0.  Humb't,  Pliocene. 

4( 

«  8  »  7  7 

20.  Quatern'y.  [stat'n. 
Rhyolite  west  of  the 

II  8  8  94 

19  b.  Truokee,  Mi'c'ne. 
Basalt  on  E.  Bide.*'>7  2 
Basalt  on  west  side. 
20.  Quaternary.    *<>»» 
Rhyolite,  Andesite. 
20.  Quaternary.  4*oo 


II 

M 
M 


4497 
4895 
B581 


California.) 


Utah. 


Union  Paoiflo  Railroad.— Continued. 

Mb.          Utah  and  Northern  Division.  31         Alt. 

0 

9 

14 

Ogden.4» 
Hot  Springs. 
Willard. 

20.  Quaternary.     *»<>• 

II                4277 
<l                4840 

22 
82 
84 
41 

Brigham. 
Honeyville. 
Dewy. 
CoUinston. 

<l               4  8  1  s 

M  427« 
l<  4820 
II                4091 

61 

Mendon.       **»<> 

19  c.  Humb't  Pliocene. 

58 
63 
65 

Logan. 
Hyde  Park. 
Smithfield. 

II  4490 
11                4585 

71 

Richmond. 

«                4527 

78 

Franklin. 

II               4805 

Idaho. 

Union  Pacific  Railroad.— Continued. 

Utah  and  Northern  Division. 81 

90 

101 
115 
125 


Battle  Creek. 

Oxford. 
Calvin. 
Arimo. 


20.    Quaternary    and 
19.  Pliocene.     **»» 

4T«t 
4654 


6.    Carbon  offers  an  excellent  opportunity  for  studying  the  Cretaceous  coals  of  Wyoming. 

6.  To  the  south  of  Percy  Station,  Elk  Mountain,  which  rises  conspicuously  above  the  plain, 
consists  of  Archcean  crystalline  schists,  with  Paleeozoio  and  Mesozoic  strata  upon  the  slopes, 

7.  Rawling'a  Peak  consists  of  an  ArchiBan  mass,  surrounded  by  Paloeozoic  and  Mesosoic  beds. 
In  the  coal  measures  is  an  Interesting  body  of  iron  ore. 

8.  Northeast  from  Point  of  Bocks  is  a  remarkr.blo  outburst  of  leucite  rocks. 

9.  There  is  exposed  here  an  interesting  section  of  Laramie  coal  rocks. 
10.    Near  Rock  Springs  the  coal  formations  are  well  shown. 

U.  Along  the  blutfs  of  Green  River  are  seen  the  best  exposures  of  the  Green  River  Eocene. 
These  beds  are  celebrated  for  the  fine  specimens  of  fossil  fishes  preserved  in  the  shales. 

12.  On  the  south  of  the  railroad,  between  Church  Buttes  and  Carter,  may  be  seen  distant  but 
good  views  of  the  Uinta  Range. 

13.  About  three  miles  north  of  Evanston  are  situated  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Wyoming  coal 
Company's  mines,  where  there  is  a  good  section  of  the  Laramie  bods.  These  mines  have  supplied 
immense  quantities  of  coal  used  by  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  roads. 

14.  From  Wahsatch  to  Echo  the  railroad  pa.'ses  through  Echo  Caflon,  where  are  exposed  both 
ttiR  Vermillion  Creek  and  Laramie  formations,  the  former  lying  unoonformaV)ly  upon  the  latter. 

15.  Pa.saing  throujgh  Weber  Caflon,  from  Lost  Creek  to  wober  Station,  there  is  exposed  a  series 
ofbedsfrom  the  top  of  the  Jurassic,  through  the  Triassic,  Upper  Coal  measures,  Weoer  Quartzite 
to  the  base  of  the  Lower  Coal  measures. 

16.  At  the  Devil's  Gate  the  Archroan  rocks  of  the  Wahsatch  Range  are  characteristically  shown. 

17.  The  terraces  of  Lake  Bonneville,  which  Ktand  over  950  teH  nbove  the  present  level  of  Salt 
Lake,  may  be  seen  from  Uinta  station.    They  may  be  easily  traced  all  the  way  from  Ogden  to  Luc  in. 

18.  On  the  north  side  of  the  railroad  at  Matlin  the  old  lake  torraces  are  distinctly  cut  in  basalt. 

19.  From  Wells  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  East  Humboldt  range.  Mount  Bonpiaud  attains  an 
elevation  of  11,321  feet  above  sea-level. 

120.  Just  eastof  Osino  the  rai'.oad  passes  through  Osino  Caflon,  exposing  a  good  section  in  the 
Weber  Quartzite. 

21.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Elko  may  be  seen  the  Green  River  Eocene,  Humboldt  Pliocene, 
characteristic  outbursts  of  rhyolite  and  "Chicken  Soup"  hot  springs. 

22.  In  Moleen  Caflon  the  Carboniferous  formations  arc  well  shown.  The  limestones  of  Moleen 
Peak,  Just  south  of  the  railroad,  carry  large  numbers  of  coal  measure  fossils. 

23.  Pali.sade  Caflon  cuts  through  rhyolites.    Andesitea  are  also  exposed. 

24.  Mill  City  is  the  most  convenient  place  to  leave  the  railroad  in  order  to  study  the  character* 
islic  Triassic  formations  of  the  West  Humboldt  Range. 

25.  From  Humboldt  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  West  Humboldt  Range.  In  the  neighborhood 
are  some  interesting  outbursts  of  basalt  and  a  deposit  of  sulphur. 

26.  In  the  Moniezuma  Range,  west  of  Brown's  station,  the  volcanic  rocks  are  well  shown.  It  is 
an  interesting  place  to  study  rhyolites  and  basalts. 

27.  The  Hot  Springs,  a  short  distance  east  of  the  station,  reach  the  surface  near  the  base  of 
basaltic  hills. 

28.  TheTruokeeCafion,Justea8tofWad8worth,  offers  remarknVie  outbursts  of  a  great  variety 
of  volcanic  rocks.  There  may  be  seen  here  basalts,  rhyolites  and  andesites.  Tourists  leave  the 
railroad  here  for  Pyramid  Lake. 

29.  Propylite  Is  the  characteristic  volcanic  rock,  which  carries  the  Comstock  Lode.       A.  H. 

30.  The  last  rail  completing  the  Pacific  railroads,  from  Omaha  to  San  Francisco,  was  laid  May 
10^18681 


m 


812    AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (WY.,  UTAH,  ETC.) 


(,r. 


i'iii 


mm 


Idaho. 

Idaho. 

Union  Paoiflo  Railroad.— Cbnfinu«d. 

Union  Paciflo  Railroad.— Cbn(tflu«d. 

K».         Utahand  Northern  Division.  31          Alt. 

Ma.                  Oregon  Short  Line,  s  2 

Alt. 

182 

McCammon. 

4756 

968 

Border. 

16-17  Jura.  Trias.* " « a 

142 

Inkone. 

974 

Nupher. 

20.over     '« 

6041 

148 

Port  Neuf. 

Camb.'ian  in  hills. 

984 

Dingle. 

ii           li 

166 

Pocatello. 

Quat'y  on  basalt.  **8  8 

991 

Montpelier. 

n 

5948 

166 

Ross  Fork. 

<(                   44C2 

997 

Piscadero. 

20.over  Salt  L.Ter.'' 0  28 

179 

Black  foot. 

«                   4S0S 

1002 

Oasis. 

Salt  Lake  Ter. 

538( 

191 

Basalt. 

Basalt.        *»^'-' 

1005|Nov9ne. 

« 

206 

Eaglo  Rock. 

«                  4714 

1020  Stock  Yards. 

Basalt. 

216 

Payne. 

1021  Soda  Springs. 

Basalt. 

5782 

222 

Market  Lake. 

«                 4  78  1 

1026  Crater. 

Basalt. 

5736 

286 

Hawgood. 

1038 [Squaw  Creek. 

Basalt.  Cl.inhills.s^ 27 

248 

Camas.          *8»2 

B's'ltcov.  19c.Pro'ne. 

1053 'Lava, 

Cambrian  Hills. 

Dry  Creek. 

lOGO  Topax. 
1067i  McCammon. 

Quat.,  Basalt. 

■1934 

High  Bridge. 

Quaternary. 

•1765 

China  Point. 

1072;Onyx. 
1078Inkom. 

t( 

4048 

272 

Beaver  Canon. 

It                    e038 

Quat.  Camb.  in  ] 

lilis. 

Pleasant  Valley. 

Drift  and  Basalt. 

lOOOPocatello. 

Quat.  on  Basalt. 

4488 

Monida. 

6809 

10'J9;Michaud. 

4478 

Williams. 

11 09:  Sunshine. 
1116  American  Falls. 
1124Napata. 

( Late  Ter.    or 
\     Basalt.  3  3 

Montana. 

Qimt. 

4343 

Union  Pacific  Railroad— Continued. 

4467 

Utah  and  Northern  L». vision, 3  i 

1132  Wapi. 

>         « 

1148  Minidoka. 
1166  0niona. 

J  ')  a  <t 

800 

Spring  Hill. 

Dell. 

Red  Rock.     »8  0« 

Grayling. 

Barratts. 

Dillon.           »»08 

Melrose. 

Lowell. 

Feely. 

Silver  Bow. 

BuUe  City. 

Stuart. 

Deer  Lodge. 

Garrison,      ♦s*" 

6267 

4^87 

823 

848 
878 
882 
894 
410 
417 
421 
443 
464 

Carbcnifer'a  in  Mts. 
Pal'z'c  and  ign's  rocks, 
[and  Arch,  in  hilla. 
19  c.  Pl'c'ne,  Palz.  1.  s. 

5191 
SS44 

Granite.                 8*«* 

4829 

Northern  Pacific  R.  R. 

1165  Kimania. 
1179()winza. 
1188  Waucanza. 
1197  Shoshone.'* 
1213|Toponi8. 
12261  Bliss. 
1232Tice8ka. 
1241  King  HiU. 
1249  Glenn's  Ferry. 
1261  Medbury. 
1269  Reverse. 
1279  Mt.  Home.8s 
1290  Cleft. 
1298  Namcko. 
1306  Bisuka. 

14 
U 
<l 
M 
U 
M 
II 
II 
U 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 

427» 
4211 

4075 
8975 
3591 

3089 
254} 
2588 
2557 

3147 

Wyoming. 

31]» 

Union  Paciflo  Railroad.— Omttnucci. 

1312  Owyhee. 

II 

Oregon  Short  Line. 3  a 

1324;Kuna. 
1334  Nam  pa. »» 

II 
II 

2881 

876 

Granger.       b^si 

19a.Bridg'r(Eocene.) 

2488 

891 

Nutria. 

t(                     6516 

1343!CaldwelL 

II 

2374 

900 

Waterfall. 

Qu.  over  Wasatch.8 '  »8 

1358 

Parma. 

II 

918 

Ham's  Fork. 

«(                     6  tf  S  5 

1376 

Ontario. 

II 

920 

Twin  Creek. 

i( 

13781  Payette. 

It 

926 

Fossil. 

«<                    6665 

1387jCry8tal  Springs. 

II 

932 

Nugget. 

Jura.  Trias. 

1391 

Weiser. 

II 

2111 

Sage. 

Qu.overl8d.Lar,8»8  2 

1407 

Old's  Ferry. 

<l 

947 

Beokwith. 

«                    6  2  0  7 

Oregon  Line. 

969 

Cokeville.     «aoi 

Qu.  over  Jura.  Trias. 

31.  The  geology  of  most  of  the  stations  on  the  Utah  and  Nortliern  Division  is  given  by 
Mr.  Hague,  but  tlie  editor  iias  not  been  able  to  obtain  complete  assignments  of  formations.  The 
geology  of  some  parts  of  the  great  West  iias  been  necessarily  done  in  something  of  a  reconnoissance 
way,  and  often  before  the  railroads  irere  located,  so  that  accurate  statements  are  impossible.  The 
sltitudes  have  been  kindly  furnished  by  Mr.  Henry  Qaoaiett,  Chief  Geographer,  U.  S.  Geologiotl 
Borrey. 


H,  ETC.) 


WYOMING,  UTAH,  NEVADA  AND  IDAHO. 


818 


—Continutd. 

3.82 

Alt. 

6083 

Fura.  Triaa. 

•     «< 

(5041 

>{ 

u 

S948 

?  Salt  L.Ter 

5028 

ike  Ter. 

&38( 

« 

5782 

8738 

.  Cl.in  hills 

,5427 

rian  Hills. 

Basalt. 

•19J4 

iternary. 

4765 

it 

4049 

Camb.  in  hilis. 

on  Basalt. 

4468 

4478 

e  Ter.    or 

Quat. 

3a3alt.3  3 

4343 

t> 

4487 

14 

i« 

4287 

«( 

it 

4279 

•1 

4211 

<( 

4073 

tl 

3975 

« 

3531 

li 

(1 

309» 

i> 

2543 

II 

2588 

II 

2557 

<l 

li 

3147 

<i 

II 

II 

313> 

11 

l< 

2888 

It 

348» 

li 

2374 

II 

It 

ti 

It 

II 

2121 

<t 

vision  is 

given  by 

)f  formations,    me 

of  a  reconnoisBanc* 

e  impossible.  TM 
er,  U.  8.  Geologloii 

Union  Faolflo  Railroad— Cunfinufd. 

Oregon  Short  Lino. — Continued, 


Ms. 

(Wood  River  Branch.)                Alt. 

U 

Shoshone. 

Ciuat.  Basalt.         »»" 

14 

Pina. 

II 

80 

Tikura." 

tl                   4  0  81 

37 

Picabo. 

it                    48  3  9 

52 

Belle vue.»»  "i^* 

Quat.  Stratified  Df  t. 

67 

Ilailey." 

It                    5344 

69|Ketchum.»» 

II                    58  25 

Wyoming. 


Cheyenne  and  Northern  District,  s  » 


"Oi  Cheyenne. 
4;Ft.  Russell, 
is'silver  Crown. 
njStone  Spur. 
26!l8lay. 
33;  Horse  Creek. 
39  Alius. 
46  Iron  Mt. 
51  Shultz  Spur. 
60|Kcncy. 
71  Chug  Water. 
84  Bordeaux. 
96  Wheatland. 
103,Wendover. 


19  b. 


Miocene. 
(i 


Granite  to  14  c. 
14  0.  Upp.  C'l.  Mcas. 

"  &  15  Permian, 
10  Trias.,  17.  Juras. 
19  c.  Plioc,  20.  Quat. 
14  a.  Upp.  C'l.  Meas, 
19  b.  Pliocene. 


it 
11 
tt 


Fremont,  Elkhornnnd  Missouri  Val..3  9— Elkhorn 
Valley  Line.— Continued /row*  Nebraska. 


307  Viilentine,  Neb. 
318  Crookston. 
329  Georgia. 
845  Cody. 
858  Eli. 

870  Merriman. 
883  Irwin. 
397  Gordon. 
412  Ilushville. 
424  Hay  Springs. 
433  Bordeaux. 
444  Chadron. 
449  Dakota  Jc. 
459  Whitney. 
I  470  Crawford. 
489  Andrews. 
i  498  Harrison,  Neb. 


19  b.  Miocene. 


•c 

a  « 

3.3 

ah 


If 
II 
n 
It 
tl 
u 
II 
tt 
tt 
tl 
It 
It 
It 


2670 


Wyoming. 


Fremont,  Elkhorn  and  Missouri  Val.S9_Elkhora 
Ms.  Valley  Line.— Con<fnu«i /row*  Nebraska.   Alt. 


509 1  Van  TasseU. 
520  Node  Ranch. 
529Lusk. 
538JManvine. 
545iKeoline. 
554;  Lost  Spring. 
56GJ  Fisher. 
57GiIrvine. 
584  Douglass. 
597  Fettcrman. 
G04  Wolcott. 
GOG  Glen  Rock. 
G30  Casper. 


14c.U.C'l.tol8a.  4"' 
It 

18b.  Cret.         soot 
tl 

18  a.  and  18  c.  Cret. 
18  c.  Cret. 
18  d.  Cret.         *T88 
18  b.  Cret. 

It  4S10 

18  c.  Cret. 

18  d.  Cret. 
It 

Granite.  18  c.        "" 


Utah. 


Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad,  lo 

Continued  from  Colorado. 


8S47 


3360 
324S 


"  420.Q'ty. 

it 


463iAcheron. 

47  9 1  Cotton  Wood. 

490[  Cisco. 

507|Sager3. 

515  Thompson's. 

521  Crescent. 

'i529  Little  Grand. 

:636  Solitude. 

!545  Tireen  River. 

! 558  Desert. 

|570j  Lower  Crossing. 

|591  Si'.nny  Side. 

'G00|Farnham. 

iGlOPrice.*! 

JG23:Castle  Gate. 

iG37|Pleasant  Val.  Jo 

1044  Soldier  Summit. 

! 058: Mill  Fork. 

!G69|Thistle. 

080  Spanish   Fork.*s 

084  Springville. 

089  Provo.-»3 

(i99  Battle  Creek. 

702  American  Fork. 

705:Lehi." 


18.  Lower  Cretaceous. 


K 

It 
It 
tt 
it 
II 
It 
tt 
It 
tl 
t< 
if 
(I 


4661 


40Sft 


18.  Cretaceous. 
18  Upp.  Cret. 
Tertiary. 


606t 
7182 
747T 
S791 

18  Cretaceous.  (?) 
Bonnev'leB.Quat.*8  8» 

it  45  6  6 

tl  4  5  a  & 

tt 

(I 


32.  Th«  geology  from  Granger  to  Squaw  Creek  is  I'v  Prof.  \V.  B.  Soottof  Princeton  University  ; 
I  thence  to  Mionaud ;  it  is  given  on  the  authority  of  nn  atlas  af  the  U.  S.  Survey,  which  was  made  be- 
i  fore  the  road  was  located,  and  the  assignment.^  must,  therefore,  he  taken  with  allowance. 

Geology  from  American  Falls  to  the  Oregon  line  and  on  the  Wood  River  Branch  is  by  Mr.  John 
B.  HastiiiKo,  M.  E.,  F.  G.  S.  A.,  of  Ketchum,  Idaho.  Altitudes  on  all  this  lino  by  Mr.  Gannett. 
I  s:!.  'I'liese  late  Tertiary  and  (Quaternary  basalts  form  part  of  the  great  Northwestern  lava-flood, 
lof  Northi'rn  California,  Northwestern  Nevada,  Oregon,  Washington,  Montana  and  British  Columbia, 
rf he  basalt  of  the  Wood  River  Branch  is  of  later  date  than  tlie  flow  from  Glenn's  Ferry  westward. 
'  J.  B.  H. 

34.  Shoshone,    Sh^  shone  Falls  of  Snake  River,  210  feet  vertical  altitude  in  ba«alt.         J.  B.  H. 

35.  Mountain  Home,  Nampa.    Goli  and  silver  mines  in  Archeean  granite  in  vicinity. 

J,  B.  H. 

36.  Tikura.  From  Tikura  to  Lava  Creek  may  be  seen  a  ropy  lava  field  of  seventy-live  square 
ailes,  almost  untouched  by  the  elements,  a  congealed,  black,  stormy  sea.  J.  B.  H. 

37.  Bellevue,  Hailey,  Ketehum,— In  vicinity,  hot  springs  and  argentiferous  galena  mines  in 
Bilurian  limestone  and  slates  and  various  free  milling  silver  ores  in  Archeean  granites.  Tertiary 
'-ohytes.  J.  B.  H. 


ffTTrT 


K-\> 


mw 


w  '  '■  1  '    '  ' 

1%  it 

I  '      '.'■  '.I 


!•  U; 


-'•i 


Viil 


I  I  I 

1- 


814 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (WT.,  UTAH,  ETC.) 

Donver  and  Rio  Grande  Railroad. 

Utah  Oentrai  Railroad.  4  0.4  8 

Ma.               Continued  from  Colorado.             Alt. 

«vj; — — 

Mb.                           OonUnuii.                         xii 

718 
724 

Draper. 
Bingham  Jo. 

BoL..dv'le  Beds.Quat. 

14 

40  Lovendahra. 
49^  Junction. 

20.  Quaternary.    *iil 

728 

Oermania. 

«                   4398 

fiO 

Sandy. 

«                   43»t 

786 

Salt  Lake.        44 

«                   438  7 

54 

Draper. 

<«                  4441 

V4a 

Wood's  Crossing. 

1*1 

68 

Lehi  Junction. 

««                  4JJT 

VbO 

Farmington. 

« 

71 

American  Fork. 

«•                  4BJ4 

V64 

Kaysville. 

It 

74;  Pleasant  Grove. 

"                  44tt 

Vti4 

Hooper. 

« 

86lProvo. 

••                  449« 

VVl 

Ogden.*» 

<« 

90!Springville. 
95  Spanish  Fork. 
103  Pay son.         *»*» 

««                  4481 

Coal  Brunch. 

•«                  4491 

20.  Bonneville  Beds. 

0  Pleasant  Val.Jo. 

18.  Upper  Cretaceous. 

14  Sobolield. 

(t 

108,Santaquin. 

20  Quaternary.    *>u 

19  Mud  Creek. 

« 

120:Mona. 

•«                   4SIt 

128 

JNepbi. 

Juab. 

Mills. 

*<                 S08I 

Bingham  and  Alta  Branch. 

142 
161 

«                   toil 

0 

Salt  Lake. « 8 

Bonnev'le  Beds.Quat. 

**                 4S59 

11 

Bingham  Jo. 

« 

167 
186 
194 
213 

Lemmington. 
Riverside. 
Deseret. 
Neels. 

20.  Bon'v'leBed8.4<?i 

27 

Bingham. 

14.  Carboniferous. 
Bonnev'le  Beds.  Quat. 

"                 4941 

18 

Sandy. 

<<                 4S9I 

*2l 

Wasatch. 

Granite. 

241 

Black  Rook. 

"                 47t> 

29 

Alta. 

Devonian.  (?) 

268 

Milford. 

«                 4>0S 

Utah  Central  Railroad.  40.4  8 

280!  Frisco. 

Volcanic.              «ms 

0 
16 

Ogden.*» 

Kaysville. 

Farmington. 

20.  Quaternary.    *»<>» 

Utah  and  Nevada  Railway.  4o 

22 

0 

Salt  Lake.'** 

20.  Bonncillo  Beds. 

26 

Centreville.*» 

12 

Chambers.*' 

14.  Carboniferous. 

26 

Wood's  Crossing. 

18 

Garfield. 

" 

87 

Salt  Lake  City.*' 

20 

Lake  Point.*' 

•( 

43 

Francklyn. 

82 

Tooele. 

20.  Bonneville  Beds. 

44 

Germania. 

«             4343 

87 

Terminus. 

<<                  4991 

38.  Ketehum.  Near  station  at  Wood  River  bridge  hornblende-andeslte.  At  head  of  Wood 
River  valley  and  vicinity  many  gulches  contain  deposits  of  extinct  glacloro,  including  glacinl  lakes 
with  Chinoak  salmon  and  smaller  ftalmon  (oneorhynehui  norka)  locally  called  redfish  from  the  cc  r. 
Tertiary  trachyte  underlies  stratified  drift.  J,  H.  H. 

39.  Cheyenne  and  Northern,  and  Tremont,  Elkhorn  and  Missouri  Valley  are  by  Prof.  G.  E. 
Bailey,  of  the  Dakota  School  of  Mines,  Rapid  City,  South  Dakota.  A  portion  of  the  latter roid 
should  be  in  the  Nebraska  chapter,  but  was  overlooked  when  that  chapter  was  printed. 

40.  By  Mr.  G.  K.  Gilbert,  Geologist,  U.  8.  Geological  Survey. 

41.  From  Acheron  to  Price  the  road  follows  a  great  monocliual  valley  overlooked  on  the  north 
by  the  Book  Cliffs  (Cretaceous.)  G.  K.  G. 

42.  The  north  end  of  the  Oqulrrh  Range  from  Chambers  to  Lake  Point  is  finely  carved  by  old 
shore  lines  of  Lake  Bonneville.    These  extend  up  to  1,()()0  feet  above  Great  Salt  Lake.       G.  K.  G. 

43.  From  Spanish  Fork  to  Lehi  the  road  is  in  Utah  valley  and  commands  a  view  of  the  old 
shore  lines  of  Lake  Bonneville.    A  large  delta  of  the  old  lake  forms  the  terrace  near  Provo. 

G.  K.  G. 

44.  There  Is  a  profound  fault  along  the  western  base  of  the  Wasatch  range.  The  hot  .springs 
close  to  the  track  between  Salt  Lake  City  and  Wood's  Crossing  rise  on  the  fault  line.         G.  K.  G. 

45.  Ogden.  View  of  Wahsatch  Mountains  to  ea^t,  a  very  nne  range,  as  seen  in  afternoon  light, 
when  eastern  train  arrives ;  southeast,  Archrean,  with  Weber  Canon  cut  in  it,  through  which  Ihe 
railroad  has  come  out  into  valley;  east,  "  Fault  Canon,"  faulted  Cambrian  lying  on  Arcliicnn,  recog- 
nized by  color:  Ogden  Canon;  northeast,  Eden  Pass,  another  fault;  north  and  north-northevl. 
Paloeozoic  rocks  on  Archaean.  Lake  terraces  show  all  along  base  of  mountains,  by  gray  horizontti 
line,  very  distinct.  w.  M.  Davis,  Jr.,  of  Harvard  Coileffe. 

4C.  Utah  Central  Railroad.  Leaving  Ogden  and  rounding  long  Quaternary  slope  south  of 
Weber  River,  a  long  stretch  of  Wahsatch  range  comes  into  view.  From  Fault  Canon,  north; 
Archoean,  at  base;  Paleeozoic,  above;  between  Fault  Canon  and  Centreville  station,  inoludiog 
Weber  Canon,  all  Archaean.  Then  begins  the  great  synclinal,  as  seen  from  along  here.  The  north 
end,  a  little  south  of  east  from  Centreville  (Cambrian  to  Carboniferous)  shows  on  top  of  mountaiM; 
and  the  south  end.  Twin  Peaks  (Cambrian),  and  Lone  Peak  (granite  intruded  through  ArcliieAo), 
in  farthest  distance,  showing  over  lower  Tertiary  hills  south  of  Centreville.  The  axis  of  the 
synclinal  (of  soft,  Mesozolc  rocks)  being  low  and  hidden.  The  old  lake  terrace  is  vpry  denrlj 
seen.  W.  M.  D. 

47.  Centreville  to  Salt  Lake  City.  Around  west  base  of  hills,  formed  of  Paleeozoio  rock,  dip^og 
south  (part  of  synclinal),  overlaid  by  uncomformable  Tertiary  rocks.  W< 


'.  M.ii. 


PAH,  ETC.) 


ro»d.40-4« 


Quaternary. 
t« 

M 
U 
II 
« 
U 
II 
<l 


4S>( 
4441 

4tl7 
4554 
44>J 
4151 
4491 
4491 


Bonneville  Beds. 
Juaternary.    *»i» 


II 
11 
II 
II 


list 

5056 
501t 
4851 


Bon'v'leBeds.*"* 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


Icanio. 


4511 
4541 
4191 
4)tt 

4>0I 

asii 


»  Railway.  40 


Bonnc'illo  Beds. 

Carbon' feroua. 
II 
>i 

.  Bonneville  Beds. 

11  4991 

e.  At  head  of  Wood 
Deluding  Rlacial  lakei 
redfish  from  the  cc  t. 

J.  K  H. 
ley  are  by  Prof.  G.  E. 
ion  of  the  latter  roid 
printed, 

rerlooked  on  the  north 

G.  K.  G. 
is  finely  carved  hy  old 
It  Lake.       G.  K.  G. 
inds  B  view  of  the  old 
le  near  Provo. 

G.  K.  Ci. 
inge.  The  hot  springs 
lit  line.  G.  K.  G, 
een  in  afternoon  light, 
it,  through  wliichlhe 
ngon  Archicftn,  recog- 
\  and  north-nnrtliea'h 
linB,  by  gray  horizontil 
.  of  Harvard  Coile|«e. 
ernary  slope  south  « 
I  Fault  Canon,  north; 
lUe  station,  including 
dong  here.  The  norti 
s  on  top  of  mountaiD!! 
led  through  Ar'-'''f5i 
ille.  The  axis  of  m 
terrace  is  vfry  elew? 

'alsBOiolo  rock,  rtippi"! 
W.  M.  i* 


WYOMING,  UTAH,  NEVADA  AND  IDAHO. 


816 


Ban  Pete  Valley  Railroad.  40 


M«. 


Alt. 


Nepbi. 

Fountain   Qreen. 
Moroni. 


20.  Quaternary. 
19.  Tertiary. 


S056 


Union  Paolflc  Railroad.  4  o—0)n(inu*cl. 
Echo  and  Park  City  Branch. 


OiELho.  »*»« 

SjGrass  Creek  Jo. 
GiCoalville. 

ISWansbip. 

20' Atkinson. 

27 1  Park  City. 


Wasatob;  Tertiary. 
IS.Upp.  Creta.     »"<> 

II  5s  »6 


14.  Carbonifer'B. 
II 


BI64 
646Z 
«l5t 


Nevada. 

Eureka  and  Pallaade  Railroad.  4  9 


'OlPalisade.*" 


Evans. 

Box  Springs. 


Rbyulite. 

20.  Quaternary. 


4lt^'l 


Nevada. 


Eureka  and  Palisade  Railroad.  4  • 

Ms,  Cbntinucd.  Alt. 


37 
50 
60 
63 
78 
90 


Mineral.*^ 
Alpha. 

Garden  Pass. 
Summit.  B> 
Diamond. 
Eureka.*' 


20.  Quaternary.  »**» 

11  6911 

II 

II 

<l  6941 

Pumice  and  Tufa.«  •  *  * 


Virginia  and  Truckee  Railroad.  4  9 


0 
11 
21 
30 
89 
62 


Reno. 

Steamboat.** 

Franktown. 

Carson" 

Eureka. 

Virginia." 


20.  Quaternary.     **»» 
Hot  Springs  deposits. 
Metamorphio  rooks. 
19o.Humb'tPlio.««»« 
20.  Quaternary. 
Andesite.  •«»» 


12 

_28  _ 

48.  Salt  Lah»  City.  Walk  north,  one  hour,  to  Ensign  Peak,  (or  better,  an  hour  further  north. 
east,  to  point  whence  northeast  can  be  seen  also— giving  fine  view  in  all  directions.)  The  Wah- 
BAt(!h  range  fills  the  east,  from  north  to  south.  Other  mountains  are:  Northwest,  Antelope  Island, 
in  lake,  Archeean;  north-northwest,  bevond  Antelope  Promontory  Mountains  and  Island;  west, 
LnKeside,  S(anHbury  and  Cedar  Mountains;  southwest,  Oquirrh  Afountain;  west-southwest,  Aqul 
Mountain;  south,  Pelican  Mountain,  (beyond  Traverse)— Carboniferous,  all  running  north  and 
south'  south.  Traverse  Mountains,  east  and  west— Trachyte— cut  through  in  middle  of  River 
Jordan,  coming  from  Ut^ti  Lake  (fresh  of  course),  north  to  Great  Salt  Lake.  From  Ensign  Peak 
can  be  seen  the  city;  the  fertile  valley  of  the  Jordan  (fertile  from  irrigation);  the  lake;  Camp 
Douelas  (U.  S.  troops)  on  terrace  east  of  and  commanding  city;  Emigration  Canon,  through  which 
the  Mormons  first  came  to  the  valley.    Salt  Lake  is  better  than  Colorado  Springs  for  excursions. 

49.  By  Mr.  Hague. 

60.  PalLach.    Andesite  and  basalt  near  by.  A.  H. 

61.  Mineral.    Devonian  limestones  in  the  hills  of  the  Pinon  Range.  A.  H. 

62.  Summit.    The  railway  crosses  a  low  pass  of  the  Pinon  Range.  A.  H. 

63.  Eureka.— Ml  the  character istlo  types  of  the  volcanic  rocks  of  the  Great  B  asin  occur  in  the 
Immediate  neighborhood.  A.  H. 

64.  Steamboat    Well-known  steamboat  springs  depositing  Silica.    Andesite  near  the  railwny. 

65.  Canon.    Fossil  remains  in  the  sandstones  near  the  Prison.  A.  H. 

66.  Virginia.  The  famous  Comstook  Lode  is  here,  an  excellent  place  tc  study  the  volcanio 
rocks  of  the  Qreat  Basin.  A.  H. 

Lake  Bonneville  is  the  name  given  to  the  great  Quaternary  lake,  whose  boundary  has  been 
traced  by  its  shore  lines  and  deposits  to  and  into  Nevada  on  the  west,  Idaho  on  the  north,  as  far 
east  as  Salt  Lrke  City  and  in  bays  of  which  Utah  and  Sevier  Lakes  are  the  remnants,  to  the  south 
as  far  as  Frisco.  The  Great  Salt  Lake  is  the  reduced  remnant  of  this  great  sheet  of  water.  The 
highest,  or  Bonneville,  shore  line  in  1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  is  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  wat«>r  lines.  Of  the  numerous  lower  lines,  marking  the  heights  at  which  the 
water  lingered,  one  lying  400  feet  below  the  highest  is  called  the  Provo  shore  line.  Between  the 
Bonneville  and  Provo  lines  are  four  or  five  prominent  lines. 

The  following,  from  Mr.  G.  K.  Gilbert's  report  on  Lake  Bonneville,  gives,  in  a  general  way, 
Its  oriein.  '  The  lowlands  of  the  '  Great  Basin '  are  valleys  without  drainage  to  the  ocean,  and 
vhen  the  climate  of  the  Glacial  Epoch  gave  them  a  more  generous  supply  of  moisture,  the  surplus 
T-w  accumulated  in  their  lower  parts  In  quantities  which  bore  a  definite  relation  to  the  climate. 
When  for  centuries  the  climate  became  more  humid,  the  lake  rose  and  encroached  upon  the  land, 
aad  when  the  reverse  was  true  and  aridity  prevailed,  they  dried  away  and  the  land  was  laid  bare." 
The  origin  and  history  of  the  great  lakes  of  former  periods  is  a  subject  of  absorbing  interest  to  the 
student  of  geologic  science,  and  none  offers  a  better  field  tlian  Lake  Bonneville.— [Ed.] 


u'';*iii. 


silt 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (OREGON.) 


'\\ 


f. 


ii 


in  If 


Oij;; 


h!T; 


-riii ' 


.J.M 


lif' 


Oregon.  1 


OroKon  &  California  Railroad. 

Ms^ O'p  tlm  Vnllaiin'ttt<  Vjillcy.)_ Alt. 

'  Hills  on  west.  Hiisalt 
alluvial  gravel 
plain  cast.  lU  b. 
Miocene  fosBiln  in 
the  river  bed.  *^ 
Basalt  hills.  i » ' 

«  134 


11 

16 
20 

25 

29 


33 
40 


53 
61 
67 

72 


Portland. 

Milwaukee. 
Clackamas. 

Oregon  City. 
Rock  Island. 

Canby. 

Aurora. 


Hubbard. 
Gervais. 


Salem. 

Turner. 

Marion. 

Jefferson. 


175 


218 


206 
210 


187 
810 
822 

264 


(Exposure  a  mile 
above  the  town 
on  the  Santiana 
lliver.) 


81  Albany. 


'  Bed  of  riverand  hills 
on  both  sides  col- 
umnar basalt.      » " 

'  A  transverse  dike  of 
trap,  with  amygda 
loid.HillH  of  basalt 
The  bed  of  the  river 
and  the  now  widen 
ing    valley   of   20 
Post  Pliocene  con- 
tain abundant  fos- 
sil remains  of  60s, 
lattfrou8,    elcphag. 
mastodon     and 
horse. 
The  streams  here  to 
riojht  and  left  ex- 
pose  the    20.  Post 
Pliocene  mud. 

'  The  river  bed  ia  20. 
Post  Pliocene.  The 
hills  are  rich  with 
19  b.  Miocene  ma- 
rine fossils. 

A  ridge  of  dark  col- 
ored 19.  Tertiary 
crosses  the  line  of 
tro,»l  here  —  rich 
in  f'.issils. 

The  above  rock  seen 
acrosstheriver.2  3  8 


OreRoii  ft  Calirornia  Ilallroatl. 

Mh,  Continued. 


87 

98 

10)) 

110 


124 

135 
145 
148 
15G 
161 
181 
200 

213 


Tangent. 
Halsey. 
Ilarrisburg. 
Junction. 


Eugene. 

Creswell. 

Latham. 

Divide. 

Comstock. 

Rice  Hill. 

Oakland. 

Roseburg. 

Dillard. 


269 
807 
832 
348 


666 
667 


231  Riddle's. 
i67  Glendale. 

296  Grant's  Pass. 


J20 


335 


340 


349 


Gold  Hill.' 


Medford. 


Phoenix. 


Lshland.'** 


__Alt. 

'  An  extended  bej  of 
an  ancient  inlnml 
sea,  namcdbv  I'lol. 
Condon  "TiieWilli,." 
mette  Sound,"  with 
abundance  of  I'j. 
Tertiary  foHsils. 
The  hills  agniu  with 
abundant  11)  I,. 
Miocene  fossils.*" 

f  Volcanic  tufas  ain! 

\    porphyries. 

/  Carbonaceous  slmlc, 

\    with  coal  18.  Crei. 
<i 

Metamorphio.        *'» 

f  20.  Quaternnry  of 
\  L.  Ump(iua  Viillcy. 
Metttinorpiiic  &  Sliiie. 
Metamorphic. 

(18.  Cre.  in  foothills. 
Slate  and  1.  s.  17. 
Jur.  16.  Tri.  age. 
fl8.  Cretaceous  (ilong 
foothill;  older  in 
the  mountains. 
(20.  Quaternary  and 
19.  Pliocene  of 
Rogue  River  Val'y. 

f 

■<    and    distant  hills 

(  Creta.  to  J.  Trias, 
r  End  of  Rogue  Hirer 
Valley,  moiintaiiij 
I  .n  sight.  18.  Creta. 
to  17.  Jur.  IC  Tri., 
slates,  1.  s.  &  gran- 
ite. Liskiyon  .Mts 


1.  Furnished  for  this  work  by  Prof.  Thomas  Condon,  of  the  Oregon  State  University,  Eugene 
City,  Oregon,  tlie  State  Geologist. 

2.  Oold  Hill  to  Ashland.    Gold  mining  Auriferous  slates. 

3.  Notes  on  this  stage  line  are  by  J.  H.  Diller,  of  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Corps. 

4.  Ashland.  Liskyon  Mountains  and  hills,  west  of  road,  chiefly  of  granito  and  Metamorphio 
rocks ;  those  on  east  chiefly  Cretaceous  strata  and  lavas  (basalt  and  andosite). 

5.  Yreka.    Cretaceous  fossils  (chico  group)  eight  miles  northeast  of  Yreka. 
Scott's  Mountains,  chiefly  Metamorphic  rocks,  serpentines  and  granites. 

Six  miles  northwest  of  Gazelle,  at  Cave  rock,  coarse  conglomerate  of  Cretaceous  shore  line 
against  Scott  Mountains.    Three  miles  west  of  Gazelle  Carboniferous  limestone  with  fossils. 
Shasta  Valleu-    Remarkable  for  great  number  of  volcanic  cones.    Grand  view  of  Mount  Shn'iti 

6.  Ascent  of  Mt.  Shasta  from  Sissons,  by  zood  trail  to  camp  at  timber  line,  thno  hoiiis;!* 
summit  from  camp  about  six  hours,  partly  on  horseback.  Glaciers  and  caflons  on  north  niul  ('i»t 
sides  of  mountain.  One  of  the  finest  volcanic  cones  in  the  world.  Shasta  chiefly  llyporsthene 
andesite.  Sugar  Loaf  is  of  Hornblende  andesite.  Mt.  Shasta,  14,M2  feet  above  tide,  or  m-mly  11,™ 
above  Berryvnle.  Dr.  G.  W.  Dawson  says,  in  its  grand  isolation,  and  the  remarkable  symmetry  ofiti 
conical  form,  it  is  very  Impressive. 


:ooN.) 


OREGON. 


817 


n  Itullrond. 


Alt. 


n  extonilcil  bed  of 

m   ancient  inlnml 

tea,  nivnjcdbv  I'lDl. 

L'omlon"The\Vilhi. 

niotte  Souiul,"  witl\ 

(ibundanco  of    ID. 

Tertiary  fossils. 

ho  IuUh  again  willi 

abundant  V.)  \>. 

Miocono  fossils.*" 

/■clean  ic  tufas  am! 

porphyries. 

Carbonaceous  slmlo, 

with  coal  18.  Crei. 
« 

itamorphio.        *'" 

20.  Quaternary  of 
L.  Unip<iua  Valley. 

statnorpliic  &  Sluio. 

etaniorphic. 

18.  Cre.  in  foothilli'. 
Slate  and  1.  b.  IT. 
Jur.  KJ.  Tri.  age. 

18.  Cretaceous  along 
foothill;  older  in 
the  moimtoins. 

20.  Quaternary  and 
19.  Pliocene  of 
Rogue  River  Vttl'y. 

and  distant  hills 
Creta.  to  J.  Trias. 
End  of  Rogue  lliver 
Valley,  mountains 
.n  sight.  18.  Creta. 
to  17.  Jur.  IC  Tri„ 
slates,  1.  s.  &  gran- 
ite. Liskiyon  Mts 


^tc 


University,  Eugeno 


Mf> 


Southen.  PAolflo  Railroad. 

8an  Francisco  and  Portland  I.iae.io   Alt. 


Q?to**8nd  Metamorphis 

:a. 

Cretaceous  shore  line 
le  with  fossils. 
■iew  of  Mount  Shn^ta. 
r  line,  thri'o  hmiivs'" 
ions  on  north  am  e^> 

ta  chiefly  "yP"»'S 
vetide,ornoaryll,«» 
•kable  symmetry oti» 


0 
8t5 
64 

70 
98 

126 
134 


Ashland* 
Hornbrook. 
Montague. 
(Yreka,») 
Siasion  * 
Dunsmuir. 
U.  Loda  Sp'B.V) 
ibson. 
Delta,  Cal. 


i,' 


See  Notes. 
<i 

M 

« 
« 
M 

m 

M 

M 


Oregon  Central  Railroad. 


Portland.' 

Summit. 
Roas  Landing. 


llBeaverton.  »»» 
leReadsville.  »»» 
24,inil8baro.  »'• 
29  Cornelius.  »»° 
For'stGr've.i" 


32 
48 


Gaston. 
St.  Josephs. 


j  Hills  of  basalt,  over- 

\  lying  10  b.  Mlo.  *» 

salt. 
i< 

To  Forest  Grove  over 
the  bed  of  the  20 
Post  Miocene  in- 
land sea,  oonnectetl 
with  the  main  one 
of  Willamette  Val- 
ley, through  the 
Twalatin  and  Cbe- 
halem  Valley. 

'  Hills  of  fossil  rock 
•     right  and  left,   19 

(   b.  Miocene.        *°« 

«  168 


Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. 


1416 
|1428 

1430 
11443 
11451 


Huntington,  Or, 
Weatherby. 
Durkee. 
Unity. 
Pleasant  Val. 


See  Note  9. 

u 
« 
u 
II 


2110 
23tf5 
3650 
SI  2  8 
87S0 


OreKou  Railway    nd  Navigation 

Mr.  Vontinuid. 


Co. 


Alt. 


1458Enoina. 
1457;  Norton. 
14r,;H|B,^ker  City. 
1474  Haines. 
1483  North  Powder. 
1493'Teloca8et. 
1508  Union. 
1515|La  Grande. 
1522iHilgard. 
15841  Kamcla. 
1540|Meaoham. 
1548!  Laka. 
1567  North  Fork. 
1558|Wilbur. 
15(18  Mikecha. 
1578Cayuse. 
1580|MiHsion. 
lo89i  Pendleton  Jo. 


Pendleton. 

Barn  hart. 

Yoakum. 

Nolin. 

Echo. 

Foster's 
11)27!  Maxwell. 
ir)34i  Umatilla  Jo. 


1590 
1597 
1(J05 
1008 
1015 
10 1 8 


See  Note  0. 
« 

w 

M 

M    . 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

M 

It 

« 

M 

If 

M 

M 

M 

M 

II 

II 

II 

II 


atfio 

3810 
S440 

•  3(« 
I3I0 

•  44» 

irao 
ari* 

•  004 
4'i04 

•  681 

aso* 

3108 
3363 
1761 

1414 
1183 

iiao 

1070 

»ia 

835 

t3« 
S89 
B0t 
46S 

soo 


Heppner  Branch. 


O;  Arlington. 
lOjWillows  Jc. 
25JCecil8. 
30' Douglass. 
39|lono. 
40  Lexington. 
55,  Heppner. 


See  Note  8. 
ti 

M 
M 
It 
II 
<4 


341 
636 
796 
088 
1425 
1005 


7.  Upper  Loda  Springs.  Near  Upper  liofia  Sprini^s,  an  ancient  Lava  stream  from  Mt.  Shasta 
enters  the  (.  aflon  of  the  Sacramento  River,  which  it  follows  lor  nearly  50  miles.  Lava  seen  at  many 
places  clingini;  to  siiJes  of  old  CaBon,  especially  near  iJelta. 

8.  Dr.  Dawson  (iiscovered  in  Oregon,  west  of  the  Caseado  Mountains,  no  traces  of  general 
|laoiation  or  deposits  lilce  northern  drift.  Tliero  is  a  reniarl<al)lo  alisence  of  any  well  marked  ter» 
faces  or  benches,  althouKh  the  liottoms  of  the  valleys  su^Kest  that  tlie  sea  niay  have  at  one  time 
Bowed  into  them.  The  almost  complete  absence  of  hikes  or  ponds  is  very  remarkable,  and  oon- 
frasts  jttrongly  with  the  innumerable  lake  basins  of  Britisli  Columbie.  The  drift  appears  at  Taeoma 
W  other  plaees  in  Washington. 

I  9.  This  line  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navitration  Co.  traverses  a  region  covered  by  the  great 
lava  sheet,  but  just  what  formations  are  exposed  at  >riven  stations  can  not  be  determined  from  any 
■ources  at  the  command  of  the  editor.  Prof.  Condon's  notes,  the  general  note  3!)  on  the  Northern 
facific,  and  Mr.  Willis' notes  on  pages  265  and  liOfi  will  throw  some  lighten  the  geology  of  this  sec- 
lion.  Other  lines  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co.  will  bo  tound  in  the  chapter  on  the 
northern  Pacifio.  ■  J.  R.  M. 

10.    The  notes  on  this  line  were  prepared  before  the  road  was  built  (see  Note  a,)  and  as  they  are 
I  that  lean  obtain  for  this  line  I  have  inserted  tlie  old  staee  stations  in  parentheses.        J.  R.  M. 


>!h 


i:  rH 


V^^ 


8itf 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (OALO 


California.'*' 


LIST  OF  THE  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


t-" 

20.  Quaternary. 

< 

19  c.  Pliocene. 

t^ 

t 

^    19  b.  Miocene. 

H 

1 19  a.  Eocene. 

H 

18.  Cretaceous. 

W.  of  Sierra  Nevada. 

17.  Jurassic. 

W.andE. 

of  Sierra  Nevada. 

16.  Triassie. 

ti 

14.  Carboniferous. 

E.of 

13.  Sub-Carboniferous. 

W.andE. 

9*11.  Devonian.  ? 

E.  of . 

5-7.  Silurian.  ? 

11 

2-4.  Cambrian.  ? 

li 

1.  Archaean. 3 

W.andE. 

'Explanatory  Note.  This  oliapter  was  prepared  by  my  father  juft  betore  his  denth,  prind. 
pally  from  notcH  ^urnished  by  Dr.  J.  ii.  Cooper,  whose  nam.»  is  given  at  note  1  as  tlie  autlmnty  for 
most  of  the  chapter.  Through  some  misunderstanding  the  pL^tss  were  made  before  Dr.  Coop<jr  had 
finally  corrected  the  proofs,  and  In  the  iiaste  to  release  the  type  an  unusual  number  of  errors,  most 
of  them  iu  orthography,  were  overlooked.  Many  of  these  are  apparent  and  need  no  further  explan- 
ation ;  others  are  explained  in  the  errata  at  the  end  of  the  chapter.  While  it  is  thought  best  to 
publish  the  chapter  as  it  stands,  it  is  only  Just  to  Dr.  Cooper  toeay  that  he  is  in  no  way  responsihl* 
for  the  insertion  of,  or  t' i«  statements  in,  any  of  the  notes  or  tables,  except  his  own,  also  that  he 
would  make  some  alterations,  based  upon  recent  investigations,  if  the  whole  chapter  were  revisei 
J.R.M. 

General  Note  on  the  Topography  of  California. 

The  two  prominent  features,  extending  through  nearly  the  entire  length  of  the  State  of  Califo^ 
nia  are  the  snow-capped  range  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  on  the  eastern  border,  and  the  low  Const 
Range,  or  rather  belt  of  ranges,  b<irdering  the  sea  uoa^t  on  the  west.  Between  the  two  lius  the  grent 
valley  of  Calitornia,  drained  from  the  northward  by  the  Sacramento,  and  from  the  douthw&rd  hy  the 
San  Joaquin  rivers,  and  these  uniting  near  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  valley,  pass  westward 
through  the  narrow  Strait  of  Carquines  into  San  Francisco  Bav,  and  thence  through  the  (.'olden 
Gate  into  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Those  two  rivers  receive  nearly  all  their  waters  from  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
the  streams  flowing  landward  Irom  the  Coast  Range  being  insignincant.  The  main  drainage  of  the 
Coast  Range  is  to  seaward,  through  many  small  •■(vers  bordered  by  fertile  valleys.  The  immediate 
coast  is  mostly  abrupt  and  roclyr  and  frequenii .  mountainous.  The  Great  Valley,  from  tlie  Tejon 
Mountains  on  the  south  to  Red  Bluff  on  the  nortn  where  the  valley  proper  terminates,  is  about  lour 
hundred  miles  in  lengtli,  and  its  width  varies  from  over  sixty  to  somewhat  less  than  forty  idIIm. 
The  northern  part,  or  Sacramento  Valley,  is  about  1G()  miles  long,  from  Red  Bliitf  to  the  Calaveras 
River,  and  is  seven  miles  wide  at  the  heaa,  widening  in  tl)ree  miles  to  fifteen,  and  then  expanding 
suddenly  to  about  forty  miles.  The  southern  or  8an  Joaouin  valley  Is  two  hundred  and  forty  miles 
long,  and  its  prominent  topographical  feature  is  the  Tulare  Lake  and  the  basin  surrounding  ii.- 
B.  tv.  titigara,  m  Cotton  Maport  of  U.  S.  Census. 

General  Note  nn  the  Geology  of  Callfomla.— Broadly  speaking  the  Coast  Range  of  Cali- 
fornia consists  of  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous,  mostly  sandstones  and  calcareous  clay  slates,  almost 
everywhere  greatly  disturbed,  folded,  and  Irequently  highly  metamorphosed,  an(i  traversed  by 
dikes  <jf  eruptive  rocks  and  upheaval  axes.  In  the  portion  north  of  San  Frnnciseo  these  are  fre- 
quently by  tufaceous  and  scoriiaceous,  or  crystalline  lava  flows,  emanating  from  distinct  vuleanic 
vents  now  extinct. 

In  contrast  to  the  Coast  Range  the  Sierra  Nevada  has  in  general  a  central  axis  of  granite  or 
other  rocks,  occasionally  traversed  by  volcanic  vents,  on  the  flanks  of  which  lie  more  or  h'ss  crys- 
talline and  metaniorphic  slates  or  schists  of  Paheozoic,  Triassie,  and  Jurassic  age,  with  ed),'es  up- 
turned ata  high  angle  or  sometimes  vertical.  Abutting  against  this,  the  proverbial  "bed  rock"  of 
the  California  miners,  there  lies  on  the  border  of  the  great  valley  strata  or  marine  deposits,  mostly 
of  the  Tertiary,  but  northward  also  of  the  Cretaceous  age,  which  are  i)Ut  slightly  disturbed,  and  into 
which  the  rivers  flowing  from  the  Caflons  of  the  Sierra  nave  cut  their  immediate  vul'eys,  flanked  by 
bluflfs  from  foriy  to  seventy  feet  high.  From  opposite  San  Francisco  northward,  on  the  lower  foot 
hills,  appear  immense  gravel  beds,  mostly  gold  hearing,  and  these  are  partly  over-laid  by  eriiptife 
or  volcanic  out^flows  and  tufaceous  rocks,  also  accoimted  as  belonging  to  the  Tertiary  age.  In  the 
northern  portion  of  the  Sierra  region  the  eruptive  rocks  become  more  and  more  prominent,  con'> 
ing  an  enormous  area  called  the  "lava  bed"  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  and,  as  in  tli8 
Cascade  Ranjge,  )a  Oregon,  forming  the  body  of  the  comparatively  low  range,  upon  which  the  to!- 
oanio  cone  of  Mount  Shasta  is  superimposed.    (See  Note  39  on  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.) 


(OAL.) 


CALIFORNIA. 


819 


FORNIA. 


la. 

L  Nevada, 
li 

It 

II 

II 

II 

II 

M 

fore  hiH  dt'nth,  prlnci- 
i  I  as  the  autliiiniyfor 
before  Dr.  Cooper  had 
lumber  of  errors,  most 
eed  no  further  explan- 
I  it  is  thought  best  to 
in  no  way  responsibl* 
liis  own,  also  that  he 
I  chapter  were  revised. 
J.R.M. 


of  the  State  of  Califo> 
ler,  and  the  low  Coast 

the  two  lies  the  grent 
.  the  douthw&rd  by  the 
valley,  Bass  westward 
•e  through  the  Colden 
'rem  the  Sierra  Nevada, 
e  main  drainage  of  the 
lleys.  The  Immediate 
Valley,  from  the  Tejon 
rminaten,  is  about  tour 

les8  than  forty  miles. 

Blutf  to  the  Calaveras 
,,  and  then  expanding 
undred  and  forty  inilis 
basin  surrounding  it.- 

ie  Qxttt  Range  of  Cnll- 
lous  clay  slntes,  Rlmost 
iHed,  anci  traversed  by 
rnncispo  these  are  fre- 
from  distinct  volcanic 

itral  axis  of  granite  or 
J  lie  more  or  Kss  co> 
sic  age,  with  pdKCS  up- 
rovorbial  "bed  roi-k  of 
narin^  deposits,  mostly 
itly  disfurbeil,  andmio 
,iato  viiPoys,  flanked  by 
ward,  on  the  lower  foot 
lyofer-laid  by  eruptive 
e  Tertiary  age.  In  tM 
uore  prominent,  covei^ 
estate,  and,  as  in  the 

Ee.  upon  which  the  wl- 
fio  inroad.) 


Mb. 

ei'ti 

624 
638 
662 
600 
665 
675 
677 
679 
680 
701 
707 
712 
718 
721 
725 

729 


Central  Faciflo  Ballroad. 


Alt. 


State  Line. 

Boca.* 

Truckee. 

Summit. 

Cisco.* 

Emigrant  Gap.' 

Blue  Canon. 

Aha. 

Dutch  Flat. 

Gold  Run. 

Colfax. 

Clipper  Gap. 

Auburn.' 

Newcastle.6 

Pino. 

Rocklin." 

Junction. 

Anteloi9.^ 


20.  Quaternary 


Bsai 

S819 
6083 
5934 
5221 
469S 
3607 
SS95 
3220 
2422 
1759 
1360 
956 


249 

19  c.  Pliocene,  "  »«' 
f  Quaternary,  above 
t.  Granite  ( Arch.?) i»* 


Ms. 


Central  Pacific  Railroad — 

Continued. 


Alt 


731 
744 


525 
G07 
650 

706 

713 
745 
815 

859 

863 
877 
890 
895 


Arcade. 
Sacramento. 


Sacramento. 
Elk  Grove. 
Gait. 

Stockton.* 
Lathrop. 

Banta. 

Tracy. 
Byron. 
Antioch. 

Martinez. 

Port  Costa. 
San  Pablo. 
Oakland  Pier. 
San  Francisco.  ^0 


20.  Quater.  Alluvial.' » 

«  30 


« 
« 


so 

5a 

49 

as 

26 


20.  Quaternary. 
19.  Tertiary,  Plio., 
19  b.  Miocene  &  lig- 
nite, 19.  Eocene(?)»» 

20.  Quaternary. 


and 


f  18.  Cretaceous 
\  19.  Eocene. 
18.  Cretaceous. 
20.  Quaternary 

<>  14 

18.  Meta.  Cretaceous. 


Apart  from  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  beds  on  the  bo.ders  of  the  great  valley,  there  are  within 
the  valley  terraces  and  bench  marks  showing  the  existence  in  Quaternary  times  of  a  great  fresh- 
water lake,  which  was  subsequently  drained  by  the  erosion  or  breaking,  first  of  the  Strait  of  Car- 
quines,  and  ultimately  of  that  of  the  Golden  Gate.  Prior  to  the  latter  event,  the  drainage  of  the  great 
valley  passed  through  the  Santa  Clara  and  Pajaro  valleys  into  the  Bay  of  Monterey.  The  latest  sur- 
face deposits  are  in  the  San  Joaquin  valley,  mostly  sandy,  and  in  the  Sacramento  valley  more  com- 
monlv  clay  "  adobe,"  correspondmg  to  the  composition  of  the  Coast  Ranges  opposite  to  each  district. 
—E.  )V.  Hilgard,  in  Census  Cotton  Report. 

As  the  railroads  are  nearly  all  constructed  In  the  valleys  on  the  Quaternary  formations  just 
described,  there  is  very  little  variety  in  the  tabular  list  of  forn>ations  passed  over  and  immediately 
adjoining  the  railroads.    The  notes  on  adjacent  mountains  impart  some  interest  to  the  country  for 

thii  i;ooli)gist. 

1.  By  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  of  Ilayward's,  Cal.,  late  Assistant  Slate  Geologist  under  Professor  Whitney^ 
witii  some  notes  derived  from  Prof.  E.  W.  Hilgard's  U.  S.  Census  Cotton  Report,  and  other  sources. 

2.  Tertiary.  Both  marine  and  fresh  water  in  the  Coast  Range  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  but 
not  yet  defined  and  much  of  it  volcanic. 

3.  Arehccan.    Much  of  the  Granite  is  also  eruptive  (19.  Tertiary),  but  may  be  remelted  Archeean- 

4.  Boca  to  Cisco.  Volcanic  and  glacial,  with  I.  Archoean  (granite)  and  metamorphosed  rocks  of 
uncertain  age.    Metalliferous  but  not  rich.    Mt.  Stanford,  northward,  is  9,500  feet  high. 

5.  Emigrant  Oap  to  Auburn.  Glacial  and  detrital  above  16.  Triassic  and  17.  Jurassic  sandstoccs,  con-" 
talnlngmost  of  the  gold  mined  on  the  western  slopes.    A  fine  iron  mine  seven  miles  north  of  Auburn. 

6.  Newcastle  to  Rocklin.  Detrital  above  1.  Archeean  granite,  surface  mining  for  gold,  platinum,, 
(elburet  of  silver  and  nickel.    Diamonds  also  occur  in  small  quantities. 

7.  Antelope.  The  mountains  to  the  east  produce  lime,  marble,  copper  ore  and  some  lignite  (19  c 
Pliocene.) 

8.  Stockton.  Mt.  Diablo,  3,87C  feet  high,  is  in  full  view  and  easily  ascended  from  near  the  coal  mines. 

9.  Oakland  and  San  fVanciseo.  The  Oolden  Oate  atid  Bay  of  San  fVancisco.  This  Bay  has  been 
celebrated,  from  the  time  of  its  first  discovery,  as  among  the  finest  in  the  world,  and  is  justly  entitled, 
to  that  cliaracter,  even  under  the  seaman's  view  of  a  mere  harbor.  But  when  all  the  accessory 
advantages  which  belong  to  it  are  taken  int«  the  account,  it  rises  into  an  importance  far  above  that 
of  a  mere  harbor.  The  Bay  of  San  Francisco  is  separated  from  the  sea  by  low  (Cretaceous)  mountain 
ranges.  Looking  from  the  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Iscvada,  the  Coast  Mountains  present  an  apparently 
cominiiouB  line,  with  only  amngle  gap,  resembling  a  mountain  pass.  This  is  the  entrance  to  the 
rre.'-t  bay,  and  is  the  only  water  communication  from  the  coast  to  the  interior  country.  Approaching 
Torn  the  sea,  the  coast  presents  a  bold  outline.  On  the  south  the  bordering  mountains  come  down 
in  a  narrow  ridge  of  broken  hills,  terminating  in  a  precinitous  point,  against  which  the  sea  breaks 
heavily.  On  t'.ie  northern  side  the  mountains  present  a  bold  promontory,  rising  in  a  few  miles  to  a. 
heifi'ht  of  two  or  three  thousand  feet.  Between  these  points  is  tlie  strait,  about  one  mile  broad  in  the 
naiTowest  part,  and  five  miles  long  from  the  sea  to  the  bay.  This  passage  is  called  the  Golden  Gate. 
The  form  of  the  entrance  into  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco,  and  its  advantages  for  commerce,  suggested 
thoname  long  before  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  and  by  analogy  to  the  Golden  Horn  of  Con- 
stantinople. Passing  through  this  gate,  the  bay  opens  to  the  right  and  left,  extending  in  each  direc- 
tion about  thirty-five  miles,  havii  g  a  total  length  of  more  than  seventy,  and  a  coast  of  about  two- 
hundred  and  seventy-five  miles.    It  is  divided  by  straits  and  projecting  points  into  three  separate 

I  bays,  of  which  the  northern  is  called  San  Pablo,  the  middle  one  Suison,  and  the  southern  San 
Francisco.  Within,  the  view  is  that  of  an  interior  lake  of  deep  water  lying  between  parallel  ranges 
of  mountains,  rising  two  thou.'iand  feet  above  the  water,  and  behind  the  rugged  peak  of  Mount. 
Diablo,  thirty-seven  hundred  and  seventy  feet  high,  over-looking  the  bay  and  surrounding  country. 
Islands,  which  have  the  bold  character  of  the  shores,  some  mere  ma.«ses  of  rock,  and  others  origi- 
nally grass-covered,  rfsing  to  the  height  of  three  and  eight  hundred  feet,  break  the  surface  of  tne< 
bay,  and  add  to  its  picturesque  beauty.  J.  C.  FntMOKT. 


f. 


i 


■i-.'y 


.,-;l-'': 


'  J I 


r  J 


'  m 


||;j 

^* 

1 

820 

AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.    (CAL.) 

Central  Paoiflo  Kallroad— 

Central  Paclflo  Railroad- 

Ms.                            Continued.                            Alt. 

Ms.                            Continued.                           Alt. 

«  •  ••• 

Sacramento.  1* 

20.  Quaternary.        "o 

fl9  c.  Tertiary  Plio.. 

13 

Davis. 

«                          B4 

86 

Banta. 

•   19  b.  Miocene  lignite 

21 

Dixon." 

<<                          6S 

( 19  a.  Miocene. 

29 

Elmira.ia 

«                          16 

94 

Lathrop.!' 

20.  Quaternary.       2e 

40 

Suisun. 

« 

105 

Ripon. 

II 

67 

Benicia. 

(( 

108 

Sa  ida.16 

II 

68 

Port  Costa. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

114 

Modesto. 

"                        OS 

€1 

Vallejo  Junction. 

(1 

119 

Ceres. 

II 

€6 

Pinole. 

19  b.  Miocene,  Tertiary 

127 

Turlock. 

<i 

€9 

Sobrante. 

t( 

137 

Livingston. 

II 

72 

San  Pablo, 

20.  Quaternary. 

152 

Merced. 

"                    171 

84 

West  Oakland. 

(( 

162 

Athlone. 

II 

85 

Oakland  Pier. 

X                          14 

178 

Berenda. 

"                     216 

90 

San  Francisco. 

18.  Met.  Cretaceous. 

185 
197 

Madera.* 
Sycamore. 

II 



San  Francisco.  10 

it 

"                     302 

6 

Oakland  Pier.9 

20.  Quaternary.        ^ » 

|207 

Fresno. 

II                     294 

7 

Oakland  (16th  St 

rcet).       " 

1216 

Fowler. 

« 

10 

West  Berkely. 

i227 

Kingsburg. 

II 

18 

San  Pablo. 

« 

•J35 

Cross  Creek. 

11 

HI 

Sobrante. 

19  b.  Miocene  Tertiary 

241 

Goshen. i» 

"                     27J 

24 

Pinole. 

II 

.... 

Tagus.ss 

"                      292 

■27 

Tormay.18 

18  c.  Cretaceous. 

251  Tulare. 

"                      282 

29 

Vallejo  Junction. 

K 

•262  Tipton. »» 

'»                     267 

32 

Port  Costa. 

<l 

Alila. 

«                     280 

36 

Martinez. 

18.Cre.&19a.Eocene. 

282  Delano. 

<l                     J18 

39 

Avon. 

20.  Quaternary. 

294  Poso. 

"                     417 

42 

Bay  Point. 

19  c.  Pliocene  Tertiary 

302  Lerdo. 

««                     418 

60 

Cornwall.!* 

20.  Quaternary. 

^314 

Sumner.  18 

"                    415 

65 

Antioch. 

« 

,321 

Wade. 

"                     567 

€3 

Brentwood. 

II 

i329 

Pampa.i" 

"                     872 

68 

Byron. 

« 

j336 

Caliente.8<5 

'<                    1290 

77 

Bethany. 

« 

342  BealeviUe. 

1.  Arch.  Granite,  i"" 

83 

Tracy. 

« 

35<)Keene.*o 

19  c.  Plio.  Gravel.  2'«5 

*  The  road  to  Yo.'^omito  Valk-y  is  I'lom  this  ])liii' 


10.  San  Francisco.  The  rock  on  which  the  city  rests  holon^j  cntiroly  to  the  mptanioriihip-opia. 
ceous  series,  and  i.s  not  tlie  Lignite  or  Kocene,  or  'lejoii  beds  which  bi'ur  the  coal,  as  given  in  the  tirsl 
edition.  U.  W.  Tikneb. 

11.  Tlio  islands  in  the  bay  are  all  lik(>  San  Francisco  in  structure. 

12.  Jilrnira  to  Sacramento.  Tlic  coast  rant;e  westward,  ,5,0()(i  to  8,000  feet  high,  is  little  r-',.'rni, 
but  resembles  that  south  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  with  much  more  volcanic,  and  towards  'ixrinli 
aurifei'oiis,  hut  only  granitic  or  metamorphic  rocks,  containing  tiie  gold  quartz,  uudcrlic  '  ■  r- 
ceoHs,  as  far  as  now  known. 

l.'i.  Tormay.  Fossils  of  both  formations  are  nioro  plenty  and  better  than  el.sewhere  u.  ..n 
Francisco  Bay. 

14.  Cornwall.  Good  fossils  are  to  he  found  in  Kirkor's  pass,  three  miles  south  of  Cornwall.  ;./ 
•coal  mines,  five  miles  south,  are  not  now  worked,  but  a  ride  to  the  summit  of  Mt.  Dialilo,  ti'n  miles, 
Is  interesting. 

1.').  Lathrop  to  Ooshen.  The  "  High  Sierra,"  14,(HK)  to  15,000  feet,  can  be  seen  on  clear  dnys.  The 
mountains  eastward  have  the  samc>  general  character  as  on  the  line  from  Boca  to  Sacramonto,  with 
the  addition  of  some  Is.  Oetaceous  unlifts  near  li.ase. 

1(1.  Salida.  Table  Jlouiitain,  made  famous  by  Bret  Harte's  humorous  potm,  rising  some  2.000 
feet  above  the  Stanislaus  river,  has  a  length  of  about  :v\  miles,  its  (lat  top  being  fnm  l,2iKi  to  l,wiflteet 
wide.  A  prominent  feature  in  the  topography  of  Amador,  (,'alaveras  and  Tuolu  nno  count ie.s  is  the 
occurrence  of  belts  of  lava-capped  hills  and  mountains,  as  well  as  deposits  of  otbt>r  volcanic  mnterial, 
the  remains  of  what  were  once  lava  flows  from  the  Sierra  mountains  westward.  The  TaMo  Mountiio 
is  a  flow  of  lava,  originating  in  the  lofty  volcanic  region  beyond  the  "  big  trees '  cf  Calavera.'i. 

17.  Tipton.    A  great  bed  of  magnesite  twenty  miles  east. 

18.  Sumner.  A  great  vein  of  antimony  overlies  40  miles  due  south  near  Mt.  Pines,  6,(X10  feet; 
elevation  of  mountain  being  7,000  feet. 

19.  Pamfta.  For  several  miles  east  the  roads  pass  through  hills  of  19.  Pliocene,  Tertiary  grew'' 
and  clays,  with  volcanic  and  other  detritus  overlying  metamorphic  shales,  etc.,  that  may  be  1& 
Cretaceous  or  19.  Eocene. 

20.  Kecne.  Broken  terraces  of  19  c.  Pliocene,  Tertiary  age,  chiefly  of  volcanic  materials  foro« 
■or  six  miles. 


AL.) 


CALIFORNIA. 


82] 


allroad— 


Alt. 


'  c.  Tertiary  PUo., 
lb.  Miocene  lignite 
(  a.  Miocene. 
Juatemary.       »« 


it 

t« 

»> 

«( 

M 

l< 

« 

17J 

« 

<i 

196 

<( 

<i 

301 

it 

291 

II 

II 

II 

II 

J7J 

II 

29! 

II 

28] 

a 

287 

II 

280 

II 

919 

l< 

417 

<i 

4U 

11 

415 

i( 

567 

II 

872 

II 

1290 

Arch.  Granite.  I"" 
c.l'lio.Griivel.2-«' 


Iho  mctnmnrpUio-prftii- 
■i)al,i\s  given  in  tlu' first 

H.   W.  TURNEB. 

liiRh,  is  little  r-i>'nrod, 

irtz,  uudorli'   '  - 

an  olsewhcro  a.       .>i> 

jouth  of  CormvaU.   ,i" 
f  Mt.  Diutilo,  ton  miles, 

pen  on  rU'M  (Iftyi".  The 
jcato  Siicrainento,  wiin 

fcotm,  risinc  some  AM 

[olunno  counties  19 the 
othcT  volonnic  nmteriai, 
i  Tho  Tftl'le  Mountain 
3M '  cf  Calaveras. 

X  Mt.  Pinos,  6,0*10  fc«! 

locene,  Tertiary  gr««l» 
^B,  etc.,  that  may  b« » 

dcanicmaterialBforll'* 


Ms. 

Central  Paolflc  B.  B.— Con.          Alt. 

Ms.          Central  Pacific  B.  B.— Cbn. 

Alt 

"The  Loop."* 

439 

Lang. 

17  Jurassic. 

1681 

855 

Girard.2> 

13.SubCarb.l.  S.8S01 

452 

Newhall. 

20.  Quaternary. 

laes 

Tyler. 

<l                     S805 

.... 

Andrews. 

II 

18S8 

362 

Tehftchapi." 

1.  Arch.  Gianite.  »»«* 

46(5 

S.  F.  Tunnel.  2 » 

19  c.Plio.  Tertiary  i*oTi 

Summit  Siding. 

<•                    402S 

461 

San  Fernando. 

20.  Quaternary. 

1066 

871 

Cameron.  2  3 

13.SubCarb.  1.8.  »»8' 

..••• 

Lulmuga. 

II 

Nadean. 

«                    3  8  6  7 

474 

Sepulveda. 

« 

382 

Mojave." 

20.  Quaternary.    2»si 

482 

Los  Angeles.^'" 

II 

Gloster. 

"  Desert  Region.2»s 5 

484 

Shorb. 

II 

396 

Rosamond.^* 

II                    2  SI  5 

491 

San  Gaoriel. 

II 

407 

Lancaster. 

«                    2  3  80 

494 

Savanna. 

II 

417 

Alpine. 

18.  Sub  Carb.  1.8.  2  8  22 

496 

Monte. 

II 

Vincent. 

<i                    3211 

502 

Puente. 

«( 

427 

Acton.z« 

17.  Jurassic.         »8  7  8 

512 

Spadra. 

It 

705 

431 

Ravena. 

11                    2  3  50 

51 5;  Pomona. 

« 

858 

♦  Tlio  railroad  here  deHonhen  a  circK)  aud  cresses  itself. 


21.  Oirard.  Beds  of  lit.  Lov.'»"'  Carboniferous  limestone  on  granite  hills  near  by,  one  crossing 
the  road;  good  marble,  common,  some  vesicular  basalt  al.so. 

22.  Tchachapi.    Gold  mines  in  gravel,  and  quartz  veins  near  by. 

23.  Cc.meron.  The  pass  through  Sierra  Nevada  here  resembles  other  sections  northward;  some 
auriferon.'*  slates,  17.  Jurassic  (?),  are  worked  in  vicinity  also. 

24.  Mojave,  The  desert  region  known  as  the  Mojave  Desert,  and  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  tho 
Colorado  Desert  or  basin,  reaches  far  eastward  into  Arizona,  and  affords,  by  this  route,  one  of  the 
strangest  railroad  rides  in  the  world.  It  is  a  sandy  barren  waste,  interspersed  with  salt  lakes  and 
alkali  tracts,  destitute  of  all  timber  growth,  except  occasional  tracts  of  yucca,  small  nut  pines  and 
juniper  In  the  south  it  is  subject  to  very  frequent  and  severe  sand  storms.  Enough  of  it  to  satisfy 
the  traveler  is  seen  along  the  line  of  this  railroad  for  hundreds  of  miles.  A  boiling  Mud  Lake  is 
only  a  few  hundred  yards  southwest  of  the  road  (See  notes  25,  29, 30  and  31.)  But  probably  the  culmi- 
nating point  of  this  fearful  desert  is  found  in  "  Death's  Valley,"  far  from  any  railway  station,  near  the 
eastern  line  of  California.  It  is  four  hundred  feet  below  the  level  of  the  sea,  while  but  seventy  miles 
west  of  it  are  clustered  a  number  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  many  of  which  are  from 
12,000  to  15,000  feet  in  height.  For  45  miles  in  length  and  15  in  width  along  its  centre  it  is  a  salt 
marsh  with  a  thin  layer  of  soil,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  basin  is  covered  with  an  incrustation  of 
salt  and  soda  several  inches  thick,  destitute  of  the  slightest  vegetation.  The  heat  of  the  valley  is 
fearful  during  the  summer.  Whatever  may  be  the  rock  formation  underlying  the  desert  is  of  no 
importance,  as  its  existence  is  not  due  to  that,  but  to  the  aridity  of  tho  climate  and  to  the  excessive 
ili'posits  of  alkali  on  the  surface  and  mingled  with  the  superficial  formations.  For  a  description  of 
the  alkali,  see  note  No.  25. 

25.  Rosamond.  Tho  Alkali,  so  injurious  to  extensive  regions  of  the  southwest,  has  been  carefully 
studied  in  California  by  Prof.  E.  W.  Hilgard.  His  analyses  show  the  presence  of  from  one  to  four 
per  cent  of  thost!  injurious  salts  in  100  of  soil.  Of  these  salts,  from  20  to  50,  and  in  some  cases  75  per 
ci>nt.,  the  proportions  varying  very  much  in  different  places,  is  sulphate  of  sodium  or  glauber  salt; 
from  10  to  20,  and  sometimes  30  per  cent,  chloride  of  sodium  or  common"  .salt,  from  15  to  60  per  cent. 
of  carbonate  of  soda  or  sal-soda,  sometimes  from  five  to  20  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  potassium,  a  less 
quantity  of  carbonate  of  potassium  or  saleratus,  and  other  salts  injurious  to  vegetation  in  various 
quantities,  phosphates,  nitrates,  etc. 

The  remedy  for  the  reclamation  of  alkali  lands  is,  of  cour9e,'the  leaching  out  of  the  injurious  salts, 
by  flooding  with  pure  water  and  underdraining.    Unfortunately,  in  many  cases,  the  alkali  returns  ana 
i  again  increases  on  irrigated  lands,  rising  from  below  through  the  agency  of  the  water  evaporated  on 
the  surface,  which  causes  a  greater  depth  of  sub-soil  to  be  drawn  upon  for  its  alkali,  where,  too,  tho 
soil  is  more  highly  charged  with  it  than  at  the  surface.    The  origin  of  the  alkali  is  not  fully  deter- 
I  mined.    Professor  Hilgard  thinks  much  of  this  salty  matter  pre-existed  in  the  geological  strata,  as 
I  it  is  seen  to  "  bloom  out"  from  tho  rocks,  and  that  from  these  it  was  .continually  washed  out  in  Quat- 
ernary times  by  percolatinf;  water,  when  great  lakes  covered  tho  valleys  of  California,  for  a  time  held 
in  suspense  and  then  precipitated,  or  in  some  cases  by  the  drying-up  of  the  lakes  the  salts  were 
deposited,  which  are  now  found  accumulated  in  the  soil.    Hut  the  very  great  quantities  of  the  alkali 
I  may  be  said  not  to  be  satisfactorily  accounted  for.    The  alkali  has  a  corrosive  action  upon  the  root 
I  crowns  and  upper  roots  of  plants.    It  seems  that  the  cotton  plants,  having  long  tap  roots,  it  is  leas 
linjurious  to  them  tlian  to  others.    Another  injurious  eftect  it  has  in  hardening  clay  soils,  producing  a 
[tsmped  condition,  instead  of  the  flocculont  state  whii'h  we  see  in  a  well  tilled  and  productive  soil. 
20.   Acton.    Iron  and  copper  mines  occur  near  here. 

27.  Son  Fernando  Tunnel.  On  west  side  of  pass  the  sandstones  reappear  with  marine  fossils. 
iTunnel  through  18.  Cretaceous  and  10.  Tertiary  hills. 

1  •».  LosAngeles.  The  hills  northward  are  metamorphic(18.Cretaceous?),withagreatl9.Tertiary  (19  b. 
|M  iocone  and  19  c.  Pliocene)  basin  between  them  and  the  range  north  of  San  Fernando.  To  the  east  more 
Imetamorphic  and  granitic.with  auriferous  quartz.copper.etc.  The  lO.Tertiary  contains  m  uch  petroleum. 
I  LosAngeles.  The  traveler  from  the  eastward  wno  has  begun  to  despair  of  ever  seeing  anything 
Igreenerthan  giant  cacti  and  adamantine  vegetation  which  dispenses  with  water,  is  agreeably  aur- 
Iprisedashe  approaches  Los  Angeles.  A  drive  through  the  place  will  enable  you  to  appreciate  tho 
|Tca8ons  which  induced  the  Spanish  founders  to  give  the  city  its  name.  W.  H.  R. 

Loi  Anqehs  to  Aannheim.    Alabaster  and  gypsum  occur  in  low  19.  Tertiary  hills  near  here. 
Los  Anqf'pji  to  El  Careo.    About  half  way  the  metamorphic  and  granitic  hills  approach  the  road. 
Much  19  b.  Miocene  Tertiary,  with  poor  lignite,  cms  these  on  the  west. 
I«<  Angela  to  8t.  Monica.    See  note  89. 


}'r?;.;'4 


w'-W^ 


n 


in; 


I    ) 


t  ■"' 


,  I 


322        AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (CAL.  &  ARIZ.) 


Central  Paclflc  Railroad— 

Central  Paolflo  Railroad- 

Ma.                            Continued.                            Alt. 

Ma.                             Continued. 

Alt. 

621 

Ontario. 

20.  Quaternary,      s*' 

625 

Cucamonga. 

«                       9S2 



Rattlesnake. 

Desert  Region. 

1» 

Sanaevain. 

«                    10  74 

761 

Abonde. 

<i 

212 

'546 

Cotton. 

«                       965 

771 

Tacna. 

t< 

12s 

648 

iNIound  City. 
Brookside. 

«                    105  5 

Mohawk  5?um't. 

« 

541 

547 

(1                    ISIO 

"793 

Texas  Hill. 

i< 

351 

554 

El  Casco. 

««                    18  74 

806 

Aztec. 

« 

4«5 

663 

SanGorgonio.2  9 

<<                    2  56  0 

Stanwix. 

<i 

SIS 

569 

0 

Banning. 

(1                     2317 

"821 

Sentinel. 

« 

661 

575 

Cabazon. 

CoVDesert  Region! "» 

834 

Painted  Rock. 

i< 

726 

683 

White  Water. 

u                    1126 

850 

Gila  Bend. 

II 

717 

691 

Seven  Palms. 

<i                       6  84 

860 

Bosque. 

II 

1010 

•••••• 

Dry  Camp. 

«                       163 

869 

Estrella. 

II 

1521 

612 

Indio.'" 

«        ■-< 

ao 

878 

Montezuma. 

ii 

1330 

625 

Walters. 

0 

195 

887 

Maricopa. 

II 

n«6 

637 

Salton. 

«    •S 

263 

902 

Sweet  Water. 

II 

1396 

642 

Dob  Palmas.ai 

"       eS 

a58 

913 

Casa  Grande. 

11 

1396 

663 

Frinks. 

"     m  ■ 

360 

923 

Toltec. 

II 

150? 

L.  Point  1  mi.  E. 

of  Frinks.  "  ^ 

«      0 

261 

932 

Picacho. 

II 

1616 

Volcano. 

335 

946 

Red  Rock. 

II 

186! 

'661 

Volcano  S'gs. 

"     1 

320 

961 

Rillito. 

<i 

20SS 

671 

Flowing  Well.«o 

(1           '       b 



Jaynes. 

« 

2141 

676 

Tortuga. 

«              1st 

978 

Tucson. 

11 

2390 

682 

Mammoth  Tank. 

«               asT 

Wilmot. 

<i 

266) 

694 

Mesquite. 

<i               394 

993 

Papago. 

II 

lOOi 

708 

Cactus. 

<i                      (96 

1007 

Pantano. 

II 

1116 

716 

Ogilby. 

<t                       8  55 

1016 

Mescal. 

11 

4014 

722 

Pilot  Knob. 

l.Arch.Gran.&Vol."» 

1024 

Benson. 

II 

3971 

El  Rio.  2 » 

II                       164 

1034 

Oohoa. 

II 

4101 

Col.  River  Edge. 

II                       159 

1044 
1054 
1064 

Dragoon  Sum't. 

Cachise. 

Willcox. 

11 

<4 

4614 
4211 
4164 

ARIZONA. 

II 

1073 
1088 

Railroad  Pass. 
Bowie. 

II 

II 

4314 

3759 

781 

Yuma. 

20.  Quaternary.      i*«> 

11                       144 

"    Desert  Region.  »»> 

*745 

Araby. 
Gila  City. 

1104 

San  Simon. 

tl 

3609 

29.  San  Oorgonio.  Metamorphic  auriferous  rocks  (secondary)  overlying  granite,  chiefly  on  the 
west  side.    San  Barnardino  Mountain  is  11,600  feet  high. 

San  Oorgonio  to  El  Rio.  The  railroad  plunges  into  the  most  remor.seless,  cruel  waste  of  .sand  and 
rock  I  every  beheld.  It  spreads  out  up  to  the  foot  of  the  rugged  hills  of  the  Barnardino  range,  an 
abomination  of  desolation,  compared  with  which  the  Lybrian  Desert  is  the  Oarden  of  Heaperideji.  I 
cannot  describe,  nor  could  I  at  any  time  hope  to  give  an  adequate  conception  of  this  dreadf  u  1  wilderoe^. 
For  107  miles  there  is  not  a  drop  of  water  to  be  found,  but  Mature,  as  if  to  take  away  the  reproichol 
permitting  such  a  vast  blotch  on  her  fair  face^  kindly  threw  in  Fata  Morgana.  We  saw  witli  delight 
wide  spread  lakes,  with  fairy  islands  in  the  midst ;  placid  seas  washing  the  base  of  the  distant  him 
This  baked  and  dreary  expanse  extends  from  near  San  Oorgonio  nearly  to  £1  Rio. 

Wm.  Howard  Russii. 

30.  India  to  Flouiing  Wells.  For  61  miles  the  road  is  below  «na  level,  going  down  to  263  feet  on  | 
the  border  of  19.  Pliocene  Tertiary  lake  bed  which  contains  fresh  water  fossil  shells,  and  belovthem 
beds  of  salt,  from  being  once  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California;  on  its  west  side  are  I!)  b.  Miocene 
Tertiary  sandstone  strata,  with  marine  fossils,  lying  against  cost  slope  of  Coast  Mountains.  Hot 
springs  and  mud  volcanoes  also  occur  in  the  lake  bed  hear  its  centre ;  some  ot  our  rarest  micenli 
are  found  in  the  neigltuotint;  mountains. 

31.  Dos  Palmas.  A  few  miles  southwest  of  this  place  is  a  broad  valley  in  which  is  the  dry  N 
of  a  lake  forty  miles  in  circumference.  Nearly  in  the  centre  ol  this  plain,  there  is  a  lake  of  Win} 
mud  about  half  a  mile  in  length  by  Ave  hundred  yards  in  width.  In  this  curious  caldron  the  thick. 
grayish  mud  is  constantly  in  motion,  hissing  and  bubbling,  with  jets  of  boiling  water  and  cloudsol 
sulphurous  vapor  and  steam  bursting  through  the  tonaccous  mud  and  rising  high  intheairvith 
reports  often  heard  at  a  considerable  distance.  The  whole  district  around  the  lake  trembles  under 
foot,  and  subterranean  noises  are  heard  in  all  directions. 

32.  Deming.  The  San  Luis  Mountains,  on  the  Mexican  side  of  the  river,  rise  abruptly  fromtbt 
plain,  as  they  run  south,  and  assume  by  far  the  most  formidable  appearance  of  any  range  west  of  tht 
Rio  Grande.  Tombstone  mining  region  is  in  this  mountain.  Tiiia  stupendous  range  of  Meiieu 
mountains  drops  abruptly  a  few  miles  north  of  the  boundary,  as  if  to  make  room  for  s  railroid  to 
connect  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic  states.  In  fact  the  orisinal  boundary  line  was  changed  by  a  stMiia 
treaty,  for  the  express  purpose  of  securing  to  the  United  States  this  great  roadway,  tor  at  El  Fuo 


fc  ARIZ.) 


NTSW  MEXICO  AND  ARIZONA. 


82a 


Kllroad— 

Alt. 

rt  Region. 
(1 

1»» 

212 

i« 

S25 

<i 

5il 

4( 

SSI 

<l 

4«S 

(« 

S15 

(C 

6SI 

l( 

721 

II 

111 

<l 

loeo 

II 

1521 

II 

1330 

II 

1181 

II 

1296 

II 

1396 

II 

1607 

II 

1616 

II 

136! 

II 

2051 

II 

2241 

II 

2390 

II 

261) 

II 

1001 

II 

tist 

II 

4034 

<i 

3373 

« 

4102 

ti 

4311 

l< 

42i> 

« 

4134 

u 

4394 

t( 

37!« 

it 

3609 

granite,  chiefly  on  tho 

cruel  waste  of  sand  and 
Barnardino  range,  an 
rdenof  Hesperides.  1 
lis  dreadful  wilderness. 
e  away  the  reproach  o( 
.  We  Haw  with  delight 
ase  of  the  disttnt  hills. 
Rio. 

M.  Howard  Rwssel  , 
ing  down  to  263  feet  on 
sheila,  and  below  them 
u  Bide  are  19  b.  Miocene 
Coast  Mountains.  Hot 
of  our  rarest  minerali ! 

n  which  isthednrbed 
ihere  is  a  /«fce  of  mm 
rious  caldron  the  thici,  i 
ling  water  and  clouds^ 
na;  high  in  the  airwth 
;hl  lake  trembles  under  I 

.riseabruptlyfTcmto 


)f  any  range 


westoftht 


rdous  rangl  of  M««« 

room  for  a  railroad  w 

tfts  changed  by  a  w«J^ 

roadway,  lor  at  El  P* 


Ms. 


1118 


NEW  MEXICO. 

Gentrsl  Padflo  Railroad— Con. 

Southern  Pacific  Branch. 


Alt, 


1138 
1149 
1158 
1169 
1178 

1198 
1209 
1224 
1237 
1249 
1259 
1271 
1281 


Stein  Pass. 

Pyramid. 

Lordsburg. 

Lisbon. 

Separ. 

Wilma. 

Gage. 

Lunis. 

Deming.'" 

Zuni. 

Cambray. 

Aden. 

Afton. 

Lanark. 

Strauas. 

Rogers. 

Bridge  over  Rio 


Desert  Region.      *  ^  s  i 

4301 


« 
« 
(I 
il 
« 

« 
<t 
l< 
(( 
« 
« 


Qrande.  " 


42<1S 
4278 
450S 
4557 
4488 
4422 
4334 
4187 
4224 
4391 
4207 
4165 
40P3 
3728 
3748 


TEXAS. 

1286  El  Paso.  8  »  Desert  Region.      »  » i ' 

Low  Water  in  Rio  Grande  River  about  ^ '  ^  * 


NEW  MEXICO. 

Atbantlo  A  Paolflo  R.  R.*    ( Western  Div.) 
Albuquerque  by  The  Needles  to  Mojave. 


Albuquerque. 

10  Isleta. 

13  A.  &  P.  Junction. 
23  Luna 
84  Rio  Puerco. 
47  San  Jose. 
60  El  Rito. 
66  Laguna. 
72  Cubero. 
83  McCarty's. 
88  Baca. 
96  Grant's. 
107  Blue  Water. 
122  Chaves. 
130  Continental  Divi 
136  Coolidge.. 
146  Wingate. 


f  Base  18.  Gre.,  Sum 

mits  of  16.  and  17. 

Jurassic  &  Triassic 

_  alternating.      *  »  •  ^ 

«  48  3  1 

«  493  3 

ii 

«  5  0  2  6 

il  6  4  2  8 

«  5  63  8 

"  8  76  7 

18.  Lower  Greta.  »905 

«  6141 

« 

16.  Triassic.  «**<> 

Ii  660  9 

ii  6  96  9 

de.  " 

<i 

ii  6714 


158 
166 


NEW  MEXICO. 
Atlantic  &  Paolflo  Railroad— Con. 

(Western  Division.) 


Alt 


Gallup. 
Defiance. 


174'Manuelito.«* 


18.  Cretaceous 

ii 

Baseof  18.  Creta.«»»» 


C477 
ii        6  3  52 


ARIZONA. 


187 
200 
213 
226 
238 
253 
263 
276 
286 
298 
312 
323 

333 

344 
356 
368 
378 
381 
391 
401 
409 
419 
431 
439 
452 
466 
470 
489 
501 
514 
516 
527 
540 
553 
566 
572 
575 


AUantown. 

Sanders. 

Navajo  Springs. 

Billings. 

Garrizo. 

Holbrook. 

St.  Joseph. 

Hardy. 

Winslow. 

Dennison. 

Cafion  Diablo. 

Angell. 

Cosnino. 

FlagstaflF. 
Bellemont. 
Chalender. 
Williams. 
Supai. 
Fairview. 
Ash  Fork. 
Pineveta. 
Grookton. 
Cbino. 
Au^i-ey. 
Yampai. 
Peach  Spring.'* 
Truxton. 
Hackberry. 
Hualapai. 
Beal. 
Kingman. 
Drake. 
Yucca. 
Franconia. 
Powell. 
East  Bridge. 
The  Needles. 
Golorado  River  B 
"  "  Low 


16-17.  Jura.-Tria.«o»« 

ii  5807 

il  860S 

il  SSTa 

il  8r9» 

i<  Boir 

Ii  i979 

n  4910 

14.  Carboniferous*' >> 

ii  4979 

Ii  476S 

Ii  8879 

{14  Car.,  overlaid  in 
places  withlava' *' * 

ii  686  2 
7099 
6887 
6727 
6917 
6909 
6105 
8084 
6687 
6234 
8128 
6662 
4769 
4172 
8632 
8277 
8472 
8808 


<( 
Ii 
ii 
ii 
ii 
il 
il 
Ii 
ii 
ii 
il 
ii 
il 
il 
<i 
il 
ii 
ii 
ii 
Ii 
11 


ridge.      " 
Water.     " 


1774 

41S 

477 
4«S 

440 


'  By  Capt.  0.  E.  Putton,  U.  8.  Geologist. 


the  great  Rocky  Mountain  Range  of  tho  United  States  also  terminates,  thus  forming  what  is  truly 
the  gate-way  of  the  continent.  Between  the  Han  Lnis  Mountains  and  El  Piiso  are  wide  plains, 
bounded  by  detached  mountains  of  metamorphic  and  other  limestones,  associated  with  igneous 
Tocka. 

33.   El  Paso.    See  notes  in  Texas  chapter  on  El  Paso. 

U.  Manuelto.  A  natural  bridge  discovered  and  reported  by  Frederick  Gardner,  Jr.,  is  situated 
tbcut  20  miles  north  of  tho  railroad,  near  the  line  between  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  It  is  60  feet 
long,  16  feet  wide,  two  feet  thick  in  the  centre,  and  15  feet  at  the  sides,  and  about  30  feet  high.  This 
bridge  is  formed  by  a  remnant  of  the  over-lyini?  grit,  which  is  continuous  with  it  on  both  sides.  The 
Beotion  cut  through  beneath  it  is  of  light  and  dark  red  sandstone  (IC.  Triassic.)  A  short  distance  otT 
Is  a  petrified  forest.  The  stone  tree  trunks  lie  just  beneath  the  soil  or  half  exposed,  fallen  in  all 
direotiou;— F.  G.,  in  ^e<<ne«  for  July,  1886. 


/' 


824 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (GAL.) 


\ivAA 


( ; 


w 


\r 


Hi 


'^J  ! 


I    i. 


Atlantic  A  Faotflo  Railroad— Con 

Nev.  Oonstjr  (N 

.  O.)  BaUroad.«i 

Ms.                  (Western 

Division.*) 

Alt. 

Ms. 

Alt. 

575 

The  Needles,  Nev. 

20.  Quaternary. 

477 

0 

Colfax. 

20.  Quaternary. 

682 

Java. 

Desert  Region. 

961 

b 

You  Bet. 

16.  Trias.  &  17.  Juraa 

fiR9 

Ibex,  Cal. 

<« 

1448 

9 

Storm's. 

M 

598 

Homer. 

M 

2118 

11 

Buena  Vista. 

M 

606 

Ooff's 

M 

2877 

14 

Kress'. 

II 

616 

Fenner. 

II 

3087 

17 

Grass  Valley. 

II 

628 

Edson.'s 

« 

1727 

21 

Town  Talk. 

II 

632 

Danby.»» 

Cadiz. 

Bristol. 

Amboy. 

1.  Arch.  Oran.  " 
« 

1842 
819 
705 
611 

23 

Nevada  City. 

II 

644 

San  Franolsoo  &  N.  P.  Railroad. 

652 
659 

II 

""i 

San  Francisco. 
Port  Tiburon. 

18  cMet.  Cretaceous. 
II 

666 

Bagdad.  >T 

<i 

784 

12 

Green  Bro. 

II 

678 

Siberia. 

20.  Qua.  " 

1267 

15 

San  Rafael.*' 

II 

684 
690 

Ash  Hill." 
Ludlow.3» 

i< 
II 

1940 
1778 

20 
26 

Miller's. 
Nevada. 

20.  Quaternary. 
■1 

699 

Lavio. 

M 

2176 

85 

Junction. 

II 

710 

Haslett. 

II 

186S 

40 

Perns  Grove.'* 

II 

722 

Newberry. 

II 

1826 

46 

Cotate. 

II 

784 

Daggett.3» 

II 

2002 

51 

Santa  RoBa.*> 

II 

746 

Waterman.*' 

II 

3118 

56 

Fulton. 

« 

754 
768 

Hinckley. 

Harper. 

Kramer. 

II 
II 
II 

2159 
2276 
2482 

67 

Quemeville. 

« 

777 

Mark  West. 

II 

796 

Rogers. 

II 

2281 

60 

Healdsburg, 

II 

816 

Mojave,  Cal.»* 

II 

2761 

75 
85 

Clairville. 
Cloverdale.'*'* 

II 
II 

•  By  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper,  of  California,  late  Assistant  Geologist  under  Prof.  Whitney.  Dr.  Cooper 
made  a  journey  over  this  route  specially  to  obtain  the  geology  given  in  this  table  and  the  notea. 

36  Ptach  Spring  Best  point  now  known  from  whinh  to  visit  the  Grand  Caflonof  tho  Colorado 
and  the  only  accessible  point  from  which  the  descent  can  be  made,  by  an  easily  traveled  road,  into  as 
maiestic  and  peculiar  cahon  scenery  as  is  anywhere  to  be  seen.  The  plates  and  descriptions  bvDr 
J.  8.  Newbury,  in  Ives'  Report  of  1858,  give  a  fair  idea  of  what  is  to  be  seen.  Altogether  there  Is 
nothing  Hire  this  caflon.  The  far-famed  Yosemite  is  more  beautiful  and  more  varied,  but  not  more 
magaincent  nor  half  so  strange  and  weird.— A.  G.,  in  Science. 

36.  The  Needles  to  Edson.  Frequent  outcrops  of  Archasan  and  Metamorphio  rocks  near  road,  also 
erupted  lavas  and  volcanic  cones  ol  19.  Tertiary  age,  some  perhaps  20.  Quaternary.  "The  Needles" 
themselves  are  of  purple  porphyry  and  trachytic  granite  worn  into  sharp  peaks. 

37.  Danby  to  Bag-dad.  Tho  road  passes  through  the  granite  pass  of  Providence  Mountains  for 
many  miles ;  the  same  rocks  occur  as  eastward  and  containmg  ores  of  various  kinds.  The  mountains 
nortnward  resemble  those  of  Nevada,  being  Paleozoic  rocks  containing  lead  and  silver,  with  a  little  mid. 

38  Aih  Hill.  The  west  slope  of  the  mountains  descends  gradually  to  Soda  Lake,  tho  sink  of 
Mojave  River.  Death's  Valley,  described  in  note  No.  24,  lies  nearly  due  north  from  Soda  Lake,  75  to 
100  miles  distant. 

39.  Ludlow  to  Dagaett.  1.  Archcean  Granite  motamorphic  and  19.  Tertiary  volcanic  rocks  lie  it 
the  west  side  of  the  .sink,  then  cliffs  of  19.  Tertiary  gravels,  50  to  100  feet  high  for  20  miles,  then 
metalliferous  rocks  (Metamorphic).  Abundance  of  soda  and  salt  in  the  sink  or  Mojave  River,  other 
lake  beds  also  containing  borax. 

40.  Waterman  to  Mojave.  After  rising  about  500  feet  In  the  valley  of  the  Mojave  River,  the  road 
leaves  it,  and  for  70  miles  passes  over  an  apparently  level  plain  with  little  rock  in  sight,  much  of  it 
being  barren  sand  hills  or  alkaline  planes,  tne  rest  with  low  shrubbery  or  groves  of  yucca  trees  ^ 
feet  nigh.  It  is  probable  that  this  Quaternary  desert  covers  Tertiary  strata  even  as  old  as  Eocene, 
but  fossils  are  absent.    (See  Colorado  Desert  notes.  No.  24,  25,  20,  30  and  31.) 

41  Nevada  Countu  Narrow  Oauge  Railroad.  The  air  line  distance  is  about  IG  miles,  but  the  road 
winds  among  hills  containing  Archtean  granite,  13  b.  Sub-Carboniferous  limestone,16  and  17.  Auriferous 
slates  and  (juartis  veins ;  19.  Tertiary  gravels  and  volcanic  strata  much  intermined.  It  is  tho  richest 
quarts  mining  region  in  California. 

42.  San  Bafael.  Mt.  Tamalpais,  2,004  feet  high,  may  be  ascended  here.  Gives  a  magnificent 
view  of  the  country  near  San  Francisco  Bay. 

43.  (Santa  Rosa,  Mark  West  Creek,  north  and  northwest  of  this  place,  a  branch  of  tho  Russim 
River,  has  along  its  banks  beds  of  Pliocene  or  Post  Pliocene  fossils.    (See  Psiee.  of  Cal.,  by  Gabb.) 

H.  M.  T. 
The  hills  north  of  Santa  Rosa  are  fbll  of  fossils,  19  b.  Miocene  and  19  o.  Pliocene,  but  the  higheit 
ridges  are  more  or  less  18  c.  Lignite  and  Metamorphic  Cretaceous,  with  some  coal,  quicksilTer,  sul' 
phur  volcanic  dikes  flrequent. 

44.  Cloverdalt.  The  hills  to  the  east  of  Oloverdale  branch  contain  many  small  deposits  of  qoick* 
^ilTer.  H.M.T. 


^ 


™  Tvr^'i''    't^ 


L.) 


CALIFORNIA. 


826 


•llroad.« 


Alt. 


atemary. 

M.  &  17.  Juraa. 
<i 

M 

(( 
It 
« 
II 

>.  Railroad. 

Met.  CretaGeou8. 


Quaternary. 
i( 

i< 

M 
<l 
H 
M 


l( 
<« 
(I 

l< 

k^hituoy.    Dr.  Cooper 
lie  and  tho  notea. 

aflon  of  tho  Colorado, 
traveled  road,  into  m 

descriptions  by  Dr. 

Altoijcther  there  is 
varied,  but  not  more 

rocks  near  road,  also 
ary.    "The  Needles" 

idence  Mountains  for 
inda.  The  mountains 
ilver,  with  a  little  Kold. 
)da  Lake,  tho  sink  of 
from  Soda  Lake,  76  to 

volcanic  rocks  lie  at 
jh  for  20  miles,  then 
MojBVO  River,  other 

loiavo  River,  the  road 
k  in  sight,  much  of  it 
Dves  of  yucca  trees  30 
ven  as  old  as  Eocene, 

IG  miles,  but  the  road 
e.16  and  17.  Auriferous 
ned.    It  is  tho  richest 

Gives  a  magnificent 

branch  of  thti  RussiiB 
.ofCal.,byGa,bb,) 

ocene,  but  the  higheit 
■^  coal,  quicksilver,  sut 

malldeposUsof^nlck- 


Morthem  Paolflo  Ooaat  R.  B.** 


Alt. 


11 

15 
17 

0 

6 
10 
16 
17 
21 
26 
30 
37 
47 
54 
61 
65 
73 
76 
79 
80 


San  Francisco. 

San  Quentin, 
San  Rafael.-*  a 
Junction. 


San  Francisco. 
Saucelito. 
Ly  ford's. 
Rosa. 
Junction. 
Whitesville.'*' 
Langunitas. 
Taylorsville. 
Point  Reyes. 
Marsballs. 
Tomales. 
Valley  Ford. 
Freestone.*  ^ 
Sonoma  Mill.*'' 
Russian  River. 
Moscow. 
Duncan  Mills. 


{ 


18  0.  Metamorphic 
Cretaceous. 


II 

II 


II 
II 


20.  Quaternary. 

li 

18.  Metam.  Cretaceous 


II 
II 
II 
II 


19  b.  Miocene  Tertiary 


II 
II 


California  Paolflo  Railroad. 


0 

25 
31 
89 
45 

62 

68 
GO 


San  Francisco. 

Vallejo." 

Napa  Junction.*® 

Napa. 
Oak  Knoll. 
Oakville. 
St.  Helena.5  0 
Ciilistoga.'** 


(  18  c.  Lign.  &  Meta. 
\     Cretaceous. 
20.  Quat.  &  18.  Creta. 
20.  Quaternary. 


California  Paolflo  Railroad.— Cbn. 

Ms.  Main  Line.  Alt. 


31 

Napa  Junction. 

20.  Quaternary. 

89 

Bridgeport." 

44 

Fairfield. 

55 

Elmira.12 

69 

Batavia. 

63 

Dixon.ii 

71 

Davis. 

84 

Sacramento. 

Marysville  Branch. 


0 
71 

81 
85 
90 


San  Francisco. 
Davis. 

Woodland.'* 
Curtis. 
Knight's  Land'g. 


(As  before). 
20.  " 


Quaternary. 


California  Faclflc  &  Northern  Railroad. 


0 
32 

(• 
<o 

fa 

33 
39 
49 
55 
90 


San  Francisco. 
Port  Costo. 

to 

Buricio.* 
Goodyear.  2 
Suison.s 
Vancleu. 
Sacramento. 


(Via  Oakland  and 
San  Pablo  Bridge 
and  ferry  across 
Straits  of  Carquines) 

19.  Tertiary  Volcanic. 

20.  Quaternary. 
19  b.  Pliocene. 
20.  Quaternary. 


Napa  Branch. 


0 

£;» 

38 
46 
46 
51 


San  Francisco  to 

South  Vallejo. 

Napa  Junction. 
Napa. 
Cordelia.* 
Suison.'' 


Valley  Jun.,  29  miles. 
18.  Cretaceous. 


20.  Quaternary. 

19.  Tertiary  Volcanic. 

20.  Quaternary. 


1.  Both  sides  of  the  straits  are  18.  Cretaceous. 

2.  Near  hero  basalt  is  quarried  for  paving  blocks. 

3.  Ten  miles  across  marsh. 

4.  Pftvmg  blocks  extensively  quarried. 

5.  The  beautiful  Travertin  or  " Suisum  Marble  "  found  near  by. 


15.    ]\'hite,  Tlills.    Tunnels  through  those  ridges  uro  here  capped  by  10  b.  Miocene  tertiary. 

46.  Freestone.  The  great  Red  Wood  ''orest  ooiniucnces  here  and  covers  most  of  the  hills,  with 
part  of  tho  valleys,  northward  near  the  coa^t,  chiefly  west  slopes. 

47.  Sonoma.  A  low  ridge  of  18.  Metamorphic  Cretaceous,  much  broken  by  19.  Volcanic  Tertiary, 
separate  Sonoma,  also  Santa  Rosa  Valley. 

48.  Valleio  No  Metamorphic  Cretaceous  visible  along  the  railroad,  only  thin  bedded,  unaltered 
strata.    The  fossil  forest  is  on  this  route. 

49.  Napa  Jun.  to  Calistoga.  The  hills  on  both  sides  are  metamorphic  (18.  Cretaceous?),  with 
volcanic  outbursts  increasing  toward  the  nortliea.><t,  and  with  quick-^ilver  deposits. 

6U  St.  Helena.  Mt.  Helena,  tho  culminating  point  of  the  volcanic  mountains,  to  the  north  and 
east,  is  4,843  feet  high. 

61.  Calistoga.  Twenty-flve  miles  north  is  Clear  Lake,  whei-a  sulphur  and  borax  occur  in 
abundance. 

52.  bruigeport.  Tunnel  through  18.  Cretaceous  where  fossils  are  found.  Near  here  is  a  bed  of 
fine  arogonite,  called  suezaric  marble. 

63.  Woodland.  A  branch  road  runs  80  miles  further  up  the  webt  side  of  the  Sacramento  River  to 
Tehara,  over  level  valley  lands  over  20.  Quaternary. 

64.  Ewing  to  Red  Bluff.  The  mountains  eastward  resemble  those  farther  to  the  south,  but  with 
more  18.  Cretaceous,  some  13.  Sub  Carboniferous  near  the  middle,  and  a  vast  20.  Quaternary  volcanio 
field  northward. 

66.   MarytvUle.    Buttes  in  plain  sight  fi-om  the  railway,  northwest  from  the  town. 
66.   Soto.    Lunen's  peak,  a  volcano,  40  miles  east,  is  over  10,600  feot  high ;  the  lava  beds  here 
compel  the  railroad  to  crosa  the  river. 


mm 


Mj;.] 


h-  i  I  ■ 


n. 


;  .;   til, 


'    ^ 


826 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (CAL) 


Mm. 

Oregon  Division  Central  Pacific  R.B.  Alt 

0 

Sacramento. 

20.  Quaternary. 

8 

Arcade. 

<i 

15 

Antelope.* 

« 

18 

Junction. 

fl9.    Tertiary,  Pllo., 
\  with  workable  lig'e. 

29 

Lincoln. 

33 

Ewing's.'* 

20.  Quaternary. 

40 

Wheatland. 

« 

46 

Reed's. 

« 

50 

Yuba. 

» 

62 

Marysville." 

(1 

70 

Gridley. 

« 

83 

Nelson. 

i( 

90 

Durham. 

i< 

96 

Chico. 

(( 

105 

Anita. 

<i 

110 

Soto.«« 

«( 

122 

Sesma. 

M 

123 

Tehama. 

U 

135 

Red  Bluff. 

19.  Tertiary  hills. 

170 

Redding.**  » 

19  b.  Pliocene 

173 

Middle  Creek.t»» 

18  c.  Cretaceous. 

180 

Copley. 

17.  Jurassic  slates. 

187 

Kennett. 

19.  Tertiary  volcanic. 

192 

Morley. 

'  17.  Jurassic  or  16. 

196 

Elmore. 

Triassic    slates   (?) 

203 

Smithson. 

(auriferous),     with 
19.  Ter.  Volcanic. 

208 

Delta. 

Central  Paoiflc  Railroad. 

(Northern  Division.) 


108 
120 

144 


Marysville.*' 
Honent. 

Orville.s* 


20.  Quaternary. 

« 

(19  c.  Pliocene  Ter- 
tiary, 18  c.  Creta., 
14.  Sub-Carbon. 


Ms      Sacramento  &  Placervillo 


0 

Sacramento. 

20.  Quaternary. 

10 

Mayhew's. 

<i 

22 

Folsom. 

1.  Arch,  Granite.     Jo 

29 

White  Rock. 

13.  Sub-Carboniferous 

37 

Latrobe. 

16.  Trias.,  17.  Jur.  "o 

42 

Diigan's. 

t 

48 

Shingle  Springs. 

60                   It                   145, 

San  .Joso  Hrancli. 

0 

San  Francisco. 

18.  Metam.  Cretaceous 

4 

Oakland. 

20.  Quaternary. 

7 

Brooklyn.8 » 

20.Qua.,19c.Ter.Plio. 

12 

Melrose. 

<i 

16 

San  Leandro. 

«( 

18 

Lorenzo. 

i« 

27 

Decoto. 

«i 

30 

Niles.«» 

« 

34 

Irvington.** 

Tertiary,  Pliocene. 

37 

Warm  Springs. 

II 

39 

Haward's. 

20.  Quaternary. 

42 

Alilpetas. 

II 

48 

San  Jose.  8* 

II 

Stockton  &  Tiaalia  and  Stockton  &  Cop> 
peroplis  Railroads. <*• 


0 
6 
11 
^5 
15 
22 
SO 
15 
20 
28 
34 


Stockton. 
Charleston. 
Ilolden 
Peter's. 


Peter's. 

Waverly.8' 

Milton. 


Peter's. 
Farmington. 
Clyde. 
Oakdale. 


20.  Quaternary. 


« 


19.  c.  Tertiary  Plio. 
1.  Arch.  Granite. 

20.  Quaternary. 

II 


♦  The  gravelly  hills,  with  clay,  slates  and  sandstone  of  fresh  water  formation,  are  here  200  feet 
thick  or  more,  and  may  include  the  wliole  Tertiary  age. 

t  This  formation  crosses  the  river  near  here  full  of  marine  fossils,  and  lies  flat  on  edges  of  the 
elates  below. 

X  Very  much  chanpeJ  by  It).  Volcanic. 

67.  Redding.  Mt.  Shaska,  14,440  feet  high,  is  in  view  and  easily  ascended  in  summer  from  the 
end  of  the  railroad.  Fine  Cretaceous  fossils  are  found  near  here  and  also  beds  of  fossil  wood,  and  an 
abundance  of  excellent  iron  ore  is  found  on  Spring  Creek,  12  miles  to  the  northwest.  The  rocks 
from  here  north  are  much  covered  with  19.  Tertiary  volcanic  fragments  and  ashes,  but  exposed  bjr 
the  deep  cuts. 

The  Lava  Beds.  A  large  portion  of  the  northeastern  part  of  California,  to  the  northern  state  line  and 
spreading  over  Idaho,  Oregon  and  Washington  Territories,  is  covered  to  a  depth  of  several  hundred 
feet  with  great  beds  of  lava  and  other  volcanic  material.  The  country  has  generally  a  broken  surface, 
and  is  interspersed  with  hills  and  high  volcanic  cones,  frequently  cut  into  deep  chasms  by  the  few 
streams  thi  occur  in  this  region,  and  extensive  caves  have  been  found  under  the  lava  bedn.  This 
lava  section  has  no  arable  lands,  and  it  is  fit  only  for  grazing  purposes.  (See  Note  39  on  Northers 
Pacific  Railroad.)  E.  W.  H. 

68.  Mtddle  Greek.    Much  placer  mining  is  done,  and  quartz  veins  exist. 

69.  Oroville.  Tertiary  leaves  and  Lignite,  18.  Cretaceous,  14.  Sub-Carboniferous  fossils  found  near 
by  toward  the  northeast. 

60.  Shingle  Spring.    Iron,  lead  and  zinc  occur  near. 

61.  Brooklyn.  Redwood  Peak,  1,6,35  feet  high,  is  the  highest  in  the  range  opposite  San  Fancisco. 
Mission  Peak,  34  miles  southeast,  is  2,566  feet  high. 

62.  Mien  to  Haifwards.  Follows  the  20.  Quaternary  (alluvial),  nearly  after  passing  through 
Alameda  Caiion  10  miles,  traversing  19.  Tertiary,  19  c.  Pliocene  and  19  b.  Miocene,  then  lignitic.witli 
little  coal.  ,  ,, 

63.  Irvington.  Mountains  on  the  east  side  rise  to  4,443  feet,  and  on  the  west  side  to  3,780  feetu 
height, 

64.  San  Jose.  Alum  Rock  Cation,  about  seven  miles  easterly  f^om  San  Jose,  is  a  prett^puc^i 
with  Miocene  fossils  and  a  good  hotel.  H.  M.  T. 


CALIFORNIA. 


327 


rou8  fossils  found  neir 
opposite  San  Fancisco. 


South  Faoiflo  Gout  (N.  O.)  R.  B. 

Ms.                                                                        Alt. 

Southern  Paolflo  R.  K.— Con. 
Mb.                                                                         Alt. 

•  •■•• 

6 
14 

San  Francisco. 
Alameda. 
W.  Sanleandro. 
Alverado.0  8 

Moury's. 
Alviso. 
San  Jose.'* 
Los  Gatros. 
Alma. 
Wright'8.8' 
Glenwood. 
Felton.«» 
Rincon.8  9 

Santa  Cruz. 

18.  Meta.  Cretaceous. 

20.  Quaternary. 
<i 

i< 

i< 

<i 

<i 

19.  Tertiary  Gravels. 

18  c.  Lign.  &  Met.  Cro. 

<( 

19  b.  Miocene  Tertiary 

« 

19  c.  Pliocene  Tertiary 

20.  Quaternary. 

128 
134 
143 

'80 

94 

100 

99 
101 
lOG 
112 
110 
120 

Chualar. 

Gonzales. 

Soledad. 

20.  Quaternary.      *»• 

i<                       12  7 
«                      182 

24 
31 
37 
46 
66 
58 
62 
66 
73 
76 

Gilroy.^8 
Hollister. 
Tres  Pinos.'s 

>i                       198 
«                       284 
l<                       514 

Pajaro. 
Watsonville. 
St.  Andrew's. 
Aptos. 
Soguel. 
Santa  Cruz. 

«               as 
i<               aa 

19  c.  Pliocene,  Tert.r8« 

«(                     102 
II                        5  8 
«                        18 

81 

Ctoshen  DlTlilon  Bi  P«  Ra  B> 

Southern  Paolflo  Railroad. 

0 

6 
12 
17 
21 

San  Francisco. 

San  Miguel. 

Baden.  »o 

Millbrae.»» 

San  Mateo. 

Belmont. 

Redwood  City." 

Menlo  Park. 

Mountain    View. 

Lawrence's. 

San  Jose.** 

Coyote. 

Tennant.^* 

Gilroy." 

Carnadero. 

Sargent's. 

Vega." 

Pajaro. 

Castroville.''* 

Salinas. 

j  18  c.  Metamorphic 

\     Cretaceous. 
<i 

20.  Quaternary.        a* 

"                             8 
<l                          2  2 
<t                          3  1 
«                             8 
«                          6  4 
78                  «                        73 
"                          64 
II                          8  8 
««                       251 
II                       827 

"              r»3 

<l                       168 
«                       138 
II                          6  7 
"                          2  3 
«                          17 

«                          44 

0 

•  •••• 

"40 

Huron. 

Heinlen. 

Lemoore. 

Hanford. 

Goshen. 

Visalia. 

20.  Quaternary.      »«» 

«                      211 
«                     2  20 
«                     242 

«                      278 

2b 
28 
83 
88 
44 
CO 
63 
73 

Central  Paolflo  Railroad. 

(Amador  Branch.) 

0 

9 

20 

28 

Gait. 
Cicero. 
Carbondale. 
Ione.»» 

20.  Quaternary. 

19  b.  Pliocene,  Terti. 

80 
83 
86 
96 
99 
110 

m 

Montrey  Branch.*" 

110 
116 
124 
125 

Castroville.'* 
Martino. 
Del  Monta. 
Montrey. 

20.  Quaternary.        »» 

"                     14 

19  c.  Pliocene,  Terti.  • 
1.  Archaean  Granite.  * 

65.  Peter's  to  Milton.  Passing  into  hi.  Tertiary,  IP  c.  Pliocene  and  1.  Archsean  (granite)  below 
it.  About  18  miles  southeast  is  Copperopolis,  on  the  copper  ledge,  not  worked  on  account  of  the  low 
price  of  the  metal. 

C6.    Alverado.    The  hills  on  east  are  the  liame  described  on  San  Jose  Branch  in  note. 

67.  Wright's.  The  east  slope  is  entirely  of  this  formation  when  ascended,  the  west  being 
he»vily  covered  by  19  b.  Miocene  Tertiary. 

68.  Felton.  The  hills  to  the  west  have  a  core  of  1.  Archaean  Granite,  also  much  18  c.  Cretaceous 
metamorphic  limestone. 

69.  Rincon,    Asphalt  is  common  both  east  and  ',v«»t,  ~ud  j^ntroleum  is  obtained  by  bored  wells. 
7U.    Badm.    A  ridge  of  marine  19  c.  Pliocene  Tertiary,  full  of  siells,  etc.,  lies  west  of  the  road 

for  five  miles. 

71.  Millbrae.    Metamorphic  Cretaceous  hills  west  of  road,  and  granite  (1.  Archsean?)  below. 

72.  Redwood  Citf/.    19  b.  Miocene  (Tertiary)  hills  come  near  on  the  west. 

73.  Mountain  View.  18.  Metamorphic  Cretaceous  hills  on  the  west,  mostly  capped  by  19  o.  Mlo- 
cene  Tertiary  (marine.) 

74.  Tennant.    The  celebrated  New  Almaden  Quicksilver  Mines  are  not  far  west. 

75.  Oilroy.  Some  Li^nitic  (19  a.  Eocene  and  later)  exists  to  the  west,  but  has  not  yet  been  found 
workable.  Much  19.  Tertiary  on  the  slopes  of  hills  around,  with  very  fine  marine  fossils  (19  b.  Mio- 
cene and  19  c.  Pliocene.) 

76.  Vega.  Passes  through  the  18.  Cretaceous  hills,  flanked  by  19.  Tertiary  (19  a.  Miocene  and 
19  b.  Pliocene)  on  the  west.    Some  lignite  in  it. 

77.  Castroville.  The  hills  to  the  southward  are  metamorphic  and  granitic,  with  19.  Tertiary  on 
their  flanks  as  before. 

78.  7Vie<  Pinos.  The  New  Idra  Quicksilver  mines  lies  60  mile  southeast  in  the  highest  part  of 
this  range  of  mountains,  near  6,000  feet  elevation.    Iron,  lead,  silver  and  arsenic  also  occur. 

79.  /on«.    Some  lignite  of  very  little  value  is  found  here. 

80.  Montrey  Branch  passus  through  a  low  spur  of  19  b.  Tertiary  containing  fossils,  which  lie  upon 
the  granite,  and  shows  the  efl'ects  of  change  by  heat  at  the  junction,  from  which  the  granite  is  supposed 
by  some  to  be  eruptive  19.  Tertiary.    Tropolite  or  infusorial  polishing  sand  is  common  near  here. 


V  ■ 


'. 


828 


I  11   •  T> 


^ 


i' 


P    i; 


.'Ml; 


HM' 


>    <; 


1 1 


i<   ?'! 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (CAL.) 


PBclflo  Coast  Railroad. 

Ms.  (Near  Intitudo  35°) 


Alt 


0 
10 
15 
22 
80 
85 
42 
46 
65 
64 


Port  Harford."  > 

Ocean  Side. 

Steele's. 

Verde. 

Lo8  Berroa. 

Nipoma. 

Santa  Maria. 

Lake  View. 

Harris. 

Loa  Alamos. 


19  b.  Miocene,  Tertia. 


<« 


20.  Quaternary. 

19  b.  Miocene,  Tertia. 
20.  Quaternary. 


California  Southern  Railroad. 


0 
4 

9 

20 
20 
35 
42 
47 
62 
60 
66 
78 
86 
96 
104 


National  City. 

San  Diego. 

Old  Town. 

Selwyn.»2 

Cordero. 

Encinitas. 

Stewatt's. 

San  Luis  Rey. 

Yisidora. 

De  Luz. 

Fallbrook. 

Temecula. 

"  Car  B." 

Elsinore. 

Pinacate.** 


20.  Quaternary. 

19  c.  Pliocene,  Tertiary 

20.  Quaternary. 

19.  Eocene,  Tertiary. 

19  b.  Miocene,  Tertiary 


20.  Quaternary. 
18  c.  Metam.  Creta. 

1.  Archaean  Granite. 

II 

20,  Quaternary. 

11 

(( 


California  Southern  Railroad- 
Ms.  Continued,  w^^ 


11(5 
122 
127 
188 


San  Jacinto. 

Riveraide. 

Colton. 

San  Barnardino. 


20.  Quaternary. 


lios  Angeles  &  San  Diego  Railroad. 


27 
34 


Los  Angeles.'' 

Florence. 

Downey. 

Norwalk. 

Costa. 

Amheim. 

Orange. 

Santa  Anna. 


20.  Quaternary. 


<4 
II 
II 
II 
II 
M 


293 

ISI 

lU 

II 

n 

134 
110 
115 


Los  Angeles  Division. 


OjLos  Angelea. 
18  San  Monica.' 


0  Los  Angeles. 

SiFlorence. 
10:Compton. 
15jCerritoa. 
22!\Vilmington.»* 
25  San  Pedro. 


20.  Quaternary. 


i< 
(I 
II 
II 
II 
<i 


There  are  several  short  linos  in  did'erent  parts  of  California,  which  traverse  Quaternary  strata, 
but  they  show  nothing  beyond  whra  is  contained  in  these  notes. 

81.  Port  Harford.  A  bran^ih  runs  northeast  of  San  Luis  Obispo,  nine  miles  over  rolling  tuM.' 
land  19.  Tertiary  and  20.  Quaternary;  beds  of  enormous  fossil  oyster  and  other  shells  are  common 
nearby;  also  lignite  and  petruleum,  volcanic  and  metamorphic  liills  also  lie  near,  containing  quick- 
silver.   Limestone,  etc.,  is  further  north. 

82.  Selwyn.  Fossils  are  numerous  in  the  nearly  level  strata  near  the  coast  and  probably  iDclude 
all  the  19.  Tertiary  divisions.  Under  these,  at  Pt.  Loma,  18.  Cretaceous  fossils  are  found  with  lignite 
in  up-tilted  strata,  and  the  bed  near  Selwyn  was  confounded  with  these  and  described  as  Cretaceous 
Division  B.,  at  first,  but  agrees  better  with  the  Tertiary.  The  true  Cretaceous  again  occurs  on  the 
wost  slope  of  the  Santa  Anna  Coast  Mountains,  fivo  miles  north  of  Fall  Brook  station.  Fine  felspar, 
tuurmalme  and  ganiots  also  occur  in  this  range  in  granite. 

83.  Pinacate.  A  few  miles  north  of  the  Tiamesca  Mountains  are  the  tin  mines,  which  will  probn- 
biy  become  of  much  value,  going  up  to  CO  percent. 

84.  Wilmington.  A  metamorphic  (18.  Cretaceous)  hill  north  of  this  harl>or.  The  islands  vii-iblo 
are  similar,  with  some  20.  Quaternary  sandstone  and  Paleozoic  rocks. 

86.  Oosken  to  Caliente.  The  mountains  westward  are  like  those  from  Pleasanton  to  Niles,  with 
more  19.  Tertiary,  19  b.  Miocene  and  18.  Cretaceous.  Also  20.  Quaternary,  volcanic  and  granite  in 
pittces.  The  only  coal  now  worked  is  north  of  Mt.  Diablo  and  south  of  Livermore.  The  granite,  of 
the  coast  ranges  at  least,  is  eruptive,  and  belongs  rather  to  the  Quaternary  than  the  Archaean. 

86.  Stockton  A  Visalia  Railroad.  The  most  northern  group  of  "Big  1  rees"  is  approached  by  this 
route. 

The  Big  TVees.  One  of  the  greatest  curiosities  in  California  consists  of  the  Big  Tree  Grove,  situ- 
ated on  t^ie  divifle  between  the  middle  fork  of  the  Stanislaus  and  the  Calaveras  rivers,  about  20  miles 
east  of  Mokeluinne  hill,  and  at  an  elevation  of  4,759  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  trees  range 
in  height  from  150  to  327  feet,  and  in  diameter  from  15  to  30  feet. 

87.  Perns  Orove  to  Santa  Eosa.  The  foothill.s  are  full  of  Tertiary  fossils  (Miocene  and  Pliocene). 
The  metamorphic  and  volcanic  mountains  contain  valuable  quicksilver  mines. 

88.  Northern  Pacific  Coast  Railroad.  The  only  groves  of  celebrated  "  Redwood  "  tree,  accessible 
by  railroad,  are  on  this  route  and  northward. 

Ermta :— Note  6,  for  "  telburet"  read  telluret;  page  320,  at  Cornwall  and  Antioch,  read  Pliocene; 
at  Brentwood, etc..  Quaternary ;  at  Banta,  for  19 a.  "Miocene"  read  Eocene:  page 321,  at  Nadesn, 
Quaternary;  Note  28,  for  "El  Carco,"  El  Casco;  page  324,  for  "Pem'a  Grove,"  Penn's  Grove: Note  41, 
lor  "  intormlned,"  intermixed  ;  for  "quarts,"  quartz ;  Note  43,  after  sulphur  place  a  semicolon ;j)«Ke 
Sa,  for  "  Bnrieio,"  Benicio;  "  Vaneleu,"  Vanden ;  327,  "St.  Andrews," San  Andreas;  Note  80,  for"Tr('P- 
elite,"  't'ripolite ;  page  328,  "San  Monica,"  Santa  Monica;  throughout  the  chapter  tor  "  Central,"  reil 
Southern  Pacific. 


DELAWARE. 


829 


Delaware.* 


lego  Railroad. 


GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS  OP  DELAWARE.** 


Quaternary. 

(t 

2t] 
111 

M 

111 

« 

tl 

41 

14 

It 

134 

M 

110 

If 

115 

le  Quaternary  straU, 


PS  over  rolliriK  tul  !.■ 
r  aholls  aro  common 
ar,  containing  qiiick- 

»nd  probably  include 
rf  found  with  lignito 
ribed  aa  Cretaceous, 
again  occurs  on  the 
tation.    Fine  felspar, 

es,  which  will  probn- 

The  islands  yhiUo 

Danton  to  Niles,  with 
anic  and  granite  in 
ore.    The  granite,  of 
the  Archcean. 
8  approached  by  this 

Big  Tree  Grove,  situ- 
rivers,  about  20  miles 
ea.    The  trees  range 

ocene  and  Pliocene). 

)od  "  tree,  accessible 

tloch,  read  Pliocene; 
>age  321,  at  Nadean, 
nn'8  Groye :  Note  41, 
:eaBemicoioD;p»go 
;Note80,for"Trop- 
lor  "Central," real 


Groups. 

Dblawarb  Sub-Divisions. 

20.  QUATSRNARY. 

i  Post  Glacial. 
1           Glacial. 

f  Bog  Clay,  River  Shore,  20  c. 
1  Brick  Clay,  80  b. 
I  Red   Gravel   and    Estuary 
.     Sands,  20  a. 

19.  Tertiary. 

1  1 9  o.  Pliocene. 
(  1 9  b.  MIooene. 

.  Blue  Clay,    .«  ^ 
Glass  Sand,  ^^  *^- 

Potters  Clay,  19  b. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

18  o.  Upper  Cretaceous. 
•   18  b.  Middle  Cretaceous. 
1 8  a.  Lower  Cretaceous; 

Green  Sand,  18  c. 
Sand  Marl.  18  b. 
Wealden  Clays,  18  a. 

Crystalline  Rocks. 
Age  undetermined. 

Eruptive  Gabbros  and  Horn* 

blende  Rocks. 
Philadelphia  Gneiss. 

Magnesian  Marble. 
Quartzite. 

Phtladelphlfl^  unimlnf  ton,  and 
Baltimore  B*  R* 

Newark  and  Delaware  Oltj  Ball- 
road— C£>«/i««*rf. 

Ms. 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

Ms. 
8 

10 
12 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

0 
19 

sa 

24 

18 
32 

Philadelphia. 

Claymont. 

Bellevue. 

Edge  Moor. 

Wilmington.* 

Newport. 

Stanton. 

Newark.* 

Phila.  Gneiss, 
Gabbros,                 •" 

<l                               14 

18a.L.Cre.  &Gab. 

•  1                               T 
U                         II 
II                            IT 
II                         10 

Corbitt. 
Reybold. 

Delaware  City* 

Middle  Cretaceous. 

18  b.  (Sand  Marl.) 
II 

18  b  &  c.  Middle  & 

]  Up.  Cre.  Sand  Marl 

&  Green  Sand  Marl. 

34 
40 

PennsylTanlade  Delanrare  B.  B. 

Newark  and  Delaware  Olty  B.  B. 

Ms. 
0 

8 

11 
26 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

Ms. 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

Newark.* 

Landenberg.** 

Avondale. 
Pomeroy. 

1 18  a.  L.  Cretaceous 

Amphibolites  and 

Phila.  Gneiss.  *" 

Quartzite,    Marble, 

-      and  Philadelphia 

Gneiss.. 

(See  Pennsylvania.) 
II 

0 
2 

J 

6 

Newark.* 

Wilson.* 

Cooche. 

Keeney. 

Glasgow. 

Porter's. 

L.  Cretoceous,    "• 

18  a.  (Plastic  Clays.) 
II 

Plastic  Clays  &  Trap 
•1 

n 

It 

*By  Prof.  Frad'k  D.  Chester,  of  Delaware  State  College,  Newark,  Delaware. 


}j|ir^— 


I"    i 


iliWrn 


V  ^-V'il 

*80         AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (DEL.) 


Delaware  Railivay. 

D«laware»  Rlaryland   4c    TlrfflnU 
Railroad. 

Stations. 

Gbological  Formations. 

Ml. 

Ml. 

0 

9 

12 

17 

26 

26 
81 
38 
86 

40 

26 
41 
64 
68 
77 
81 

Stations. 

Grological  Formations. 

0 
6 
16 
181 
26 
29 

Wilmington.* 
New  Castle.* 
Kirk  wood. 
Mt.  Pleasant.* 
Middletown. 
Townsend. 
Clayton. 

18  a.  L.  Cre.  &  Gab. 
18  a.  L.  Cre.  (PI.  CI.) 
18  b.  Cre.(Sand  Marl). 
18  c.  U.C.(Ind  Marl). 

18  c.  U.  C.  (Gr.  S'd  )•• 

19  b.  Mio.  (Pot.  CI.)" 

I(                          41 

Harrington. 

Milford. 

Lincoln. 

Ellendale. 

Georgetown. 

19  c.  U.  Pli.  to  P.  pji. 
"               11 
*• 
•t 

87 

Georgetown. 
Harbeson. 
Cool  Spring. 
Nassau. 
Lewes. 

•«                  ii 

39 

Smyrna.* 

«l 

II 

48 
61 
66 

Dover.' 

Wyoming. 

Viola. 

Felton. 

Harrington. 

Farmington. 

Bridgeville. 

Seaford.' 

Laurel. 

Delmar. 

It                          «• 

II 

«l                          •! 

<< 

19  c.  U.  PI.  to  P.  PI.*' 
It 

•1             •• 

II 

II 

II             •( 

19  c.  U.  Pli.  to  P.  PH. 

II 

20  c.  Modem.          • 

68 
64 
68 
76 
84 
00 
97 

Georgetown. 

Frankfort. 

Berlin. 

Snow  Hill,  Md. 

Stockton,     " 

Franklin,     " 

19c.U.  PI.  toP.  Fl." 

«4 
•• 

•  < 
1* 
II 

NOTES  ON   DELAWARE. 

1.  Ntwark.  On  the  plane  to  the  south  of  Newark,  red  md  white  (mottled)  clayi  riie  a  few  feet 
above  the  lurface,  covered  by  a  great  thickness  of  Red  Gravel  and  brick  clay  of  (Quaternary  age.  The 
mottled  clays  are  probably  the  equivalent  of  the  Wealden,  the  latter  sub-diviston  being  referred  by 
most  authors  to  the  Lower  Cretaceous,  and  by  a  few  to  the  tipper  Jurassic.  Passing  to  the  north  of 
the  town,  you  walk  for  a  mile  over  a  belt  of  Amphibole  trap,  bevond  which  are  soft  mira  schists  and 
jranitic  gneisses  of  doubtful  Palteozoic  age.  Hills  from  the  background  of  the  town,  a'  the  slopei 
of  which  can  be  traced  the  terrace  of  Quaternary  gravel. 

2.  Wilson.  Iron  Hill  is  three  miles  long  by  one  mile  wide,  the  back  bone  being  i  f  dioritie 
trap  and  iaspery  quartz.  The  trap  is  decomposed  into  a  serpentinic  earth,  which  is  con  .  impreg- 
nated with  masses  of  limonite.  Several  iron  ore  pits  are  at  present  wrought.  This  dike  is  entirely 
confined  to  the  area  of  Wealden  clays,  but  was  evidently  an  island  when  the  latter  clays  were  deposited, 
or  at  least  of  an  earlier  origin  than  the  clays. 

3.  Delaware  City,  At  this  place  a  yellow  sand  marl  is  succeeded  by  a  calcareoui  Green  Sand  of 
an  ashy  color.  This  can  be  seen  well  exposed  along  the  level  of  the  canal,  particularly  near  St.  George's. 

4.  Wilmington,  Excellent  exposures  of  Kruptive  rocks  are  obtained  along  the  Brandywine,  con- 
sisting of  alternate  manes  of  syenitic  gneiss,  with  a  predominance  of  a  coarse  feldspathic  Hypersthene 
Oabbro. 

5.  New  Castle.  One  mile  south  of  New  Castle,  upon  the  river,  is  a  bluff  of  white,  sandy  fire  clay. 
This  is  the  onlv  exposure  in  the  State  of  the  lowest  member  of  the  Plastic  Clay  Series,  and  is  overlaid  by 
£0  feet  of  mottled  clays. 

6.  Mt.  Pleasant.  Two  miles  to  the  northwest  of  this  station  is  the  deep  cut  made  by  the  canal 
For  nearly  two  miles  the  green  sand  rises  as  high  banks  upon  each  side,  offering  the  best  exposures  of 
the  marl  in  the  State. 

7.  Smyrna.  The  Miocene  clays  are  well  exposed  along  Duck  Creek,  and  abound  in  places  in 
characteristic  fossils. 

8.  Dover,  The  Miocene  clays  can  be  seen  back  of  the  town  on  Jones  Creek,  and  a  little  to  the 
south  on  Murderkill  Creek,  Miocene  fossils  are  found  in  abundance. 

9.  Sea/ord.  To  the  east  of  Seaford,  upon  Nanticoke  Kiver,  a  dark  blue  clay  is  well  exposed.  At 
its  junction  with  the  overlying  loam  are  found  nests  of  the  modern  Oyster.  This  blue  clay  is  found  to 
cover  all  of  Sussex  County,  but  is  rarely  seen,  except  in  the  deeper  cuttings  of  the  creeks.  Its  thick- 
ness varies  from  three  to  ten  feet,  beneath  which  is  over  forty  feet  of  fine  glass  sand.  The  glass  sand 
is  probably  the  equivalent  of  the  New  Jersey  glass  sand  of  Pliocene  age.  The  modem  shells,  although 
found  at  the  junction  of  the  Blue  clay  with  the  overlying  gravel,  are  more  imbedded  in  the  latter.  I 
therefore  regard  the  gravels  as  early  Quaternary,  and  the  Blue  clay  as  later  Pliocene. 

10.  Hockessin.  At  this  place  are  excellen''  quarries  of  pure  dolomitic  marble.  Kaolin  is  also 
'worked  in  abundance.  The  dolomite  beds  in  Jackson's  quarry  form  a  perfect  anticlinal,  overlaid  bys 
corresponding  anticlinal  of  Mica  schist.  This  dolomitic  area  is  the  extremity  of  a  tongue  of  the  same 
rock  e.<ttending  in  from  Pennsylvania. 

11.  Landenberg,  Near  this  place  in  the  limestone  quarries  the  relation  of  the  Potsdam  quartzite, 
calciferoui  marbles  and  mica  schi&ts  to  each  other  can  be  well  studied;  there  are  seen  three  anticlintls 
capping  each  other,  with  the  mica  schists  uppermost. 

13.  The  northern  part  of  the  State  of  Delaware  is  underlaid  by  Crystalline  rocks,  which  extend 
from  the  northern  curved  boundary  of  the  State  to  a  line  crossing  the  State  a  little  north  of  the  Phila- 
delphia, Wilmin^on  and  Baltimore  Railroad,  and  running  in  the  same  direction  about  N.  50°  £.  The 
latter  area  is  divided  into  two  belts  of  about  equal  extent. 

(a)  A  southern  club-shaped  area,  composed  of  amphibolite  schists,  with  which  is  associated  i 
bluish  gray  trap,  ranging  from  a  quartz  diorite  to  a  true  hyperite.    This  area  is  a  continuation  of  the 


DELAWARE  AND  EASTERN  SHORE  OF  MD.  AND  VA. 


oGiCAL  Formations, 


>i 

•  1 

It 

u. 

Pli.  to  P.  PH. 

Modem. 

t 

U. 

PI.  to  P. 

•  • 
M 
l« 
«» 
«• 

PI." 

abound  in  places  in 
ek,  and  a  little  to  the 


831 


mrilmlngton  4e  Northern  B.  R. 

WllmiDfton  4c  Western  R.  R. 

Ms. 

Stations, 

Gbologicai.  Formations. 

Ms. 

0 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

0 

Reading,  Pa. 

See  Pennsylvania. 

Wilmington.  • 

Gabbro.  &  IH  a.  L.  C. 

67 

Chadd's  Ford. 

Phila.  Gneiss. 

7 

Greenbank. 

Phila.  Gneiss. 

61 

Granogue. 

i( 

12 

Ashland. 

(1 

63 

Adams. 

Hypersthene  Gab.  "' 

15 

Hocliessin." 

••  with  Marble. 

6.") 
66 

Dupont. 
Greenville. 

>•                       tia 

17 

Southwood. 

Quartzite,    Marble, 
and  Mica  Schists. 

68 

Lancaster  R'd. 

•  1 

20 

Landenberg." 

Same  as  above. 

72 

Wilmington.* 

L.  Ore.  &  Gabbro.     » 

tyenitic  areas  of  ioutheaitern  Pennsylvania,  referred  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Hall  to  the   Laurentian,  although 
they  may  prove  to  be  Huronian,  or  even  later,  and  probably  forms  an  intrusive  mass  between  tnc 
Philadelphia  gneiu.  ,       .     e. 

(*)  A  northern  area,  the  shape  of  a  double  convex  lens,  covered  by  granitic  gneisses  and  mica 
schists,  the  equivalent  of  the  Philadelphia  gneiss,  which  by  earlier  writers  has  been  referred  to  the 
Montalban,  and  bv  later  to  the  Palxozoic. 

This  part  of  the  State  has  an  uneven  surface  of  beautifully  rounded  hills,  with  a  bold  and  rounded 
outline,  and  is  elevated  several  hundred  feet  above  tide  water.  Limestone  also  occurs  in  this  primary 
region.  It  is  a  nearly  pure  dolomite  in  a  coarse  and  fine  grained  crystalline  mass  of  a  white  color,  witn 
at  times  a  bluish  tinge.  About  six  miles  N.  W.  of  Wilmington  is  a  limited  body  of  serpentine  of 
various  shades  of  green,  with  a  heavy  vein  of  granite  passing  through  it. 

South  of  the  Primary  or  Rocky  regions  of  the  State  and,  indeed,  from  Its  lower  limit  to  the  south- 
boundary  of  Delaware,  the  seneral  features  of  the  country  are  widely  different.    Instead  of 


em 


a  con- 


stant succession  of  irregular  and  boldly  rounded  hills,  is  presented  a  comparatively  level  country  or 
Uble  land,  gently  vlopfng  east  and  west  towards  either  bay  from  an  elevated  strip  of  land  several  miles 
in  breadth.  The  streams  flow  from  this  east  and  west  through  the  soft  and  vielding  strata  which  con  - 
stitute  the  geological  formations  of  •  very  large  portion  of  the  State;  these  formations  being  composed 
of  clays  and  sands  which  are  more  or  less  loose  in  their  texture.  The  surface  of  the  country,  originally 
rather  flat  and  level,  has  been  scooped  out  by  brooks  and  creeks  and  rain  torrents  into  an  undulating 
surface,  presenting  low  hills  and  bowl-like  depressions,  sometimes  gently  sloping,  at  others  with  abrupt 
declivities,  where  the  formations  offer  a  sufficient  resit  tance  to  the  agents  of  denudation.  From  the 
lower  limit  of  the  primary  formation  nearly  to  the  soutiiem  b'  der  of  New  Castle  County,  is  a  series 
of  clays  and  marls  of  the  Cretaceous  and  upper  Jurassic  foriu.-itions.  Between  the  lower  or  southern 
limit  of  the  Cretaceous  and  the  lower  part  of  Kent  County  exists  a  series  of  b  ^ds  of  clay  and  sand 
which  are  of  the  tertiary  (mlocene)  formation.  The  surface  of  the  country  ia  the  lower  part  of  Kent 
and  the  whole  of  Sussex  County  is  much  more  level  than  that  farther  north.  The  aggregate  thickness 
of  all  the  formations  south  of  the  primary  will  probably  not  fall  short  of  five  hundred  teet,  and  the  gen- 
eral hearing  of  all  the  formations,  like  that  of  the  primary,  is  nearly  N.  SO"  E. 

The  little  State  of  Delaware  furnishes  us  with  a  general  description  of  the  Geology  of  the  whole 
Atlantic  Coast,  including  considerable  portions  of  the  States  of  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  comprising  the  primitive  Archxan  backbone  or  foundation 
formation,  with  the  Cretaceous,  Tertiary  and  Quaternary  extending  eastward  from  it  to  the  Ocean. 

Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.* 


New  York,  Phtla.  Jc  Norfolk  R.  R. 

0 

6 
10 
19 
22 


Delmar,  Del. 
Salisbury,  Md. 
Fruitland. 
Princess  Anne. 
King's  Creek. 


10  c.  U.  PI.  to  P.  PI.' 
II 

20  c.  Modern. 
(I 


28 
88 

Kiiigston. 
Crisiield. 

20  c.  Modern. 

••     Salt  Marsh. 

72 

95 

119 

181 

Exmore. 
Cape  Charles. 
Old  Pt.Comfort 
Norfolk. 

20  c.  Modem. 

"   Ocean  Sand. 

By  Steamer. 

II 

Cambridge  and  Seaford  R.  R. 

0 
14 
83 

Seaford,  9 

Williamsburg. 

Cambridge. 

19  c.  U.  PI.  to  P.  PL 
It 

« 

*That  is  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Chesapeake 
Bay  in  those  States. 


_Wlcomlco  and  Pocomoke  R.  R. 

0 
10 
19 
23 
80 


Salisbury. 
Pittsville. 
St.  Martin's. 
Berlin. 
Ocean  City. 


19  c.  U.  PL  to  P.  PL 

20  c  P.  PL  &  Modern 


'  Ocean  Sand. 


0 
20 
81 
81) 


Maltliore  aud  Del.  Bay  R»  R. 

Clayton,  Del.    19  b.  Miocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 


Kennedyville. 

Chestertown. 

Parsons. 


19  a.  Eocene  &  Creta. 


<^ueen  Annexe  &  Kent  Sc  Towrngend. 


0 

18 
85 


Townsend. 

Sudlersville. 

Centreville. 


19  b. 


Miocene, 
li 


Pelairare  and  Cheeapeake  R.  R. 


0 
14 
32 
44 

51 


Clayton,  Del. 
MarydeU. 
Queen  Anne. 
Easton. 
Oxford. 


19  b.  Miocene. 


^^ 


ITT 


m 
m 


W 


>  I 


m 


;;■?! 


Win- 

Bif  % 

n3l->   !''■'■' 

mm  ' ''  1' 

! 

K':;  1; 

J 

mI'Iv  m  ■■ 

nnl '  1 J  '   '  ' 

-^p    1 ' '^   ^ ' 

'f^i  ';/'  ' 

f$:  •'  ■ 

'  ■  ^S^i                        \ 

'■   1:  -i-i 

!.| 

4i»         AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MD  ) 


Maryland/ 


Plilladelphla«  Drilminfftom  and 
Baltimore  Bjitiroad* 


Ms. 
"1 

28 
80 
32 
84 
40 
46 
62 
65 
61 


Stations. 


Geological  Fokmations. 


Ph''.adelphia. 

Wilmington. 

Delaware  June. 

Newpof.. 

Stanton. 

Newarlc. 

Elkton. 

Northeast.* 

Charlestown. 

Perryville. 


(See  Pennsylvania.) 
l8.Cret.  &17.  Juras.' 


•< 
It 
tt 
<< 


*i 

IT 

to* 

18 
«t 

at 


62 

67 

74 
77 
79 
89 
94 
98 


Aberdeen. 
Bush  River. 
Edgewood. 
Magnolia. 
Stetnmer's  Run 
Bay  View. 
Baltimore. 


1.  Azoic    " 
1.  Azoic    •• 
17.  Juras.&  Archaean** 
(Susquehanna  River.) 

Granite,  Gabbro- 

Diorite,  17.  Jur." 

rassic.  ' 


Havre-deGr'ce 


jLGi 

1      Di( 
17.  Jur 


ao 

a* 
*« 

a« 


PItll.  and  Baltimore  Central  B.  B> 


0 
86 
62 
60 
67 
71 
76 
119 


Philadelphia. 
Kennett. 
Oxford. 
Rising  Sun. 
Rowlandville. 
Port  Deposit." 
Perryville. 
Baltimore.' 


(See  Pennsylvania.) 

<• 
1  a.  Laure'n,  Serpent. 


<4 


Granite. 
17.  Jurassic  &  Archae. 


Baltimore  and  Potomae  Railroad. 


0 
10 
91 
26 
34 
41 
48 


Baltimore.' 

Odenton.' 

Patuxent. 

Bowie. 

Wilson's. 

Navy  Yard.* 

Wash.,  D.  C. 


17.  Jur.  &  1  b.  Huro'n 

18.  Cret.  and  recent. 


'•  18.  Cret.  n'r 


Pope's  Creek  Branch. 


1) 

26 
40 
46 
61 
66 
69 
76 


Baltimore.' 

Bowie. 

Marlboro. 

Linden. 

Brandywine. 

La  Plata. 

Cox. 

Pope's  Creek. 


17.  Jurassic. 
Upper  Eocene. 
10  a.  Eocene. 
10  b.  Miocene. 


ii 
It 
II 


Baltimore  and  Ohio  Ballroad. 

Washington  Branch. 


Ms. 


9 
19 
22 

2(^ 
84 
84 
40 


Stations. 


j  Baltimore.' 
(  Camd'n  Stat. 

Relay  House.' 

Annapolis  Jun. 

Laurel. 

Beltsville. 

Alex'ndriajun. 

Bladensburg. 

Washington.' 


Geolocical  Formations. 


17.  Jurassic. 

1  b.  Hur.,  Intra.  Gran. 
17.  Jurassic. 

&  Dior.  Hur. 


«t 
II 
II 


••lb.Huron'n. 


Alexandria  Branch. 


0 
84 
40 
42 
46 


Baltimore. 
Alexandria  Jc. 
Banning's. 
Uniontown. 
Shepherd. 


(Ast 
17.  J 


before.) 


urassic. 
•I 


Cretaceous  &  Jurass. 


AnnapolU  and  Blk  Bldge  B.  R. 


0  Annapolis  Jc. 

8  Patuxent. 
6  Odenton. 

9  Gambrill's. 
10  Millersville. 
12  Waterbury. 
14  Crownsville. 
16  Iglehart. 

18  Camp  Parole. 

21  Annapolis.* 


19.  Cret.  &  17.  Jurass. 
II 

17.  Jurassic. 

41 

Cretaceous. 


"&  10  a.  Eocene 

Eocene. 

Eocene. 
•  < 


Nortbern  Central  Ballroad. 


0 

2 

7 

12 

16 

20 

23 

29 

86 
42 
47 
67 


Baltimore. 

Mt.  Vernon, 
j  Green  Spr'gs 
\     Junction.'' 
Timonium. 

Cockeysville. 

Sparks'. 

Monkton. 
Parkton. 


I"i 


.  Jurassic  and  I  b. 

Huronian.        " 
•  •  111 

2-4.  Siluro-C'mbr'n 
Serpentine. 


y  "large  quar- 

ries of  white  marble 
11  c.  Montalban. 
•j  2-4.  Siluro-C'mbr'n 
(  Limestones. 
Hur'n&  Mica  Schists, 
j  1  c.  Montalban  and 
1      Serpentine.      *" 

1  c.  Montalban.     "* 
II 


Freeland's. 

Glenrock. 

Hanov.  Ju.,  Pa. 

York,  Pa. 

Continued  in  Pa.    See  page  a8o.) 


2-4.  Siluro-Cam. 


4«i 


*  Br  Prof.  P.  R.  Uhler,  of  the  Peabody  Institute,  Baltimore,  except  B.  &  O.  R.  R.  west. 
L   Kaoiia  occurs  near  Annapolia,  near  Northeaet,  and  near  the  Metropolitan  Railroad  in  Mont- 
Hoinery  County. 


MARYLAND. 


33a 


Westernt  niarjrland  Ballroad.* 


)ciCAL  Formations. 


iur.,  Intnl.  Gran, 
arassic. 
••  &Dior.Hur. 


•'lb.Huron'n. 


"  &  10  a.  Eocene 

ne. 

cene. 

1  Railroad. 

,  Jurassic  and  1  b. 

Eiuronian.        " 
II  III 

1.  Siluro-C'mbr'n 

Serpentine. 
•  I  III 

"  large  quar- 

s  of  white  marble 

c.  Montalban. 

1.  Siluro-C'mbr'a 

Limestones. 

'n&  Mica  Schists. 

:.  Montalban  and 

Serpentine.     *" 

Monulban.     "* 
<< 

Siluro-Cam.    *" 
II  *•• 

See  page  a8o.) 

R.  R.  west, 
n  Railroad  in  Moot* 


Ms. 


3 

6 

6 

9 

10 

11 

14 

19 

22 

81 

84 

41 

45 

48 

49 

_54 

Jl 
59 


iceoug  &  Jurass. 
:  Bldge  B.  R. 

'ret.  &  17.  Jurass.     H    ipj 


83 
77 
86 

m 
m 


Stations. 


Baltimore.'    " 

Fulton  Station. 
Oakland.  •" 
Arlington.  *" 
Ho'rdsville.  *" 
Pikesville.  *•• 
Greenwood  *•* 
Owing'sMs.*" 
Reisterstown. 
Finksburg. 
Tannery.  •' 
Westm'ster.  '""" 
N.Windsor.  **" 
Un.  Bridge.*" 
Middleb'rg.  •" 
Frederickjc."' 
Rocky  Ridge. 


Emmitsburg. 


Mech'cst'n.  • 
Blue  Ridge."" 


Waynesboro. 


Smithsburg.  "• 
Hagersto'n.  ••» 
Wmsport.     "» 


Martinsburg. 


Geological  Formations. 


17.  Jurassic  &  lb. 
Huronian. 


"  Sen  Mo.  n'r. 


"  &  Montalb'n. 
Montalban.    Copper. 
Huronian. 

Marble. 
••  Var.  Marble. 
Trias.  &  Silur.-Cam. 
Triassic,  Var.  M  rble. 
16.  Triassic. 

"     Diabase. 


16.  Tri.  Diab.  dyke. 
3  b.  Potsd.  (Marble.) 


Slate 


4  a.  Trent,  limestone. 
II 

4  c.  Hudson  River. 


3a.&4c.Cal.  &Hud. 


Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad." 


0 
15 
20 
S5 
87 
82 
48 
60 
58 


Baltimore.'  " 
Ellicolt  City.  ' 
Elysville.  ' 
Woodstock.  • 
Marriottsville. 
Sykesville.  *" 
Mt.  Airy.  •" 
Monrovia. 
Frederick  June. 


17. 

1  a.  Lau.,  Gran.  quar. 
II 

"Gra.  &  Stea.  qu. 

1  b.  Huronian? 
II 

1  c.  Montalban. 

'   Slate  quar. 
"  Trias,  near. 


Baltimore  4c  Ohio  R.  Bk,— Continued. 


'  i.' 


Ma. 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

62 

Frederick. 

1  b.  Hur.  limestone. 

69 

Point  of  Rocks 

16.  Trias.  Pot.  marb. 

0 
7 
11 
16 
22 
27 
29 
88 
36 
48 


Washington.  * 
Sil'r  Spring.  ••• 
Knowles*.  "• 
RockviUe.  «" 
Gaithersb'g. "' 
Germant'n.  *** 
Boyds.  •" 

Barnesville. "» 
Dickerson's* 
Pt  of  Rocks.??* 


17.  Up.  Jur.?&  Azoic. 
II 

11 

1  b.  Hur.  &  1  c.  Mont. 

"     Serpentine. 
II 

"Tal.  sc.  Mon. 
It 

16.  Tri.  n.  Dia.  dykes 
Poto.  Marble. 


75 

79 

90 

81 

87 

92 

95 

100 

107 

117 

122 

128 

18S 

168 

163 

170 

178 


Point  of  Rocks. 
Berlin. 

Weverton.    »*• 
Sandy  Hook. 
Harper's  F'y?r 
Duffield's,  Va. 
Kearneysville. 
Vanclievesv'le. 
Martinsb'g.  *" 
Nor.  Mount.  " 
Sleepy  Cr'k.*" 
Hancock.      \V 
Sir  John's  Run. 
Orleans  Road. 
Paw  Paw. 
Green  Spring. 
Patterson's  Ck. 

CumbI'd.Md." 


16.  Trias.  Pot.  Marb. 

1  b.  Huronian  ? 

Montalban. 
It 

Potsdam  and  Slate. 

8a.  to  4  c.Sil.-Cam.  l.s. 
II         /  a 

6-12  Sil.  &  Devonian. 
II 

10  Ham.  4  7  L.  Held. 
8-12  Devon.*"      f  ^ 

a 

7.L.  Hel.&80ri  '  ° 
10.  Hamilton. 
(    8.  Oriskany. 
7.  Lower  Held'g  to 
18  a.  Vespertine."* 


2.  Hartford  County,  a  few  miles  northwest  of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  &  Baltimore  Rail- 
road yields  a  fine  green  serpentine  in  blocks,  equal  to  verd-antique  in  splendor  and  polish,  besides  the 
common  building  sort.  In  the  Jurassic  beds  on  the  same  railroad,  also  on  the  Washington  branch  of 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  vast  beds  of  nodular  carbonates  of  iron  occur,  rich  in  metal. 

8.    The  Woodstock,  EUicott's  City  and  Port  Deposit  granites  are  superior  of  their  kind. 

4.  Bare  Hills  mineral  region.  It  has  chrome  and  copper  ores,  asbestos,  serpentine  and  magnesian 
rOcks. 

6.  The  Western  Maryland  Railroad  runs  near  copper  mines,  chrome,  serpentine,  talc,  steatite, 
asbestos,  carbonate  of  iron,  and  most  beautiful  marbles  of  every  color,  from  blackj  dark  red,  salmon, 
etc.,  to  pure  white — even  statuary  marble— besides  the  breccias  of  every  degree  of  size  in  their  compo- 
nent pebbles  or  pieces,  both  round  and  angular.  P.  R.  U. 

6.  By  Prof.  William  M.  Fontaine,  of  Morgantown,  West  Virginia. 

7.  Baltimore  is  located  upon  rocks  of  1  b.  Huronian  and  1  c.  Montalban  ages  and  upon  rtayi  and 
sands  which  rest  upon  the  eroded  edges  of  both  of  these.  The  clays  approach  the  neocomir.n  in  posi- 
tion, while  the  sands  and  driftii  belong  to  various  more  recent  horizons.  P.  ''.<.  U. 

8.  The  rocks  of  the  eastein  por*:ioa  of  the  Azoic  area  in  Maryland,  as  in  Virginia,  are  granites, 
gneisses  and  homblendic  rocks.  This  bilt  extends  to  near  Parr's  Ridge,  where  it  if.  succeeded  by 
Argillites,  with  some  metamorphic  limestone,  probably  of  Montalban  age. 

9.  The  Azoic  area  passes  some  distance  to  the  west  of  the  railroad  from  Baltimrre  to  Washington, 
consequently  this  road  runs  chiefly  in  formations  similar  to  those  found  at  Ballimor<i.  Washington  has 
a  geological  position  similar  to  that  of  Baltimore,  but  here  the  subjacent  rocks  ore  plainly  similar  in 
age  to  the  Fredericksburg  sandstones,  and  are  probably  Upper  Jurassic. 

10.  On  the  west  side  of  the  Monocacy  River  a  belt  of  Mesozoic  rocks  occurs,  extending  to  near 
the  east  base  of  the  Catoctin  Range.    Along  the  west  margin  of  this  belt  occurs  the  remarkable  lim»> 


884  AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MD.) 


m 


Gnmberland  4e  Fenn8ylTanlaB.B. 

Onmberland   and    PennaylTanU 

nallrOAd. Continued 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

Mn. 

Ms. 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

Cumberland." 

to 

Will's  Gap. 
C.  &  P.  June. 
Patterson's.   " 
Barrelville. 
Mt.  Savage. 

10.  Hamilton."" 
8.  Oriskany. 
7.  Low.  Helderb'g 
S  b.  Clinton. 

5  a.  Medina. 

6  a.  Oneida. 

4  c.  Hudson  Riv. 

4  c.  up  to  14  b.  Low. 
Coal  Measures. 

Taoe 

0 

2 
4 
7 
8 
10 

18 
17 
80 
22 
25 
29 
24 

Morantown. 
Frostburg.  '" 
Borden  Shaft. 
Ocean  Mines. 
Jackson. 
Barton. 
Pi'dm't,  W.  V. 

14  c.  Up.  Coal  Mres. 

1...      ..  s^ncn 

2. »» °S  "^ 
Ji   r  Q-o'STtS 

S  M  j3 
•fS              (i            |_t  1    o  (J 

Geology  of  the  Vicinity  of  Baltimore.* 


ri 


\'i 


V-'- 

?!    i 


I  '  • 


n! 


Nortltern  Central  Ballroad.       j 

Western  Maryland  Railroad. 

Mb. 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

Ms. 

Stations. 

Geological  Formations. 

0 

Baltimore.     " 

Hornbl.  sch.  Gn.  age? 

0 

Baltimore. 

Homblen.  schist  age? 

8 

Woodberry. 

Gneiss                    " 

8 

Fulton  Station 

Decomp.  Mica  sch." 

6 

Melvale.        " 

>«                       •• 

4 

Highland  Park. 

Hypersth.  Gabbro  " 

6 

Mt.  Wash'ton. 

•  4                                                    •< 

6 

Oakland. 

•I             II 

7 

HoUins. 

l<                                                     II 

6 

Arlington. 

<*             II 

14 

Texas. 

Crys.  1.  s.  Marb.     " 

8 

Mt.  Hope. 

•<             II 

16 

Cockeytville. 

•1                 <i 

9 

Howardsv'le." 

••             II 

10 

Pikesville. 

Mica  schist            '* 

12 

McDonough. 

Gneiss                   " 

etc.,           etc..           etc. 

■tone  breccia  called  the  Potom.ic  Marble.    This  is  well  exposed  near  Point  of  Rocks.     This  Mesozoic 
belt  ia  flanked  immediately  on  the  northeast  and  east  by  a  belt  of  rather  impure  slaty  limestone. 

11.  The  gorge  at  Harper's  Ferrv  is  cut  through  metamorphic  rocks,  of  in  part  probably^  Huroniao 
am.  One  and  a  half  miles  west  of  the  station  the  Calciferous  limestone  appears,  rrom  this  point,  83 
milei.  to  near  North  Mountain,  107  miles,  a  wide  belt  of  Lower  Silurian  limestone  occurs,  with  occa- 
sional bands  of  slate,  embracing  the  rocks  from  the  8  a.  Calciferous  to  and  including  the  4  c.  Hudson 
River.  These  have  never  been  separated  in  this  region.  The  limestone  predominates  by  far,  and  will 
be  spoken  of  as  the  2-4.  Siluro-Cambrian. 

12.  On  the  west  side  of  this  limestone  belt,  a  great  fault  brings  down  in  North  Mount  \in  the 
various  Silurian  and  Devonian  formations  from  the  5  a.  Medina  to  the  13  a.  Vespertine  or  i  o.  X, 
which  are  to  be  seen  in  North  Mountain  and  its  immediate  vicinity. 

13.  From  North_  Mountain  to  Cumberland  a  wide  belt  of  highly  disturbed  strata  occurs.  0>  int 
to  the  close  compression  of  the  folds  in  which  the  strata  are  thrown,  many  of  the  formations  contained 
in  this  belt  are  always  to  be  seen  at  any  given  locality,  and  hence  when  any  formation  is  given  for  a 
Station  it  must  not  be  inferred  that  this  alone  occurs  there. 

In  this  belt  the  following  formations  are  to  be  found:  The  6  a.  Oneida,  5  b.  Clinton,  7.  Lower  Hel- 
derberg,  8.  Oriskany,  10.  Hamilton,  11  a.  Portage,  11  b.  Chemung,  12.  Catskill,  and  13  a.  Vespertine. 
These  have  never  been  clearly  separated  from  each  other.  The  hard  sandstones,  such  as  the  5  a, 
Oneida  and  8.  Oriskany,  usually  form  the  crests  of  the  ridges,  and  the  softer  strata,  more  commonly 
the  Hamilton,  compose  the  valleys  and  foot  hills.  W.  M.  F, 

14.  Cumberland,  Md,  Beautiful  Oriskany  sandstone  fossils  occur  at  the  quarries  in  and  about 
the  city.  Also  Lower  Helderberg  and  Clinton  group  fossils  on  Wills  Creek  below  the  town  and  Wills 
Gap.    Aib^  Fucoids  of  the  Medina  sandstone.  R.  P.  Whiti'eld. 

15.  Patterson  Creek,  A  short  distance  south  of  the  road  good  Hamilton  fossils  are  obtained  on 
the  Patterson  farm.  R.  P.  W. 

16.  Frostburf,  Coal  plants  of  various  kinds,  Hamilton  fossils  as  casts  occur  in  and  on  ths  hills  on 
the  N.  £.  of  the  city,  some  of  them  very  fine.  R.  P.  W. 

*A8  it  would  seem  advisable  to  give  with  some  fullness  what  is  known  about  the  rocks  near  a  large 
citv  like  Baltimore,  the  following  notes  on  the  crystalline  rocks  in  that  neighborhood  have  been  fur- 
nianed  for  this  book  by  Dr.  Georg[e  H.  Williams,  associate  in  Mineralogy  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity, in  which  he  has  brought  to  light  some  interesting  points  which  are  easy  of^access.  J.  M. 


(MD.) 


MARYLAND. 


88S 


•ennsylTBnU 

<Uinued. 


GiCAL  Formations, 


Up.  Coal  Mres. 


•  • 
«i 
n 
II 


lore.' 


id  Railroad. 

.OGiCAL  Formations. 

nblen.  schist  age? 
amp.  Micasch." 
lersth.  Gabbro  " 


I* 


schist 

iss 

etc. 


•I 
It 


>cks.  This  Mesozoic 
laty  limestone. 
rt  probably  Huroniao 
rrom  this  point,  83 
me  occurs,  w«h  occa- 
ding  the  4  c.  Hudson 
nates  by  far,  and  will 

■North  Mount,  tin  the 
Vespertine  or  i  o.  X, 

itrata  occurs.  Ov  int 
formations  contained 
mationisgivenfora 

linton,7.  Lower  Hel- 
and  13  a.  Vespertine. 
)nes,  such  as  the  5  a. 
trata,  more  commonly 

W.  M.  F. 
quarries  in  and  about 
iw  the  town  and  Willi 

R.  P.  Whitfeld. 
[ossili  are  obtained  on 

R.  P. W. 
in  and  on  ths  hills  on 
R.P.W. 

the  rocks  near  a  large 
irhood  have  been  fur- 
>hns  Hopkins  Univer- 
ccess.  J-  M. 


Baltimore  4r  Oblo  Bailroad. 


Ms. 


9 

10 

11 

12 
14 
16 
80 
86 


Stations, 


Relay. 

Avalon. 

Or'ge  Grove.** 

Ilchester. 
Grays. 

Ellicott  City." 
Elysville. 
Woodstock." 


Geological  Formations. 


Granite  &  Granitoid 
Gneiss,  age? 

Gn.  &  Horn.  sch.  " 
\  Gneiss  with  Erupt 
{     Gran.  Dykes  age? 
Homblend.  Gn.     " 
Gneiss  " 

Granite  " 

Gneiss  &  Granite  ' 
Gneiss  " 


RIaryland  Central  (Delta)  B.B. 


Ms. 


Stations. 


C  Baltimore, 


2 

7 

11 

13 

27 
24 
36 
44 


Guilford. 
Towsontown. 

Loch  Raven.'* 

Notch  Cliff. 
Belair, 
Fern  Cliff, 
The  Rocks. 
Delta. 


Geological  Formations. 


Gneiss  quarries    age? 
Gn.  &  Horn.  sch.  " 
Gneiss  " 

j  Micasch., Quartzite 
(     &  Crys,  limest'ne 


17,  On  the  outskirts  of  the  city  on  the  right  are  the  large  Gneiss  quarries  of  Tones  Falls,  which 
(umish  Baltimore  with  much  buildmg  and  paving  stone.  They  also  produce  many  beautiful  minerals, 
including  the  species  Beaumontite  (Heulandite)  and  Haydenite  (Chabazite).  The  Gneiss  is  intersected 
by  large  veins  of  pegmatite  conuinmg  fine  specimens  of  microcline  and  frequently  tourmaline,  apatite, 
spbene,  garnet,  etc 

18,  Between  Melvale  and  Woodberry  a  tongue  of  the  Hypersthene-gabbro  is  crossed,  and  a  contact 
between  this  rock  and  the  gneiss  well  exposed. 

19,  Just  west  of  HoUins  Station,  but  not  visible  from  the  railroad,  is  the  lenticular  mass  of  serpen- 
tine, known  as  the  Bare  Hills.  It  contains  considerable  chromite,  which,  however,  is  now  no  longer 
worked.  Just  south  of  the  Bare  Hills  is  a  mine  of  chalcopyrite,  occurring  in  the  hornblende  gneiss  in 
connection  with  octahedral  crystals  of  magnetite,  and  an  interesting  monoclioic  variety  of  anthopkvU 
lite,  G,  H.  W. 

2(X  This  most  interesting  eruptive  rock,  locally  known  as  "  Nig^erhead,"  covers  an  area  of  about 
fifty  square  miles  west  and  north-west  of  Baltimore.  It  is  most  admirably  exposed  at  the  above-named 
stations,  especially  at  Mt.  Hope,  where  a  long  cut  reveals  a  section  of  it  nver  1,000  feet  in  length.  In 
general  appearance  it  strongly  resembles  the  normal  triassic  trap,  bu'.  is  petrographically  altogether 
different.  It  weathers  to  a  dark  vermilion  soil,  through  which  huge  blocks  of  the  fresh  purple  rock  may 
be  seen  protruding.  The  most  interesting  feature  of  this  gabbro  is  the  partial  alteration  which  it  has 
suffered  to  a  homblendic  rock  which  is  generally  massive,  although  sometimes  schistose.  This  may  be 
designated  as  Gabbro-Diorite,  and  has  been  formed  by  the  paramorphosisof  the  pyroxene  to  hornblende 
without  chemical  change  (see  Am.  Jour,  Sci,,  Oct,,  1884),  This  change  may  be  most  advantageously 
studied  at  the  Mt.  Hope  cutting.  Just  south  of  Highland  Park  the  contact  of  the  Gabbro  and  Schists 
may  be  seen  with  large  dykes  of  the  former  rock  alternating  with  the  schists  before  the  actual  contact 
it  reached.  G.  H.  W. 

21.  A  few  hundred  yards  above  Orange  Grove,  on  the  Patapsco  River,  there  is  •  most  interesting- 
proiile  260  feet  in  length  exposed  by  the  railroad  excavations.  Hornblende  schists,  dipping  over  70°  t» 
the  west,  are  cut  by  apparently  eruptive  granite.  In  the  center  a  hu^e  trunk,  nearly  SO  feet  broad, 
emerges  from  the  ground  parallel  to  the  dip  of  the  schists,  and  from  this  two  lateral  arms  are  given  on 
on  each  side  which  traverse  the  schists  nearly  at  right  angles  to  their  bedding.  Tl  e  lower  of  these- 
lateral  arms  on  the  west  side,  although  only  four  feet  broad  at  its  origin,  may  be  tra<  ed  over  150  feet 
in  a  horizontal  direction,  ana  when  it  disappears  is  less  than  five  inches  in  width.  On  the  east  side 
the  arms  are  equally  well  marked,  but  are  not  exposed  for  so  long  a  distance.  Inclusions  of  the  schist 
in  the  granite  are  very  numerous;  one  in  the  main  trunk  is  over  14  feet  long.  These  dykes  exhibit  in 
tn  admirable  manner  the  effect  of  the  cooling  surface  on  their  structure,  being  always  very  coarse 
mined  in  the  center  but  fine  grained  at  the  edge.  Smaller  dykes  of  granite  are  frequently  exposed 
between  Orange  Grove  and  Avalon.  G.  H.  W. 

22.  The  granite  at  Ellicott  City  is  generally  porphyritic;  on  the  edges  of  the  mass,  however,  this- 
structure  disappears  and  the  rock  seems  to  pass  gradually  into  Cneiss.  G,  H.  W. 

23,  The  granite  extensively  quarried  at  Fox  Rock  and  Granite  P.  O.,  a  few  miles  north  of  Wood- 
stock, is  of  a  very  superior  quality,  closely  resembling  the  "  Richmond  Granite  "  of  Virginia. 

G.  H.  W. 

24,  Loch  Raven  is  a  romantic  spot  on  the  Gunpowder  River,  which  has  been  dammed  as  part  of 
the  Baltimore  water  supply.  A  conduit,  cut  through  five  miles  of  solid  rock,  leads  the  water  to  the 
city.  From  the  station  northward  along  the  river  the  road  exposes  a  fine  section  of  quartzite  and  mica 
schist  in  contact  with  crystalline  limestone.  On  the  railroad  are  exposed  quartz  rocks  and  gneisses, 
with  tourmaline  and  secondary  mica  developed  on  the  cleavage  planes.  These  are  immediately  over- 
laid by  crystalline  limestone,  which  is  in  turn  succeeded  by  mica  schists,  often  rich  in  garnet  and  fibrol- 
ite,  ?nd  resembling  the  well  known  Philadelphia  mica  schists.  At  many  points,  however,  the  rocks  on 
both  sides  of  the  hmestone  appear  to  be  identical.  At  the  upper  contact  is  a  huge  dyke  of  very  coarse 
grained  granite.    This  is  on  the  road  just  opiiosite  the  Water-works  building  on  the  dam. 

G.  H«  W. 


iii 


III 


t   J? 


'ii 


i   ■?!' 


This  bhmk  apace  ia  intended  for  additional  geological  notes  in  penoil  by  the  traveler. 


if 


•Ji 


\  ■  > 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


887 


West  Virginia.^ 
TABLE  OF  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  IN  WEST  VIKQINIA. 


20.Quaternary,Claciai  dam  and 

river  deposit 
15.  Permian  or  PermoCarbonif* 

erous                               1.600 

XVI. 

XV. 

XIV. 

XIII. 

XII. 

XI. 

XI. 
X. 

IX. 
VIII. 

Vlli. 

.1 
i 

g 

i 

hi 

10  c.  Qenesee                    ^'^^^ 
10  b.  Hamilton                   co»-8«o 
10  a.  Marcelius                   eoo-eoo 

VIII. 
VIII. 
VIII. 

01 

3 
0 
u 

1 

14  c.  Upper  Coal  Measures 

275-374 

14  b.  Barren  Measures       ssJ^oo 
14  b.  Lower  Coal  Measures 

250-1,100 

14  a.  Pottsville  Conglomerate 
and  New  River  Coal  Series 

l50-i,;ioo 

8.  Orlskany                         75-i5() 
7.  Lower  hielderberg         400-500 
6.  Salina                             soo-ooo 
5  b.  and  c.  Niagara  (?)  and  Clinton 

400-500 

5e.  Medina  and  Oneida 

1,400-2,000 

VII. 
VI. 
V. 

V. 

IV. 

£ 

-I 

6 

13  c.  Mauch  Chunii  Shales 

300-2,000 

13  b.  Mt.  or  Qreen  Brier  L.  S. 

lOO-ftX) 

13  a.  Pocono  S.  S.          500-1,200 

4  0.  Hudson  River        2,000-3,000 
4  a.  Shenandoah  L.  S.  4,000-5,000 
2  b.  Potsdam                 2,000-3,000 

III. 
III. 

and 
II. 
I. 

i 
§ 

> 

12.  Catsklll                       8oo-i,.50o 
11-12  Chemung-Catsklll  800-1,000 
11  b.  Chemung  and)             3500 
11  a.  Portage           j 

1 

1  b.  Huror.ian 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS. 

As  the  descriptions  of  the  formations  given  in  the  introductory  part  of  this  volume  do  not  give  a 
detailed  account  of  the  carboniferous  rocks,  and  as  West  Virginia  can  lav  claim  to  greater  develop- 
ment of  these  beds  than  any  other  State,  Professor  I.  C.  White  has  kindly  furnished  the  following 
resiim6  of  their  structure  and  characteristics,  and  has  extended  it  briefly  to  the  other  formations  of 
that  State,  besides  the  Carboniferous.  As  these  are  the  results  of  Professor  White's  very  recent 
explorations  as  United  States  Geologist,  they  will  bo  especially  valuable  to  those  who  have  not  the 
time  or  opportunity  to  look  through  the  official  geological  reports,  and  they  may  serve  to  correct 
many  erroneous  statements  as  to  the  geology  of  West  Virginia  which  have  obtained  currency. 

J.  M. 
20.  QUATEENART.    Cincinnati  Ice  Dam  and  Flooded  River  epochs. 

The  only  Quaternary  deposits  found  in  West  Virginia  are  those  made  along  the  Ohio  Rivei"  and 
itj  tributaries  during  the  existence  of  the  Glacial  dam  at  Cincinnati,  and  those  made  along  all  the 
streams  which  drain  the  Allegheny  Mountains  plateau.  (See  Note  <"<''  ^  The  rounded  boulders  at  high 
levels  along  the  Potomac,  Cheat  and  other  rivers  resemble  glacial  an^^osits,  but  no  glacier  ever  existed 
in  West  Virginia,the  deposits  in  question  having  been  miido  during  the  "  Flooded  River  "  epoch  which 
closed  the  glacial  period,  when  the  snows  that  had  doubtless  accumulated  to  a  considerable  thickness 
on  the  Allegheny  plateau  melting  away  filled  the  draining  streams  with  water  to  a  depth  probably 
exceeding  100  feet.  The  entire  area  of  West  Virginia  was  elevated  above  sea  level  during  the  Appala- 
chian revolution,  and  has  remained  above  the  same  ever  since,  hence  none  of  the  formations  between 
th<)  (15)  Permian  and  (20)  Quaternary  are  found  in  this  State. 
15.  Permian  or  Permo-CarbonJferouB,  Upper  Barrens.*    [XVI.  Serai.]* 

The  Permian  beds,  according  to  Fontaine  and  White,  include  all  the  stratified  rocks  in  West 
Virginia  above  the  horizon  of  ihe  Waynesburg  coal.  The  .series  has  a  maximum  thickness  of  1,500 
feet,  and  consists  of  red  shales,  sandstones  and  limestones,  there  being  three  or  four  thin  coal  beds 
in  tne  lower  half  of  the  group,  but  none  whatever  in  the  upper.  The  beds  are  all  apparently  of  fresh 
water  origin,  since  the  limestones  contain  no  fossils  except  Spirorbis,  Cypris,  Estheria,  and  other 
bivalve  crustaceans.  The  plant  remains  are  principally  Perns  or  Permian  type,  including  Callipteria 
ronferta,  though  Taeniopteris,  Baiera  and  others  recall  Mosozoic  forms.  The  formation  enters  the 
State  from  the  southwest  corner  of  Pennsylvania  and  stretches  across  it  to  the  Great  Kanawha  River 
in  a  belt  30-50  miles  wide. 

1.  By  Professor  I.  C.  White,  United  .States  Geologist,  and  lately  on  the  Second  Geological  'Jurvey 
of  Pennsylvania. 

2.  Parmian.  The  evidence  of  the  existence  of  the  Permian  or  Permo-Carboniferous  fovmation 
in  West  Virginia  is  contained  in  Vol.  P.P.  of  the  Second  Geological  Survey  of  Pennsylvania  by  Wm. 
M.  Fontaine  and  I.  C.  White,  1880.  S.  M. 

*  The  names  and  numbers  en'jlosed  in  square  brackets  are  those  given  to  the  formations  hy,Win» 
h.  Rogers,  late  State  Geologist  of  Virginia. 


J88  .     AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (W.  VA.) 


IIM 


|»:i; 


;i-'"'i 


ilt-  i'  \' 


:':>l\' 


14o.  Upper  Coal  Measures,  Monongataela  Series.    [XV.  Serai.] 

In  the  northern  portions  of  the  State  contains  four  coal  beds  in  descending  order,  as  follows : 

Waynesburg  bed,  merohantablo  coal 4-6  ft. 

Interval  limestones,  shales  and  sandstones 250  ft. 

Sewickley  bed,  merchantable 4-5  ft. 

Interval  limestones  and  shales G5  ft. 

Redstone  bod,  worthless 3-4  ft. 

Interval  limestones,  shales  and  sandstones 40  ft. 

Pittsburg  bed,  merchantable  coal 6  ft. 

Total  thickness 374  ft. 

In  Southern  West  Virginia,  on  Groat  Kanawha  River,  the  group  has  undergone  the  followinjf 
changes:  The  Sewickley  and  Redstone  coals  are  absent;  the  Waynesburg  is  thin  and  worthless: 
the  group  has  lost  all  its  limestones  except  one  thin  stratum :  it  has  also  lo«t  KM)  feet  of  rock,  inter- 
vals oeing  reduced  to  275  feet;  red  shales  are  abundant  on  the  Kanawha  I'iver  j  there  are  none  in 
these  measures  on  the  Monongahela;  the  Pittsburg  coal  maintains  6  ft.-6  ft.  of  merchantable  coal, 
but  it  is  often  absent  entirely  from  wide  areas,  or  only  1  ft.-2  ft.  thick  on  others. 

14b.  Barren  Measures.    [XIV.  Seral.l 

Northern  West  Virginia  shows  the  following  structure : 

Shales,  sandstones  and  limestones,  sometimes  including  a  thin  coal 200  ft. 

Morgantown  sandstum ^5  ft. 

Elk  Lick  coal.. 0-4  ft. 

Shales  75  ft. 

Green  crinoidal  limestone,  very  fossiliferous 2  ft. 

Coal 0-1  ft. 

Red  and  variegated  marley  shales 100  ft. 

Bakerstown  coal O-l  ft. 

Shales  and  sandstones 40  ft. 

Upper  Mahoning  sandstone,  pebbly 50  ft. 

Brush  Creek  coal 0-3  ft. 

Lower  Mahoning  sandstone 75  ft. 

Shales 12  ft. 


Total . 


ri.s  j  ft. 


On  the  Great  Kanawha  this  group  thickens  up  x>  800  feet;  the  green  crinoidal  limestone  disap, 
pears,  but  is  exactly  replaced  strati-graphically  by  one  of  fresh  water  origin.  The  Brush  Creek  coal 
attains  important  dimensions,  and  two  new  one*  are  introduced  below  it,  while  the  series  is  termi- 
nated by  the  "  Black  Flint,"  a  marine  deposit  oi  dark  gray,  or  blackish  flint  peculiar  to  the  Kanawha 
Valley,  and  exhibiting  every  gradation  between  sandy  shale  and  compact  silex. 

The  coals  of  the  barrens  are  everywhere  variable  and  uncertain.  A  bed  may  be  present  in  good 
thickness  on  one  farm,  while  on  the  adjoining  land  it  may  be  absent  entirely,  or  so  impure  as  to 
prove  worthless.    The  Brush  Creek  seam  is  the  persistent  and  important  one. 

14b.  Iiower  Coal  Measuret.    Allegheny  River  Series.    [XIII.  Seral.1 

These  measures  are  2.50  feet  thick  at  the  northern  line  of  the  State,  and  usually  contain  five  coal 
beds,  in  the  following  order: 

Upper  Freeport  Coal— 

Interval. 50  ft 

Lower  Freeport  Coal- 
Interval 75  ft 

Middle  Kittaning  Coal- 
Interval 36  ft. 

Lower  Kittaning  Coal- 
Interval 60  ft 

Clarion  Coal- 
Interval  to  top  of  XII 20  ft 

The  Upper  Kittaning  Coal,  which  is  often  present  in  Pennsylvania,  seems  to  be  absent  in  Northern 
West  Virgmia,  though  it  comes  into  the  section  on  the  Kanawha  River.  The  Upper  Freeport  and 
Lower  Kittaningare  the  only  ones  of  these  five  that  are  valuable,  since  the  others  are  usually  too 
thin  and  slaty.  The  first  is  generally  4  ft.-6  ft  thick  and  the  latter  3  ft.-5  ft  This  series  gradually 
expands  southwestward,  and  on  the  Kanawha  River  attains  a  maximum  thickness  of  1,100  ft,  in  which 
Its  six  productive  coal  beds  are  disposed  somewhat  as  follows: 
Upper  Freeport  ("Cannelton  Lower")  bed- 
Interval. , 100  ft 

Lower  Freeport  ("  Coalburg  ")  bed — 

Interval 75  ft 

Upper  Kittaning  ("  Winnifrede  ")  bed- 
Interval :..: 360  ft 

Middle  Kittaning  ("  Cedar  Grove  ")  bed- 
Interval  115  ft 

Lower  Kittaning  ("  Campbell  Creek  ")  bed- 
Interval .....?. r. 120  ft 

Clarion  (Eagle)  bed- 
Interval  to  top  of  No.  XII.  in  whish  two  or  three  thin  coal  streaks  occur 340  ft 

'  The  six  coal  beds  given  above  are  never  all  workable  in  the  same  section;  in  fact  it  is  rare  that 
more  than  two  of  them  furnish  valuable  coal  on  the  same  property.  The  Lower  Kittaning  is  probaoiy 
the  most  persistent  of  the  Kanawha  coals. 


V.  VA.) 


der,  as  follows : 

4-6  ft. 

.....  250  ft. 

4-fift. 

..  ..  C5  ft. 

3-4  ft. 

40  ft. 

6  ft. 

374  ft. 

;onG  the  following 
liin  and  worthless: 
fei't  of  rock,  inter- 
thero  are  none  in 
merchantable  coal^ 


200  ft. 

25  ft. 
0-4  ft. 

75  ft. 

2  ft. 
0-1  ft. 
100  ft 
0-tft. 

40  ft, 

50  ft. 
0-3  ft. 

75  ft. 

12  ft. 


ri8j  ft. 


dal  limostono  disap. 
he  Brush  Creek  coat 
the  series  is  terml- 
liar  to  the  Kanawha 

r  be  present  in  good 
,  or  80  impure  as  to 


My  contain  Ave  coal 

50  ft. 

76  ft 

36  ft 

60  ft 

20  ft 

e  absent  in  Northern 
Upper  Freeport  and 
tiers  are  usually  too 
his  series  gradually 
18  of  1,100  ft,  in  which 

100  ft 

75  ft 

360  ft. 

115  ft 

.120  ft 

3cur 340  ft 

in  fact  it  is  rare  that 
Klttaning  is  probablr 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


14a>  FottBTllle  conglomerate.    New  River  Coal  Series.    fXII.  Serai.] 

The  No.  XII.  series  has  the  following  structuro  in  Northern  West  Virginia,  on  Cheat  Rivers 
Massive,  pebbly,  sandstone,  sometimes  in  two  or  more  beds  with  intervening 
shales,  the  whole  representing  the  Homewood  and  Can".oquenessing  sand- 
stones of  Pennsylvania 160  ft 

Coal 1-2  ft 

Black  Slate 10  ft. 

Gray  Sandstone  to  base  oi  XII 25  ft. 

Southwestward  across  the  State  this  series  thickens,  even  to  a  greater  extent  than  XIII.,  and  in 
thelNew  River  (southward  continuation  of  the  Kanawha)  region,  attains  a  maximum  of  1,300  ft,  in 
which  are  three  important  coal  beds  in  the  following  order,  descending  from  top  of  XII. : 

Massive  sandstones  and  conglomerate  with  a  thin  coal,  175  ft.  below  top 400  ft. 

Nuttall  Coal 

Shales  and  massive  sandstones 260  ft  v 

Coal 

Shales  and  sandstones 100  ft 

Coal .-. 

Shales  and  massive  sandstones  to  base  of  No.  XII 560  ft. 

Total 1,300  ft 

These  three  beds  are  coking  coals  of  the  finest  quality,  and  one  of  tiio  tvo  lower  appears  tc  be 
identical  with  the  great  ten-foot  seam  of  the,  Flat  Top  country.  These  coal',  are  found  of  workable 
thickness  only  aroimd  the  southern  margin  of  the  coal  area,  in  a  belt  of  country  20-30  miles  wide, 
north  from  which  they  thin  away  to  insignificant  streaks.  The  Nuttall  bed  would  correspond  to  tl** 
Quftkertown  coal  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  other  two  would  represent  the  Sharon  and  its  "rideT." 
13.  Sub-Carboniferous. 
13c.  Mauoli  Chunlc  Shales.    [XI.  Umbral  Shales.] 

On  Cheat  River  consists  of  shales,  green  sandstones,  and  thin  limestones,  with  iron  ore  next  the 
top;  total  thickness  300  ft,  in  which  are  only  10  ft.-16  ft.  of  red  shale.    On  New  River  this  series  is 
not  less  than  2,000  ft.  thick,  consisting  of  red  shales,  green  and  gray  sandstones,  with  an  impure 
limestone  at  the  vop  of  the  group. 
13b.  Mountain  or  Greenbrier  Limeatone.    [XJ.  Umbral  Limestone.] 

100  ft-150  ft.  thick  in  Monongalia  Co.,  but  increases  to  over  8(Ki  ft.  in  Greenbrier  Cc.    Is  absent 
entirely  over  a  lari<o  portion  of  the  Northern  region  of  the  State  west  from  Chestnut  Ridge. 
13a.  Pocono  Sandstone.    [X.  Vespertine  Sandstone.] 

Hard  gray  current  bedded  sandstone  and  conglomerate,  500  ft.-600  ft.  thick  on  Cheat  River,  and 
1,000  ft.-l,200  ft.  in  the  Allegheny  Mountains  along  B.  &  O,  R.  R.    No  measurements  have  been  made 
in  southwestern  portion  of  the  State. 
9-19.  Devonian. 
12.  CatsldU.   [IX.  Ponent.] 

Red  shales,  green  and  red  sandstones,  and  an  occasional  conglomerate,  800  ft  thick  at  Rowles- 
burg,  B.  &  O.  R.  R.,  and  1,200  ft.-I,500  ft.  in  Allegheny  Mountains;  thins  away  to  almost  nothing  west 
from  Chestnut  Ridge. 
11-12.  Ctiemung-Catskill.    [VIII.  and  IX.  Ponent  and  Vergent  in  part.] 

Green  and  gray  flaggy  sandstones,  fossiliferous,  also  containing  occasional  red  beds,  and  a  con- 
glomerate with  flat  pebbles,  (1st  Venango  oil  sand  k.  .1  gas  rock  at  Washington  and  Murraysville),  thick- 
nes-s  near  Keyser  down  to  lowest  red  bed  800  to  1,000  ft.  These  rocks  have  sometimes  been  classed 
with  the  CatskiU  and  again  with  the  Chemung.  In  Penna.  Geol.  Report  G',  p.  63,  the  desirability  of 
the  present  classification  is  fully  set  forth. 
lib.  Chemung) 

and  HVIII.  Vergent] 

11a.  Portage,  j 

A  series  of  hard,  flaggy  sandstones  and  shf.le8,  with  a  massive  conglomerate  (3d  Venango  oil  sand) 
100  to  200  ft.  below  the  top ;  no  red  beds  wha  .^ver ;  sparingly  fossiliferouc ;  thickness  about  2,500  ft. 
lOo.  Genesee.    [VIII  Cadent.] 

Black  slate  and  dark  shales ;  thickness  1.  0  to  200  ft.  along  B.  St  O.  R.  R. 
10b.  Hamiltorn.    [VIII.  Cadent] 

Dark  brown  sandstones  and  sandv  shal  is,  very  fossiliferous ;  thickness  along  B.  &  0.  R.  R., 
600  to  800  ft. 
10a.  MarceUuB.    [VIII.  Cad  nt.l 

Black  and  gray  slates  with  beds  of  impui  o  gray  limestone  at  base.    The  entire  group  600  to  600 
ft.  along  the  B.  &  O.  R.  R. 
9.  Corniferous.    [VIII.  Cadent.] 

Wanting  in  West  Virginia. 
5-8.  Upper  Silurian. 
8.  Orislcany.    [VII.  Meridian.] 

A  coarse,  dirty  yellow  fossiliferous  sandstone,  76  to  160  ft  thick. 
7.  Lower  Helderberg.    [VI.  Pro  Meridian.] 

Highly  fossiliferous  gray  and  blue  limestones,  400  to  600  ft  thick. 
6.  SaUna.    [V.  ScalentJ 

Greenish  magnesian  limestones,  red  and  variegated  shales,  the  whole  having  a  thickness  of  800 
to  900  ft.  along  B.  &  O.  R.  R. 

6b.  ClKn*.^'^*"'}[V.  Scalentand  Surgent] 

Hard,  flaggy  sandstones ;  thin  limestones  and  shales,  in  which  occur  two  beds  of  iron  ore,  the 
thickness  of  all  being  400  to  500  ft.  (long  B.  &  0.  R.  R. 
5a.  Medina  and  Oneida.    [IV.  Levant.] 

Hard,  white  sandstone  (White  Medina)  at  top  400  to  600  ft.  thick,  succeeded  by  red  shales  and 
sandstones  800  and  1,000  ft.(Red  Medina),  and  followed  by  gray  sandstones  and  conglomerate  (Oneida) 
200  to  600  feet  thick. 


b  iJM 


!?^ 


'HI 


: ',) 


1    H- 


-i! 


|r|- 


840 

AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 

(W.  VA.) 

Baltimore  A  Ohio  Ballroad, 

Baltlmoro  A  Ohio  lUllroad— Cbn. 

Ms.           From  Harper's  F^rry  West.' 

Alt. 

M&           From  Harper's  Ferry  West.* 

Alt. 

81 

HBn)er's  Ferry.* 
Duffield'8. 

Huronian. 

372 

189 

Rookwell's  Run. 

Devonian. 

489 

87 

Sil.  Cam.  L.  S. 

Bsa 

140 

Doe  Gully  Tun'L* 

CaiskilL 

845 

02 

KeameysTille. 

« 

S89 

165 

Little  Cacapon. 
S.  Br.  Pot.  River. 

Devonian. 

86] 

96 

Vanolieveville. 

II 

soo 

161 

II 

850 

100 

Martinsburg.^ 

II 

Its 

163 

Green  Spr.  Run.* 

Hamilton. 

853 

(  Shepardstown 
Road. 

II 

467 

170 

Patterson's  C'k." 

II 

8«S 

••••• 

«•••• 

N.  Br.  Potomac. 

II 

60i 

107 

North  Mountain." 
Cherry  Run. 

Sil.  and  Dev. 
Devonian. 

847 
SS8 

178 
185 

Cumberland.!^ 

L.  Helderberg. 

639 

118 

Brady's  Mill. 

L.  Helderberg. 

613 

117 

Sleepy  Creek. 

11 

410 

191 

Rawling's. 

II 

693 

122 

Hancock. 

II 

428 

198 

Black  Oak  Bottom. 

II 

736 

128 

Sir  John's  Run.^ 

Medina. 

484 

198 

Potomac  Bridge. 

Hamilton. 

786 

181 

Great  Cacapon. 

Hamilton. 

449 

201 

Keyser.i* 

L.  Helderberg. 

800 

188 

Willett's  Run. 

Devonian. 

m 


't- 


S-4.  Iiower  Sllniian  or  OambrlAii. 

4«.  Hr  iBon  River  Shales.    [III.  Matinal.] 

Dark  brown  shales  and  slates  usually  cleaved,  probably  2,000  to  3,000  ft.  thick  on  B.  Sc  O.  R.  U.,  west 
ftom  North  Mountain ;  no  exact  measurements  have  been  made. 
4»>  Shenandoah  Valley  Umestone.    [II.  and  III.  Matinal  and  Auroral.] 

Limestones  of  great  thickness,  and  some  of  it  very  pure ;  no  trustworthy  measurements  have 
been  made,  but  it  is  probably  not  less  than  4,000  to  6,000  ft.  thiok  along  B.  A  O.  B.  R. 
9b.  Potadam  Sandstone.    [I  Primal.] 

Found  only  in  Blue  Ridge  at  eastern  line  of  State,  where  It  consists  of  quartcites  and  nlateg, 
whose  thickness  has  not  been  accusately  determined,  but  it  is  probably  not  less  than  2,(kiu  to 
8,000  ft. 

1.  Arohsean. 

lb.  Hnrontan.    Rocks  of  this  age  supposed  to  exist  in  the  gap  of  the  Potomac  through  the  Blue 
Bidge  at  Harper's  Ferry. 

3.  Professor  White  thinks  the  geology  of  West  Virginia  can  be  best  studied  by  beginning  at 
Harper's  Ferry,  in  Maryland,  at  the  bottom  of  the  series  of  formations.  By  this  means  the  road 
between  that  place  and  Cumberland  is  given  twice.  J.  M. 

4.  The  gorge  at  Harper's  Ferry  is  cut  througli  metamorphic  rocks,  of  probably  Huronian  age. 
One  and  a  nali  miles  west  of  the  station,  a  fault  brings  down  the  Potsdam  and  Calciferous  rocks 
against  the  Azoic.  From  this  point.  83  miles,  to  near  North  Mountain,  107  miles,  a  wide  belt  of 
Lower  Silurian  limestone  occurs,  with  occasional  bands  of  slate,  embracing  the  rocks  from  the  3  a. 
Calciferous  to  and  including  the  4  c.  Hudson  River.  These  have  never  been  separated  in  this  region. 
The  limestone  predominates  by  far,  and  will  be  spoken  of  as  the  2-4.  Siluro-Cambrian.    (F). 

6.  Martinshurg.  Splendid  quarries  in  No.  II.  limestone  here.  One  mile  east  from  Martinsburg 
a  syncline  catches  the  Hudson  River  slate  and  the  limestone  goes  under  for  two  or  three  miles,  then 
reappears,  and  again  goes  under  to  come  up  once  more  near  Iterneysville.  These  crumples  near  the 
centre  of  the  valley  are  the  northeastern  extension  of  the  great  trough  which  holds  Massanutten 
Mountain,  60  miles  south  from  Martinsburg. 

6.  North  Mountain.  On  the  west  side  of  this  limestone  belt  a  great  fault  brings  down  in  North 
Mountain  the  various  Silurian  and  IDevonian  fornsations,  from  the  5  a.  Medina  to  the  13  a.  Vesper- 
tine or  No.  X.,  which  are  to  be  seen  in  North  Mountain  and  it^  immediate  vicinity.    (F). 

7.  Sir  John's  Run.  From  this  point  westward  to  Cumberland  the  rocks  are  thrown  into  a  serjbs 
of  great  arches,  whose  corresponding  troughs  catch  the  Poeono  beds  in  the  tops  of  the  mountainn,  and 
bring  up  the  Lower  Helderberg  limestone  on  the  antlclinals,  so  that  frequently  several  formations 
may  De  seen  near  one  station.    (F). 

8.  Doe  Oully.  Fine  exposures  of  Catskill  rocks  in  the  approaches  to  the  tunnel,  which  cutting 
through  them  parallel  to  the  strike,  permits  the  highly  inclined  beds  to  slide  down  into  the  cuts 
from  a  long  distance  up  the  sloping  side. 

9.  Oreen  Spring  Run.  The  vallev  here  is  a  syncline  of  Genesee,  Hamilton  and  Marcelhts  rocks, 
enclosed  on  either  side  by  anticlinal  ridges  of  Oriskany  sandstone,  making  Mill  Creek  Mountain 
on  the  east  and  Patterson's  Creek  Mountain  on  the  west. 

10.  Patterson's  Oreek.  Another  synclinal  valley  of  Hamilton  beds,  bordered  east  and  west  by 
anticlinal  ridges  of  Oriskany.  Under  the  arch  of  the  eastern  one  the  Lower  Helderberg  limestone 
la  brought  above  water  level  and  quarried  on  the  Maryland  side  of  Potomac. 

11.  Cumberland.    Good  geological  headquarters.    The  great  Will's  Creek  Mountain  anticlinal 

inat  east  from  the  city,  brings  up  the  Red  Medina,  spanned  by  a  splendid  arch  of  White  Medina, 
hrough  which  the  creek  has  carved  a  narrow  canon,  in  which  there  is  barely  room  for  the  two  R.  R's 
and  the  National  turnpike.  The  Clinton,  L.  Helderberg,  Oriskany  and  Hamilton  all  exposed  near 
city.  The  low  mountain  which  begins  on  the  Virginia  side  at  Cumberland,  and  trends  away  to  the 
southwest,  is  made  by  the  massive  Oriskany  sandstone  and  called  Knobby  or  "  Knobley." 

12.  Keyser.  Splendid  ground  for  geologists.  The  Potomac  river  turns  squarely  around  to  the 
northeast  on  leaving  Cumberland  and  the  R.  R.  follows  this  direction  almost  parallel  to  the  strike  of 
the  rocks,  and  hence  along  the  crest  and  sides  of  the  great  Will's  Creek  Arch,  which  the  river  has 
worn  down  and  converted  into  a  valley  from  Cumberland  to  Keyser,  with  Knobley  Mountain  (Oriskanv) 
on  the  south,  and  Dan's  Mountain  (Poeono  and  No.  XII.)  on  the  north,  from  the  highest  peak  of  whicn, 
opposite  Brady's  Mill,  is  one  of  the  grandest  views  in  all  the  Appalachian  resTon.  Queen's  point, 
opposite  Keyser.  is  an  arch  of  Oriskany,  under  which  comes  fine  exposures  of  L.  Helderberg,  both 


^^n.;- 


L) 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


omA—Con. 

Ifnt*  Alt. 


Ian. 

IL 

ien. 

ton. 


iderberg. 

iderberg. 
« 

ti 

Iton. 
Iderberg. 


499 
545 

sea 

•  50 
653 
56) 
604 

639 

~lTi 

698 
736 
786 
800 


B.&0.  R.  U.,wcat 


asurementa  hnve 


rtzites  and  filntes, 
less  than  2,(iih)  to 


through  the  Blue 


d  by  beginning  at 
a  means  the  road 

J.  M. 
)ly  Huronian  age. 
Calciferous  rocka 


38 


,,  a  wide  belt  of 
„JK8  from  the  3  a. 
ted  in  this  region. 
ian.  (F). 
from  Martinsburg 
'  tliree  miles,  then 
crumples  near  the 
lolds  AlassanutteD 

igs  down  in  North 
the  13  a.  Vesper- 
(F). 

rown  into  a  ser^ 
he  mountains,  and 
lereral  formations 

nel,  which  catting 
own  into  the  cuts 


Marcellus  rocks. 
Creek  Mountain 


east  and  west  by 
lerberg  limestone 

ountain  anticlinal 
of  White  Medina, 
for  the  two  B.  R's 
_>  all  exposed  near 
trends  away  to  the 
obley."  ^^  ^. 
rely  around  to  tne 
lei  to  the  strike  of 
lioh  the  river  has 
ountain  (Oriskany) 
leat  peak  of  which, 
I.  Queen's  point 
Helderberg,  both 


Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad. 


Ms. 


Alt. 


0 
20G 


208 
214 
220 
223 
220 
229 

232 


233 


238 
240 
242 
243 
246 
250 

253 


Baltimore,  Md. 

Piedmont. 

Potomac  Bridge. 

Bloomington. 

Frankville. 

Swanton  Water  St. 

Altamont. 

Deer  Park.^* 

Mt.  Lake  Park. 

Little  Yough  Br. 

Oakland. 

Little  Yough  Br. 

Great  You{];h  Br . 

Chisholm  Summit. 

Hutton's. 

tsnowy  Creek  Br. 

Terra  Alta. 

E.  P.  MoGuire'j  T. 

Rodemer's  Tunnel. 

Salt  Lake  Bridge. 

Cheat  River  Br. 


14a.Pott8villeCg9" 

>t  999 

i<  1024 

13  b.  M.  Chunk.  IS"  9 

«  2  28  2 

13  a.  Pocono.      2020 
11  b.  Chemung.  244  2 

II  2400 

<i  23  0  8 

13  b.  M.  Chunk.2»T2 
14a.FtvilleCg2»7i 

2372 
2487 
2477 
2469 
2540 
2382 
2083 
1619 


i< 
l< 
It 


25;)  Rowlesburg.i* 
251  Buckeye  Run  Vt. 
255  Tracy  Run  Vt. 
267Buckhorn  R.  Vt.i* 

259  Cassidy's  Summit. 
2G0  TuniiOlton. 


12  Catskill. 

11  b.  Chemung, 

It 

12  Catskill. 


261 

264 
267 


Ms. 


BaltlmoL'e  &  Ohio  Railroad— 

Continued. 


Alt. 


268 


274 


280 
281 


2<57 


11  b.  Chemung.  1  J, 2 
12.  Catskill. 

i«  1  S  9  2 

Base  Catskill.     i»i» 
Fine  ex.  of  Cat.is»2 

13  1).  M.  Chunk.i»2o 
Tp.l4b.L.Cl.]Mi8  6» 

14  b.  L.  Col.  M.  i»2o 


294 

297 


E.  P.  Kingwood  T. 


W.  P. 


ifl 


302 
303 


307 


E.  P.  Murray's  T.i^ 

Newburg.i* 

Hook's  Run. 

Indepenence. 

Helvetia. 

Raccoon  Creek  Br. 

Thornton. 

Water  Sta.  No.  59. 

Three  Fk.  C.  Br.is 

Grafton. 

Fetterman. 

Plum  Rim  Bridge. 

Valley  River  F.  20 

Nuzum's  Mills. 

Texas. 

Benton's  Ferry. 

Mon.  River  Br. 

Fairmont.  21 

liarnesville. 

Buffalo  Creek  Br. 

Barracksville. 

Davis  Run. 

Dunkard  Mill. 


50^  under  the  U. 

FrceportCoal.i«i» 
Frecport  limestone  at 

track  level.  it»» 
U.  Frecport  Coal  at 

track  level.  1*** 
Barrens. (XIV.)  i2if. 

>l  1164 
«  1166 
((  1110 
«  1105 
«  103  8 
•<  103  2 
<i  1020 
«  98  7 
(I  8  84 
«  97S 
969 
956 
88S 
888 
«  8  77 
II       8  77 

14c.Up.CoalM.8»i 

II  891 

11  901 

l<  916 

II  922 


N08.  XII.,  XIII. 
No.  XIII. 
Barrens.  (XIV.) 


very  fossiliferous.  The  R.  R.  cut  at  Bull  Neck,  just  below  Keyser,  is  through  a  sharp  syncline  of 
Oriskany.  The  L.  H.  limestone,  Salina,  Clinton  and  White  Medina,  all  finely  exposed  along  Lime- 
stone run  near  town;  while  the  Hftmilton,  Chemung,  Catskill,  Pocono,  Mauch  Chunk  and  Pottsvillo 
conglomerate  come  down  in  succesHion  along  the  R.  R.  between  Keyser  and  Piedmont. 

i;».  Deer  Park.  West  of  Altamont  the  railroad  continues  on  a  broad,  undulating  plateau,  the 
Savage  and  .\llegheny  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  having  here  coalesced  into  one.  This  remarkii'.ile 
fl.it  mountain  top,  from  2,4(iO  to  2,t)00  feet  in  height  above  tide,  has  always  •'.ttracted  much  atten- 
tion from  the  comparative  softness  of  the  outlines,  giving  the  park-like  character  to  its  topog- 
raphy.   (F.) 

U.  Rowlesburf}.  Here  the  R.  R.  starts  up  another  steep  grade  to  iho  crest  of  Laurel  ridge,  and 
the  view  to  the  right  (in  going  west)  down  the  course  of  Cheat,  is  the  grandest  of  all  the  B.  &  O.  R.  R. 
scenery.  The  geological  picture  is  no  less  interesting,  since  the  road  bed  is  almost  a  continuous 
rock-cut  for  5  miles,  thus  giving  a  nearly  clean  exposure  of  the  column  of  rocks  from  the  top  of  the 
Chemung  up  throufsh  7(H)  ft.  of  Catskill,  oOf.  ft.  of  Pocono,  712  ft.  of  iMauch  Chunk,  :«J8  ft.  of  Pottsville 
Conglomerate,  .110  ft.  of  Lower  Coal  Pleasures,  and  20(t  ft.  of  the  Barrens  (No.  XIV). 

15.  Buck  Horn  Run.  All  of  these  viaducts  cross  wild  gorges  7r>  ft.-lOO  ft.  deep,  and  at  the  Gray 
Run  gorge  the  cars  are  apparently  directly  over  Cheat  River,  2i>0  ft.  below. 

16.  W.  Portal  KiHfjwood  Tunnel.  Kingwood  Tunnel  is  4,132  ft.  long  and  passes  through  Laurel 
Hill,  the  anticlinal  axis  of  which  crosses  the  R.  R.  somewhere  near  the  eastern  end  of  the  tunnel, 
since  the  U.  Freeport  coal  has  there  an  elevation  of  l,8G.'j  ft.  A.  T.  and  dips  eastward,  while  at  the 
western  portal  the  same  coal  is  1,806  ft.  .'  T.  and  dipping  rapidly  westward.  The  summit  of  the 
mountain  is  made  by  200  ft.  of  Mahoming  sandstoi.e. 

17.  East  Portal  Murray's  Tunnel.    U    Freepon  coa'  'lere 
coked  at  Austin  mines  20  ft.  under  R.  R.  track,  iust  'est  from  '. 

18.  Newburg.  A  small  area  (3(KM00  acres)  ,f  the  Pittsburg  coal  is  caught  in  the  summit  of  the  hills 
here  near  the  centre  of  the  trough  between  Laurel  Hill  and  Chestnut  Ridge  anticlinals.  The  Pitta- 
burg  coal  has  an  elevation  of  500  ft.  above  R.  R.  and  Is  transported  to  the  latter  over  a  long  incline. 
A  shaft  has  recently  been  sunk  near  the  foot  of  the  incline  which  passed  through  the  if.  Presort 
coal,  4  ft.  thick  at  1(>9  ft.,  and  the  Lower  Kittaning  bed,  7  ft.  thick  at  359  ft. 

19.  Three  Fork  Creek  Bridge.  Three  miles'up  Three  Fork  Creek  is  Irondale  Furnace  where 
native  ore  (from  150  ft.  above  U.  Freeport  coal)  is  principally  used,  and  theU.  Freeport  coal  furnishes 
the  coke.    A  branch  R.  R.  connects  it  with  B.  &,  O.  at  mouth  of  Three  Fork. 

20.  Valley  Rtver  Fails.  The  anticlinal  axis  of  Chestnut  Ridge  crosses  the  river  here  and  brings 
up  the  conglomerate  rocks  of  No.  XIL  to  150  ft.  above  water  level,  over  which  the  stream  descends 
in  a  series  of  wild  cascades.  The  hills  are  capped  by  the  Mahoming  sandstone,  thus  exposing  all  of 
No.Xin. 

21.  Fairmont.  The  Pittsburg  coal  comes  about  76  ft.  above  the  track  here  and  la  extensively 
mined  and  shipped  east  for  gas  and  steam  purposes. 


re  5}4  {t.-4%  ft.  thick,  and  extensively 
Murray's  1  unnel. 


••;(■<?. 


D42 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (W.  VA.) 


I!i 


.  '•  i  I ': 


|i' ! 


t    "!    *     •    L' 


; ! '  1 


3  1  /   '       ■  ^ 


;«ii 


I 


Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad— 

Parkeraburg  Branch  B.  Sc  O.  Railroad. 

Mh,                              Continued.                              Alt. 

Ms. 

Alt. 

812 

Farmington.2  2 

14  Up.  Coal  M.     92' 

0 

Grafton. 

Barrens  (XIV.)   »«J 

.. 

Wood's  Run. 

X                  9ST 

4 

Webster. 

««                      1013 

819 

Mannington.2  3 

Permian  (XVI.)  »«' 

7 

Bartlett  C'k  Sum. 

"                     U  •»  1 

820 

Glover's  Gap. 

«                   1150 

10 

Flemington.2  9 

l<                     1030 

•  •••• 

Glover's  Gap  Tun. 

«                   1146 

17 

Bridgeport. 

"                        076 

880 

Burton.  2* 

«             laeo 

20 

Carr's  Tun.,  W.  E. 

«                     1102 

•  •••• 

E.  Por.  U.  Eaton  T. 

i<                      S93 

22 

Clarksburg.so 

«                      1030 

•  ■    !•■ 

E.  Por.  L.  Eaton  T. 

<i                      96  2 

2(i 

Wilson  burg.  21 

«                        9  79 

837 

Littleton. 

a                     986 

30 

Wolfs  Summit, 

14c.Up.CoalM.ii36 

840 

E.  P.  B.  Tree  Tun. 

«                   1104 

36 

Salem. 

Permian  (XVI.)  10" 
14  c.  Up.  Coal M.  '90 

••••1 

W.  P.  B.  Tree.2» 

«                 1077 

40 

Smithton. 

844 

Bellton.2  8 

Permian  (XVL)  »8  6 

48 

West  Union." 

',                85a 

E.  Por.  Welling  T. 

«                   1202 

52 

Central. 

Permian  (XVL)  «•>» 

•    ••• 

W.  Por.       " 

«                   1198 

59 

ToUgate. 

"                 7«; 

861 

Cameron. 

«                   1049 

62 

Pennsboro, 

"                        882 

866 

Easton. 

«                    96  7 

67 

Ellcnboro." 

<<                      777 

•  •  •#■ 

E.  P.  Shepard's  T. 

«                      68  8 

72 

Cornwallis. 

"                      «7« 

861 

Op.  Rosby's  Rock. 

•«                     78  7 

75 

Cairo. 

«•                      687 

862 

Rosby'a  Rock. 

«                     7  73 

82 

Petroleum.'* 

u                      684 

868 

Moundsville.a^ 

14c.  Up. Coal M.  640 

94 

Kanawha. 

«                        899 

873 

McMechena  Cut. 

«                      6«4 

94 

Claj'sville. 

<>                        599 

875 

Benwood. 

P'burgC.nr.T.L,"** 

104 

Parkersburg.'s 

«<                        626 

879 

Wheeling.  2  8 

i<                      64  S 

22.  Farmington.  The  Waynesburg  bed  is  mined  here  about  150  ft.  above  track,  the  Pittsburg 
being  more  than  200  ft.  under  water  level. 

23.  Mannington.  The  Waynesburj;  coal,  or  highest  number  of  the  Carboniferous  proper,  go«9 
under  the  R.  R.  track  23^  miles  east  trom  Mannington,  and  from  there  to  near  the  Ohio  river  the 
rocks  belong  to  the  Permian  or  Permo-Carboniforous  series,  the  No.  XVI.  of  Rogers.  The  Washing- 
ton coal  is  75  ft.-lOO  ft.  above  track  at  Mannington. 

24.  Burton.  In  the  region  between  here  and  Bellton  are  to  be  found  the  highest  rocks  of  the 
Permian  series,  some  of  the  summits  attaining  an  elevation  of  1,200  ft.-l,5UU  ft.  above  the  Waynesburg 
coal. 

25.  West  Portal  Board  Tree  Funnel.  Minevah  coal,  the  uppermost  small  bed  of  the  Permian 
series,  60  ft.  over  track  here. 

26.  Belton.  A  fine  locality  for  Permian  exposures  in  the  steep  hills,  which  rise  COO  ft.  to  700  ft. 
above  water  level.  A  hole  bored  for  oil  a  sliort  distance  above  Rellton,  passed  through  the  Waynes- 
burg coal  at  4<X/  ft.  below  creek  level. 

27.  Moumisville.  The  Pittsburg  coal  underlies  the  Oliio  river  about,  00  ft.  at  Moundavillc,  and  is 
mined  by  shafts.  The  Waynesburg  bed  is  170  ft.  above  the  river,  but  impure,  and  only  2)^  ft.-3  ft. 
thick. 

28.  Wheeling.  The  Pittsburg  coal  is  about  100  ft.  above  river  here,  and  fine  exposures  of  the 
entire  Upper  Coal  Measures  (2G0ft.  thick),  and  the  lower  portion  of  Permian  may  be  seen  in  the  steep 
hills  around  Wheeling. 

29.  Flemington.  Here  the  Lower  Coals  and  Lower  Barren  Measures  are  shown,  with  a  small 
remnant  of  the  Pittsburg  bed  in  the  tops  of  the  hills,  it  being  the  seam  worked  there.  (F). 

At  this  station  is  the  eastern  outcrop  of  the  Pittsburg  coal  bed,  west  from  the  anticlinal  of  Laurel 
Hill  (Chestnut  Ridge  of  Pennsylvania).  From  this  locality  the  coal  and  the  railroad  level  constantly 
approach,  until  at  Wolf's  Summit,  a  little  west  from  Wilsonburg,  the  coal  is  under  the  track.  (S.4F.) 

;10.  Clarksburg.  Pittsburg  coal  extensively  mined  here  and  westward  to  Wilsonburg.  It  is  also 
coked  and  shipped  to  Chicago  and  elsewhere  for  purposes  other  than  the  manufacture  or  iron. 

31.  Wilsonburg.  Just  before  reaching  Wolfs  Summit,  the  Pittsburg  coal  bed  is  at  the  railroad 
level,  and  is  worked  near  the  track  at  the  Summit.    The  Redstone  coal  bed  is  seen  two  inches  thick 

•  in  the  Summit  cut.  Between  the  Summit  and  the  Brandy  Gap  Tunnel  the  Waynesburg  coal  bed  is 
seen  and  is  worked  just  south  from  the  railroad,  the  opening  being  visible  from  the  track.  At  the 
west  end  of  the  tunnel  the  ^/ashington  coal  bed  is  exposed  above  the  track.    This  is  in  the  Upper 

iBarren  Measures.    (S). 

32.  West  Union.  The  Waynesburg  coal  is  mined  to  a  small  extent  here  and  eastward  beyond 
Smithton,  but  is  thin  (2  ft.-l  ft.)  and  impure.  The  roof  shales  contain  numerous  finely  preserved 
fossil  plants  at  West  Union. 

33.  Ellenboro.  Prof.  Stevenson  is  now  inclined  to  believe  that  what  he  has  described  in  this 
region  as  faults  are  only  very  sharp  anticlinal  axes,  and  that  what  is  known  as  the  "Oil  Break" is 
simply  a  great  anticlinal  arch,  and  in  this  view  Prof.  White  coincides,  though  he  has  made  no  six'oial 
investigation  of  the  question.  The  oil  obtained  at  Volcano  and  other  localities  in  this  region  comes 
from  the  Pottsville  conglomerate,  according  to  Stevenson. 

34.  Petroleum.  About  one-fifth  of  a  mile  east  of  this  station,  a  fault  crosses  the  railroad,  which 
brings  up  the  Lower  Barren  Series  against  the  Upper  Barren  Series.  Thence,  from  Ellenboro  to 
within  a  short  distance  of  Petroleum  station,  the  rocks  are  nearly  horizontal,  and  the  Upper  Vreopnrt 
Coal  bed  is  exposed  In  several  of  the  cuts.    But,  near  Petroleum,  there  is  a  most  remarkable  U])!ic:>  i  • 


V\.) 


b  O.  Railroad. 

Alt. 


•ens 

,XIV.)   »»? 

1019 

tl 

uu 

<l 

1030 

il 

975 

l( 

1102 

« 

lOJO 

« 

879 

Up. 
nian 
.Up. 

< 

CoalM.H3« 

(XVI.)io4a 

CoalM.  '90 

Hit 

nian 

(XVI.)    8  0» 

787 

it 

851 

u 

777 

(( 

676 

« 

667 

<l 

684 

<l 

599 

(i 

599 

(1 

826 

rack,  the  Pittsburg 

ferous  proper,  goes 
the  Ohio  river  the 
era.    The  Washing- 

ighe^t  rockfl  of  tho 
)ve  the  Waynesburg 

t)ed  of  tite  PermlaQ 

rise  COO  ft.  to  700  ft. 
irougli  tiie  Waynes- 

Moundsville,  and  is 
and  only  2}^  ft.-3  ft. 

ne  exposures  of  the 
be  seen  In  the  steep 

(hown,  with  a  small 
here.  (F). 

s  anticlinal  of  Laurel 
•oad  level  constantly 
;r  the  track.  (S.4F.) 
ilsouburg.  It  is  also 
icturo  oriron. 
oed  is  at  the  railroad 
jen  two  inches  thick 
ynesburg  coal  bed  is 
m  the  track.  At  the 
rhis  is  in  the  Upper 

nd  eastward  beyond 
us  finely  preserved 

\B  described  in  this 
,8  the  "Oil  Break" is 
3  has  made  no  »fem\ 
in  this  region  comes 

3  the  railroad,  which 
»,  from  Ellenboroto 
I  the  Upper  Vreopnrt 
emarkabla  uphi^ii'-i'i 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


848 


Wheeling  &  PlttsburK  Branoh  B.  &  O.  R.  R. 

Ms.  Alt. 


0 
2 
4 
9 

10 
16 
21 
28 
82 


Wheeling.!"' 
Mt.  DeChantel. 
Carbon.* « 
Roney's  Point.'  "> 
Point  Mills. 
West  Alexander. 
Claysville.'  * 
Cbartier. 
Washington.' 9 


Barrens  (XIV.)    «T5 
14c.  U.Coal  M.  e»2 


687 
829 


Permian  (XVI.)  «»« 

it  1043 

«  1143 


1049 


Chesapeake  A  Ohio  Railroad.  * 


297 
298 
302 
306 


Alleghany  Tun.*o 
Tuokahoe. 
White  Sulphur.4» 
Hart  Run. 


Pocono(X.),Cat.(IX.) 
11  b.  Chemung.  20  a  a 
10  b.  Hamilton.  19  20 


1814 


Ms. 


Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad- 

Continued. 


Alt 


807 

312 

.319 
326 
328 
334 
330 
337 
343 
348 
350 
356 
360 
364 
369 


(.'uldwell. 

11  b. 

Chemunff 

1765 

Ronceverte.** 

Fort  Spring. 
Alderson. 

13  b.  Mauch  Chunk 

(XI.)                        18«0 
<l                16  25 
«                15  50 

Mohlcr. 

1540 

GreenbrierSt'kYds 

« 

1580 

Lowell. 

1810 

Talcott. 

1810 

Don.4' 

1482 

Hinton.4* 

18T7 

Barksdale. 

1848 

New  Richmond.*' 

1390 

Meadow  Creek. 

126<; 

Slade. 

1287 

Quinnimont.*' 

1196 

•  Chetapeake  *  Ohio  Railroad.  Prof.  Wm.  B.  Rogers'  account  of  the  geology  of  this  road  in  Vlr* 
einiaand  in  West  Virginia,  as  given  in  the  flrat  edition,  is  re-produced  in  the  chapter  on  Virginia; 
but  since  its  publication  the  country  has  been  greatly  developed  and  studied,  and  Prof.  White  hM 
therefore  prepared  a  more  extended  and  minute  description  of  the  portion  of  that  road  in  West 
Virginia. 

which  has  brought  up  tho  lower  coals,  tho  strata  suddenly  rising  withlu  a  few  yards  to  an  angle  of  80 
desrees.  Just  west  of  Laurel  Fork  Junction  tho  rocks  dip  down  apain,  the  conditions  being  here  on 
the  west  side  similar  to  those  at  Petroleum  on  tho  east.  After  passmg  the  first  cut  west  from  the  star 
tion,  the  dip  is  suddenly  reduced  from  6U  degrees  to  nearly  horizontal.  This  forms  the  so-called  "  Oil 
Break,"as  all  the  productive  oil  wells  are  found  along  the  line  of  this  belt.  This  belt  is  about  one  and 
a  half  miles  wide,  running  in  a  direction  a  little  east  of  north  and  gradually  flattening  out  toward  each 
extremity,  and  forms  one  of  the  most  remarkable  geological  features  in  this  State.  This  curious 
disturbance  is  well  worth  a  visit.  Near  it,  a  few  miles  off  by  a  branch  road  from  Cairo,  is  the  vertical 
chasm,  4  feet  wide,  which  was  filled  with  the  mineral  Grahamite,  now  worked  out.  There  is  a  fault 
at  Kanawha,  forming  the  western  boundery  of  the  disturbed  region,  as  that  at  Ellenboro  is  the 
eastern.    (S.  &  F.) 

35.  Parkersburg.  The  Washington  coal,  about  100  ft.  above  the  base  of  the  Permian  series,  Is 
found  at  low  'ater  of  the  Ohio  here,  while  tho  horizon  of  the  Pittsburg  bed  would  bo  about  360  ft. 
under  the  riv.  -.but  it  is  altogether  probable  that  the  Pittsburg  has  here  thinned  away,  since  borings 
sive  no  trace  of  it,  and  at  Burning  Springs  where  the  "  Oil  Break  "  anticlinal  brings  up  its  horUon, 
the  coal  is  absent. 

86.    Carhon.    Pittsburg  coal  mined  hero  by  Bliaft  65  ft.  deep. 

37.  Roney's  Point.    Wayne.sburg  coal  mined  locallv.  only  2%  ft.-3  ft.  thick,  and  impure. 

38.  ClaysviUe.  Washington  coal  at  track  level,  1>^ miles  west  from  borough.  Claysville  anti« 
clioal  of  Stevenson  crosses  R.  R.  one-quarter  mile  west  from  station. 

39.  Washington.  Tho  Harvey,  Hotf  and  Hess  gas  wells  supply  the  town  with  fuel ;  these  three 
gas  wells  all  on  a  line  along  the  crest  of  the  Washington  anticlinal,  were  so  located  on  suientifio 
grounds  by  Prof.  I.  C.  White.  Tl'.e  GantzWell,  one  mile  southeast  from  the  anticlinal  obtained  oil 
from  the  same  sand  (1st  Venango)  that  the  others  get  gas  from.  Tho  Gantz  Well  struck  the  sand  at 
2,200  ft.,  passing  through  Pittsburg  coal  at  350  ft.,  while  tlie  Hess  well  got  gas  at  2,068  ft.,  passing 
tne  same  coal  at  250  ft. 

40.  Alleghany  Tunnel.  The  line  between  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  is  crossed  near  center  of 
tunnel  through  the  Alleghany  Mountain,  the  backbone  of  which  is  the  Pocono  sandstone. 

41.  White  Sulphur.  A  well  known  summer  resort,  famed  for  the  curative  properties  of  Its 
mineral  water,  which  issues  from  the  Oriskany  sandstone  in  a  large  spring,  flowing  75  to  100  gallons 
per  minute. 

42.  Roneeverte.  The  railroad  passes  through  the  Pocono  sandstone  (X.)  at  Louisa  tunnel,  between 
Ronceverte  and  Caldwell,  and  then  entcis  a  long  stretch  of  No.  XI.  limestone  and  shales  along  the 
Greenbrier  River.  The  limestone  is  over  8(X)  ft.  thick,  and  forms  the  rich  belt  of  blue  grass  country, 
which  extends  through  Monroe,  Greenbrier  and  Pocahontas  counties.  In  the  Pocono  roclcs  at 
Louisa  tunnel  many  fossil  plants  may  be  found. 

43.  Don.  Near  Don  is  the  Big  Bend  tunnel,  6,080  ft.  long,  through  No.  XI.  red  shale,  which  cuts 
off  several  miles  of  meanders  in  the  Greenbrier  river. 

44.  Hinton.  Junction  of  Greenbrier  with  New  River.  Here  the  railroad  enters  the  cailon  of  the 
latter  stream,  a  great  gorge  cut  down  1,000  to  1,500  ft.  below  the  tops  of  the  bounding  mountains,  and 
in  which  the  railroad  runs  for  nearly  60  miles  through  some  of  the  wildest  scenery  on  the  continent. 

46.  New  Richmond.  A  splendid  sandstone  for  building  purposes  crops  out  in  the  No.  XI.  sandy 
beds  above  the  railroad  here,  and  the  West  Virginia  block  for  the  Washington  monument  was  quar- 
ried from  the  same.  In  the  vicinity  of  Ronceverte  and  Alderson  these  sandy  beds  of  XI.  seem  to  be 
almost  unrepresented,  for  the  limestone  there  extends  nearly  up  to  the  base  of  No.  XII.;  but  as  we 
enter  the  New  River  region  a  great  mass  of  red  shales,  green  and  gray  sandstones,  etc.,  1,500  to  2.000 
ft.  thick,  wedges  in  between  the  main  Greenbrier  limestone  below  and  30  to  40  ft.  of  impure  fossilif- 
erous  limestone  at  top,  which  Immediately  underlies  the  Pottsville  (XII.)  conglomerate.  This  upper 
limestone  along  New  River  holds  the  same  fossils  as  an  impure  limestone  In  Monongalia  County, 
which  is  sepanued  ftom  the  main  sub«arboniferous  limestone  by  60  ft.  of  sandstones  and  red  shales^ 


844 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (W.  VA.) 


I  'ii  ^  H 


111' 


■i\ 


U   i; 


>i 


1      »   J      i 


III 


r  n' H 


liiiii 


Ohaaapcake  ft  Ohio  Railroad— 

Mb.  Continued.  Alt, 


870 

872 
879 
881 
882 
886 
887 
888 
890 
892 
894 
896 
899 
401 

406 

408 
418 

418 


Prince. 

McKendree.*' 
Stone  Cliff.*' 
Rirer  View. 
Dimmock. 
Fire  Creek.*  » 
E.  Sewell. 
Sewell.*" 
Caperton. 
Nuttall." 
Fayette. 
Elmo. 

Hawk's  Nest. »  a 
Cotton  Hill. 

Qauley. 

Kanawha  Falls. 
Loup  Creek. 

Mt.  Carbon. 


»3 


13  b.  Mauoh  Chunk 
(XI.)  »»«» 


Base  of  (XII.) 


« 

41 


IISO 
1076 
1072 
1045 

Topof  No.  rXI.)i»»» 
Base  of  (XII.)    loo* 

«  1004 

4<  984 

W  »48 

L.  half  of  (XII.)  "oo 

t<  860 

Middle  of  (XII.)  »»« 
Up.halfof(XII.)»»« 
Base  of  Homewood 
sandstone.         ''<" 
Top  of  (XII.)       <>»2 
Homewood  s.  s.    •*' 
14  h.  L.  Coal  Meas., 
Clar.  and  Lowev 
coals  mined.     *  •  * 


Ms. 


Ghetapeake  *  Ohio  Railroad- 
Continued. 


416 

417 
418 

421 
423 

426 

427 
431 

436 

438 

444 

449 
466 
469 


Frederick. 

Crescent. 
Cannelton.^* 

Dego. 

Paint  Creek.** 

Blacksburg.*^ 

Coalburg.** 
Winnifred  June*  * 

Brownstown. 

Maiden.*  9 

Charleston."" 
Spring  Hill.fli 
St.  Albans. 
Scary.  8  2 


Alt. 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas.," 
Clar.  (Eagle)  and 
L.  Kit.  coals.    6*i 

«  638 

14b. L.Coal  Meas. 

(Eagle  bed.)     "i's 
14  b.  L.  Coal  M.,  76' 

under  L.  Kit. 

lOO' under  L.Kit.8>» 

5''  above  L.  Kit.  Cedar 

Grove  (U.Kittan.) 

mined  here,      in 

14  b.  L.  Coal  M.  8'* 

14  b.  L.  Coal  M.  sn 

14  b.  L.  Coal  Meas., 

axis  crosses  hereto > 

14  b.  L.  Coal  M.,  20' 

under  L.  Kit.  coal'  o  > 

Base  XIV.  (Bar.)'*)! 

Mahoningsands.  ^^o 

MiddleofBarrens^^^ 

u  690 


and  the  two  are  very  probably  identical,  though  the  intervening  rocks  have  increased  30  fuld  in 
thickness  on  New  River. 

16.  Quinnimont.  The  No.  XII.,  or  New  Kivercoal  seriea,  comes  into  the  tops  of  the  adjoining 
mduntains  here,  and  one  of  its  coal  beds,  which  comes  000  ft.  above  the  base  of  Xll.,  has  been  mined 
and  coked  for  use  in  the  iron  furnace  situated  at  Quinnimont.  It  makes  a  splendid  coke,  as  does  (>ach 
of  the  three  workable  beds  in  No.  XII.    The  elevation  of  the  Quinnimont  bed  is  1,050  ft.  above  railroad. 

47.  MeKendree.  About  half  way  between  this  station  and  Prince,  the  upper  or  Chester  lime.stime 
mentioned  in  Note  45  comes  down  to  track  level,  and  presents  a  flne  opportunity  for  collecting  tsub- 
carbo  liferous  (Chester)  fossils. 

48.  Stone  Ct\ff.  Nlines  in  Fire  Creek  and  Nuttall  coals,  the  former  at  OSO  ft.  above  river,  the  lat- 
ter at  950  ft. 

49.  Fire  Creek.    The  Fire  Creek  coal  here  mined  at  700  ft.  above  railroad,  steepest  Incline  on  river. 
60.    Sewed.    All  of  the  three  New  River  coals  may  bo  seen  here.    The  Nuttall  bed  in  the  tun.t  of 

the  mountains,  and  the  Quinnimont  and  Fire  Creek  below.    These  coals  are  of  excellent  coking 
varieties  and  very  pure. 

51.  Nuttall.  Nuttall  coal,  400  ft.  under  top  of  XII.  and  600  ft.  above  railroad,  mined  ti.re. 
Uppermost  great  cliff  rock  of  XII.  seen  cappii:»:  the  mountain  here,  from  which  the  scenery  is  very 
grand. 

62.  Hawk's  Nest.  The  Hawk's  Nest  cliff  is  on  right  bank  of  river,  one  mile  below  station,  and 
here  the  upper  members  of  XII.  rise  almost  vertically  from  the  bed  of  the  river  to  500  ft.  above  tho 
same.  The  view  from  it  is  well  worth  a  visit.  The  Anstoad  coal  mines  are  in  Gauloy  Mountain,  four 
miles  distant,  and  8.'i5  ft.  above  C.  &  O.  R.  R.  A  narrow-gauge  railroad  loads  out  to  them.  Tho 
Lower  Kittanning  coal  is  the  one  mined.  Nuttall  coal  is  only  75  ft.  above  track  at  Hawk's  Nest,  and 
2  ft.  8  in.  thick. 

63.  Kanawha  Falls.  The  falls  are  a  series  of  cancades  aggregating  about  20  ft.  in  height  over  the 
hard  current-bedded  upper  portion  of  the  Homewood  sandstone. 

64.  Cannelton.  A  good  locality  to  study  the  lower  coal  measure  series.  The  Clarion  (Eagle) 
is  just  belf^'-T  track  level.  The  Lower  Kittanning  bed  is  1(»5  ft.  above,  and  extensively  mined  for  gas 
coal,  while  on  the  north  side  here  the  U.  Freeport  coal  may  be  seen  at  750  ft.  above  river  changed  to 
a  splendid  cannel.  From  Mt.  Carbon  to  near  Charleston  the  track  runs  in  No.  XIII.  beds,  and  coal 
openings  are  numerous  on  both  sides  of  river.  A  general  section  of  these  measures  is  given  in 
another  connection. 

Paint  Creek  axis  crosses  here,  and  a  railroad  extends  up  Paint  Creek  for  10 


Splendid  example  of  erosion  during  coal  measure  times  in  cuts  just  above 


65.  Paint  Creek. 
miles  to  coal  mines. 

66.  Blacksburg. 
Blacksburg. 

57.  Coalburg.  Splendid  geological  headquarters  for  seeing  Coalburg,  Cedar  Grove  and  Brush 
Greek  coals,  and  collecting  fossil  plants  in  roof  of  Lower  Kittanning  and  Cedar  Orove  beds  in  Wat- 
son's Hollow,  North  Coalburg. 

68.  Winnifrede  Junction.  A  railroad  leads  up  Field's  Creek  seven  miles  to  Winniftede  coal  mines, 
the  typical  locality  of  Winnifrede  bed  (Upper  Kittanning).  On  the  other  side  of  the  river  directly 
opposite,  and  in  plain  sight  from  the  cars,  is  the  mine  of  the  Macfarlane  Coal  Company,  in  the  Win- 
nlirede  bed,  one  of  the  best  mines  along  the  Kanawha,  furnishing  a  very  pure  coal  of  splint  and 
bituminous  mixed,  and  in  quality  unsurpassed  for  domestic  and  steam  purposes. 

69.  Maiden.  Cross  to  opposite  side  and  examine  extensive  mines  on  Campbell's  Creek  (Lower 
Kittanning)  coal,  also  salt  worlcs,  the  water  being  derived  from  base  of  XII. 

«0.    CharlttUm.   Good  headquarters  for  studying  barrens  (XIV.).    Three  miniature  faults  la 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


845 


Chesapeake  *  Ohio  BktlroMl— 

Ma.  Continued.  Alt. 


icreased  30  fuld  In 


,bove  river,  the  lat- 
est incline  on  river, 
bed  in  the  tops  of 
excellent  eDKin;; 

roftd,  mined  Ihto. 
the  scenery  is  very 

helow  station,  nnd 
to  f)(K)  ft.  ftbovo  tho 
iluy  Mountain,  four 
out  to  thcin.    Tho 

Uawk'8  Nest,  and 

in  height  over  the 

he  Clarion  (Eagle) 
ively  mined  for  gas 
■e  river  changed  to 
:ill.  beds,  and  coal 
easures  is  given  in 

Paint  Creek  for  10 

in  cuts  lust  above 

^  Grove  and  Brush 
Grove  beds  in  Wat- 

-nifrede  coal  mines, 
)f  the  river  directly 
mpany,  in  the  Win- 
coal  of  splint  and 

bell's  Creek  (Lower 

liniatare  faults  is 


463 

409 
47« 
479 
480 
482 
485 
491 

m 

501 
502 


8cott«». 

Hurrioano. 

Milton. 

Thorndyke. 

Ona.8* 

B.  Sulphur  Spga. 

Barboursville. 

Guyandotte, 

Huntingdon/<> 

Ceredo. 

Big  Sandy,  Ky. 


Barrens  XIV.,  (upper 

half.) 
Barrens  (XIV.) 


II 
II 
II 
II 
II 
II 


est 
ess 
ftse 

640 
632 
508 
6«0 
660 
BA6 
BOl 
S02 


Ohio  River  Railroad. 


0 
4 

11 


19 
23 
26 

81 


Wheeling." » 
Bonwood. 

Moundsville.'' 


Powhatan. 
Woodland. 
Clarington. 

Proctor. 

Baresville. 


Barrens.  (XIV.) 

Pitts.  CI.  nr.track.0  3  9 

f  14  c.  Upper  Coal 
Meas.(XV.) 
14  c.  Up.  Coal  Meas. 
80(K  of  XVI.   in 
hills.  «3  8 

14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.)«3» 


I 


636 


I 


Waynes  Coal  76' 

(     above  river.     ^  3 1 

(  7(y  under  Waynes 

\  CI.  at  river  level.*  2  9 

(Permian  (XVI.) 
Waynes  Coal  nr. 
wiitcr  level 


626 


Ms. 


Ohio  River  Railroad— 

ContiJined. 


3H 
41 
4:5 
47 
61 

64 

69 

61 
68 

66 

68 
71 
74 
81 
83 
87 
88 
94 


Now  Martinsv'le. 
Sardis. 

Paden's  Valley. 
Sisterville. 
Friendly. 

Long  Reach. 

Raven's  Rock. 

Grape  Island. 
St.  Mary's. 

Vauoluse. 

Eureka. 
Willow  Island. 
Bull  Creek. 
Williamstown. 
Henderson. 
Briscoe. 
Vienna. 
Parkersburg."* 


Permian  (XVI.) 


Alt. 

6  2» 
t2X 

«  633 

It  0  4  3 

"  fll  T 

Permian  (XVI.)  and 

14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.) 

Waynes     Coal    2(/ 

above  river.    «'* 

I  Waynes  Coal  2(K 

\      above  river.     « >  • 

14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.)«>» 

X  «15 

f  Barrens  (XIV.)"  Oil 

<      Break "      crosses. 

(     river  here.      •"' 

Barrens  (XIV.)      «»» 

«  607 

«  61» 

14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.)flo* 

(< 

Permian  (XVI.) 
11 

<i  59» 


Ohio  Central  Railroad— 

Kanawha  Division. 


0  Charleston.* » 

4' Lock  No.  6. 
7  Smitli'M. 


14  b.  Base  of  (XIV.) 


Barrens. 
14  b.  Barrens. 


600' 
093 
&8S 


cuts  of  railroad,  one , "mile  above  station,  where  U.  Frceport  coal  and  overlj^ing  "  Black  Flint "  may 
also  be  examined.  Great  deposit  of  rounded  pebbles  and  stones  at  Junction  of  Elk  and  Ktinawha 
here,  finely  exposed  along  cemetery  road  and  extending  to  SSH  ft.  above  river,  the  upper  limit  of  the 

f;lacial  dam-lake  in  whicn  the  deposit  was  made.    From  Charleston  to  Huntingdon  the  railroad  ruu» 
n  No.  XIV.,  or  the  Barren  Coal  Measures. 

01.  SpringhiU.  Great  terrace  of  rounded  boulders  extend  up  over  2()0  ft.  above  river,  just  below 
mouth  of  Davis  Creek,  up  which  a  railroad  extends  15  miles  to  coal  and  Black  Band  iron  ore  mines. 

62.  Scary.  Here  the  railroad  leaves  the  Kanawha  Kiver  following  up  Scary  Creek,  which  leads 
out  into  an  old  valley  (Teazes),  at  Scott,  four  miles  distant.  This  singular  valley,  one  mile  wide  and 
200  ft.  above  tho  Kanawha  River,  bounded  on  either  side  by  hills  200  feet  higher,  and  extending 
through  to  the  Guyandot  Kiver,  which  finally  debouches  into  the  Ohio,  was  once  occupied  by  an  arm 
of  the  Kanawha  River,  when  the  great  ice  dam  at  Cincinnati  during  glacial  times  backed  the  waters 
of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries  to  a  height  of  500  to  GOO  ft.  above  present  low  water  at  Cincinnati. 
This  hypothetical  dam  of  Prof.  G.  F.  Wright  is  demcmstrateii  beyond  any  doubt  by  the  great  beds  of 
clay,  gravel,  boulders  and  other  trash  which  cover  Teazes  Valley  to  a  great  depth  all  along  its  course, 
except  where  subsequent  erosion  has  removed  them.  When  the  ice  dam  melted  away  at  Cincinnati^ 
the  water  that  had  previously  filled  this  valley  was  withdrawn,  passing  down  to  the  Ohio  by  its  for- 
mer and  present  route,  tho  Kanawha,  thus  leaving  the  ancient  valley  high  and  dry,  though  littered 
up  with  "  Black  Flint,"  pieces  of  cannel  coal,  quartzitc,  sandstone  and  other  rocks  that  testify  to 
their  Kanawha  and  New  River  origin. 

The  traveler  should  also  notice  tho  remarkaV)ly  level  character  of  the  Kanawha  Valley  flats,  on 
which  the  railroads  are  built,  as  shown  by  tht^  altitudes  piven  from  Point  Pleasant  to  Charleston,  on 
the  Ohio  Central  Railroad,  and  above  Charleston,  on  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad.  Another 
important  fact  is  that  the  deposit  which  fills  this  valley  is  true  loess,  a  lacustrine  deposit  similar  to 
that  on  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri  River  and  elsewhere.  J.  M. 

63.  Seott.  An  excellent  locality  to  study  the  ice  dam  lake  deposits  in  a  deep  cut  through  them 
lust  east  from  station.    The  rounded  boulders  extend  up  to  750  ft.  above  tide  here. 

64.  Ona.    Lake  deposits  abundant. 

65.  Huntingdon.  Mahoning  sandstone  makes  cliffs  along  the  hills  from  here  to  the  State  Iin& 
at  Big  Sandy  River. 

66.  Sattes.  An  interesting  group  of  mounds,  the  work  of  the  Mound-builders,  occurs  in  the  wid& 
bottoms  toward  the  river,  half  way  between  this  station  and  Charleston. 

67.  Poca.  The  Pittsburg  coal  is  extensively  mined  in  this  vicinity  by  the  Marmet  Mining  Co. 
The  coal  is  absent  in  the  immediate  river  hills,  but  comes  in  about  one  mile  back.  The  horizon  of 
this  coal  emerees  from  the  bed  of  the  Kanawha,  between  Buffalo  and  Red  House,  being  mined  at 


ill 


«M 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (W.  VA.) 


i : 


Ms. 


Ohio  Central  Railroad— 

Kanawha  Division. 


Alt. 


10  Ryans. 
12Satte8.8  8 

15  Bowling. 
18Poca.6» 

19  Raymond  City. 

20  Queen  City. 

21  Energetic. 
26  Red  House.'^ » 
81  Martin's. 

S6  Buffalo. 

58  18-Mile  Creek. 

40  Grimm's.*'' 

42  Maupin's. 

45  Leon  or  13  m.  Ck 

48  Beech  Hill. 

fiO  Bright'a. 

51  Rock  Castle. 

M  River  Switch. 

e-  Ohio  Riv.  Bdge  at 

■°'     Pt.  Pleasant.  70 


14  b.  Barrens.  ^  *  * 

t(  586 

tt  S84 

«  8  79 

<>  686 

«  5  79 

<(  676 

14  c.  Up.  Coal  Me.  »" 

«  572 

«  6  70 

<(  6  64 

It  563 

«  570 

«  56  7 

«  562 

«  564 

i<  56  3 

14  b.  Barrons.  "^ 

597 
i< 


Ms. 


PlUsburK,  Cincinnati  &  St.  I«ula  B.  R. 

Pittsburg,  Wheeling  A  Kentucky  Div. 

0 

1 


3 

4 

« 

9 

12 

16 

21 

25 


Steiibenville. 
Wheeling  Juno. 
Middle  Ferry. 
Lower  Ferry. 
Cross  Creek. 
Wellsburg.^i 
Beech  Bottom. 
Short  Creek. 
Glenns. 
Wheeling. 


Barrens  (No.  XIV.)'" 


<4 
l( 
<l 
« 
M 
It 
« 
(I 


845 


Orafton  &  Greenbrier  Railroad.'' 


Alt. 


0  Grafton. 

3  Fresh  Ford. 

6  Foreman's. 

8  Sandy  Creek. 
11  Cove  Run. 
14  Moatsville. 
17  Arden. 
19  Bryan's  Mill. 

21  Newman's  Trest. 

22  Kelley's. 
24  Philippi. 


BarrenB(No.XIV.)98  5 

<<  988 

"  995 

L,  Coal  Meas.  1021 

"  10  7  2 

Cong,  No.  XII.  115S 

I'  Coal  Meas.  1260 

<<  1286 

<<  1289 

"  1287 

"  1288 


Clarksburg  A  Weston  R.  B. 


2 
6 

8 
11 
13 
14 
18 
21 
25 


Clarksburg, 
(B.  &  0.  Depot.) 
West  End. 
Mouth  of  Brown's 

Creek. »» 
Mt.  Clare. 
Bond's  Summit. 
Lost  Creek. 
Curry's  Summit. 
Jane  Lew."* 
Fisher's  Summit. 
Weston." 


16^  under  Pitts.  Coal. 

1010 

130^  "  »«5 

lOO'  "  9<8 

Barrens  (XIV.)    lo" 

«<  1175 

'<  1013 

<<  lite 

<<  loot 

«  1233 

<>  1O09 


Weston  &  Buckhannon  R.  B. 


0 

5 

6 

11 

11 

15 


Weston.'^ 

Gaston. 

Seymour. 

Stone  CoalSum." 

Lorenz. 

Buckhannon.  7' 


Barrens(No.XIV)»»o9 

<<  1040 

«  lOlS 

Up.Cl.Me.(XV.)»"« 

<«  1435 

Barrens  (XIV.)    i"' 


Oak  Ridge,  four  miles  below  Red  House,  where  it  is  20  ft.  above  river  level.    Its  height  is  175  ft.  at 
Poca,  and  on  up  the  river  is  "wried  into  the  air  along  the  valley. 

68.  Bed  House.    The  gr».it  clitf  near  the  hill  top  is  the  Waynesburg  sandstone. 

69.  Orimm's.  Here  the  Waynesburg  coal  has  been  opened  190  ft.  above  river  level,  where  it  Is 
«Iaty,  worthless,  and  only  3  ft.  thick.  A  well,  bored  in  search  of  the  Pittsburg  coal,  found  only  a  trace 
■of  that  bed  at  80  ft.  under  river. 

70.  Point  Pleasant.  The  Pittsburg  coal  is  here  about  78  ft.  above  the  Ohio  River,  but  only  IV  (1. 
-2  ft.  thick.  The  Waynesburg  sandstODe  at  the  base  of  the  Permian,  or  No.  XVI.  of  Rodgers,  mates 
cliffs  near  the  summit  of  the  hills. 

71.  Wellsburg.  In  this  town,  and  tne  immediate  vicinity,  many  strong  gas  wells  have  b«en 
struck  at  a  depth  of  1,300  ft.  below  the  Ohio  river.  T.ie  gas  is  utilizea  for  both  neat  and  light  Id  the 
town,  and  also  supplies  the  g'ass  and  other  manufactories.  The  geological  position  of  the  gas  sand 
is  about  1,660  ft.  under  the  FJtisburg  coal,  and  is  possibly  identical  with  the  Murraysvillo  snnd.  A 
shaft  has  also  been  sunk  to  the  tiante  coal  that  is  mined  at  Steubenvillc,  which  Prof.  Orton  idcntifle.< 
with  the  Lower  Freeport,  and  which  is  here  about  210  ft.  under  the  railroad. 

72.  The  Grafton  ft  (jieenbrie.'  is  a  narrow-gauge  railroad,  which  follows  the  Tygart's  Valley  River 
southward  from  Grafton  to  Philippi,  its  track  running  for  about  six  miles  in  the  Barrens,  No.  XIV., 
"then  passing  down  through  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  and  into  No.  XII.  three  or  four  miles  in  the 
T,;inity  of  Moatsville.  and  emerging  at  the  horizon  of  the  Upper  Freeport  coal  at  Philippi. 

73.  Pittsburg  coal  is  mined  ancTshipped  from  this  point. 

74.  Pittsburg  coal  in  tops  of  the  hills  about  300  ft.  anove  track. 

75.  The  Mahoning  sandstone  crops  out  along  west  fork  of  Monongahela  River  here,  according  to 
Prof.  Stevenson.    The  State  Inscne  Asylum,  built  of  Barren  Measures  sandstone,  is  located  at  Weston. 

76.  This  is  a  continuation  of  the  Clarksburg  ft  Weston  Narrow  Gauge  Railroad. 

77.  The  Pittsburg  coal  is  40  to  50  ft.  under  the  track  here. 

78.  The  Pittsburg  coal  is  mined  in  the  hills  around  Buckhannon,  probably  100  ft.  to  160  ft.  above 
the  depot.    It  is  4  ft.  to  43>^  ft.  thick. 

79.  By  Mr.  James  Parsons,  C.  and  M.  E.,  Piedmont,  W.  Vr. 

80.  From  Piedmont  to  within  one  mile  of  Gorman  the  road  runs  at  the  base  of  the  Piedmont 
sandstone,  the  north  branch  of  the  Potomac  having  cut  its  circuitous  course  through  that  stone  and 
bedded  itself  upon  the  upper  series  of  the  conglomerate.  The  cliiTs  and  blufRi  formed  by  that  stone 
tower  high  above  the  road  on  both  sldos,  and  the  ■cenery  becomes  grand,  beautifUl  and  interwting. 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


347 


er  BaUroad.'! 


renB(No.  XIV 

\985 

« 

888 

ii 

995 

[loal  Meas. 

1021 

(t 

1072 

g.  No.  XII. 

115J 

];oal  Meas. 

1260 

« 

1286 

u 

1289 

» 

1287 

H 

12S8 

BSton  B.  B> 

under  Pitts.  Coal. 

1030 

y 

945 

mnnon  R.  B. 

,rren8(No!XIV]i^o»' 

«  1040 

«  1039 

►.Cl.Me.(XV.)>*" 

<i  1435 

.rrena  (XIV.)    '*»» 

Its  height  is  175  ft.  at 

tone. 

river  level,  where  it  Is 

oal,  found  only  a  trace 


West  Tlrgrlnla  Central  Sc  Pittsburg  B.  B.'" 

Ms.  Alt 


0 
1 
4 

6 
7 
9 
11 
14 
18 
26 
30 
33 
35 
37 
39 
41 
44 


Piedmont.*" 

Junction. 

Empire. 

Warnickfl. 

Barnum. 

Windom. 

Shaw. 

Chaffee. 

Blaine. 

Schell. 

Gorman.^  ^ 

Elkins. 

Bayard. 

Camden.** 

Dobbins. 

Hambleton. 

Kearns. 


14  a.  Home  wood  s.s.^  *  ^ 


949 
1045 
1084 
1130 
1214 
1287 
1468 
1605 


14  a.  Potts.  Cong.i»8o 
Base  of  (XIII.)      2  2  9* 
14  b.  L.  Coal  M. 
Top  of  XIII. 
14  b.  Barren  Me 


2313 
2340 
2496 
2579 
2672 
2837 


West  Virginia  Central  &  Pittsburg  B.  B.-> 

Ms.  Continued.  Ait. 


47 
60 

63 

66 


Pairfax.8  * 
Thomas.** 

Porter. 

Davis.*  5 


Topl4b.Bar.Me.«05i 
14  b.  Freeport.  2  98* 
/  Between  14  b.  Free- 
\  port  and  Kit.* -01 
14a.Homew'd8.  s*!'" 


Branch  to  Mineville. 


Shaw.*« 

Mineville.*  6 
Plane. 

Elk  Garden. 
Mine  No.  1. 


/ 14  a.  Homewood 
\  sandstone.  i28» 
14 b.  Kittanning.  i^os 
L.  Barren  Meas.  2288 
(  Bottom  of  14  c.  Up. 
\  Coal  Meas.  23 os 
14  c.  Pittsburg  seam. 

2808 


{ 


81.  At  Oorman  the  road  begins,  geologically,  to  rise  up  through  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  in  a  red 
thale,  as  observed  also  by  Prof.  I.  C.  White,  a  thing  unheard  of  or  unreported  in  the  Lower  Coal 
Measures,  and  at  Bayard  it  has  passed  through  the  Kittanning  and  Freeport  coals  to  the  base  of  the 
Lowor  Barren  Measures. 

82.  From  Camden  to  Fairfax  it  still  continues  to  rise,  until  by  the  time  it  reaches  the  summit  at 
the  latter  place  it  rests  upon  the  top  of  the  Lower  Barren  Measures  and  at  the  base  of  the  Upper 
Coal  Measures. 

83.  From  Fairfax  to  Thomcu  it  gradually  descends  through  the  same  barren  measures  and 
down  until  it  reaches  tiie  bottom  of  the  Freeport. 

84.  From  Thomas  to  Davis  it  still  continues  to  descend  through  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  until 
it  reaches  the  Piedmont  or  Homewood  sandstone  at  the  latter  place. 

85.  Davis  is  situa'  )d  in  the  renowned  valley  of  Canaan  on  the  Black  Water,  at  its  Junction  with 
Beaver.  Here  the  bottoms  are  broad,  and  stand  on  an  elevation  of  3,072  feet  above  tide  water,  while 
the  plateaus  running  back  both  ways  rise  still  higher— to  an  elevation  of  8,170  feet.  Davis,  standing 
upon  this  bottom  and  plateau,  is  destined  to  become  the  frequent  resort,  not  only  of  the  seeker  after 
pleasure,  but  of  the  scientiiic  traveler,  for  from  this  point  a  great  and  grand  panorama  presents  itself. 

Th<^  Plane  rises  about  600  feet,  passing  up  through  the  Lower '  il  Measures  and  the  Lower  Barren 
Measure-'  to  the  base  oi  the  Upper  Coal  Measures.  Here  the  PiI>.^burg  seam  is  opened  and  worked 
in  several  p.'aces  at  and  near  Elk  Garden.    This  seam  is  14  feet  thick  and  of  the  finest  quality. 

86.  The  branch  road  from  Shaw  to  Mineville  passes  up  through  the  Piedmont  or  Homewood 
sandstone  to  the  Kittanning  coal,  which  crops  out  of  the  mountains  at  the  foot  of  the  plane. 

The  not«J8  signed  "  F."  are  by  Prof.  V.'m.  M.  Fontaine,  and  those  signed  ii  S."  by  Prof.  J.  J.  Steven- 
son, taken  from  the  first  edition. 

The  altitudes  for  West  Virginia  have  been  all  carefully  collected,  from.originat  sources,  by  Prof.. 
L  0.  White ;  many  of  tliem  are  nere  published  for  the  first  time. 


I 


iflition  of  the  gas  eand 

Wurraysville  sand.  A 

Prof.  Orton  identifle.' 

I  Tygart's  Valley  River 
;he  Barrens,  No.  XIV., 
ee  or  four  miles  in  the 
il  at  Philippi. 


iver  here,  according  to 
3,  is  located  at  Weston. 
road. 

ylOOft.tol50ft.8boTe 


base  of  the  Piedmont 
hrough  that  stone  and 
J  formed  by  that  stone 
utiAil  and  interMting. 


»&: 


!•■:!: ; 


¥>.u-   > 


|ivi. 


n 


y  It 
'{  IS. 


U 


mi 


:  '    I 


,  '  i  ■ 


'i  -'."A 


I 


848 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOQICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (W.  VA.) 


Falrmonnt,  Morgantown  &  Flttaburg  B.B.* 

West  Virginia  and  Pittsburgh   Ballroad. 

Ms.                                                                     Alt. 

Ms.                   Braxton  Extension.                  Alt. 

0 

Fairmount.8  8 

Up.  p't'nof(XIV.)«»» 

0 

Wubton. 

Piitobargh  Cutkl.  ^oi8 

1 

Junction  Bridge. 

B'r'n8orNo.(XIV)»fl* 

12 

Roanoke. 

14  0.  in  hills.        loss 

Low  water,       1 
Monong.  Riv.  j 

14 

Arnolds. 

14<3.  Up.CoalM.  io«s 

25 

Burnsville. 

f  B.  rrens,  (XIV.)  "s 
t2uO'underP.01'" 

8 

Houltowu. 

Base  of  (XV.)  or  Up. 
Coal  Meas.          « » » 

L.  Kanawha  Riv. 

32 

Salt  Lick  B'dges. 

Barrens,  (XIV.)    »«« 

4 

Rievesville.«» 

No.  (XV.)                     8»8 

85 

Hecter's. 

Barrens.          >(3 

Monong.  R.  here. 

848 

38 

Flat  Woods. 

"(XIV.)  J«s» 

7 

Pricket's  C'kB'g. 

Top  of  (XIV.)            8»2 

89 

Summit. 

'<                   ll«8 

River  here. 
Catawba. 

843 

Top  of  (XIV.)         »«o 
Up.  portion  (XIV.) 

44 

Sutton.            «2» 

Barrens,  Mah.  s.  s. 

7 

Buckhannon  River  Extension. 

11 

Opekiska.        ^f* 

0 

Buckhannon. 

Barrens,  (XIV.)  iioj 

«•                   1425 

River  here. 

839 

7 

Sago. 

Ten  Mile.»* 

17 

Little  Falls. »« 

Top  of  (XIII.)         8" 

13 

14  b.  L.  C'l  M.     i«o. 

M'th  Tom's  Run. 

822 

17 

Alt/m. 

"                   181J 

20 

J.  Kigers. 

U.  Freeport  Coal,  ss^ 

26!Newlon. 

M              19  ir 

22 

Offington.91 
River  here. 
Morgantown.  8' 

Base  (XIV.)            »" 

791 

See  note.                 » * « 

Ohio  Blver  Railroad.— 0>n<tnu«d. 

26 

94 
107 

Parkersburg. 
Harris'  Ferry. 

Perm.  C'b.,(XVI.)  "^i 
«               s>« 

Blonongahela  River  Kallroad. 

111 
117 

Belleville. 
Murray  sville.  8' 

««                     5«1 

OFairmount.     «»»|75' under  P'gh    Coal. 

Waynesburg  s.  s.  '" 

6^GamdenBburg.  *' 

Pittsburgh  Goal.     »«» 

120 

Muse's  Bottom. 

Perm.  C'b.,  (XVI.)'" 

ll|Worthington. 

P'gh 'Joal  in  riv.    8  9« 

123 

Portland. 

«              5ja 

13  Enterprise. 

Pittsburgh  Coal.     »oi 

125 

Sherman. 

«                     587 

le^Shimston. 

<(                       911 

128 

Ravenswood.  '''* 

Waynesburg  "A"  C'l. 

23  Simpsons  Creek. 

«                       938 

132 

Pleasant  View. 

Perm.  C'b.,  (XVI.)^" 

27  Bartlett. 

«•                      981 

136 

Willow  Grove. 

<>                     58i 

82,Clark8burg. 

<<                    1081 

138 

Ripley  Landing. 

«                     679 

*  Since  the  stereotypes  were  made  of  the  foregoing  pages'of  this  chapter,  (which  had  been  edited 
by  my  father),  Prof,  white  has  furnished  these  additional  lines  and  surveys. J.  R.  M. 

87.  Brrata  in  Note  45.  The  statement  in  Note  4S  with  reference  to  the  thinning  away  of  >'o, 
XII.  red  beds  in  vicinity  of  Alderson,  etc.,  was  made  upon  information  which  I  considered  reliable 
at  the  time,  but  a  subsequent  personal  examination  shows  that  what  was  taken  for  the  Pottsville 
conglomerate  is  simply  a  massive,  white  pebbly  sandstone  in  the  No.  XI.  shales  and  that  ins  id  ol 
having  thinned  away,  these  shales  are  here  thicker  than  anywhere  else  in  the  state,  approaching 
2,500  reet  and  holding  two  immense  white  conglomerates,  along  with  the  red  beds  and  impure  lime* 
stonet).  I.  C.  W. 

The  casting  of  the  plate  in  which  Note  45  occurs  prevented  the  making  of  this  correction  in  its 
proper  place.  J.  K.  M. 

88.  Fairmount.  The  levels  are  brought  IVom  Fairmount  on  main  line  of  B.  tc  0.  by  Major 
Whiting  of  the  B.  4  O.  engineer  corps  The  eloyation  here  gives  779  feet  for  low  water  at  Morgan- 
town,  but  the  river  survey  from  PittsVmrgli  makes  it  780  feet.    Soo  Note  21. 

89.  Rievetville.    Sewfckley  coal  crops  out  along  railroad  cuts. 

90.  UttU  Fallt.  Upper  Freeport  coal  in  cuts.  Rapids  in  river  made  by  Upper  Freeport  sand- 
atone. 

91.  (Mngton.    Mahontag  s.  s.  makes  great  cliffs  here  known  as  "Raven  Rocks." 

92.  Morgantown.    Upper  Freeport  coal  75  feet  under  river.    Pittsburgh  coal  440  feet  above  same  i 
level.    Fine  show  of  terrace  deposits  extending  to  275  feet  above  river.    Good  locality  for  fossils  in 
crinoidal  limestone.  Cheat  river  gorge  nine  miles  distant.  Grand  view  from  crest  of  Chestnut  Ridge, 
Subcarboniferous  fossils  under  great  arch  below. 

93.  Camdemburg.  The  Pittsburgh  coal  dips  under  the  river  about  two  and  a  half  miles  above 
Fairmount  to  about  60  feet  bt-low  the  same,  but  comes  up  just  below  Camdensburg  and  is  soon  25  to 
30  feet  above  water.  Extensrvw  coking  works  of  ex-Senator  Camden  and  others,  250  ovens.  Coal  9 
to  10  feet  thick.  This  bed  is  nwver  less  than  8  feet  thick  between  Fairmount  and  Clarksburg,  and 
is  of  excellentquality  for  fuel,  gas  and  coke.  This  road  passes  through  one  of  the  finest  coal  fields 
in  the  world,  which  must  in  tne  near  future  replace  the  Conncllsville  field. 

94.  Ten  Mile.  Upper  Freeport  coal  in  hills  here  and  at  the  level  of  the  track  four  miles  below, 
near  mouth  of  Grassy  Run,  where  it  is  only  3  to  4  foet  thick,  but  roofed  with  12  feet  of  cannel  slate. 

96.  Murraytville.  The  Waynesburg  sandstone  is  frequently  seen  between  Parkersburg  and 
Letout  Falls,  nometimes  a  great  cliff  as  at  Murraysville;  again  its  top  is  Just  seen  in  the  bed  ofth< 
Ohio.  At  Letout  it  rises  from  the  river  to  the  northwest  and  makes  the  rapids  in  the  river.  Belov 
here  It  forms  long  linos  of  cliffs  near  the  summits  nearly  to  Guyandotte. 

06.  Oraham.  Pittsburgh  coal  mined  on  the  other  side  of  the  river  by  shaft  170  feet  deep.  Coil 
about  5  feet  thick  and  dips  rapidly  southeast  toward  the  center  of  the  Appalachian  basin. 

97.  Hartford.  Hartford,  Mason  City,  Clifton  and  the  town  of  Pomeroy  on  the  Ohio  side  an 
oelebrated  for  the  manufiftoture  of  salt  and  bromine.  Salt  bearing  stratum  reached  by  borings  u 
•bout  1,1S0  feet  under  the  Pittabursh  coal.  It  aipears  to  be  the  top  portion  of  the  Pocono,  (No.X.) 
•andstone  and  the  same  wt  the  Mt  Morris  oil  rock  ("BIk  Iniun."t 


.  VA.) 


burgh   Ballroad. 

ision.  Alt 

,bargh  Cwh-l.  ioi» 
.  in  hills.  1058 
.  Up.  Coal  M.  10  95 
rrens,  (XIV.)  "» 
,(K  under  P.Ol'" 
rens,  (XIV.)  »8» 
Barrens.  'sj 

•«(XIV.)  »«s» 
4<  lies 

pens,  Mah.  s.  s. 

Extension. 

rens,  (XIV.)  i*o« 

«  142S 

i.  L.  C'l  M.      »«o« 

U  1811 

<l  1917 

td. — CovXvmmA. 

m.  C'b.,(XVI.)  li^j 

u  sti 

.ynesburg  s.  s.  *" 
•m.  C'b.,  (XVI.)"« 

4<  5>1 

{(  517 

lynesburg  "A"  C'l. 
rm.  C'b.,  (XVI.)"i 


4( 


679 


'bich  had  been  edited 
J.  R.  M. 

binning  awny  of  No. 
1 1  considered  reliable 
cen  for  tlie  Pottsville 
is  and  that  inn  id  ol 
le  state,  approaching 
)ed8  and  impure  lime- 
I.  C.  W. 

this  correction  in  ita 
J.  R.  M. 

of  B.  &  0.  by  Major 
low  water  at  Morgan- 
Upper  Freeport  sand-  | 

jcks." 

lal  440  feet  above  onme 
1  locality  for  fossils  in 
est  of  Chestnut  Ridge.  | 

nd  a  half  miles  above 
burg  and  is  soon  25  to 
Bfs,  260  ovens.  Coal  9 
;  and  Clarksburff,  and 
f  the  finest  coalfields 

ack  four  miles  below, 
12  feet  of  cannel  slate. 
een  Parkersburg  and 
seen  in  the  bed  ofthe 
Is  in  the  river.  Below 

,ft  170  feet  deep.  Coil 
hlan  basin, 
n  the  Ohio  side  are 
reached  by  borings  H 
f  thePooono,(No.i.) 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


d49 


Ohio  BtverBallnMid.— ConMnuwi. 


Mb. 


Alt. 


140  School  House. 
149  Letout 

160  Graham.  »• 
163  New  Haven. 
154  Hartford.  9  7 

157  Mason  City. 
159  Clifton. 

161  W.  Columbia. 

162  Camden. »» 

172  Pt.  Pleasant. 

173  K.  &  0.  Juno. 
178  Gallipolis  Ferry. 
184  Ben  Lomond. 

187  Apple  Grove. 

188  Mercer's  Bottom. 
192Glenwood.»9 

198  Crown   City  F'y. 
200  Green  bottom. 


Perm.  Cb.,  (XVI.)»»* 

<<  576 

14  c.  Up.  C'l  Mea8.»»« 
P'gh  Coal  in  riv.  »»« 
Pittsburgh  Coal.     "» 

«  S74 

M  6«4 

<»  B66 

II  S  6  7 

II  5  7  0 

<i  571 

Barrens.P'gh  Coal.''' 
Barrens,  (XIV.)     58» 


201 
202 
205 
211 


Willijmsp'rt  F'y. 
Lesage. 
Coxe's. 
Guyandotte  Jo. 


« 
« 

M 
II 
M 

« 
II 
M 
W 


670 
650 
651 
548 
579 
567 
549 
548 
546 


Proposed  Branch. 


ORavenswood. 

SjSilverton. 

8,Sandyville. 
16  Leroy. 

18  Sand  Cr.  Summit. 
22iThree  Forks 
I    Reedy.ioo 
29iReedy  Summit. 
32Spencer.ioi 


f  15.  Permo.  Carb. 
tWash'gton  Coal.ss* 
15.  Permo.  Carb 


West  VirglMls  Central  B.  B.— CtmMntMd. 
Ms.      Extension  from  Thomas  to  Elkins.      Alt. 


II 
II 

M 


580| 

782 

eeoj 

880 
671 


14c.Up.CoalMeas.»o» 
Barrens,  (XIV.)     »2o 


|We>t  Virginia  Central  Ballroad.— Cbnfinued. 

Piedmont  and  Cumberland. 


0 
12 
16 
20 
22 

27 

29 


Cumberland. 
Rawlins. 
Black  Oak. 
21st  Bridge. 
Keyser. 

Westernport. 

W.  Va.  Cent. 


786 
786 


Jc. 


7.  Low'r  Helderb'g. « » <> 
5  b.  Clinton.  8»8 

«  734 

10  b.  Ham.  (Marc'lua) 
7.  Low'r  Helde     \r. 


f  14a.Pottsv'le  * 
\Topof(Xn.) 


ng. 

81S 


74  Fairfax. 

78  Thomas.        »»»« 

79  Davis.  «8  6» 

80  Globe  Falls. 

81  Pt.  Lookout.!  0 a 

82  2480 

84  Big  Run. 
87  Hendrick'8. 

90  Black  Fork. 

91  Shaver's  Fork. 
93  Haddix  Run. 

98  Haddix  Summit. 
101  Montrose. 
106  Kerens. 
112  01dLeadsville. 
113'Elkin8.io« 


Barrens,  (XIV.)  »o»i 
Top  L.  Coal  M.,(Xni.) 
Low  Kittanning  CoaL 
No.  (Xn.)  Congl.2»2* 

«  3640 

Top  Mauch  C'k  Reds. 
No.  (XL)  beds.  »i»o 
12.  CatskiU.  i"o 

11  b.  Chemung,    i*** 

II  164S 

II  16  8  0 

41  317  9 

10  b.  Hamilton,     i^"* 


<4 
44 
<4 


1938 
1913 
19  2  4 


Survey,  Elkins  to  Oauley  River. 


0  Elkins. 
6  Beverly. 
8  Burnt  Bridire. 
13  ^ 

16  Mill  Creek. 

17  Huttonsville. 
26 1  Elk  Water. 

32  Brady's  Summit, 
84 1  Higgles. 
35iRed  Lick  Run. 
36  Elk  River. 
38,Whitacre  3  Falls, 
39  Big  Run. 
46  Burgoo. 
48  Leatherwood. 
56  Elk  River. 
69  Addison.  10* 
63  Payn's  Summit. 
71Gauley  Riv."* 
78;  Williams  Riv. 


10  b.  Hamilton,    i"* 

«  195S 

4<    (water.)  1989 
44  1974 

14  3003 

II  20  62 

11  b.  Chemung.  "»»» 
No.  (XL)  1.  s.  aosa 
No.  (XL)  Shales.  2 » I* 

Top  (XL)    \.  S.  "39 

No.  (XI.)  Shales.  "" 

44  3171 

II  318  6 

M  1904 

II  1841 

II  16  8  3 

Top(XI.)Ls.  1*6  8 
Ba8eofNo.(XIL)»4»« 
No.  (XII.)  CongL2so8 

<4  2215 


Stony  River  Survey. 


0 

6 

10 

13 

15 


Mouth  of  River. 
Pike  Cross'g.  i«« 

Falls.io? 


No.  (XII.)  CongL  "»« 
Barrens,  (XIV.)  »»*« 
Low.  CoalMeas.  2799 
Clarion  CoaL  a97» 
No.  (XII.)  CongL  8102 


CamAm.  Pittsburgh  coal,  4  to  5  feet  thick,  mined  here.  It  thins  away  down  the  river  to  18 
Ito  20  inches  at  Point  Plea.saut.  OcoaHionally,  as  at  Mercer' .s  liottom,  it  thickens  to  4  or  five  feet. 
iBelow  that  it  thins  attain  to  a  few  inohos  and  not  mined  until  near  Huntington,  where  it  is  3  to  4  feet. 
1  99.  Qlenwood.  Here  lecently  an  attempt  was  made  to  sell  lands  as  containing  tin  ore.  The 
Deputed  tin  is  a  brecciated  limeMton*  4()  to  tiO  fewt  below  the  Pittsburgh  coal  and  on  analysis  proved 
pot  to  contain  a  trace  of  tin.  Another  "tin  syndicate"  explored  this  same  stratum  for  that  metal  on 
he  Little  Kanawha,  nine  miles  aViove  Grantwville. 

100.  Three  Forks  B»edy.  The  "Ridge  Lime8t«>ne"  near  the  summits  ofthe  hills  over  a  large 
lortionof  Jack.son  county  is  often  H'  to  20  feet  thick,  and  is  probably  the  Ninevah  Limestone  of 
^eunsylvania,  the  X.  of  Stevenson's  Green  county  series. 

101.  Spencer.  The  Burning  Springs  or  Volcano  anticlinal  passes  along  the  valley  of  Spring 
.reek,  brinRing  the  Barren  Measures  to  the  surtax*-  Pittsburgh  coni  is  absent  or  but  feebly  repre- 
lented  in  this  portion  ofthe  state  and  espoclally  iilong  the  line  of  the  Volcano  anticlinal  everywhere. 

102.  Point  Look  Out.  Grandest  s(!««»«ry  In  the  Appalachian  Mountains.  The  Black  Fork  of  the 
Pneatcuts  a  canon  1,50()  feet  deep  thrrna«£  the  Back  Bone  Mountain  range,  which  is  capped  by  the 

'^STille  Conglomurate.    The  railroa<i  grwit**  down  this  gorge  is  160  feet  to  the  mile  and  it  runs 

ig  a  rook  shelf  800  to  400  feet  abov<-  the  river,  which  has  a  fall  of  100  feet  to  the  mile.    The  New 

Uver coals  are  exposed  along  the  railroad  grade,  both  the  Nuttall  (2^  feet  thick)  and  Quinnemoni 

"  1  being  recogniaaU*.    The  QuinnMtnont  and  Five  Creek  beds  are  split  into  a  half  doaen  thin. 

The  whole  Puliiwlu  Conglomerate  series  Is  here  over  700  feet  thick. 


860 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (W.  VA.) 


ml 


-!«  ■'.•'•'  y 


B'i  '!■ 


■il' 


It  ■  I- 


s'fM 


».i 


S    ' 


West  Vlrgliila  Central  R,  K.—Cmtitw«d. 
Ma.     Survey,  Elklnw  to  Buokhannon.— Cbn.   AH. 


7 

10 
11 
12 
17 
18 
21 
27 
82 


Roaring  C'k.io> 

Roaring. 
King's  Ridge. 
Toll  Gate. 
Burnt  Bridge. 
White  Oak  SWt. 
Buck.  R.  Divide. 
Buokhannon. 


Uo.Low.CoalM.mo 
«  a  1  a  1 

Barrens,  (XIV.)  "•« 

M  3450 

M  1851 

Top  Low.  Coal  M.i  8*0 
Barrens,  (XIV.)  "si 

«  174S 

<4  1418 


Elk  River. 


0 
21 
24 
60 
70 
80 
03 

100 


Charleston. 
Big  Sandy. 
Queen's  Sh'ls.i<>» 
Big  Otter.      "« 
Grove's  Greek. 
Birch  River. 
Little  Otter. 
Beall's  Mills. 
Sutton."  0 


base  ot  Barrens.  ^'^ 

<t  Btl 

«  611 

Top  of  Low.  C'l  Meas. 

Barrens,  (XIV.)  »»i 

i*  770 

M  794 

M  798 

U  808 


Gauley  River.— C.  A  O.  Survey. 


01  Mouth. 

6  M'th  of  20-Mile. 
10  Litf'e  Elk. 


ITop  of  No.  (XII.)    eso 
Base  of  No.  (XII.)  e«7 

<<  691 


Ms. 


16 
21 
25 
29 
61 
40 
48 
46 
66 
76 
80 

86 


Gauley  River.— 0.  ft  0.  Survey.— OMiMtinti/, 

Alt 
875 


Peters.  "1 
Gamifax  Ferry. 
Hughes  Ferry. 
Brock's. 
Beaver  Creek. 
Cherry  River. 
Cranberry. 
Stroud's  Greek. 
Williams  River. 
Laurel  Fork. 
Stony  Creek. 

Marlin's  Bottom. 


top  of  (No,  xn.) 
No.(XII.)N't'l  C'i."oi 
No.(XII.)Congl.    iM» 
«  istt 

14  a.NutaIl  Coal,  iiii 

««  191S 

No.  (XII.)  Congl.  2oo» 
«•  aitr 

M  sou 

«  I22S 

fNo.(XI.)orGreenb'r 
\  l.B.to  Cherry  R.auo 


Little  Kanawha  River. 


0 
2 
14 
22 
32 
48 


Parkersburg.*!* 
Lock  One. 
Lock  Two. 
Look  Three.! »» 
Lock  Four."* 
Spring  Creek. 
Buffalo  Rock. 
L'r  Leading  Ck, 


No.(XVI.)Fm-C'b.»r» 

M  t6t 

««  87i 

«  614 

No.(XIV.)Bar'en8.s» 
««  «ia 

(?)  m 

No.(XVI.)Fm-C'b.«K 


103.  BlkmM.  The  Tygarts  valley  in  which  the  town  Is  situated,  IsJ  geologically  a  great  arch,  or 
rattier  two  anticlinal  axis  which  have  come  nearly  together.  These  are  the  anticllnals  which  cross 
the  B.  ft  O.  R.  R.  at  Terra  Alta  and  Mountain  Lake  Tark  respectively,  having  there  a  trough 
between  them  deep  enough  to  catch  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,but  here  at  Elkins  the  axes  are  less  1 
than  a  mile  apart  and  the  trough  holds  only  the  basal  beds  of  the  Chemung.  On  one  side  (west)  of 
this  double  arch  at  Elkins,  the  Bk:h— Big  Laurel  Mt.  rises  to  3,600  feet  above  the  sea,  and  on  the 
other  (east)  Cheat  Mt  ..tta^s  a  greater  height,  while  both  are  crowned  with  the  Pottsville  Conglom- 
erate, thus  rendering  the  wide  valley  between,  one  of  the  most  beautiAil  and  picturesque  in  the 
country. 

104.  Additon.  County  seatof  Webster  county.  On  the  summit  of  an  anticlinal  axis,  which 
brings  the  top  of  the  Greenbrier  LimeHtone  40  feet  above  water  level  and  exposes  800  feet  of  the  Manch 
Chunk  Red  Shaleo  betwoeo  the  top  of  the  limestone  and  the  base  of  the  Pottsville  Conglomerate  ia 
the  summit  of  the  Moiinlain  atmve.  Near  the  crest  of  this  arch  at  Addison  a  hole  was  once  bored 
for  oil  many  years  ago,  but  at  about  luu  feet  a  atrong  stream  of  salt  and  sulphur  water  was  struck, 
which  still  continues  to  flow  and  han  attnined  much  celebrity  as  a  mineral  water  for  medicinal  pu^ 
poses,  especially  for  kidney  tToul>les  Where  the  Gauley  Turnpike  crosses  McOuires  Gap,  opposite 
Addison,  a  coal  bed  2^  tos  fcwit  thick  has  been  mined  only  20  feet  above  the  Mauch  Chunk  red  beds, 

105.  Near  here  on  Land  Run  is  the  out  crop  ol  a  coal  oea  7  feet  thick,  of  poor  quality  and  It  I 
would  seem  to  come  at  the  name  horizon  as  the  Pocahontas  or  No  III.  bed  of  the  Flat  Top  region. 

lOft.  Capt.  Joseph  Parnons,  chief  engineer  of  the  W.  Va.  C.  R.  R.  who  has  kindly  fhmisnedall 
the  elevations  on  that  railroad  and  its  surveys,  states  that  the  Lower  Ktttanning  coai  passes  under  I 
Stony  river  about  three  and  a  haif  miles  abo*e  \tn  mouth  and  reappears  at  nine  miles  up.  The 
centerof  the  trough  is  near  where  the  nortnwestprn  pike  crosses  Stony  river,  and  here  the  Pitts- 
burgh coal  ifl'in  the  summits  of  the  hills  juet  north  f^om  the  river.  This  is  the  northern  end  of  the 
Elk  Garden  Pittsburgh  coal  basin,  since  northward  from  here  that  coal  misses  the  hills  by  only  » 
to  100  feet  for  twenty  miles,  till  it  is  CRU^ht  in  the  Fairfax  summit  on  the  Cheat-Potomac  Divide. 

Wt.  There  is  a  large  area  of  the  lower  Kittannlng  coal  from  hereon  down  the  river  for  four 
miles  and  it  has  a  thickness.of  eight  feet  witli  its  customary  partings.  It  is  forty  feet  above  water 
•I  the  Falls. 

108.  Half  way  between  Roaring  creek  and  Elkins  the  Tygarts  Valley  river  cuts  squarely  through 
thejgreat  Rich-Laurel  Mt.  uplift;  and  exposes  a  splendid  section  from  the  Hamilton  up  to  the  Lower 
CoalMeasures.  Along  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Roaring  creek  is  a  large  field  of  the  Upper  Freeport 
coal  where  the  bed  has  a  thickness  of  8  to  10  feet  The  Freeport  sandstone  is  ve^  massive  and 
pebbly  along  the  lower  part  of  Iloaring  creek  and  makes  the  numerous  falls. 

lOB.  <iuttn't  Shoalt.  A  few  miles  above  lierc  the  river  bends  southward  and  the  Upper  Froeport 
coal  comes  above  water  level,  and  keeps  alx>ve  the  same  till  the  stream  turns  northwestward  adots 
Clay  0.  H.  There  is  a  fine  area  of  this  coal  on  Big  and  Little  Sycamore  creeks.  With  this  excep- 
tion only  the  Barren  Measures  crop  out  alonu  Elk  between  Sutton  and  its  mouth,  adistance  of  lOO 
miles,  and  as  these  beds  have  a  greater  thickness  (800')  here  than  anywhere  else  in  the  couDtry,I 
have  termed  them  the  Elk  River  series. 

110.  Sutton.  The  Mahoning  oosl  (about  100  feet  above  the  base  of  the  Barrens)  crops  30  to *) 
feet  above  river  level  and  has  l)«*n  mined  to  a  small  extent,  while  at  Frametown  16  miles  below,  the 
Pittsburgh  coal  is  in  the  summits  of  the  hills,  500  feet  above  the  river  and  6  to  7  feet  thick. 

ill.    From  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Elk  up  to  the  Cherry  River  the  Gaulev  fiows  in  a  narrow 
oaflon  300-400  feet  deep,  excavated  out  of  the  top  members  ;of  No.  XII.,  while  the  softer  L^^' 
Coal  Measures  occur  back  in  the  summits  of  the  hills  on  the  broad  plateau  at  the  top  of  No.  XII. 
The  Nutall  coal  comes  up  at  the  mouth  of  Meadow  River,  but  it  thins  there.    It  has  a  thicknessof  I 
5  to  6  feet  on  the  waters  of  Hommony,  Cherry  and  other  streams,  which  put  in  from  the  80uth,tDi>  I 
Is  •  splendid  coking  ooaL 


7.  VA.) 


rrey.— GmMmift/. 


Alt. 


of  (No.  XII.)   »»» 
XII.)N'fl  ci"«» 


XII.)Congl. 

M 


M 


18i» 
1SI» 
«  16ti 

^.Nutall  Coal.  "" 

«  191S 

(Xn.)  Congl. "«» 
««  aier 

i<  sou 

<«  121} 

0.  (XI.)or  Greenb'r 
B.to  Cherry  R.»u» 

i  Blver. 

(XVI.)Fm-C'b.»" 
i«i 

5Ti 
6ti 

(XIV.)Bar'en8."» 
«<  eii 

(?)  «»5 

(XVI.)Fm-C'b.«n 

icallv  a  great  arch,  or 
Qtiolmals  which  cross 
ring  there  a  trough 
lins  the  axes  are  less 
On  one  side  (west)  of 
the  sea*  and  on  the 
»  PottsTille  Conglom. 
I  picturesque  in  th» 

nticlinal  axis,  which 
1 800  feet  of  the  Mauch 
rille  Conglomerate  la 
i  hole  was  once  bored 
lur  water  was  struck, 
:er  for  medicinal  pu^ 
cOuires  Gap,  opposite 
auch  Chunk  red  beds.  , 
'  poor  quality  and  it 
;he  Flat  Top  reelon. 
8  kindlv  ftimisned  all 
Ing  coaf  passes  under 
nine  mftes  up.  The 
,  and  here   the  Pitts- 
le  northern  end  of  th« 
BR  the  hills  hy  only  W 
it-Potomac  Divide. 
•wn  the  river  for  four  i 
brty  feet  above  water 

cuts  squarely  through 
ollton  up  to  the  Lower 
»f  the  Upper  Freeport 
le  is  very  massive  and 

id  the  Upper  Freeport 

northwestward  abovs 

ks.    With  this  excep- 

Buth,  adistanceof  100 

else  in  the  country,!  j 

Barrens)  crops  30  to* 
wn  16  miles  below,  toe 

7  feet  thick. 
ley  flows  in  a  narrow 
■hlle  the  softer  Lower 

at  the  top  of  No.  Xll.  ■ 
It  has  a  thickness  or 
infiromtheBOutb,u<r 


WEST  VIRGINIA. 


S61 


Ms. 


Little  Kanawha  River.— Continued.       Alt. 


(jl  Down's  Hippie. 
63  Anna  Maria  G'k. 
G8  Big  Root. 
76  Pine  Creek. 
78  Grant8ville.il* 
80: Steer  Creek.ns 
8i')  Acre  Island. 
89Mu8ch  Shoals. 
92  Tanner  Fork.^i^ 

'96  Cedar  Creek. 
98  3d  Run  Sh'ls.iis 
lOllLeading  Creek. 
lO^Glenville.119 
105  Stewart's  Creek. 
100  Mud  Lick  Run. 
110  Sand  Fork. 
llo  Stout's  Mill. 
liSHyer'a  Run. 

121  Oil  Creek. 

122  Burnsville.C'"""'" 

port.) 

Bennett's  Run. 
131  Bulltown. 


No.(XVI.)P'm-C'b.e8» 

641 


« 


Upp.  Coal  Meas. 


« 


641 
854 
S66 
566 
571 
577 
682 


No.(XIV.)BarrenB.»«7 

88S 


« 


Upp,  Coal  Meas. 


690 
702 
702 
710 
711 
723 


Kentucky. 


120 


Ms. 


Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad. 

Cincinnati  Division.— Conttnii«ci. 


Alt. 


No.  (XIV.)  Barrens.  "5 

741 


« 
« 

« 


741 
752 
760 


Kentucky.!  2  0 


Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Railroad.— Con/tnu«d. 

Ms.  Cincinnati  Division.  Alt* 


604'Catlett8burg. 
506JWillianiB. 
609iNorton. 
610  Ashland. 


611 
612 
515 


A.  C.  &  I.  Cr's'g. 

Bellefonte. 

Russell. 


619|Wurtland. 


Low.  Coal.  (XIII.)s<* 


544 


14  a.  Pottsv.,  (XII.) 


522.Riverton  Jc.   »29 

623 1  Greenup. 

528:Gray's  Branch. 

585!Siloam. 

641 1 S.  Portsmouth. 

551;Quincy. 

|653j  Kinney. 

558|Buena  Vista. 

560Fairview. 

563|Vanceburg. 

668iRome. 

676;C(/Ucord. 

57 7  [Pence. 

586|Springdale. 

692  M.  &  B.  S.  June. 

593  Maysville. 

601  S.  Ripley. 

603  Dover. 

610  Augusta. 

614  Wellsburg. 

617  Bradford. 

621  Foster. 

628  Belmont. 

630  California. 

632  New  Richmond. 

634  Oneonta. 

638  Ross. 

649  Dayton. 

651  Newport. 

653  K.  C.  Jc. 

654  Covington. 
665  Cincinnati. 


14  a.  Pottsv.,  (Xn.) 
13.  Sub-CarboniferouB. 


>02 


Huron  Shale.    *"-' 

9  c.  Cornif.  1.  s  in  nv. 

6  c.  Niagara. 
t< 

4c.  Cincinnati 
<{ 

<i 

i( 

i( 

i< 

t( 

4( 
<i 

Cincinnati. 
<i 

4  a.  Trenton. 


4  c. 


ti 


4  c.  Cincinnati. 


(i 
(( 


49« 


541 


SIS 


112.    Parkeriburg.    Low  water  here  as  given  by  Col.  Roberts  is  662.804.    See  Note  35. 

lis.  The  elevations  given  for  these  locks  is  the  top  of  the  mitre  sill  below  the  dams.  From 
Farkersburg  for  26  miles  up  the  river  the  rocks  are  nearly  horizontal  and  the  Upper  Meretta  sand- 
(tone  of  the  Permian  Series,  which  is  quarried  at  Farkersburg,  (Jackson  quarry,)  makes  clitts  in  tho' 
river  hills  for  a  long  distance.    It  is  extensively  quarried  at  Elizabeth. 

114.  Lock  Four.  Near  here  is  Burning  Springs,  the  famous  oil  district,  from  which  oM  was  coI> 
lected  and  marketed  as  far  back  as  1841.  The  Eiireka  Volcano  Anticlinal  (called  the  "Oil  Break") 
passes  through  this  region,  and  brings  up  400  feet  of  the  Barren  Measures.  The  Pittsburgh  coal  i» 
absent,  or  only  a  few  inches  thick,  while  the  Crinoidal  coal  is  '.^0  inches  thick  and  mined  below  the 
Tillage  for  local  supply.  Oil  is  obtained  here  in  the  Mahoning,  Conglomerate,  "Big  Injun"  (Pacors> 
and  Maxburg  (Gantz)  sands. 

115.  OranUville.    Here  the  Waynesburg  is  in  the  summit  of  the  hills. 

U6.  Steer  Creek.  At  the  mouth  of  this  stream  the  massive  sandstone  above  the  Pittsburgh  coal 
comes  above  water  level,  and  the  base  of  the  great  Waynesburg  sandstone  cliff  is  275  feet  above  the 
same, 

117.  Tanner  JFV>rA:.  Along  this  stream  the  Waynesburg  coal  is  mined  for  local  use.  It  is  only  Ift 
to 24  inches  thick  and  at  Tannersville  6  miles  up  the  stream  is  135  feet  above  the  latter. 

118.  Third  Sun  Shoals.  The  Waynesburg  Coal  shows  in  summit  of  hill  here  3(H»  feet  above  tho 
river  or  1050  A.  T.  The  horizon  of  the  Pittsburgh  coal  is  about  60  feet  above  the  river,  but  the  coal 
is  absent. 

119.  0{envi7{«.  A  broad  anticlinal,  which  is  probably  identical  with  the  Chestnut  Ridge  axis^ 
crosses  the  river  above  Glenville  and  hoists  the  Pittsburgh  coal  226  feet  above  the  same.  This  coal 
mskps  lU  first  appearance  here  it  being  absent  or  butleebly  developed  everywhere  below  until  its 
horizon  dips  under  water  near  the  mouth  of  Steer  Creek;  at  one  and  a  half  mile(<  above  Glenville  it 
184  to  6  feet  thick  and  200  feet  above  the  river.  It  runs  along  the  hills  at  near  this  level  for  a  mile 
or  two  further  and  then  dips  rapidly  down  below  water  level,  passing  under  the  river  U/i  miles 
below  Land  Fork  or  lOOj^  miles  Irom  Farkersburg.  The  sandstone  above  the  coal  has  an  immense 
develoiin.v^nt  in  this  region,  being  130  feet  thick.  The  horizon  of  the  Pittsburgh  coal  keeps  50  to  7& 
feet  below  river  level  till  we  come  to  Stout's  Mil's,  when  the  basin  is  crossed  and  it  begins  to  rise 

I  rapidly  appearing  10  feet  above  river  level,  one  mile  above  Stout's  Milts,  and  one-half  mile  further  up 
I  stream  is  76  feet  above  the  same.  It  is  here  7  feet  thick  and  there  is  a  great  coal  field  in  this  basin 
I  between  Burnsville  and  Glenville. 

120.  This  Division  of  the  C.  A  0,  (formations  by  Prof.    I.O.White)  belongs  in  the  Kentucky 
I  chapter,  but  for  tack  of  space  is  inserted  here,  just  before  publication.  J.  R.  M. 


'Vii'l^ 


862 


AN  AMEK    ^AN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


' /...■■ 
(VA.) 


m 


^H 


iU' 


Virginia." 


Bt  PBor.  William  B.  Rooxbs. 


List  of  the  Qeologieal  Formations  Found  in  Virginia  and  Wost  Virginia. 


I 


General  Gboups. 


QCATERNART. 


Tgrtiart. 


Upper  and  Lower 
Mesozoio. 


Upper  Carboniferocb. 


Mid.  Carboniferous. 
(Upper  Scb-Carb.) 


Lower  Carboniferous. 
(Lower  Sub-Carb.) 


Devonian. 


Silurian. 


Siluro-Cambrian* 

OR 

Upper  Cambrian. 


Middle* 

AND 

Lower  Cahbrian. 


AROH.SAN. 


SCB-DlVIBIONB  IN  VIROINIA  AND 

West  Vibqinia. 


20.  Quaternary. 


5g 


19  c.  Pliocene. 
19  b.  iMiocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 


(18  %L  17.)  Juratso-Cretac's.^ 

Upper  Secondary  s.s. 
(17, 16.)  Jurasso-iriassic* 
Mid.  Secondary  Sandstones 
and  Coal  i\/ieasures> 


P^    -  - 
2pg« 


14  c.  Upper  Barren  Croup. 
14  e.  Upper  Coal  Group. 
14  b.  Lower  Barren  Croup. 
14  b.  Lower  Coal  Croup. 
14  a.  Croat  Conglomerate 
and  Congio.  Coal  Croup. 


XVI. 

XV. 

XIV. 

XIII. 

XII. 


13  b.  Creenbriar  Sliales. 
13  b.  Creenbriar  Limestone. 
(Carb.  Limestone.) 


13  a.  IMontgomery  Crits  and 

Coal  IVIeasures. 

(Tuedian  ?) 


Names  of  N.  Y.  Survey  chiefly: 

12.     Catslciil. 

11  b.  Chemung. 

11a.  Portage. 

10  c.  Cenesee. 

10  b.  Hamilton. 

10  a.  Marcellus. 

8. 
7. 
6. 
5  c. 

5  b. 

6  a. 


Orislcany. 

Lower  Helderberg. 

Sal  in  a. 

Niagara. 

Clinton. 

(Medina. 


4  c. 

Hudson  River. 

in. 

4  b. 

Utica. 

in. 

4  a. 

Trenton. 

in. 

3  c. 

Chazy. 

n. 

3  b. 

Levis. 

II. 

3  a. 

Calciferous. 

n. 

2  b. 

Potsdam  Croup." 

I. 

Archeean. 
A,  B,  C,  P.* 


0}  _2^ 


Eo5  . 


XI. 
XI. 


X. 


IX. 
VIII. 

vin. 
vin. 
viii. 

VIIL 

VII. 

VL 

V. 

V. 

V. 

IV. 


Names  adopted  by 
H.D.andW.B.Rfur 
the  Paleozoic  Forma- 
tions  of  Pennsylvania 
and  Virginia  and  ueed 
in  H.  D.  Rogers'  Final 
Report  of  the  Geology 
of  Pennsylvania. 


Serai. 
Serai. 
Serai. 
Serai. 
Serai. 


Umbrai  Shaleii 
Umbrai  Limesto. 


Vespertine  Sand- 
stone and  Coal. 


Ponent. 

Vergent. 

Vergent. 

Cadent. 

Cadent. 

Cadent. 


IVIeridian. 

Pre-iMeridian. 

Scale  nt. 

Scalent. 

Surgent. 

Levant. 


IVIatinal. 
Matinal. 
Mat^nal. 


Auroral.^ 
Auroral. 
Auroral. 
Primal.' 


VA.) 


VIRGINIA. 


868 


feet  Virginia. 


e^Tames  adopted  by 
D.andW.B.Rlor 
e  Paleozoic  Forma- 
ms  of  Pennsylvania 
id  Virginia  and  used 
H.  D.  Rogers'  Final 
eport  of  the  Geology 
f  Pennsylvania. 


Serai. 
Serai. 
SeraU 
Serali 
Serai. 

Umbral  Slialei. 
Umbrai  Limesto. 

Vespertine  Sand. 
stone  and  Coali 


Ponent. 
Vergent. 
Vergent. 
Cadent. 
Sadent. 
Cadent. 


Meridian. 

Pre-Meridian. 

Seaient. 

Scalent. 

Surgent. 

Levant. 


Matinai. 
Matinal. 
Matrnai. 


Auroral.^ 
Auroral. 
Auroral. 
Primal.' 


Ms. 


Virginia. 

Baltimore  and  Ohio  ?.tXallroad. 

Harper's  Ferry  and  Valley  Branch. 


Alt. 


21: 


0  Harper's  Ferry 


1 

6 

10 
14 
23 

27 

32 
36 
39 
42 
44 
46 
50 

61 

55 
57 
61 
66 

74 

81 
88 
94 
00 
105 
117 

126 


Shenandoah.  "^ 

Halltown.  »»9 
Charlestown.  *i* 
Cameron.  **' 
Wadesville.    *»* 


Stephenson's.  *»• 

Winchester.  »i' 
Kernstown.  '** 
Newtown.  ''<> 
Vaucluse.'' 
Middletown.  »ool 
Cedar  Greek.  «»* 
Capon  Road.  »*<> 


Ms. 


Chesapeake  A  Ohio  Railroad.       Alt. 


Richmond.        ** 


Strasburg  Jc.»»» 

Tom's  Brook. 
Maurerstown. 
Woodstock.     8«o 
Edinburg.       *  * » 

916 

Mount  Jackson. 

New  Market. 
Broadway. 
Linville. 
Harrisonburg. » 
Pleasant  Valley. 
Fort  Defiance.' 

Staunton.      ^ '  * « 


'  Altered  Cambri'n(b) 
or  Archaean  B,  fol- 
lowed west  byCam- 
brian,  2  b.,  8  a. 
Cambrian  8  a.,  b. 

••        8  b.,  0. 
<<  « 

Biluro-Cam.  4  a.  &  4  b. 
/  Siluro-Cam.  &  Cam. 
4  a.  and  8  0. 
The  road  runs  close 
to  boundary  of  Cam- 
brian 8  0.,  and  Sil. 
Cambrian,  4  a.,  of 
the  belt  lying  east, 
composed  largely 
of  4  c. 

1  Siluro-Cam  Dri'n,  4  a. 
and  4  b.,on  switch 
track. 
Cambrian,  3  b.,  c.  ''*' 

788 


9 
18 

28 

83 

40 


Atlee's.  »o» 

Hanover  C.  H.«« 

Hanoyer  Junot. 

Noel's.  "' 

Beaver  Dam.  »»» 


45jBampass'        '*• 
60  Frederick's  Hall 

66 


« 

«  « 

{Cam.  &  Siluro-Cam. 
3  0.  and  4  a. 

«  971 

<(  1038 

<t  1242 

«  1340 

Cambrian,  3  b.,  c.^  245 

<«  ««  12  7S 

J  Cam.  &  Siluro-Cam. 
\         3  c.  and  4  a. 


62 

76 

81 
83 
90 


{W.  outcrop  of  Tert'y 
andUpper  Mesozoio, 
all  resti'g  ouAtoIlO. 
19.  Tertiaxy. 


{' 


Tolersville, 


LousiaC.  H.  ♦s* 
Gordonsville.  '"o 


Lindsay's. 

Cobham. 

Keswick. 


97  Charlottesville.  * 
104  Ivy.  844 

jl07  Mechum's  River 


llSiGreenwood 


124 


Waynesboro.^*"! 


129!Fishersville.ia2> 


136lStaunton. 
144  Swoope's. 


Upper  Mesozoio, 
Jurasso-CretaoeouB. 
Archsean,  G. 
r  Gneiss  &MicaSlates» 
\  with  veins  of  Gran. 
1.  ArchsBan,  A. 

i<  SBl 

!Mic.Homb.&  Hydro. 
Mio.Slat.,withAurif. 
q'rtz.  The  gold  belk 
1.  Archeean,  G. 
B. 
Argil.Mic.  &  Hydro. 
Mic.Sla.,with  patch- 
es of  Slaty  Limestone 
&  Steatite  Epidotic^ 
Chlor.  and  Sil.  Grits 
&  Slates  of  S.W.Mt. 
followed    west    by 
Gneissoid  Sandst'ne. 
Archaean,  D, 
Horn.&Chl.Gnei.Syen. 
l.Arch.,B.Bl.  Ridge 
Epid.  Chlor.   Argil. 
Slates,&c.,flank'dW. 
_byCamb,I,2b.  Pots, 
f  Cambrian,  3  a.,  ad- 
\  joining  Hlates  of  2  b. 
f  Sil-Camb.,4a.  &4b. 
\     Edge  of  slate  belt. 
(  Camb.  &  Sil-Camb., 
\      So.  and  4  a. 


487 


SOS 


439 


1387 


164S 


1. 


1.  The  term  JurassoCretaceous  is  uhosen  to  desiKnato  tlie  Upper  Secondary  Sandstones  of  the 
Virginia  reports  and  the  associated  sands  and  clays  wliieh  in  their  prolongation,  northeast  through 
Maryland,  Delaware  and  New  Jersey,  are  found  to  underlie  the  Cretaceous  green-sand  formation 
of  tiiose  States,  because  the  fossils  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Fredericksburg,  etc.,  in  Virginia,  as 
well  as  near  Baltimore,  suggest  the  upper  stage  01  the  Jurassic  period:  while  it  is  stated  that  the 
sands  and  clays  of  this  t)elt  in  New  Jersey  are  referable  to  the  base  of  the  Cretaceous.  The  whole 
group  would  seem  in  the  main  to  be  one  of  transition,  and  it  is  probably  best  comparable  to  the 
European  Wealden. 

2  The  name  Jurasso-Triassic  is  preferred  for  the  Mid-Secondary  rocks  of  the  Virginia  reports, 
as  it  is  thought  to  correspond  be!>t  with  the  fossil  indications  thus  far  furnished  by  tlie  several  belts 
included  in  It.  Of  these,  the  most  western  area  is  in  part  continuous  with  the  so-called  Triassie  belt 
of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  and  in  part  with  the  coal  hearing  rocks  of  Dan  River,  North  Carolina. 
Tlie  middle  belt  is  in  the  line  of  prolongation  of  the  Deep  River  coal  rocks  of  North  Carolina,  and 
the  eastern  belt,  including  the  Grits  and  Coal  Measures  of  Chesterfield,  Henrico,  etc.,  is  topograph- 
ically without  a  counterpart.  The  middle  and  eastern  belts  in  Virginia,  and  the  western  tract  in 
North  Carolina,  show  a  close  airreement  in  their  fossil  flora,  which  in  many  pavtirulars  has  a  decid- 
edly Jurassic  character,  and  all  three  belts  are  connected  by  certain  species  of  Estheria,  Candona, 
etc.,  held  in  common.  Collectively  these  beds  represent  most  probably  a  group  of  deposits  ranging 
through  Upper  Triassie,  and  Lower  Jurassic  time,  and  are  in  large  measure  of  a  transitional 
character. 
■  3.  In  grouping  the  Lower  Paleozoic  formations,  Sedgewick's  classification  is  used,  including  as 
dmbrtan  and  £V{uro-Cam6rtan,  all  the  formations  from  the  base  of  the  Paleozoic  to  the  top  of  the 
Trenton  period  (4  c),  and  as  Silurian  the  succeeding  formations  to  the  top  of  the  Orlskany  (8.);  these 
corresponding  in  limits  to  the  Upper  and  Lower  Silurian  periods  of  the  table. 

4.  The  Middle  Cambrian,  or  Auroral  group,  occupying  much  of  the  surface  of  the  great  valley 
west  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  exposed  in  numerous  anticlinals  and  faults  in  the  mountain  belt  farth- 
er west,  is  marked  by  a  great  preponderance  of  magnesian  limestones  in  the  lower  two-thirds  of  its 
uuB,  passing  below  in  many  cases  into  Arenaceous  and  Argillaceous  limestones,  and  followed 
uove  Dy  ooUtio  and  by  oberty  and  sandy  bed*,  these  latter  «ivin«  cIma  still  higher  to  the 


W\ 


ml 
lllli 

■HI 


:m 


I 

It 


t.T    •   -J    1,,  ■  ■-       '■ 

•■ITU!  I 


■$f. 


'iiii' 


864 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (VA.; 


M^ 


Chesapeake  &  Ohio  R.  R.— Can.      Alt. 


160 

169 

168 

175 


2074 

North  Mountain. 


Craigsville.  J'^^ 

Goshen.  If    >*»" 
Millboro.i2  ^^^^ 


(Devonian,  10  a.,  ad- 
joining Silurian  of 
the  Gap,  6  a.,  5  b. 
to  8 ,  inverted. 
Silurian,  7.,Encrinal 
Marble.  8.  Oria- 
kany. 

Devonian,  10  a.  and 
10  b.,  between  ridg- 
ea  of  Silurian,  5  a 
to  8, 

Devonian  10  a.,  near' 
\   8.  of  Sideling  Ilill.j 


195 


205 


221 


IS 

Jackson's  River, 
iiss 


Ma.       Chesapeake  A  Ohio  R.  R.— Con.      Alt. 

Devonian, 10  a.^weS 
side  of  Rich  Patch 
Anticlinal  Silurian, 
^  5  a.  to  8. 
'Devonian,  10  a.  &  10 
b.,  between  aouth- 
weat  end  of  Warm 
Spring   Anticlinal, 
&  nortbeaat  end  of 
^    Peter's   Mountain. 
'  Devonian,  10.  to  12., 
enclosing,  near  tun- 
nel, belt  of  Sub-Car. 
13  a.   Vespertine. 


148B 


Covington.  »* 


Alleghany.    "•« 


more  purely  Calcareous  and  ArgUlo-Calcareous  strata  appertaining  to  the  base  of  the  Siliiro-Cam. 
brian,  Trenton,  or  Matinal  group.  The  frequent  faults,  inversions  and  repetitions  of  the  bede  in 
the  great  valle;^,  and  the  rarity  of  fo.ssila  in  the  Auroral  rocks,  have  interfered  with  a  precipe 
demarcation  of  formations,  but  there  can  be  little  doubt,  from  fossil  and  other  evidence,  that  they 
cover  the  period  of  the  formations  3  a.,  3  b.,  3  c,  assigned  {to  them  In  the  Table.  Hence,  and  as 
Indicating  the  formations  near  as  well  as  at  the  localities,  the  designation  3  a.  b.  will  be  used  for 
these  rocks  up  to  the  top  of  the  magnesian,  without  distinguishing  between  Calciferous  and 

8;uebec  (or  Levis),  and  3  b.  c,  for  the  remaining  strata  up  to  the  well  defined  base  of  the  Siiuro- 
ambrian,  Trenton  or  Matinal  »roup,  4  a.  b.  and  c. 

6.  Ttie  Potsdam,  or  Primal  group,  includes  in  Virginia,  where  complete,  besides  the  Potsdam 
proper,  the  ferriferous  shales  ne^t  above,  and  the  slates,  shaly  grits  and  conglomerates,  below  this 
formation.  It  is  exposed  in  varying  mass  and  completeness  on  the  western  slope  and  in  the  west 
flanking  hills  of  the  Blue  Ridge  throughout  mu^h  of  its  length,  often,  by  inversion,  dipping  to  the 
southeast,  in  seeming  conformity  beneath  the  older  rocks  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  but  often,  also  restini; 
uncomformably  upon  or  against  them.  These  older  rocks,  comprising  masses  referable  probably 
to  Huronian  and  Laurenllan  age,  include  also  a  group  of  highly  altered  beds,  corresponding 
apparently  to  the  copper-bearing  or  Keweenian  series  oi  Northern  Michigan,  and  perhaps  to  the 
lately  described  Dimetian  rocks  of  Wales. 

6.  The  letters  A,  B,  C,  D  mark  four  rather  distinct  groups  of  Archssan  rocks  found  in  Virginia, 
of  which  the  first  three  may  probably  be  referred  to  the  Laurentian,  Huronian  and  Montaiban 
periods  respectively,  and  the  fourth  to  an  intermediate  stage — the  Norian  or  Upper  Laurentian. 

7.  This  belt  of  Siluro-Cambrian  slates  extends  continuously  from  the  Potomac  River  to  a  point 
about  ten  miles  south  of  Staunton,  a  distance  of  140  miles,  beyond  which  it  becomes  narrow  and 
discontinuous.  In  the  tract  corresponding  to  the  interval,  from  Strasburg  to  Harrisonburg,  it 
encloses  the  complex  synclinal  of  the  Massanutten  Mountains,  coasi.><ting  of  massive  ranges  of 
Silurian  rocks  5  a.  5  b.,  with  some  bands  of  7  and  a  few  traces  of  Devonian  10  a.,  all  resting  in  the 
wide  undulated  trough  of  the  slates.  From  Strasburg  southwest,  the  railroad  keeps  generally  a 
distance  of  from  one-half  to  one  mile  west  of  the  edge  of  the  slates,  but  sometimes  impinges  ujwn 
it,  affording  ready  access  to  fossiliferous  beds  of  4  a.,  h.  and  c. 

8.  About  13  miles  west-by-north  from  this  are  the  Rawley  Springs,  and  a  few  miles  farther  the 
remarkable  fissured  rocks  known  as  Moravian  Town,  both  in  Ponent  12.  West-by-south,  about  20 
miles  are  the  Dora  coal  mines,  in  Vespertine  13  a.,  of  Narrowback  mnuutain— anthracite,  faulted 
and  crushed.  The  irregular  fault,  which,  with  many  interruptions,  extends  from  near  the  Potomac 
River  along  the  northwest  edge  of  the  Great  Valley  in  the  line  of  the  Little  North  Mountain  for 
about  120  miles,  is  seen  near  these  localities  to,  bring  the  Siluro-Cambrian  4.  of  the  valley  into 
Juxtaposition  with  the  Devonian  10.  to  12. 

9.  'About  eight  miles  east  of  this  are  Weyer's  and  Madison's  caves,  situated  In  a  ridge  of  steep 
dipping  limestone,  3  a.  b..  near  the  South  River. 

.  •10.  In  this  part  of  the  gold  belt  are  situated  the  old  workings,  known  as  Tinder's,  Boxley's, 
Baker's,  Triple  Fork  and  Walton's  Mines. 

11.  This  is  a  good  point  of  departure  for  examining  the  rock  structure  of  Panther  Gap,  5  a.  h., 
mostly  inverted,  and  the  wild  passage  of  the  North  River  through  the  same  formations  at  Streck- 
ler's  Gap,  "  The  Goshen  Pass.''  About  10  miles  southwest  are  the  Rockbridge  Alum  Springs,  in 
10.  a.  b. 

12.  About  three  miles  north  of  this,  on  the  Cow  Pasture  River,  is  the  Blowing  Cave  of  Bath 
County,  in  an  anticlinal  of  8.  Oriskany ;  and  twelve  miles  farther  north-by-west,  near  the  game 
river,  is  the  noted  intermitting  stream  called  the  Ebbing  Spring,  in  a  ridge  of  7  and  8,  on  east  side 
of  Tower  Hill,  east  of  Warm  Spring  Axis.  Twelve  miles  southwest  to  Bath  Alum  Springs,  in  10 &, 
and  (hence  5  miles  to  Warm  Springs.  3  c-4  a. 

13.  Where  traversed  by  the  Jackson's  River,  this  anticlinal  shows  itself  as  a  great  arch  built 
up  of  the  successive  concentric  beds  of  6  a.  b.  c,  and  flanked  by  7.  and  8.,  followed  by  10  a,  and 
having  a  span,  as  measured  by  the  highest  sandstone  bed,  of  about  3,300  feet.  The  main  arch, Si. 
LevaiK,  or  Medina,  white  sandstone.  Is  regular  and  unbroken,  but  the  outer  concentric  belts,  made 
up  of  the  hard  members  of  6  b.  c,  are  distorted  and  in  part  inverted  on  the  west  side  of  the  axis, 
where  by  a  slight  fault  the  beds  of  7,  pass  suddenly  from  a  nearly  vertical  to  a  horizontal  position. 
Towards  the  southwest,  this  axis  opens  to  form  the  Rich  Patch  Valley,  bringing  to  view  the 
Siluro-Cambrian  4  a,  b,  c,  and  still  farther  southwest  becomes  the  closed  anticlinal  known  as  the 
Pott's  Oraek  Mountain.  Heavv  lieds  of  iroij  ore  (Hematite)  have  been  opened  on  l>oth  sides  of 
this  axis,  as  at  Roaring  Run,  Callie's,  Low  Moor,  and  Kavsers  near  Clifton  Forge,  associated  with 
formatioD  8.  Orlskaay.   The  fossil  ore  of  6  b.  is  also  mined  at  several  poicts. 


/A.; 


VIRGINIA  AND  WEST  VIRGINIA. 


856 


R.  B.— Con.      All. 

vonian.lO  a., west 
de  of  Rich  Patch 
iticlinal  Silurian, 
k.  to  8. 

Tonian,  10  a.  &  10 
(.,  between  south. 
vest  end  of  Warn 
pring  Anticlinal, 
i  northeast  end  of 
Peter's  Mountain. 
ivonian,  10.  to  12., 
iclosing,  near  tun> 
si,  belt  of  SulvCar. 
5  a.   Vespertine. 

)  of  the  8lIuro-C»m- 
litions  of  the  bed?  in 
fered  with  a  precise 
evidence,  that  tliey 
ble.  Hence,  and  as 
a.  b.  will  be  used  for 
aen  Calciferous  and 
1  base  of  the  Siiuro- 

esides  the  Potsdam 
lomerates,  below  tiiij 
ope  and  in  the  west 
rsion,  dipping  to  the 
mt  often,  also  restini; 
!S  referable  probably 
beds,  corresponding 
1,  and  perhaps  to  the 

18  found  in  Virginia, 
nian  and  Montalbaa 
Fpper  Laurentian. 
mac  River  to  a  point 
becomes  narrow  and 
to  Harrisonl)urg,  it 
massive  ranges  of 
.  ..all  resting  in  tlie 
ad  keeps  generally  a 
imes  impinges  upon 

few  miles  farther  the 
ist-by-Bouth,  about  20 
a— anthracite,  faulted 
om  near  tlie  Potomac 
I  North  Mountain  for 
4.  of  the  valley  into 

3d  in  a  ridge  of  steep  I 

as  Tinder's,  Boxley's, 

Panther  Gap,  5  a.  K, 
formations  at  Streclt- 
Ige  Alum  Springs,  in 

lowing  Cave  of  Bath 
■west,  near  tlie  iame 
'7  and  8,  on  east  side 
LIum  Springs,  in  10  s., 

as  a  great  arch  built 
bllowed  bv  10  a,  and 
The  main  arch, bt 
(oncentric  belts,  made 
west  side  of  the  ui9, 
a  horlsontal  positioD. 

■bringing  to  view  the 
lolinal  known  as  the 
ened  on  both  sides  ol 

^orge,  awociated  witt 


West  Virginia." 

Mb,       Cheaapeake  &  Ohio  R.R. — Con.     Alt, 
227 


238 

244 

251 
263 

272 


294 


824 
826 


White  Sulphur 
Springs.    i»»o 

Ronoeverte.  ^««o 

Fort  Spring. !»»« 

Alderson.      »'»» 
Taloott. 

Hinton»»       "" 


Quinnimont.  1  *  9" 


Hawk's  Nest. « 2' 
Cotton  Hill. 


833  Kanawha  Falls 

672 


852 
859 
868 
881 
895 
401 
409 


625 


Coalburg. 

Brownstown. 

Charleston. 

St.  Albans.     8  94 

Hurricane. 

Milton. 

Barboursville. 
416'Guyandotte. 
42llHuntington. 


(  Devon.,  10  a.  &  10  b. 
\  Spring  issues  fromS. 
f  Lower  Sub-Garb.,  13 
\  a.  Vespertine. 
(  Upper  Sub-Carb.,18 
\  b.  Umbral  lim'tone. 
(  Upper  Sub-Carb.,  13 

\  b.     Umbral  shale. 
(I  isio 

Upp.  Sub-Car.  .over- 
laid west  by  Congl 
,  Coal  group  14  a. 
'  Upper   Sub-Carbon 
shales,  overlaid  by 
Conglo,  Coal  group 
14  a.     The  shales 
disappear  west  near 
Buifalo  Creek. 
Congl.  Coal  gr'p  14  a. 

«  79  6 

Great  Conglo.  over- 
laid by  Lower  or 
main    Coal   group, 

14  a.  and  14  b. 
Main  Coal  group,  14  b. 

«  608 

«  602 

Low.  barren  gr'p,14  b. 

'•  '6  8  3 

«  586 

<«  580 

«  S60 

(I  S66 


Virginia. 

Washington   City,  Virginia    Midland  and 

Great  Southern  Railroad,  now 
Ms.  Virginia  Midland.  Alt. 


0 
5 

9 
14 

18 
21 
27 
31 
84 
89 
41 
44 
47 
61 
56 
62 
69 
74 
79 

83 

89 

93 

96 

102 

105 

110 

111 
119 


Alexandria.         I 
Alex.  &  Fred'b'g 

Crossing. 
Springfield. 
Burke's. 
Fairfax. 
Clifton. 

Manassas  Junct. 
Bristoe. 
Nokesville. 
Catlett's. 
Warren  ton 
Midland. 
Bealton. 
Rappahannock 
Brandy. 
Culpeper. 
Mitchell's. 
Rapidanne, 
Orange. 


20.Quat.  drift  on  denu. 
f  Upper  Mesozoio,  Ju- 
\  rasso-CretaceouB. 

1.  Archaean,    C.     **• 

«  \_       2  58 

«        A.     *  * ' 

«       A.     '^0 
Me3.,17-16Jur.-'fri.»i» 


June. 


4  0.T 


308 
506 


190 

iro 

sso 

las 

aat 

a»o 

»i» 

359 

w. 

margin. 

350 

Madison. 

Gordonsville 

Lindslny's. 

Cobham. 

Keswick. 

Shadwell. 

Charlottesville. 

450 

Lynchburg  June. 
Red  Hill. 


395 
495 
477 
401 
436 
303 


"   S.  margin. 

1.  Archaean,  B. 

fArgiLMic.A  Hydro. 
Mic.Slates.with  pat- 
ches of  Limestone  & 
SteaschistE.ofS.W. 
Mt.,followedby  Epi- 
dotic  and  Chloritio 
Quartzites  &  Slates 
of  S.W.Mt.  &  thence 
W.byGneissoidGr'U 

1.  Archaean,  D. 


14.  The  Anticlinal  Valley,  which  includes  the  group  of  thermals  known  a.s  tlie  Warm,  Hoti 
Healing,  etc..  Springs,  closes  up  about  ten  miles  northeast  of  this,  and  its  axis  subsides  towards 
the  southwest  in  broad  spurs  which  reach  the  river  a  few  miles  below  Covington,  in  low  arches  of 
7.  and  8..  overlaid  by  10.  The  heated  waters  issue  at  numerous  points  throughout  a  distance  of 
thirty  miles ;  from  Cambrian  and  Siluro-Cambrian  rocksi,  3.  c,  i  a.,  usually  inverted  and  often 
faulted  along  the  west  side  of  the  valley,  the  eastern  boundary  of  which  it  formed  by  the  massive 
Warm  Spring  Mountain,  5  a.  6  b.,  dipping  east,  while  its  western  limit  consists  of  a  narrow,  broken 
ridge  of  the  same  formations  in  a  vertical  or  inverted  position.  Stages  to  Healing,  Hot  and  Warm 
Springs,  severally  16, 19,  and  22  miles.  Near  the  first  is  the  Cascade  (200  feet)  of  Falling  Spring 
Creek,  which,  cutting  through  the  west  wall  of  the  anticlinal,  flows  over  a  mass  of  calcareous 
tufa,  deposited  from  the  Waters. 

The  anticlinal  of  Peter's  Mountain,  rising  a  few  miles  northwest  of  Covington  and  exposing  at 
the  tunnel  7.  and  8..  expands  towards  the  southwest,  until  It  opens  out  into  the  valley  of  the  Sweet 
Springs,  containing  another  group  of  thermals  of  lower  temperature  than  the  preceding.  This 
anticlinal,  extending  southwest,  does  not  close  up,  but  passes  into  the  great  Peter's  Mountain  and 
East  River  Mountain  fault,  which  for  a  distance  of  fifty  miles  brings  the  Cambrian  in  contact  with 
the  Vespertine  and  Umbral  formation,  Sub-Carb.,  13  a.,  13  b. 

15.  The  Upper  Subcarboniferous.  or  Umbral  Shales,  here  include  a  considerable  thickness  of 
brown  and  gray  flaggy  sandstone,  the  same  which  forms  the  hard  rock  of  Swope's  Knobs. 

16.  About  20  miles  northwest  of  this  point  (by  canal  or  road)  we  enter  the  gorge  by  which  the 
James  River  traverses  the  Blue  Ridge,  where  are  exposed  fine  sections  of  Archaean  rocks,  A  and  B, 
and  of  the  Cambrian,  Primal  2  a.,  resting  unconformably  on  the  western  slope  of  the  former,  and 
occupying  the  flanking  ridges,  which  adjoin  the  valley.  The  Natural  Bridge,  the  remnant  of  a 
former  tunnel  or  cave  in  3  a.  b.,  is  about  8  mites  northwest  trom  the  upper  end  of  the  gap. 

17.  A  few  miles  east  of  this,  between  Bannister  and  Dan  Rivers,  is  a  small  patch  of  Jurasso- 
TriMsio  rooks,  18-17.,  corresponding  to  the  Farmville  or  Middle  belt,  (see  note  2),  and  containing 
E8theri»,eto. 

18.  This  deposit,  made  np  largely  of  Diatoms,  lies  near  the  base,  but  within  the  limits,  of  the 
Hiooene  Tei-tiary.  It  contains  occasional  oasts  of  Miocene  shells,  and  is  generally  overlaid  m  beds 
«  this  formation,  and  rests  either  upon  or  but  little  above  the  top  of  the  Eocene.  Having 
formerly  traced  this  deposit  flrom  the  Fataxent  Itiver  in  Maryland  to  theMeherrin  in  Virginia,! 
nn  lately  foand  by  an  examiMtionof  the  artesian  borings  at  Fortress  Monroe,  that  a  similar 


8M 


AN  AMERICAN  QEOLOGIOAL  RAILWAY  dUIDE.     (VA.) 


( '  -I  (  ; 


ii/'i;i 


Hi 


K 


¥mi 


Mm 


Washington  City,  VlrglnlA  Midland  and 
Mt.  Great  Southern  R.  It.— Con.         Alt. 


121 
127 
181 
188 
187 
140 
146 
149 
162 
167 
168 
166 
171 
177 

182 

188 
192 
196 
199 
206 
209 

216 

220 
226 
280 
236 
287 


North  Garden. 

Covesville. 

Fabers. 

Rockfish. 

Elmington. 

Lovingston. 

Arrington. 

Tye  River. 

New  Glasgow. 

Amherat. 

Molvor's. 

Burford's. 

Lynchburg.*  • 

Lucado. 


S88 


Lawyer's  Road. 

719 

Evington.        '"* 
Otter  River. 
Lynch's. 
Staunton  River 
Sycamore. 
Ward's  Springs. 

Whittle's. 


Chatham. 
Dry  Fork. 
Fall  Creek. 
Dundee. 
Danville. 


624 


From  one  and  a  half] 
miles  west  of  Char 
lottesville    to    near 
Lynchb'gihe  prev'l- 
ing  rooks  are  Syen- 
ite, Granite,  Protog- 
ine,Mic.Chlo.GneisB 
Near  base  of  S.W.Mt 
are  belts  of  Gneiss'id 
sand  and  steaschist. 

tMic,&Hor.,Sl.&Tr'p 

1.  Archaean,  C. 

U  Q_  6  29 

Micaceous  &  Argil 
Slates,  includ'g  pat- 
ches of  Limestone  & 
Steatite,  Epidotic  & 
Chloritio  Quartzites. 
1^  Archaean,  C.       •*' 

«  7  80 


« 


2  8.1 
19 


i«  812 

f  Meaozoic,  IT-lO.Jur. 
\  a88o-Tria8'c,W.  mai 


Rlolunond,  Frederlokaburg:  and  Potomae 
Ms.  Railroad.  Alt. 


ii 


624 
535 


1.  Archrean,  C.      **» 


Mana8ii>as  Division. 


0 
27 
86 
88 

40 

44 

49 
64 
60 
68 
67 
72 
76 
79 
81 
86 

86 

90 
91 


Alexandria. 
Manassas  Ju.^^^ 
Gainesville. 
Haymarket. 

Thoro'ghfare.  »e9 

Broad  Run.     3»6 

Plains. 
Salem. 
Rectortown. 
Delaplane. 
Markham. 
Linden. 
Happy  Creek. 
Front  Royal.  »*«> 
River.  *»» 

Buckton.         so* 

Water  Lick.    »»«> 

Strasburg.       •»» 
Strasburg  Juo. 


(As  before.) 
Me8.,17-16.Juras-Tria. 

«  857 

It  83  7 

'  1.  Archxan.B,  Slaty 
Quartzite,  Epid.  Chi. 
Argil. &Mic.Slate8  oi 
Bull  Run  and  Pond 
Mountains. 
1.  Archaean,  C.       '** 

<<  63  3 

"      B.      *** 

«  46S 

«  5S2 

<(  918 

II  7  90 

Cambrian,  3  a.  Calcif 
Sil.-Camb.4a.&b.  Tr.  & 
Ut.  4  c.  Hudson  Riv'r. 
f  Fort  Mt.  Synclinal 
\  (5  a.  &  b.)ends  near. 
"4  a.  &b.Tr.&Ut. 

11  <i  (94 


0 
6 

12 

14 

21 

88 
42 

47 
63 
68 
60 

65 

82 
84 

87 

•0 

i)3 

95 


Washington. 
(Steamboat.) 

Quantioo. 

Richland. 

Brooke's. 

Potomac  Run. 

Fredericksburg. 

Guiney's. 

Milford. 

Penola. 

Rutherglen.    »«» 

Junction. 

Taylorsville. 


Ashland. 


221 


Richmond. 

Manchester 

Crossing. 

Temple's. 
Drewry's  Bluff. 
Halfway. 


Chester. 


148 


OSTort  Walthall  J. 
1051  Petersburg.  'o 
115  Ream's.  " 

127|Stony  Creek.     »* 

135Jarratt's.        "* 

147|Bellefield.       n>» 
154{GreenBville  Jun. 
164;Pleasant  Hill. 
168Weldon.  io» 


{ 


{ 


Upper  Mesozoic,  >* 
17-18.  Jurasso-  Crets 
u  10 

f"  Patches  of 
19.  Tertiary  on  de- 
nuded surface.    •< 

"  18 

"  Resting  on 
gneiss  at  Falls.  *i 
19.  Tertiary. 

'«  100 

II  n 

JorasHO-Cretao.,  17-18 
ii 

•*  110 

120.  Quater'y,  gneigg 
coming  to  surface. 
Archaean  C. 
((Same  as  bofore.)'* 
20.  Quaternary,  on 
decomposing  gneiss, 
Archaean,  C. 

i<  It 

II  119 

•I  114 

W.  limit  of  Upper 
Mesozoic  and  19. 
Tertiary. 

««  «r 

E.outc.ofGrie.  Arch.C. 
<<  ita 

Gne.higher  up,  on  cr'k. 

f  Gne.  short  distance 

\W.  Tertiary  ditto E. 

19.  Terti.  short  digt.E. 
II 

Ii  no 

E.outc.  of  Gn.  inRiv.,C. 


I 


Piedmont  Air  Line  Railroad. 

(Same  as  before.) 


83 


0:  Richmond. 

2IR.  F.  &  P.  Junct. 

22  Powhatan.       sao 

36  Amelia  C.  H. 

58  Burkeville. 

73  Reysville. 

90  R  oanoke. 
101  Scottsburg. 
109  Boston.! » 
127  Barksdale. 
1 35  Ringgold. 
141  Danville. 
166  Ruffin,  N.  G. 


W.edge  of  Mes.cl.field. 
1,  Archaean,  A.      '" 


i< 
II 
II 
II 


1.  Archaean,  C. 
II 


< 

II 


Sit 
615 

S4t 
Sit 

ssr 


710 


deposit  exists  in  that  region  at  the  depth  of  S68  feet  below  the  surface,  overlaid  by  Miocene  and 
Pliocene  beds,  and  resting  upon  an  Eocene  deposit  identical  with  that  which  underlies  it  at  Ricli<  I 
mond.    We  are  thus  assured  of  the  great  extension  seaward  of  this  deposit,  and  have  the  menu  I 
of  estimating  the  thickness  of  the  Tertiary  formations  as  far  east  as  themouthof  the  JMnotl 
Biver. 


vraoi 

[NIA 

k.. 

857 

BlehmoDd,  York  River  und  ChM»peake 

Norfolk  and  Weitem  R.  R. 

Kb.                       Railroad.                             Alt. 

Ms.                            Continued.                            Alt. 

0 

Riohmond.^* 

(Same  as  before.) 

191 

Conoord. 

1.  Archsean,  B.      *** 

'  At  Richmond  tunnel 

204 

Lynchburg. 
Forest. 

«<                tat 

7 

Fair  Oaka. 

laa 

cutsTert'yInfuBorial 

216 

I.  Archiran,  A.       »'* 

bed,  19  b.  Miocene. 

229 

Liberty. 
Buford.         ioi< 

«                        9«t 

18 

Diipatob. 

67 

In  this  interval  both 

241 

2-4  Cambrlan,8  a.  Gal. 

LowerandUpper  19. 

246 

Blue  Ridge.  i»»» 

8  a.  b. 

16 

Summit. 

Tertiary  are  access- 

261 

Bonaack's. 

<<                u 

ible  above  tide  level. 

264 

Gish's. 

«            «      »tl 

20 

Tunstall's. 

60 

Eocene  an  M  Miocene. 

262 

Bij^Liok.         »0  7 

"&Sil-Cambr'n. 

24 

White  House 

1« 

'In  this  inter val.only 

264 

Saiem.19         9«» 

«'3c&4aCh.&  Tr. 

26 

Fish  Haul. 

44 

Upp.  19.  Tertiary  is 

277 

Big  Spring. 

«                 <i      17S2 

31 

Sweet  Hall. 

40 

acoes'ble  above  tide 

281 

Allehany.     i"" 

"        3  b.  c. 

88 

West  Point. 

9 

level.  19  b.  Miocene. 

286 
290 
301 
302 

Big  Tunnel. 
Christiansb'g.ao 
Central.' 5 
New  River. 

<<                   (f      19S0 

Norfolk  and  Western  R.  R. 

<(                  «      3012 
«                   «      1788 

" 

■  20.yuateriiary ,  rest- 

'<                «      176  7 

0 

Norfolk. 

ing  on  Upp. Tertiary 

309 

Dublin. 

«                  ((      2068 

19  c.  Pliocene. 

310 

Pulaski. « 8     1919 

'  Fault  of  Draper'sMt. 

23 

Suffolk. 

68 

Up.l9.Ter.&19b.Mioo. 

202S 

Silurian  &  Devonian 

34 

Windsor. 

«                        84 

329 

Max  Meadows. 

agaiuHt  Sub-Carbon. 

41 

Zuni. 

"                           8 

337 

Wytheville.2i 

2-4.  Camb.  3  b.  c.  »»*» 

45 

Ivor. 

««                          8  7 

350 

Rural  Retreat. 

«                 i<            2  6  75 

52 

Wakefield. 

«                       100 

3(54 

Marion.         21  ae 

"&Sil-Ca.,3c.&4a. 

f  Lower  19.  Tertiary 

380 

Glade  Spring.  2  2 

«                    i<              2088 

60 

Waverley. 

114 

•j  here  probably  above 

393 

Abingdon. 

«                   t(            2069 

( tide  level. 

408 

Bri.stol,  Tenn. 

«                   «            168  9 

68 

Disputanta. 

««                       117 

Continuod  as  East  'I'i'nnes.soo,  Virginia  A  Georgia 

Petersburg. 

9 

E.  niarp.  of  19.  Ter- 
■   tiary.-^U.n-lSMes. 

Hoiitliwfsti'rn  Hailroad. 

81 

S«-abuar<l  and  Uuanoke  Railroad. 

Church  Road 
Ford's. 

restingon  Gneiss,  C. 
1.  ArclKcan,  C.      >i03j 

«                    307 

90 
101 

0  Portsmouth. 

(  20.  Quat.  on  19.  Ter. 
\  and  19  c.   Pliocene. 

108 

Wilson's. 

«<                     38  7 

nSulTolk. 

20.  Quat.oul9.b.  Mio. 

112 

Wcllville. 

1.  Archocan,  A.     *2» 

Ill  Cavrsville. 

« 

118 

macks  &  Whites. 

«                       423 

37jFranklin. 

(t 

124 

Nottoway  €. 

H. 

«                       421 

42  Nottoway. 

« 

133 

Burkeville. 

«                     5  23 

50|Newsum's. 

<( 

141 

Rice's. 

<•                       386 

55|13oykin's. 

<( 

149 

Farmville. 

316 

f  1»).  Mcsozoic,  17-1(1. 
\    .Juriisso  Trifis.sic. 

('.3  Margaretsville. 

OS^Seaboard. 

161 

Prospect. 

1.  Arclucau,   A.     ^75 

78iGary's. 

<< 

169 

Pamplin's. 

'<                      6  73 

8C 

I  Weldon. 

Outcrop  of  Gneiss. 

181 

Appomattox. 

« 

in.  From  this  point,  for  many  miles  towards  the  southwest,  the  railroad  runs  near  to  and  almost 
parRllcl  with  the  l)rol{on  synclinal,  (about  ^5  miles  lone;),  of  which  the  lofty  Catawba  and  Fort 
Lewis  Mountains  are  the  principal  piirts.  The  former,  composed  of  southeast  dipping  4  a.  b.,  etc., 
forms  the  farther  or  northwest  rim  of  tho  .synclinal,  and  bending  abruptly  around  at  i^s  northeast 
end,  becomes  the  'I'inkor  Mountain,  which  closes  the  basin  in  that  direction.  A  shorter  and  gentler 
bend  at  the  southwest  end,  tern  nates  in  a  fault.  The  corresponding  rocks  of  the  southeast,  or 
near  side  of  the  syncHnal,  are  only  partially  preserved  in  a  narrow  inverted  ridge  at  either  end,  the 
remainder  of  this  rim  of  the  sym  linal  liavin;?  been  engulfed  in  the  prolonged  fault,  which,  for 
many  miles  along  the  margin  of  the  basin,  has  brouglit  the  Siluro-Cambrian  rocks  (4  a.  c.)  of  the 
valloy  to  abut  against,  and  over-ride  the  Devonian  Kt.  to  12.  and  the  Vespertine  13  a.,  of  which  the 
Fort  l/pwts  Mountain,  the  central  mass  of  the  synclinal,  is  mainly  composed. 

20.  .Wew  miles  west-by-north  of  this  is  an  area  of  Vespertine  rocks,  13  a.,  including  one  or 
more  wnrliable  beds  of  coal,  mined  on  Strouble's  Run  and  elsewhere.  This  area  once  probably 
continuous  with  the  Vesficrtine  of  Fort  Lewis  Mountain,  is  almost  encompassed  by  faults.  Farther 
to  the  northwest,  and  separated  friyOi  the  above  by  a  belt  of  Cambrian  and  Siluro-Cambrian  rocks 
3c.. 4  a.,  etc  ,  the  Vespertine  beds  of  the  southeast  slope  of  the  Brushy  Mountain,  contain  a  similar 
coal,  mined  on  Tom's  Creek,  etc.,  all  these  seams  being  more  or  less  affected  by  the  neighlwring 
faults.  The  dislocation  which,  southeast  of  Brushy  Mountain,  hriiiKs  Vespertine  and  Umbral  In 
apposition  with  Siluro-Cambrian  Matinal,  Is  part  of  the  great  fault  which,  with  some  chances  of 
direction  and  character,  extends  along  the  northwest  edge  of  the  great  valley,  trom  near  the  James 
Birer  to  the  eud  of  the  Brushy  Mountain,  northeast  of  Abingdon,  a  distance  of  about  126  miles. 


^' 


'M\ 


;'•< 


0 


(•V 


I 


Wi 


m 


A 


;-'t 


'ill 
'•'ill 


4 


ill   r 


88fl 

►               AN  AMERICAN  UKULUOICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE 

.     (VA.) 

Waahinyton,  Ohio  and  Wcttcm 

fVaBhlngton.  Ohio  and  Wcitom 

Ml.                          Railroad.                           Alt. 

Ms.                     Railroad.— Con.                     Alt. 

0 

7 

Alexandria. 
Carlia's. 

(game  as  before.)      >7 

27 

Guilford.         «>» 

r  Mesozoio,  17-16  Jur* 
\   asso-Triassic. 

11 

Falls  Church. 

1.  Arohoean,  C. 

81 

Farmwell. 

<4                             820 

16 

Vienna. 

1.  Arobeuan,  A.      »»' 

88 

Leeaburg.        »'* 
Clark's  Gap. 

"W.  mar.  Codj 

18 

Hunter's. 

M                 •«» 

42 

1.  Aroheean,  B.      ii* 

21 

Thornton. 

1.  Arohxan,  B. 

46 

Hamilton. 

••                   m 

28 

Hemdon. 

f  Mesozoio,  17-16.  Jur- 
\   asso-Triassic.     *<><^ 

49 

Puroellville. 

•■                   tsi 

62 

Round  Hill. 

•«                         8«t 

Atadi8tanceof23  miles,  in  a  northwest  direction,  is  the  sheet  of  water  called  "  Mountain  Lake," 
■ituated  near  the  top  of  Salt  Pond  Mountain,  at  a  height  of  4,000  feet  abore  tide.  Here  the  Potb< 
and  Johns  Creek  Mountains  and  the  other  ridges  of  6  a.  b,  coalesce  at  their  southwest  termination, 
Into  a  lofty  rugged  table-land,  overloolcing  the  New  River,  and  commanding  wide  views. 

21.  A  few  miles  south,  the  Lick  Mountain  range  divides  the  valley  for  some  miles  into  two  and 
In  the  southern  of  these  belts,  on  the  New  River,  below  the  mouth  of  Cripple  Creek,  are  the 
Austenville  lead  mines,  in  3  b.,  near  the  Primal  2  b.  of  Popular  Camp  Mountain,  and  about  IS  milet 
distant  fVom  Wytheville. 

22.  From  this  point  a  short  branch  railroad  lends  north  into  the  vallev  of  the  north  fork  of  the 
Holston  River,  between  Walker's  Mountain,  5  a  ,  etc.,  and  Poor  Valley  rlage,  Vespertine  13  o.,  etc, 
which  ilanks  the  Clinch  Mountain  on  the  sonthcaf<t  side.  Here,  near  Saltville,  are  the  remarlcable 
salt  wells,  which  penetrate  into  a  thick  mass  of  rock-salt ;  and  in  the  same  vicinity,  and  at  various 
points  higher  up  the  valley,  for  a  distance  of  20  miles,  beds  of  gypsum  have  been  opened  and 
extensively  wroutfht.  These  deposits  are  found  near  and  in  a  line  of  fault,  along  which  the  Siluro- 
Cambrian  .i  c.  4  a.,  of  the  southeast  side  of  the  valley,  has  been  made  to  abut  against  and  some- 
times over-ride  the  Umbral  1.3  b.,  which,  with  the  Vespertine  13  a.  of  the  Poor  Valley  Mountain, 
form  a  belt  on  the  northwest  side  of  the  valley.  Roth  deposits  are  most  probably  referable  to  the 
Suboarboniferous  period.  The  fault  hern  sfokcn  of  extends,  with  some  local  changes  of  character 
and  direction,  in  a  west-by-southwest  course,  from  a  point  in  Oiles  county  to  the  Tennessee  line,  a 
distance  of  126  miles,  and  is  prolonged  many  miles  into  Tennessee.  Wiuum  B.  Rocibs. 


23.  So  few  details  have  been  published  on  the  geolog 
volume  will  be  more  welcome  to  geologists  than  this,  whio! 
prepared  by  Professor  William  B.  Rogers,  late  State  Geologist  of  Virginia. 


of  Virginia,  that  no  chancer  in  this 
has  been  wholly  and  ve^r  carefully 

J.  M. 


NoTX  TO  THE  SscoND  EDITION :— The  first  seven  pages  of  this  chapter  are  from  the  first  edition 
without  material  change,  except  the  addition  of  the  altitudes.  The  larger  portion  of  t'le  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  is  given  again  in  the  succeeding  pages,  with  notes  by  Prof.  J.  L.  and  H.  D.  CAmpbell.and 
the  portion  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  in  West  Virginia,  will  oe  found  more  Ailly  described  in  the 
ohapter  on  that  state. 


^K  I  : 


l< 

I  ' 


1  ffi'ii    '•■■■■ 

■1 

M. 

KiLiiiK 

i\i 

VIRGINIA. 


dM 


Hi. 


kpei 

Pe 


Ohio  Railroad.* 

oninflula  Extennion.  Alt. 


0  Richmond  >« 
2  Orleans  Street. 

18  Roxbury. 

24  ProvidenceForge. 
82  Lnnexa. 

88  Toano. 

48  Williamsburg. 
57  Lee  Hall. 
69  Morrison. 
75  Newport  News. 


(Same  as  below.)  ** 
f  20.  Quaternary  and 
\  1ft.  Tertiary.  »» 
f  20.  Quaternary  and 
\     10  b.  M  iooene.    » ' 

i>  19 

10  b.  Miocene.  '^ 

{20.  Quaternary  and 
19  b.  Miocene.ioi 
19  b.  Miocene.  «« 

20.  Quaternary.        »« 


Baltimore  &  Potomac  Railroad.* 


2 

7 

13 

17 
24 
80 
34 


116 


Washington. 

Long  Bridge. 
Alexandria. 

Franconia. 

Long  Branch. 
Woodbridge, 
Cherry  Hill. 
Quantico. 


Richmond. 


I 


20.  Quaternary,  and 

17.  Jurassic. 

18.  Cretaceous. 


3S 


17.  JuniHsic. 

18.  Cretaceous. 


»  82 

it  73 

H  7 

«  16 

Junction  of  1.  Lau- 
rentian,  17.  Juras., 
18.  Cretaceous,  and 
1ft.  Tertiary.        »* 


Mr. 


Brlghthop*  Railway.* 


Alt. 


0 

8 
14 
22 
38 


Winterpock. 

Summit. 

Fendley. 

Chester. 

Bermuda. 


17.  Jurassic,  16.  Trias. 

(Marf^in  of  7.  Juras., 
Triassic,    and    1. 
Laurertian. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 

(20.  Quaternary, 
base  of   Eocene 
nearby.  >*> 

20.  Quaternary. 


Richmond  ft  Alleghany  Railroad,  f 


f» 
7 
12 
18 
17 
1ft 
20 
25 

80 

38 
34 
40 
42 
47 
62 
64 


Richmond.** 

Korah.2' 

Westham. 

Lorraine. 

Vinita. 

Manakin. 

Bo8cobel.2« 

Dover. 

Lee's. 

Maiden's  Ad.^? 

Cedar  Point. 
Irwin. 

Rock  Castle. 
Stokes. 
Peniberton. 
Elk  Hill. 
Elk  Island. 


{ 


W.  margin  Tertiary, 

Me8ozoic,18.,19.''» 

la.  Granite.  »<>« 

it  1  la 

17.  Jurassic  CoaL  ^*' 
17.  Mesozoio.  ^*' 

X  141 

1 7.  Nr.  raarg.  Meso.'  * ' 

«  14S 

1  a,,  1  b.  Archaean. 

j  1  a.  In  River. 

\  lb.  On  Hills.      i*» 

«  159 

X  1B9 

X  175 

II 

II  190 

II  19« 

II  198 


»  By  l'rofo8Hor  William  M.  Fontaine,  of  the  Univrivsity  of  VirKinin. 

f  By  ProfesMors  .1.  L.  and  H.  I>.  Campbell,  of  Washington  and  Lee  University,  Lexington,  Va. 

24.  Richmond  is  on  the  west  margin  of  the  Meauzoiu  and  Tertiary  belt.  (Sec  Roger."*  Note  l(i.) 
These  formationH  may  bo  seen  in  railway  cut  near  Tredegar  Iron  Workts,  at  the  York  River  Railwj.y 
station,  and  on  the  margin  of  Slioceo  Creek,  near  the  Mttdieal  College.  The  bed  of  the  river  is  gneis* 
aoid  granite  at  the  city,  and  for  several  miles  above. 

25.  At  Korah  largo  quantities  of  granite,  doubtless  of  Laurentian  at;?,  are  quarried  for  shipment. 
Another  large  quarry  is  opened  opposite  Westham,  on  soutli  side  of  the  river.  Between  Westham 
mid  Lorrainu  the  road  passes  from  the  Aruheean  to  the  Mesozoic  eual-bcaring  beds  (17, 18),  and  oon- 
tinues  on  them  for  about  10  miles  to  Dover. 

26.  Boseobd,  or  Dover,  near  the  west  margin  of  the  coal  fleld,  is  near  the  old  Dover  Mines.  Fos- 
sils in  the  debris  of  tho  coal  slates. 

27.  Between  this  point  and  Goochland  C.  H.,  a  mica  mine  was  formerly  worked  (in  1  b.),  but  not 
exhausted. 

[N.  B. — In  our  notes  on  the  Archeean  rocks,  we  recognize  only  Laurentian  (1  a.)  and  Huronian 
(lb.);  and  even  the  horizon  between  these  is  uncertain  in  this  part  of  Virginia.] 

28.  At  Columbia  a  granite  quarry  is  worked  in  1  a.,  overlaid  by  mica  and  hydro-mica  slates  and 
schists  of  I  b.    This  is  tlie  best  point  from  which  to  visit  the  several  gold  mines  in  the  vicinity. 

29.  Bremo  Bluff  is  a  good  point  of  departure  for  examining  several  objects  of  interest,  (a)  "The 
Bluff,"  near  the  station,  is  apparently  a  closed  anticlinal  fold  of  beds  of  hard  gneissold  sandstone  and 
arenaceous  slates,  nearly  vertical  in  position.  A  second  blutf'of  the  same  general  structure  occurs 
about  aot)  yards  farther  up  the  river.  The  syncline  between  them  and  outside  flanks  of  both  are  occu- 
pied with  argillaceous  slates.  The  same  ledges  appear  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  (6)  At  this 
point  a  branch  (Buckingham  Branch)  railway  crosses  the  river  to  extensive  slate  quarries,  about  five 
miles  distant,  and  apparently  in  the  same  formation  (1  b.)  as  the  slates  about  tho  "Bluff."  Future 
explorations  may  modify  this  view,  (c)  Willi.s  Mountain,  about  20  miles  east  of  this  station,  is  an 
isolated  mass  of  gneissold  rocks,  containing  numerous  crystals  of  kycnite  of  different  shades  of  color, 
and  of  hornblende  and  tourmaline,  with  other  minerals,  (d)  This  is  one  of  the  best  portions  of  the 
gold  belt.    Iron  ores— limonite,  hematite  and  magnetite— abound  here. 

30.  From  Richmond  to  SeottavUle  the  road  cuts  the  strata  by  a  route  generally  at  right  angles, 
or  nearly  so,  to  their  strike;  and  for  several  miltj  below  the  town  the  outcroppings,  mostly  of  1  b., 
show  frequent  changes  of  dip,  and  are  occHSionally  nearly  horisontal.  The  route  here  changes 
towards  tne  southwest. 


'l    1' 


860 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (VA.) 


Ms. 


Blchmond  A  AUeghsny  Railroad— 

Continued.  Alt, 


Hi;  /( 


ilill^ 


ij>  it 
nt   '  'I    < 


67  Columbia.  2  8 

63  Boswell. 

67Bremo  Bluff.  ^^ 

70  Middleton  Mills. 

73  Hardware. 

•   75  Payne, 
80Scott8ville.3o 
88  Brown's. 
86  Warren. 
91  Howardsville.'i 
96  Manteo. 

99  Warminster. 

102  Wingina. 
106  Norwood. 
109  Buffalo  Springs. 

114  Greenway.3  2 

118  Gladstone. 
123  Rivervillc. 


!1  a.  Granite,  1  b. 
Mica  Shists. 
Gold  Belt.        2o« 
1  a.,  1  b.  Arcbrean.  2 1  s 
fib.  Gneissoid  Sand 
\     8.  and  Slates,  am 
1  b.  Archroan.         * ' ' 
f  1  b.Archn)an,Schists 
\     and  Slate.        ^ce 

<i  2  66 

<(  2  75 

16.  Marg.Mesozoic.2  ®  * 
16.  Mesozoic.  299 

ti  8  15 

1  b.  Archaean.  »24 
f  1  b.  Archaean,  Linic- 
\  stones  &  Schists.3»2 

a  350 


1  b.  Limestone,  Spec. 
Ore.  3  83 

K  399 


Richmond  A  Alleghany  Railroad— 

Ms.  Continued.  Alt. 

FbrL.  S,  Spec.  Ore.**' 
f  Mica  Schists,  Spec. 
\     Ore.  *55 

I  1  b.  Archaean,  Lime- 
\     stone  and  Ores.*  >> 


131 
133 

136 

147 

148 
149 
161 
159 
159 


161 
166 


170 

175 
178 

180 


Stapleton.3  2 
Galtville. 

Joshua  Falls. 

Lynchburg.  3  3 

Va.  Mid.  June. 
Smith's  Lock. 
Rolling  Mill. 
Bethel. 

Holcomb  Rock. 
Pedlar's. 
Coleman's  Falls. 
Big  Island. 
Jordan. 

Rope  Ferry. 3* 

Balcony  Falls.  3  5 
i  Olenwood.3  6 
\  Nat.  Bridge. 

Indian  Rock. 3' 


f  1  a.,  1  b.  Gneiss, 
\     Mica,  Slate 


1  a.  b.  Archsesn. 


531 

529 
Sl< 
530 
549 
562 


BT9 
596 

1  a.  and  2.ab.  Margin. 

!2  a.  b.   Cambrian, 
(Potsdam)    Sand- 
stone, Slate.     6  6S 

"  701 

3  b.  L.  Silurian,      ^is 

3  b.  L.  Silurian, 
near  4  a.  "'« 


!  r- 


31.  AhoiU  three  miles  below  Jfowardsville  the  river  and  road  cut  into  the  lowest  beds  ot'  a 
Mesozoic  trough,  or  0v.1l  basin,  that  cm-ers  several  square  miles  of  area,  the  larger  portion  on  t!n' 
north  side  of  the  river.  The  remarkable  coarse 'onKlomenite  that  forms  the  l)ase  ot  this  series  of 
rocks  is  well  exposed  in  contact  with  Archivan  rocks  aloiiK  the  banks  of  Roekflsh  River,  near  the  sin- 
tion,  and  along  a  little  stream  rnnninij  throti^h  the  neinhborinfc  villaKe,  while  the  overlying  ferruiji. 
noiia  sandstones  and  slates  appear  in  the  siirronndinj;  hills.  After  passing  this  Mesozoic  tract,  (lie 
route,  following  the  windings  of  ihe  James  River,  keeps  within  the  general  trend  of  a  belt  four  or 
five  miles  wide,  in  which  are  several  beds  of  limestone  iiici  ores  of  iron  inibcdiled  in  still  heavier 
strata  of  micnceous,  talcose  and  ehloritic  slates  and  schists,  all  most  probably  of  Unronian  age.  After 
following  this  limestone  and  ore  licit  for  about  40  miles,  the  bearing  is  abruptly  ehanged  towurd  the 
northwest  about  six  miles  below  Lynchburg. 

:!2.  At  points  between  Grcniwmi  and  Stapletnn  numerous  ore  minus  and  limestone  quarries  have 
been  opened  on  both  sides  of  the  river. 

33.  At  Lynchburg  the  river  has  cut  the  beds  (1  a.  and  b.l  nearly  at  rijiht  angles,  so  as  to  expose  a 
well-defined  waving  aich  on  the  elitf  opposite  the  I'ity.  For  aliou't  H)  miles  above  the  city  the  roaJ 
continues  on  the  gneisses,  granites  an(I  slati's  of  Archiean  age. 

34.  At  about  a  mile  below  Rope  Ferrii  is  the  margin  of  a  belt  of  alternating  conglomerntr  i, 
sandstones  and  sl.ites  about  two  miles  wicli',  which  were  formerly  elasseil  as  Unronian  by 
Rogers  and  others.  This  belt  flanks  the  southeast  sli>pc  of  the  Hluc  Ridge,  and  is  cut  by  the  river  so 
as  to  give  fine  exposures  of  its  beds  both  above  and  below  the  railway  briiiuc  'I'lic  discovery  we 
recently  made  oi'  srolithus  borings  of  the  kind  characteristic  of  Cambrian  (I'ntsdarn)  .sandstoni's  in  its 
lci.s  determines  its  age  to  1)0  Cambrian.  The  "Snowdon  Slate  Quarries"  are  in  this  Cambrian  belt 
thiee  miles  towards  the  northeast, 

3!>.  \t  Balcony  Foils,  between  ^.;'.o  and  two  miles  below  the  station,  the  river  has  cut  obliiiuoly 
through  the  core  of  the  main  Blue  Ridi;e  and  exposed  a  fine  section  of  Archiean  rocks.  These  nave 
been  formerly  spanned  by  the  Cambrian  b(>ds,  the  ujiper  portions  of  which  were  doubtless  ru))tnred 
at  the  time  ot  the  upheaval  and  swt'pt  away.  At  this  point  occurs  the  finest  natural  section  of  tlio 
whole  Cambrian  series  to  bo  foimd  anywhere  in  Virginn*.  The  alternatfons  of  conglomerates,  shales 
and  sandstones  present  an  aggregate  thickness  of  about  l,'i(M)  ft.  The  tippcrmost  sandstone,  about 
350  ft.  thick,  is  the  typical  Potsdam,  and  abounds  in  borings  of  scolitlius  linearis,  thousands  of  which 
m.iy  be  seen  in  the  broken  rocks  at  the  junction  of  the  Lexington  branch,  15o  yards  above  the  station 
Jiouse.    Here  the  road  enters  the  Great  Silurian  Valley. 

30.  Olcmvood  is  the  station  for  stage  line  to  Natural  Rridge.  (See  Note  10.)  The  road  hern 
passes  through  a  depression  in  the  Sallinj;s  Mountain,  an  anticlinal  ridge  of  primordial  strata,  i  K  b. 
The  Natural  Bridge,  three  miles  from  this  statb.n  by  stage  line,  is  in  I^ower  Hihirian  limestone;  thti 
abutments  in  Quebec  (3  b.);  the  arch  and  the  adjacent  hills  in  Chazy  (;)  c.)  This  great  natural  curi- 
osity has  been  supposed  by  .some  observers  to  be  the  remnant  of  a  natural  tunnel,  and  by  others  iho 
remains  of  an  extensive  cave,  the  top  of  whiidi  has  nil  fallen  in  and  been  washed  away  except  the 
narrow  arch  that  now  spans  the  chasm.  Our  belief  is  that  it  has  resulted  from  a  vertical  fissure  in 
the  beds  of  limestone,  which,  by  its  opening,  failed  to  rupture  the  portion  of  the  uppermost  beds 
that  now  forms  the  arch,  but  simplj;  dragged  them  a  few  yards  toward  the  west  and  left  them 
stretched  across  the  deep  chasm,  which  has  been  subsequetitly  enlarged  by  erosion.  The  entire 
absence  of  stalactites  and  stalagmites  along  the  faces  of  the  c^flon  militates  strongly  against  the  caTe 
theory,  while  the  secondary  fissures  still  to  be  seen  Just  above  thb  bridge,  together  with  the  geueral 


'JeaS^^ 


VIRGINIA. 


861 


Silurian.      '  • ' 


one  quarries  liavo 


:iii  oonRlnmorntP^, 
iis  HiirDniaii  by 
lit  by  tlif  river  so 
I'lic  "iliscovery  we 
)  .siuulstdiu's  in  its 
his  Ciinibrian  belt 

lias  cut  obiiiiiu'ly 
(•Us.  Tlifschave 
i(iul)tlo»s  ruptured 
iral  section  of  the 
^^lomerates.  shales 
t  san<lstono,  aliout 
ousands  of  which 
s  above  tlie  station 


Blobmond  ft  Alleghany  Railroad.— 

Ki,  Continued. Alt. 


195 
200 
203 
205 

208 

212 
216 


221 

224 

226 
228 
230 


Buchanan.** 
Jackson. 
Qlen  Allen. 
Saltpetre  Gave. 

Salisbury, 

Eagle  Rock.' 9 
Gala  Water. 
Ore  Siding. 
Price's  BluflF.^o 
Hadons. 
Baldwin. 

Wilton. 

Lick  Run. 
Iron  Gate. 
Clifton  Forge*  i 


8  b.  L.  Silurian. 

It 

a 

3  b.  c.      " 


817 

SBS 
892 


f31 

i  (1 


Iron  Furnace.)"* 
4  a.,  4  b. Trenton.    »»« 

10  a.  Devonian.     "^ 

If 

Arch  of  7  and  8. 
10  a.  b.  Devonian. 

II  970 

f  10  a.  b.  Devonian. 

\    (Princess  Fur.) 9  » 

10  a.  b.  Devonian. 

II 

II  10S2 


Ms. 


Rlohmond  Ss  Alleghany  B.  R.— Cbn. 

Henrico  R.  B.  Branch.  AU. 


0 

7 

11 


Lorraine. 
Henrico.** 

Hungary. 


17.  Jurassic  Coal.  »*» 

17.  Jurassic  Coal. 

(Coal  mine.) 

/  Archsean,  near  mar- 

\     gin  Tertiary,  "i* 


{ 


Ms.  *'  Shenandoah  Valley  Railway.*       Alt. 


Lexington  Branch  * 


0 

5 

10 

12 

16 

19 

20 


Balcony  Falls. 

Miller. 

Locli  Laird.' 2 

Green  Forest.* ^ 

Soiitli  River. 

E.Lexington,  jun. 

of  Valley  liy. 
Lcxington.il 


See  above.)  ""i 

2  b.,  8a.  Nr.  Margin" ^ •"' 
8  a.,3b.L.  Silurian."*! 

3  b.  L.  Silurian. 

3  b.,  r>c.L.  Siluriau''5  3 

4  a.  Trenton.  » i  o 

u  1000 


0 

6 
9 
14 
17 
23 
29 
34 
37 
40 
47 
50 
[>4 
57 
GU 


Hagerst'n,  Md.*^ 

St.  James. 

Grimes. 

Antietam. 

Shep'n,  Va.*8 

Shenandoah  Jun. 

Charlestown. 

Ripon. 

Fairfield. 

Berryville. 

Hoyce. 

White  Post. 

Ash  by. 

Codarville. 

Iliverton.*^ 


{ 


4  a.  Trenton,  dip 
S.  E.  »«• 


02  Front  Royal. 

07  Manor. 
78'!5entonvillo. 


3  c,  4  a.  Nr.  Margin"  * 

3  b.  Siluro-Cambrian. 

II 

3  b.  c.      " 


11  ■•2  2 

II  571 

II  57S 

II  610 

II  600 

II  S69 

II  497 

f  2  b.  Cambrian  and 
\     3  a.  Calcif.       *95 

f  3b.c.  Sil.-Camb.,dip 
\  changes  to  N.AV.*!'T 

II  732 


*  Hy  I'rofessdrs  ,1.  I.,  ami  Jl.  I).  raiiii)l)oll,  except  those  notes  marked  "  M,"  which  are  by  Dr.  A.  S. 
liL'Creiitli,  Chemist  of  tlie  Second  (Jeolo^ical  Survey  of  I'eiuisylvauia. 


C»ii  the  opposite  side  of  tiio  river  are 


appearance  of  the  plai'c  seem  to  favor  thi'  view  here  proposed, 
the  Cileuwooil  Inm  Mines  of  ,Iudu;e  Anderson. 

37.  Indian  litck.    Trenton  limestone,  tuny  coralline,  (piarried  hu'u'cly  liere  for  lime. 

38.  Purgiito!  Moiuitain  terminates  abruptly  ni'ar  JSiirh'innn.  It  is  n  somewhat  isolated  outlier 
of  Nortli  Mounta'  i.  Its  base  is  Trenton  limesioiic  ( (  a.),  its  main  mass  I'tica  and  Hudson  shales  (ib. 
and4.c,),  while  its  cap  is  Medina  (5  a.);  and  in  a  synclinal  trough  held  in  a  position  where  its  top  is 
lioublo,  it  carries  tine  beds  of  limoiiite  and  red  shale  ores. 

liii  From  liiichannn  to  EtKjlt  Hod:  the  limestones  of ;?  b.  and  li  c.  are  cxjiosed  to  view  in  several 
cuts,  and  at  Eagle  Hock  they  disaj>pcar  bi'ucath  the  ixrouiis  of  Trenton  (1).  ot  Medina  ('>),  Salina?  (0). 
Lower  lleldcrbcrg  (7),  Ori.-kany  (S),  :\lari  cllus,  etc.  ( Devonian  slates,  lo  a.  and  lo  b.)  The  mountain 
Rt  this  pass  is  a  prolongation  of  North  Mountain,  and  has  its  hiirhcr  mcMubcrs  partially  inverted,  a 
feature  very  characteristic  of  ihis  ;-ange  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  Virginia.  Tito  road  hero 
passes  into  a  synclinal  valley  with  llclderbcrg  (7)  and  (-)riskauy  (s)  for  its  bottom,  and  most  of  its 
surface  covered  with  Devonian  slates,  lo  a.  b. 

4').    Price's  liliiffis  an  anticlinal  arch  of  7  and  S,  and  furnishes  good  limestone  and  ore  of  iron. 

41.  Clifton  F(ir<jc  is  a  point  of  great  interest  to  geologists.  ■  (Stn'  Uogers  Note  i:i.) 

42.  Loch  Lnird.  A  small  bed  (or  dike,  of  tr'n>  between  two  beds  of  calcareous  shale  (a  a.)  may 
be  seen  100  yards  above  tho  Shenaiuloah  Valley  Vulway  junction. 

i;t.  Oreen  Forest  is  the  station  for  tlu>  e.\tcn„i»e  Huena  Vista  Iron  Mines,  in  the  primordial  (2  b.) 
shales  at  tho  northwestern  base  of  the  Hluc  Uidge. 

44.    For  LexitKjtim  and  its  surroundings,  see  note  N     74. 

4.1.    ITciirico  C'i)al  C'ompany's  station  for  shipping  coal  and  coke. 

4(1.  This  road,  throughoiJt  its  whole  length  of  :;4o  miles,  runs  on  tho  Siluro-Cambrian  and  tho 
Cambrian  formations,  chiefly  on  the  former. 

47.  Ilngerafown  stands  on  what  seems  to  be  the  eastern  portion  of  a  closed  and  inverted  syncline 
of  Trenton  ago  ;  the  axis  in  the  shales  farther  west.  The '1  r<Mit'ii  liniestones  crop  out  near  both  of 
the  depots,  and  are  quarried  for  local  building  purposes  Tli.  road  contiimes  on  this  formation  for 
several  miles,  ))ut  soon  after  passing  tirimes  it  nuis  obliipiely  across  the  margin  to  3  b.  c. 

4H.  At  Sheiiherdstown  are  extensive  exposiiresof  :i  b.  on  tht-  margin<  of  the  Potomac,  Hydraulic 
litnestono  has  been  cxtcnsivelv  quarried  here  for  the  manufacturi-  of  i-i  incnt. 

49.  Between  Riverton  ami  Port  Renublir  the  Massmuttiii  i  .age  of  mountains  is  conspicuous 
on  tho  northwest  side  of  tho  road.  (See  lloKcrs  note  7).  The  Hluc  Uidge  is  seen  from  the  train  on  the 
southeast  at  nearly  all  points  aloni  the  i»(iole  lii)'>.  Over  a  large  portion  of  the  route  the  country 
rocks  are  very  much  obscured  by  the  local  drift  from  (headjaiH'iit  mmintains.  In  the  larger  boulders 
from  the  Blue  Ridge,  the  burrows  of  the  scholithun  llncuris  are  abundiKtt. 


062 


AN  iiMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (VA.) 


Mo. 


Shenandoah  Valley  Railroad— 

Continued. 


Alt. 


HU 


'I    if 


I'/ 


lljlpi 


M 


76 

80 

85 

89 

96 
102 
104 
107 
113 
128 

129 

132 
137 
144 


Overall.  5  0 

Rileyville. 
Kimball. 

Luray.'* 

Marks  ville.** 

Ingham. 

Grove  Hill. 

Milnes.*' 

Elkton. 

Port  Republic.*' 

Weyers  Cave.** 

Patterson. 
Crimora.*' 
Waynesboro  Jun. 


/3  a.  Near  Sil.-Camb., 
\  dipch.  toN.W.6  6  2 
Sa.Calcif."  »»« 

K  8  95 

j  Sta.  on  3  b.  entrance 
\   to  cave  on  3  c.  *  '^  ^ 

2  b.  Spur  of  Cam.  io«8 

3  b.  c.  Sil.-Cambrian. 

X        ^  «         9  66 

°  £  -C  -9  g        " 

^^^^  u 

f  3  a.  b.  Sil.-Cambrian 
\     cave  in  3  b.  c.»  123 

It  1135 

«  114  2 

Margin  of2b.,  3  a.i  298 


Ms. 


Shenandoah  Valley  Railroad- 
Con  (inuea. 


Alt. 


148 

161 
163 

160 

163 
168 
173 

175 

177 

180 
186 
189 


Lyndhurst. 

Lipscomb.** 
Stuart's  Draft. 

Greenville. 

Lofton.. 

Vesuvius."^ 

Marlbrook. 

Mid  vale. 

Irisk  Creek,** 

Riverside. 
Loch  Laird.*  9 
Thompson. so 


f  Obscured  by  drift, 

\        etc.  1340 

« 

<<  1  3  S  8 

f  3  b.  c.  Sil.-Camb., 
\     drift  high  on  hills. 

I  1550 

t< 

3  a.  Sil.-Camb .     i*2« 

3  f>   b.      '  ii'is 

J  L-ed  of  Tufa.,  cut  by 

railroad. 

3  a.  b.  Ore  in  2  b., 

3  a.  b.  Sil.-Cam.Joio 

"  »;)8 

3  a.  near  3  b.  «oo 

3  b.  Sil.-Camb.        "so 


{ 


60.  Overall.  Half  a  mile  east  of  Overall  station,  Umber  deposit,  which  has  been  partially 
developed.    (M.) 

61.  At  Luray,  the  station,  the  junction,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  village,  appear  to  rest  upon 
the  ledges  of  3  b.,  Quebec  (Levis),  dipping  20°  to  30°  northwest,  and  passing  beneath  a  ridge  of  3  p.. 
(Chazy),  in  which  is  the  entrance  to  the  caverns ;  and  most  prouably  the  higher  chambers  are  in  the 
same  formation,  while  the  lower  ones  are  either  within  or  rest  upon  beds  of  3  b.  Everywhere  in  the 
great  valley  of  Virginia  the  limestones  of  the  Quebec,  as  a  rule,  are  much  more  ferruginous  than 
these  of  the  Chazy,  and  consequently  produce  darker  and  more  fertile  soils.  The  Que&ee  also  car- 
ries several  thick  beds  of  shale,  while  the  Chazy  is  characterized  in  many  places  by  beds  of  chert 
that  contain  characteristic  fossils.  The  lithological  peculiarities  of  these  two  formations,  especially 
those  which  determine  differences  of  soils,  are  well  defined  at  Luray.    (See  note  75.) 

52.  Marksviile.  Considerable  deposits  of  light  brown  ochre  worked  here  by  Oxford  Ochre 
Company. 

53.  Milnes.  About  five  miles  south  southeast  of  Milnes  there  is  a  fine  exhibition  of  the  Potsdam 
ores  (in  the  slates  above  the  Potsdam  sandstone),  the  principal  development  being  on  Fox  Mountain, 
u  low  flat  crested  ridge,  »  foot  hill  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  present  working  face  is  85x300  ft.,  and  the 
daily  output  is  over  100  tons,  shipped  over  the  branch  road  to  the  Shenandoah  Iron  Co.'s  fumme, 
near  Milnes.    (M.) 

64.  Weyers  Cave  has  the  same  geological  relation^  "s  'iie  Luray  Cave,  except  that  it  is  nenror 
tlie  margin  of  the  Trenton  trough,  which  carries  the  IV!-,  ■,  nuttens,  and  here  extends  to  the  south- 
west l)eyond  the  termination  of  the  mountain  range. 

56.  Vesuvius.  The  Rockbridge  tin  mines  are  in  the  Archroan  core  of  the  Blue  Ridge,and  may  be 
reached  by  ordinary  road,  from  either  Vesuvius  or  Irish  Creek  Station. 

65.  Crimora.  Two  miles  e.ist  from  Crimora  there  is  a  largo  valuable  deposit  of  Manganese  ore, 
chiefly  pyrolusite.  The  ore  is  very  rich,  and  is  now  being  mmed  in  quantity  for  shipment  to  Eng- 
land and  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  at  the  latter  place  for  use  in  the  production  of  a  remarkably  high  grade  of 
ferro  manganese.    (M.) 

56.  Snerando.  Near  Sherando  (Lipcomb  Station),  deposits  of  China  Clay  and  Fire  clay  are 
being  worked.    (M.) 

67.  Vesuvius.  Eight  miles  southeast  of  Vesuvius  Station,  and  on  a  bank  of  Irish  Creek,  there  i? 
quite  an  interesting  exhibition  of  tin  ore.  The  ore  is  Cassaterite ;  and  at  one  point  on  the  Cash 
property  the  ore  sliowed  remarkably  rich,  at  times  being  almost  pure  Cassaterite,  and  some  of  the 
specimens  showing  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  thickness  of  the  pure  ore.  (See  page  134  McCreath's 
Mineral  Wealth  of  Virginia).  Occasionally  the  tin  ore  has  associated  with  it  the  mineral  Mispiekel, 
carrying  more  or  less  silver  and  gold.  On  the  Vesuvius  furnace  property,  and  two  and  a  han  miles 
from  the  railroad,  occurs  a  bod  of  brown  hematite  ore,  ten  feet  wide,  between  nearly  vertical  walls  of 
Potsdam  sandstones.    (M.) 

58.  Near  Irish  Creek  a  remarkable  deposit  of  Dufrenitc  (Hydrated  Ferric  Phosphate),  nearly  a 
foot  thick,  of  nodular  and  radiating  structure,  was  found  several  years  ago  in  the  Potsdam  shales, 
resting  on  a  heavy  bed  of  limonite  ore.    (See  American  Journal  of  Science,  July  1881,  pp.  65,  etc.) 

59.  At  Loch  Laird,  about  sixty  yards  northeast  of  the  crossing  of  the  Richmond  A  Alleghany 
Railway,  a  trap  dike  about  six  feet  thick  may  be  seen  thrust  up  between  two  beds  cf  calc-shale  of  3  a. 

69.  Loch  Laird.  On  the  Btiena  Vista  property  there  is  a  fine  exhibition  of  the  Potsdam  ores 
(in  the  slates  overlying  the  Potsdam),  showmg  perhaps  the  finest  development  of  these  ores  in  the 
Shenandoah  Valley.  On  the  same  property  wher-  ftiarl  Branch  crosses  the  Lexington  Turnpike, 
there  is  exposed  a  bed  of  so  called  Marl,  fully  40  ft.  thick.  It  yields  over  96  per  cent,  carbonate  of 
lime.    (M.) 

60.  At  Thompson  is  an  old  cement  auarry. 

61.  Arcadia.  Near  Buchanan,  on  the  Arcadia  fUrnace  property,  there  are  numerous  openings 
made  on  the  so-called  specular  ore  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  ore  is  a  red  hematite,  more  or  les.^  inti- 
mately mixed  with  fine  grained  quartz.  Geologically  it  lies  in  the  slates  underlying  the  Potsdaiu 
sandstone.    (M ) 

62.  J/Hhia  ia  neM  tbe  border  of  the  extensive  Cloveidale  iron  property;  ore  in  2  b.  and  3  a. 


,r 


VIRGINIA. 


368 


jured  by  drift, 


as  been  partially 


lidge.and  may  be 


nd  Fire  clay  are 


ona  &  Alleghany 
calc-flhale  of  ,'ia. 
ho  Potsdam  ores 
these  ores  in  the 
ington  Turnpike, 
ent.  carbonate  oi 


2  b.  and  3  a. 


Shenandoah  Valley  Railroad- 
Ms.      Continued. Alt. 


191 

199 

209 
215 
220 
225 
228 
233 
237 

240 


Buffalo  Forge. 

Natur'l  Br.i6*38 

Arcadia.*^ 

Buchanan. 

Lithia.«2 

Houston.^' 

Troutville. 

Cloverdale.8* 

Tinker  Creek. 

Roanoke. 


3  b.  Sil.-Camb.  "s 
f  Station3a.b.,Bridge 
t      3  b.  c. 

2  b.  nr.  3  a.  Camb.  »»« 

3  b.  c.  Sil-Camb.     «37 

<(  968 

f3a.  "  1348 

\     Ore  of  2  b.  near. 

•)    „  1125 

I  See  note.  g^^ 

j  3  b.  c.SiI.-Camb.,nr. 
1      Trenton  4  a.    90' 


Norfolk  Si  Western  Railroad. 


283  Central  «« 
298  Pulaski.*  8 


Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad. 

Harper's  Ferry  iiiid  Vitlley  Hraiwli.  * 


0 

1 

6 
10 

14 
23 


Harper's  Ferry. 

Shenandoah 

Halltown. 
Charlestown. 
Cameron. 
Wadesville. 


8  a. 
3  b, 


b.,  3  a.  Alt 
Canibriim  (b 
Archijeaii  H, 
lowed  west 
Cambrian. 

b.  Cambrian. 

c.  " 


4  a.  b.  Sil.-Camb. 


ered 

)    or 

fol- 

b.v 

2  7  7 

3  3U 
5  1  It 
547 
495 


Baltimore  &  Ohio  Railroad— Con. 

Ms.       Harper's  Ferry  and  Valley  Branch. 


Alt 


32 
3(1 
39 
42 
44 
40 
50 

51 


57 
61 

ct; 

74 

81 
88 
04 
1(10 
!(».j 
KM) 
11'2 
11  r, 

117 


Stephenson's. 

Winchester. 

Kernstown. 

Newtown. 

Vaucluse.^ 

Middletown. 

Cedar  Creek. 

Capon  Road. 

Strasburg  June. 

Tom's  Brook. 
Maurertown. 
Woodstock. 
Edinburg.*^ 

Mount  Jackson. 

New  Market. 
Broadway."  8 
Linville. 
Harrisonburg.* 
Pleasant  Valley. 
Mt.  Crawford 
Weyers  Cave.  ^■^ 
Mt.  Sidney. 

Fort  Defiance. • 


/4  a.,  3  c.  Siluro- 
t    Cam.,  and  Cam.*  9  9 

[The    road    runs'^* 

close  to  bound-'** 

ary  of  Cam.,  3  c.,' TO 

and  Sil.-Cam.,4 

a.,  of  belt  lying' 0  0 

eas4,    composed*" 

largely  of  4  c.    '*o 

r4   a.   b.,  Sil.-Camb, 

\  on  switch  track. '0* 

3  b.  c.  CaniV)rian.    '*5 

u  788 

«  8  20 

(I  8  45 

/  3  c,  4  a.  Camb.,  and 
\     Sil.-Cambrian.»i« 

It  971 

II 

Trenton, 
and  3  c. 
c. 


10.18 
1242 
1340 
1245 
1172 


4a 
4a 
3  b 
3  b.  c. 

3  b.  c.  nr.4a.  S.E.11B5 

4  a.  lear  3c.  i^*' 
f  4  fi.  nr.  3  c.  Grapto- 
1   litesin  Tr.  sha.i^'* 


*  From  s,s  Hroadway,  Soiitli,  hy  I'rol.-'.  J.  L.  and  H.  1  >.  Ciuiiylicll ;  nortli  of  that  by  Prof.  W.  H.  Rogers. 

63.  Houston.  Near  Hdiiistoii  Slatioii  aro  the  Houston  Mines  of  the  Crozer  Steel  and  Iron  Co., 
extensively  worked  to  supply  tln'ir  fiirimio  at  Koanoke.  llicli  Manganese  ore  is  also  mined  here  and 
shipped  to  Johnstown  and  I'ittsbiii^;.    (M.) 

64.  Between  Cloverdale  and  Tinker  Creek  the  road  skirts  the  northwest  base  of  a  Trenton  ridge, 
capped  with  5  a.  b.  sandstones.    It  is  known  locally  as  .Mill's  mountain;  really  an  outlier  of  Tinker  Mt. 

65.  The  New  River  Division  of  the  Norfolk  &  Westt-rn  starts  from  Central,  and  has  its  present 
terminus  at  Pocahontas,  where  it  strikes  tlie  groat  Flat  Top  coal  field.  It  passes  through  a  very  inter- 
esting geological  field.  At  Rippleinead  Station  there  is  a  promising  deposit  of  Magnetic  Iron  ore.  in 
the  No.  3  Lotver  Silurian  Limestone  opened  up  on  the  bank  of  New  River.  Some  5,0<X)  tones  oi  63 
per  cent,  ore  have  been  taken  out.    (.M.) 

66.  TUo'^C)-ivple  CVecfc"  extension  of  the  Norfolk  A  Western  Railroad  (now  V)eing  built)  starts 
from  Pulaiki,  and  will  open  ud  the  Cripnie  (reck  region  (see  note  21  on  Virginia),  with  its  vast  stores 
of  brown  hematite  ores  in  3  b.  and  e.  (and  J  b.),  perhaps  the  finest  and  richest,  and  most  uniform 
quality  of  (3  b.  c.  Lower  Silurian)  brown  hematite  ores  in  the  United  .States.  It  will  also  bring 
within  railroad  communication  (for  the  railroad  will  pass  close  to  it)  the  KM)  year  old  lead  mine  at 
Austinvillii,  and  the  Bertha  Zinc  mine  near  New  River,  sihowing  rich  Ahw  ore  (Silicate  and  Carbonate 
of  Zinc)  almost  free  from  lead,  and  now  used  at  the  Bertha  Zinc  Works),  at  Pul.aski  (Martin.s).  Near 
Blue  Ridge,  and  also  near  Roanoke  (about  two  and  a  half  miles  south  of  it),  important  and  seemingly 
very  large  deposits  of  Potsdam  ores  are  now  being  niiiu'd  at  the  former  point,  by  the  Crozer  Iron  and 
Steel  Company,  of  Roanoke,  and  at  the  latter  by  Roser  Iron  Company. 

From  eight  to  ten  miles  south  southeast  of  Bristol  there  are  interesting  deposits  of  hematite 
ere  in  the  No.  11  limestones.  These  were  opened,  many  years  ago,  to  supply  stock  for  the  local  char- 
coal furnaces,  but  the  ores  were  found  too  refractory  for'economical  use  in  such  furnaces,  and  the 
workings  were  abandoned.  The  ore  is  a  dense  anil  fine  grained  hematite,  and  shows  64  to  66  per 
cent,  iron  and  .020  and  .030  of  pliosphorus.    (M.) 

67.  Edinbuig  is  tho  depot  for  tne  Liberty  and  Columbia  furnaces,  a  few  miles  northwest,  in  the 
North  Mountain' range — good  geological  field. 

68.  Broadway  is  a  good  starting  point  fgr  studying  geology,  etc.,  of  Brook's  Gap,  an  interesting 
region  in  North  Mountain  range. 

69.  Staunton,  a  flourishing  little  city  at  the  junction  of  the  valley  railroad  with  the  Chesapeake 
A  Ohio,  is  situated  on  a  number  of  somewhat  distinct  hills,  and  surrounded  by  others  of  still  greater 
height.  These  are  composed  chiefly  of  Quebec  (3  b.)  magnesian  limestones  at  their  bases,  especially 
on  the  northwest  flanks,  and  Chazy  limestones  ot  lighter  color  above,  with  interbedded  cherty  masse-, 
the  fragments  of  which  are  seen  strewn  over  the  surfaces  in  great  profusion.  Several  species  of  gs.;- 
teropod  and  cephalopod  shells  have  been  found  fossil  in  these  chert  beds.  The  northeastern  margin 
of  the  city  rests  on  Trenton,  4  a.,  adjoining  4  c.;  but  tho  line  of  contact  of  these  formations  sweeps 
around  the  southeast  and  south  flanks  of  two  very  conspicuous  hills,  known  as  "Betsy  Bell"  and 
"Mary  Gray,"  and  appears  again  on  the  valley  road  near  Folly  Mills  Station,  and  continues  near  the 
line  of  roacf  for  several  miles.    (See  Note  76  as  to  the  Quebec  group.) 


':^< 


■i  I 


1:1 


1' 

III 

He' 

li 

^V' 

i'' 

mi: 

3»  ,;■     { 

'iB' 

;    ( 

-,>-,. 


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^ 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (VA.) 


Baltimore  A 

Ms.        Harper's  Fer 


Ohio  Kallroad— Con. 

ry  Htni  Viillt'y  Hrancli. 


Alt. 


119 
126 

131 
133 

1.S8 


Verona. 


|4a.Tr-Cal.shalesi»»o 


Staunton.*  f 

Polly  Mills. 
Mint  Spring. 

Greenville."" 


margin 

1366 


1 


t  a.  at  N.  E.  corner, 
3  c.  Chief  Rocks, 
3  b.  west 
of  city. 

i  a.  near  junc.  with 

3   C.  1*90 

>i  156  3 

J  b.  c.  Iron  Ores  in 
Cambrian  of  Blue 
Ri.lge,  S.  E.     "■«» 


Baltimore  A  Ohio 

Ms.       Harper's  Ferry  and 


Kallroad— Con. 

Viilloy  Hrancli. 


144 

149 
154 

160 
162 


Itaphine. ''  ^ 

Fairfield. '2 
Timber  Ridge.  » » 


R.  &  A.  June, 
xington. 


/R.  &  A. 
\    E.  Lex 

Lexington.'* 


AU. 

/  3  b.  c.  Iron  Ore  in 
\      3  c.  1«8» 

f  3  b.  c.  Iron  Ore  in  3 
\     c,  Houston's.! '"0 

3   C.  1*34 

4  a.  Trenton  lime- 
stone forms  high 
river  cliffs. 
Drift  on  hills.  9  10 
f  4  a.  b.  on  south,  3  c, 
1      west  of  town.  10  00 


IE>         t\  Myjn  \/     'flit.'     iiiiiv       .^i>v(irii*i 

Chazy  (:i  c.)  to  tlio  Tri'iitoii  (I  a.1, 
att'd.     Ill  tlie  tinvn,  uh^iiit  the  I'liil 


70.  Near  Orecnville  tlio  Qiiehoc  (;>  b.)  lime.stonos,  producing  forriiginous  clay  soils,  orcp  out  in 
tlie  cuts  fur  a  inilo  nortlifast  of  t.'ic  town,  and  alons?  tlio  banks  of  tlio  adjacent  strciim  both  iJiovo  uiiii 
below  the  crossing ;  but  the  Cliu/.y  bods  form  tlio  country  rock  of  the  town  and  rcj;it)n  betw'.'.oii  it  ami 
Rapliine  Station.  The  Primordial  (Cainbrian)  ridges  ot  the  Blue  Kidj;o  range  extend  mi.ch  furlluT 
Into  tlie  Gri>at  \'alloy  opiiosite  (irecnville,  than  they  do  at  any  other  point  seen  from  th'c  iino  of  this 
road,  and  carry  some  productive  beds  of  limoiiite  ore. 

71.  About  2)^  miles  iiortliwest  of  linp/iuic  Station  are  very  extensive  bods  of  limonitr  ores  on  the 
lands  of  Samuel  Carson,  Ksq.,  and  Messrs.  Gibbs  A  Kawlings.  The  beds  of  ore  have  boon  partially 
opened,  and,  where  seen  in  place,  appear  to  occuiiy  about  the  same  relative  position  amoui;  thi> 
Cnazy  (;J  c.)  limestones  a-;  the  clicrl  licis  found  in  such  iibumiance  in  other  parts  of  thf'  same  forma- 
tion The  Vesuvius  Iron  Mines  arc  in  J  b.,  at. nut  four  or  livi"  miles  southeast  of  this  station.  Tlio 
tin  mines,  now  in  proc<'ss  of  development,  are  in  the  Arcluean  core  of  the  Blue  Uidgo,  about  12  miles 
southeast  by  turni)iko. 

72.  At  Fairjkhl  the  road  crosses  to  the  west  side  of  Tiir.bcr  Ri<li;e.  and  on  the  novthwest  margin 
of  till'  vall"y,  the  elevated  <iutliers  of  the  North  Mountaiu  range— the  Jiuup,  the  llogoack  and  Uou.se 
Mountains— become  c(in-pi<'Uous  features  of  a  striking  !aMd.->ape. 

7-!.  From  Tbnhrr  A'i'((/c  .Station  a  line  of  cnuvey.in'cs  extends  to  Hockbridgt^  "liaths,  a  jileaf.tnt 
summer  resort.  The  tlierm.il  water  of  these  baths  issue-  tVom  the  (Quebec  (:i  b.)  limestones  near  a 
fissure  or  fault  where  the  beds  (if  4  a.  Trenton  have  dropped  down  to  the  level  n(;\  b.,  and  apparently 
dip  beni^alh  the  hater,  le*  may  be  seen  at  points  nortln  a^^t  and  southwest  beyond  the  a<'cumulaiions 
of  river  drift,  which  is  f  lundou  hills  here  more  than  loo  fei't  alieve  the  bed  "of  the  river.  About  \\\u 
miles  ncu'thwest  of  the  liatlis  is  the  entran<'c  to  the  tanious  "(ioslicn  I'ass,"  the  dei^j)  canon  throui;li 
which  -North  Kiver  fuids  its  way  to  the(ireat  Valley  This  canon  gives  a  complete  section  of  the 
whole  North  .Mountain  range  from  1  a.  Trenton  iij)  to  l)evon!an  shah's,  p)  a.  b.  Fossils  are  aluui- 
dant  here.     For  sketch  and  geological  section,  see  Am.  .Jour,  of  Sej.,  Vol.  XVIII.,  Is7li,  p.  IP.t. 

71.     About  one  mile  southwest  of  Timber  Riihii'  Station  the   railway  ptisses  abrujitly   from  tin- 

entering  the  irregidar  syni>lliial  troinrii  in  winch  Lrxiniidin  is  siiu- 
els  o|'  the  ai|,iiicei,t  north  lir.im'h  of  .hum  s  Kivi'r,  and  over  about  .m\ 
miles  of  area  towards  the  northeast  and  four  mil's  soiitheu^t.  the  Trentoi.  limestones  (t  a.)  are  iIm> 
counlry  rocks;  but  in  the  popl.ar  Hills  toward  tiie  soiuhwesl  and  south,  the  l.'tica  shales,  with  very 
fossililcroiis  thin  beds  of  limestone,  become  con  ■picuou-,.  The  Hru>hy  Hill-,  west  of  the  town,  ai> 
com  pose, 1  of  Cha/.y  limestones  and  chert>  (;!  c.i,  ;i-  regards  their  southca-|ern  slopes,  while  the  norfii- 
western  slopes  present  exposures  of  U  b.  dipping  benc'ath  the  hills.  .J.s  I'ar  as  incasurenients  can  lie 
made  here  :io.  isaliout  lloolcct,  and:!b,  aliout  l.Milect  thick.  Along  the  eastern  base  of  Brushy  Hills  the 
outcrop  of  the  low<'r  Trenton  limestone,  4  a.,  is  apparently  an  auiicnt  coral-reeC.  now  a  very  itompai't, 
Tiurc  coral  limi>stonc,  quite  l.u'gely  i|Uiirric(l  for  local  building  purpe>iw,  ;ind  for  thv'  manufacture  ef 
lime.     Tills  coridlnie  bcci  contain^  shell-  a<  well  a-^  I'oral.     It  varies  iVom  Ion  lo  |.">o  feci  In  thickness. 

Tin'  Ib.'Uso  Mountain  (or  rather  )i(ui-  of  iii'iunlains),  about  six  mil"s  west  northwest  from  bexiic- 
ton,  is  one  of  the  most  striking  1' 'atin'cs  of  the  graml  srcnery  in  this  jiortion  of  the  (freat  \'al|ey. 
This  isolated  mountain  group  rc:-t-  upon  Trcnt'in  limestone  which  erops  out  around  the  base.  Tie'ii 
in  niiirly  horiz'Pnlal  str:Ua  otlcr  formations,  I  b.,  as  shales  and  shaly  limestones,  4  c,  as  purnli-li, 
ferrugin". 'US  shales  and  :  'laly  .-.aie  1st  ones,  ami  ahove  all  a  caiiof  M(>dina'  saiiilstones,  5  a,;  the  whol'  vis- 
int;  2,iHNi  [ret  above  the  bicestone  valley  below.  I.exingtoo  Is  H  good  point  of  dcjiarturc  for  the  geologi- 
cal study  <if  either  the  lilui'  Kidgc  r.ing(!  on  the  S.  \\.  or  the  North  Mountain  range  on  the  N.  \V. 

Washington  and  Lee  Unin-rsity  and  the  \.  ,M.  In.-litute,  both  located  hei'',  have  good  iniiK'i'.tl 
and  geological  cabmets.  For  fuller  details,  ami  geological  si'Ctimi  aiToss  the  (beat  Valley  near  Lex- 
ington, see  Am.  Jour.  ufSci.,  Vol.  Will.,  Is7!),  \,.  Iti. 

7.">.  Qufbcr  Group.  I)r.  A.  H.  ('.  Sclwyn,  the  successor  of  Sir  Wni.  I.ogan,  as  Dircctorof  theOcolngi- 
oal  Survey  of  Can.ida,  does  n:)t  rccogiuze  ihi'  (Quebec  as  a  get>logical  formation,  and  in  Professor  .).  1). 
Dana's  table,  as  given  in  thispuide,  it  isomiiteil,  being  considered  as  merged  in  the  Calcifi'i'oiis. 
Professor  (.'ampbell,  of  N'irginia,  is  not  prepared  to  adopt  tiiis  vii'W  as  siiihible  for  tlnit  Stale.  Hp 
reports  tliat  throughout  the  fireat  Valley  of  Virginia,  il'iO  miles  in  length,  with  continuous  Icdge.s  of 
limestone,  there  e.xists  what  is  known  as  the  Canadian  grou]),i'ousisting  of  three  tolerably  well  detined 
sub-groups  of  limestones,  with  extensive  beds  of  interstratilicd  shales  and  calcareiais  sandstones  iu 
the  lowest;!  a.  Valcift-ouH;  very  regular  stratitied  beds  of  dolomiti'^  liinestones  more  or  h'ss  feriiigi- 
nous  and  producing  rich  soils  in  the  nc.\t  higher  '.i  b.  Lrris  ;  and,  in  the  last,  some  beds  of  pure 
limestone,  with  a  stratum  of  brown  sandstone  in  the  lower  portion,  abounding  'n  iTtolluseean  fo.ssilH, 
not  well  preserved,  but  doubtless  .'t  c.  Chazy;  and  still  higher,  near  the  T(-  .-,  !  "o  i  of  ehort 
abounding  iu  oephalopods  and  gastropods  of  undoubted  3  c.  Chur.y  age.  II*.,  lhi:r,!l  ir;,  nrefers  to 
retain  the  three  divi.eioii.j,  at  least  until  additional  paltcontologieul  o,i<;'.  n'.t  settles  t';>  (,''  <tion 
at  i.sstie.  i.  V.. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


865 


North  Carolina.^ 


LIST  OF  GEOLOGICAL  FORMATIONS  IN   i^ORTH  CAROLINA. 


20i  Quaternary. 
19.  Tertiary. 
18.  Cretaceous. 
16.  Triasslc. 


1.  Archaean. 
Igneoi  s. 


1  b.  Huronian. 
1  a.  Laurentian. 


1.  Revised  and  the  notes  added  (or  the  first  edition  by  W.  C.  Kerr,  State  Geologist  of  North 
Carolina.  Enlarged  and  revised  for  tiie  second  edition  by  Dr.  U.  M.  Chance,  of  Philadelphia, 
geologist  in  charge  of  explorations  of  North  Carolina  coal  fields. 

Sketch  of  the  Geology  and  Topography  of  North  Carolina. 

Denved  from  the  State  Oeologieal  Reports  of  Prof.  W.  C.  Kerr, 

North  Carolina  is  the  Mountain  State  of  the  Atlantic  slope.  As  a  general  description,  it  may  bo 
said  that  the  surface  of  this  State  is  covered  by  but  two  of  tne  great  formations.  Tne  (1)  Archeean, 
sub-divided  into  the  (1  a.)  Laurentian  and  (l  b.)  Huronian,  the  lowest  occupies  the  western  and  the 
(20)  tjuaternary  the  upper  system  covers  the  eastern  portion,  the  oldest  and  the  youngest,  wifh  a 
vast  geological  blanlc  betwe'sn  them.  Some  of  the  railways  run  for  long  distances  on  a  single  forma- 
tion. An  irregular  line  drawn  on  the  map  of  the  State,  in  a  northeast  and  southwest  direction, 
through  the  City  of  Raleigh,  will  show  the  relative  portions  of  the  State  covered  by  each.  The  (16) 
Triassic,  the  only  one  of  the  intermediate  groups  which  appears,  covers  but  a  comparatively  insignifi- 
cant area  in  the  middle  region.  It  contains  the  coal  beds  of  Deep  River  and  of  Dan  River.  The  (18) 
Cretaceous  and  (19)  Tertiary,  underlie  the  (2())  Quaternary,  but  they  only  appear  on  the  surface  in  a 
few  localities,  ot  small  area,  on  the  river  bluffs,  and  in  water  courses  and  ravines  in  the  eastern 
division.  The  complete  geological  series  of  the  State  is  as  follows :  (20)  Quaternary,  (19)  Tertiary, 
(18)  Cretaceous,  (10)  Triassio,  (1)  Huronian,  (1  a.)  Laurentian  and  Igneous. 

Most  of  the  metatnorphic  rocks  of  North  Carolina  belong  to  the  (1  a.)  Laurentian  system,  which 
prevails  so  extensively  in  ('anada,  Mitiliigan,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota,  etc.  The  prevalent  species  are 
Granite,  Gneiss,  Syenite  and  other  Hornblondie  rocks,  Diorito  and  Crystalline  limestone,  and  these 
contain  graphite  and  much  magnetic  and  specular  iron  ore,  frequently  in  very  large  beds.  This  for- 
mation, besides  iron,  produces  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  and  other  minerals.  The  (1  b.)  Huronian, 
the  Taconic  of  Eminon  s  report  on  this  State,  oeciipios  several  disconnected  areas  on  the  Great  Smoky 
Mountain,  at  the  Tennessee  lino  and  on  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  another  considerable  area  west  of 
Baleigh,  extending  across  the  State  with  two  smaller  exposures.  The  rocks  are  qiiartzyte  and  clay 
slates,  light  colored,  drab,  and  greenish.  With  those  ex<!rptions,  and  the  small  area  of  (IC)  Triassic, 
all  the  remainder  or  the  western  part  of  the  State  is  (1  a.)  Laureutiiin. 

The  North  Carolina  Mountniiis.  The  great  continental  system  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains, 
which  extends  a  thousand  miles,  from  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  State  of  Georgia, 
reaches  its  greatest  elevations  and  developes  its  grandest  features  in  the  western  part  of  this  State. 
The  system  is  liere  represented  l)y  two  great  parallel  chains,  tiie  Smoky  Mountains  and  the  Blue 
Ridge,  with  a  net-work  of  heavy  cross  chains  connecting  tliem  and  numerous  spurs  thrown  off  to 
the  east  an<l  south,  some  of  them  as  high  as  the  parent  chain  and  some  more  than  fifty  miles  long. 
There  are  also  several  other  disconnected  minor  chains  to  the  eastward,  with  the  same  general 
trend.  These  mountains  extend  across  the  State,  and  their  entire  length  from  their  southwestern 
lerinination,  the  Blue  Mountains  in  Georgia,  to  their  northern,  which  is  pruljinged  60  miles  into 
Virginia,  is  27/>  miles,  of  which  two-thirds,  or  about  ."i.OtKt  square  miles,  lie  within  North  Carolina. 

The  main  or  western  chain,  which  more  to  the  north  borders  the  great  valley  in  Virginia  and  ia 
there  called  the  Blue  Ridge,  gradually  deviates  towards  the  southwest.  .\  n(>w  chain,  detached  on 
the  east  and  curving  a  little  more  to  the  south,  takes  now  the  name  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  in  this 
State  attains  gradually  to  5,(KX)  and  5,(KK»  feet,  composed  of  many  fragments,  scarcely  connected  into 
a  continuous  and  regular  chain.  These  groups  are  separated  by  long  intervals  of  depression,  in 
which  are  gaps  but  little  above  the  interior  valleys. 

West  or  this,  and  separated  from  it  by  a  valley,  is  the  great  western  chain  of  mountains,  named 
locally  the  Iron  Mountain  in  the  northern  portion,  and  Unaka  in  the  southern,  the  whole  being 
known  as  the  Smoky  Mountains,  and  forming  the  line  between  Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.  This 
ia  much  more  continuous,  more  elevated  and  rt'gular  in  its  direction  and  height,  and  increases  very 
uniformly  from  6,000  to  nearly  6,700  feet.  The  valley  comprised  between  these  two  main  chains,  the 
Smoky  Mountain  and  the  Blue  Ridge,  is  divided  by  transverse  eh  lins  into  many  basins  of  great 
altitude.  The  height  of  these  transverse  chains  is  greater  than  that  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  being  from 
5,000  to  G,(K)0  feet  and  upwards,  and  the  gaps  that  cross  them  arc  as  high,  and  often  higher,  than  those 
of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Tne  whole  chain  of  valleys  extends  for  more  than  180  miles,  and  from  20  to  50 
miles  wide,  with  a  mean  height  of  more  than  '-VKM)  feet,  and  portions  of  them  3,600  to  4,000  feet,  this 
being  the  highest  plateau  of  the  same  extent  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  These  are  all  valleys  of 
erosion,  ami  they,  as  well  as  the  mountains  and  plateaus  have,  in  Prof.  Kerr's  opinion,  no  anticlinal  or 
synclinal  origin,  being  in  fact  wholly  independent  of  geological  structure. 

The  mountains  which  reach  6,000  feet  are  more  than  fifty  in  number,  and  the  loftiest  peaks  rise  to 
6,700  feet.  Here,  then,  in  all  respects,  is  the  culminating  region  of  the  vast  Appalachian  system. 
This  mountain  region,  where  the  most  striking  natural  objects  in  the  State  are  to  be  seen,  haa  not 
yet  been  penetrated  by  the  railroads,  except  that  the  Western  North  Carolina  R.  R.  crosBCB  th« 
mountains,  connecting  with  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Georgia  R.  R. 


':! 


i,     i> 


|j-!il 


!i    'm 


!  ir 


w;;;i 


866 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  C.) 


Richmond  &  Danville  Railroad. 

Western  Mort     Carolina  Railroad, 

Ms. 

Alt. 

Ms. 

Alt. 

0 

Richmond,  Va. 

0 

Salisbury. 

1  a.  Lauren.  106m.'eo 

141 

Danville,  Va. 

la.  U.Lauren.  42  m"» 

26 

Statesville.^ 

"                       955 

156 

Ruffin,  N.  C. 

<«                      70  7 

48 

Newton. 

"                  1070 

165 

Reidsville. 

«                       S28 

68 

Hickory.* 

"                  1140 

181 

Moorehead. 

« 

78 

Morganton. 

« 

189 

Greensboro. 

1  a.  L.  Lauren. 6  m  s^s 

V>9 

Marion. 

"                    1425 

204 

High  Point. 
Thomasville. 

(t                     ;9  4S 

114 

Henry. 

1  b,  Huronian,  8  m. 

211 

(1 

126 

Black  Mountain. 

li 

222 

Lexington. 

«                       776 

139 

Ashville  June. 

1  a,  Laurentian. 

288 

Salisbury. 

«                       760 

142 

Ashville. 

<« 

261 

Concord. 

(( 

143 

Ducktown  June. 

« 

282 

Charlotte. 

i'                       7  2.') 

166 

Marshall. 

««                    1647 

812 

State  Line. 

a 

182 

Warm  Springs, 
Wolf  Ck.,  Tenn. 

2  a.  Oc,,Cg.&Sh,i3  25 
E.  T.  V,  &  Ga.  R.  R. 

Goldsbor 

0  Branch. 

190 

Paint  Rock. 

DiioUtnwn  Rranph 

Greensboro. 

1  a.  Lauren.  30m.8  4  3 

0 

OiAshville.               1  a.  Laurentian. 

21 
82 

Company  Shops. 
Mebanesville. 

lb,Huronian.20m''8" 

30  Waynesville.                        " 

41 

Hillsboro.i* 
University. 

(1                         53  9 

Raleigh  A  Gaston  Railroad. 

46 

0 

Portsmouth,  Va. 

1  a.  Laurentian, 

56 

Durham. 

16.  Triassic.  22  m,  *"o 

0 

Weldon. 

<l                         12 

69 

Morrisville.s 

It                       308 

12 

Gaston, 

«                       152 

73 

Carey. 

1  b.Huronian.6  m.*''^ 

63 

Henderson, 

"                       505 

81 

Raleigh. 

"                       317 

01 

Kittrells, 

«                4i: 

96 

Clayton. 

»                       34  7 

97 

Raleigh. 

"                         303 

106 

Neuse  River. 

20.  Quatem.  24  m.'^^ 

109 

Selma. 
Princeton. 

u                         ICO 

Raleigh  &  Aug^usta  Railroad. 

118 

0 

Weldon. 

130 

Goldsboro. 

X                       102 

97 

Raleigh. 

1  a.  Lauren,  3  m.  ^03 

107 
114 

Cary. 
Appex. 

1  b,  Huron.  10  m. 

Salem 

Branch. 

16.  Triassic,  20in.'"2 

140 

Sanford. 
Cameron. 

f  16,  Triassic,  and  20 
\     Quater.  11  m.  3^' 
1 6.  Tr.,  Huron.  13  in  a''' 

0 

Grceiishoro. 

1  a.  Laurentian.      "^^ 

1/ 

28 

Keriiesville. 
Salem  or  Winston 

»                      10  16 
«                         8  84 

174 
104 

Kyuer. 
Hamlet. 

•JO.  Quat.,  priuci'ly  ^86 

"                           331 

2.  At  Hiilsboro  depot  a  good  exposure  of  typical  North  Carolina  Huronian  slate,  hydromiracoous. 

3.  At  Morrisville  depot  a  dike  of  dolerite  visible.  (»ni'  and  a  half  miles  east  of  station  bed.s  of 
very  coarse  incompacted  conglomerate,  the  bottom  beds  of  the  Truissio,  and  probably  glacial. 

4.  From  Statesville  west  in  the  numerous  deep  cuts  are  seen  flne  examples  of  the  frost  drift, 
characteristic  of  sub-glacial  regions.  Also  from  HioKory  to  Morgantown  many  sections  of  the  purple 
paragonite  schists,  which  are  peculiar  to  this  region. 

There  is  very  little  exposure  of  solid  rock,  and  that  only  on  the  tops  of  a  few  high  mountains  or 
an  occasional  cliff.  The  mountains  are  covered  to  their  very  summits  with  dense  forests,  but  with  a 
deep  and  strong  soil  which  is,  however,  according  to  Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt's  description,  very  unlike  the 
layers  of  clay  and  loam  with  which  we  in  the  North  are  familiar.  The  rocks  themselves,  he  says, 
although  of  gneiss  and  mica  slate,  like  that  which  prevails  over  so  great  a  part  of  New  England,  have 
undergone  a  process  of  decay  which  has  rendered  them  so  Moft  that  they  may  be  readily  cut  by  a 
spade,  although  retaining  all  the  veins  and  layers  which  mark  their  original  stratification  Without 
having  been  broken  or  ground  up,  these  hard  rocks  have  moldered  into  a  soft  clayey  mass  formings 
soil  fifty  feet  and  often  much  more  in  depth,  which  from  its  peculiar  structure  has  a  natural  drainage, 
and  possesses  great  fertility.  North  Carolina,  evidently,  never  was  subjected  to  the  action  of  glaciers 
like  the  Northern  States.  Only  the  valleys  of  the  streams  are  covered  with  alluvium,  consisting  of 
sand,  gravel  and  clay,  the  debris  of  the  rocks  of  the  higher  ridges  and  mountains. 

The  middle  and  eastern  part  of  the  State  is  a  long  slope,  extending  from  the  rugged  mountain 
plateau  to  the  .'..tlantic.  Next,  however,  to  the  plateau  is  a  piedmont  or  middle  region  of  hill  country, 
with  an  average  elevation  of  about  1,000  feet.  Tliis  is  divided  by  its  rivers  into  three  regions,  drained 
by  the  Broad,  Catawaba  and  Yadkin  rivers,  the  slope  of  the  first  being  toward  the  south,  and  thai  of 
the  others  a  little  east  of  north.  These  drainage  surfaces  are  separated  by  two,  nearly  parallel,  east- 
erly chains  of  mountains,  the  South  and  Bushy  Mountains,  and  are  from  2,000  to  4,000  feet  high. 
There  are  other  easterly  spurs  of  the  Blue  Ridge  of  similar  elevation.    This  middle  division  nr  hill 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


867 


na  Railroad. 


iaurentian. 


laurentian. 


Railroad. 


11 

152 

SOS 

4ir 

303 

Railroad. 


Gape  Fear  &  Tadkin  Valley  Railroad. 

Ms.  .Alt- 


0 

87 

44 
47 
64 
68 
63 
70 
75 
82 
90 
98 


Fayetteville. 

Sandford. 

Egypt.* 

Gulf." 

Richmond. 

Ore  Hill. 

Siler. 

Staley. 

Liberty. 

Julian. 

Pleasant  Garden 

Greensboro. 


20.  Quaternary,  1  b. 

Huron.  88  m.  "» 
16.   Triassic,   20. 

Quaternary 


« 

1  b.  Huronian. 

« 

l« 
(I 


3S8 
362 
279 


496 


Wilmington  &  Weldon,  and  Wilmington, 
Mb.      Columbia  A  Augnata  Railroad.     Alt. 


1  a.  Laurentian.     **3 


Carolina  Central  Railroad. 


0 

68 
HI 

117 

123 

128 
135 
163 

187 
199 


229 


Wilmington 
Lumberton. 
Hamlet. 

Rockingham. 

Pee  Dee  River.' 

Lysleville. 

Wadesboro. 

Monroe. 

Charlotte. 

Catawba  River. 

Lincolnton. 

Shelby. 


20.  Quater.  117  m.   i" 

«  1 3  r> 

<l  331 

( 20.  Quaternary,  and 
\      lb.  Huronian.'^  1" 

1  b.  Huronian.  G  miles. 

1  a.  Laurentian.  5  m. 

16.  Triassic.  19  miles. 

1  b.  Huron.  25  m.  ««« 

1  a.  L.  Laurentian.' 2* 


866 
876 


0 

8 

37 

78 

92 

114 

148 

162 

102 
191 
208 
227 


Weldon.« 
Halifax. 
Rocky  Mount. 
Goldsboro. 
Mount  Olive. 
Magnolia. 
Rocky  Point. 
Wilmington. 8 


20.  Quaternary." 


Wilmington.8 
Maxwell's. 
Whiteville. 
Fair  BluflF. 
S.  C.  Line.* 


4( 
(( 
(( 
» 


102 


10 


« 


to 


Tarboro  Branch. 


0 
17 


45 


Rocky  Mount. 
Tarboro. 
Bethel. 
Williamston. 


20.  Quaternary. 


873 


Halifax  &  Scotland  Neck  Railroad. 


0 
20 


Halifax. 
Scotland  Neck. 


20,  Quaternary. 


Asliville  &  Spartansburg  Railroad. 


0 
49 


Spartansb'g,  S.  C. 
Flat  Rock. 
Ilendersonville. 


1  a.  U.  Laurentian. 


505 


fi.    Ey;/pt.    Old  t'oal  shaft,  460  feet  di'pp. 

fi.  Oiiij.  Kituminous  coal  bods  2  ft.  and  'A}4  ft.-4  ft.  tliiek,  worked  on  a  small  scale  during  the 
war.    Not  now  worked.    Much  troubled  by  trap  cfykos. 

7.  On  both  Hides  of  the  I'edee  River  an^  high  dikes  of  dolerite  for  more  than  a  mile,  and  2  miles 
ensta  very  coarse  porphyritic  grnnito,  as  well  as  between  Lilesville  and  Wadesboro. 

8.  Wilmingtoyi  tt-  Weldon  Railroad,  162  miles;  north  and  south.  This  road  runs  throughout  its 
whole  length  from  Wilmington  to  Weldon  on  the  (20)  (jUHternary  formation,  with  oceasional  small 
exposures  of  the  Tertiary  (19  a.)  Eoeene  aud  (1!)  b.)  Miocene  and  of  the  (18)  Cretaceous  in  the  banks 
of  the  streams. 

9.  Dismal  Swamp.    This  road  skirts  around  the  Orcat  Dismal  Swamp. 

country  extends  200  miles  from  east  to  west,  and  ir>0  miles  northeast  and  southwest,  and  comprises 
nearly  one-half  of  the  territory  of  the  State.  It  rises  in  going  west  about  four  feet  to  the  mile,  and 
attains  an  elevation  of  l,()i)0  to  1,500  feet  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Hidgo.  The  channels  of  the  large 
rivers,  however,  are  cut  IdO  to  3(X.>  feet  Vjelow  the  intervening  divides. 

Between  the  swamp  country,  along  the  eoast,  and  the  hilly  region  of  the  interior,  is  a  belt  of 
level,  sandy,  barren  territory,  extending  from  near  the  line  of  Virgmia  aoross  the  entire  State,  and 
from  30  to  80  miles  wide,  covered  by  the  long  leaved  pine.  Spirits  of  turpentine  produced  in  this 
pine  region  is  the  must  important  branch  of  manufacturing  in  the  State. 

The  eastern  division  or  the  State  extends  from  the  coast,  about  100  miles,  to  the  lower  falls  of  the 
rivers,  and  constitutes  nearly  two-fifths  of  the  State.  This  region  is  for  the  most  part  nearly  level 
or  very  gently  undulatin^^,  except  along  the  rivers  on  the  upper  reaches  of  which  are  bluffs  and  small 
hills.  Its  slope  seaward  is  between  one  and  two  feet  to  a  mile  and  it  is  covered  by  the  horizontal 
strata  of  the  quaternary  underlaid  by  the  tertiary.  They  consist  of  the  noneompacted  sands,  clays, 
marls  and  gravels,  coarser  materials  predominating  westward,  and  becoming  successively  finer 
towards  the  coast. 

TVifl  Coast  of  North  Carolina  is  remarkable  for  the  shallow  sounds  and  bays  that  extend  along 
the  ent're  sea  (rent  nearly  .300  miles,  the  largest  of  which  are  Pamlico  and  Albermarle  Sounds,  the 
former  75  miles  long  by  15  to  20  miles  wide,  and  the  latter  50  by  5  to  15  miles,  with  a  depth  of  water 
from  a  few  fact  to  20  feet.  There  are  also  along  the  coast  3,000  to  4,000  square  miles  of  awamp  lands, 
of  which  the  Oreat  Dismal  Swamp,  on  the  line  oetween  this  State  and  Virginia,  is  well  known. 

The  foregoing  description  of  North  Carolina  will  serve  to  give  a  general  idea  of  the  geology  of 
South  Carolina,  also  where  the  same  formations  are  found.  J.  M. 


i'i 


f  i--  .^■ 


i 


1,1 


w 

m 

1  H-'  ' 
■  Vf  ' 

!  ■< 


i  ' 


Jji' 


;:-li 


^tr' 


;    Mi;'    S 


H', 
1  -■  1.  !  I 


S;,iM 


^ 


' I'  '  'I 


868 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (N.  C.) 


Atlantic,  Tennesaee  ft  Ohio  Railroad. 

Mfl.  Alt. 


0 
47 


Charlotte. 
Slatesville. 


1  a.  L.  Laurentian.*** 

It  SAS 


Cheraw  &  IVadesboro  Railroad. 


0 

7 

10 

15 


Wadesboro,  N.  C. 
Bennett's. 
Morven. 
Cheraw,  S.  C. 


16.  Triassic. 
20.  Quaternary. 


Charlotte,  Colnmbla  &  Augusta  R.  R. 


0 
10 
14 
44 


Charlotte. 
Pineville. 
S.  C.  State  Line. 
Chester,  S.  C. 


1  a.  L.  Laurentian.  ''*'' 


57S 
S4:i 


Chester  ft  Iienolr  Railroad. 


0 
23 
45 
49 
68 
79 
89 
109 


Chester,  S.  C. 
Yorkville. 
GaHtonia,  N.  C. 
Dal  Ills. 
Lincolnton. 
Newton. 
Hickory. 
Lenoir. 


643 

1  a.  U.  Laurentian.  '^^ 

«  944 

1  b.  Huronian.         '^^ 
la.U.  andL.  Lau.io'o 

>>  122  2 

1  a.  U.  Laurentian!  i  *  ® 


Atlantic  ft  North  Carolina  Railroad. 


0 
14 
50 

85 
95 


Goldsboro. 
La  Grange. 
Newbern. 

Newport. 
Moorhead. 


'  20.  Quaternary  with 

18.  Cretaceous  and 

19.  Ter.  in  banks  of 
the  streams.       i*** 


Mh 

0 

9 

42 

46 
62 
74 


Norfolk  Southern  Rallroa<l.* 

Norfolk.  207  QHaternary. 

Prince  Anne. 

Camden  C.  H. 

Klizabeth  City. 

Hertford.  " 

Edenton.  «« 


Alt. 


JamesvUle  ft  Washington  Railroad. 


0 

29 


Jamesville. 
Washington. 


20.  Quaternary. 


Midland  North  Carolina  Railway. 


OGoldsboro. 
22:Smithiield. 


20.  Quaternary. 


10] 


Milton  ft  Sutherlin  Railroad. 


0  Sutherlin,  Va. 
9; Milton,  N.  C. 


^1  a.  U.  Laurentian, 
<< 


0 
13 


Oxford  ft  HenderHon  Railroad 

Henderson. 


Oxford. 


1  a.  Laurentian.      ^f* 

!1().  Triassic. 
1  b.  Huronian. 
1  a.  L.  Laurcntiiiii. 


Danville,  Mocksville  ft  Southwestern  R.  R, 


Danville,  Va. 
Leaksville,  N.  C. 


16.  Triassic. 

1  a.  U.  Laurentian. 


E.  Tennessee  ft  W.  North  Carolina  R.  R. 


0 
26 
33 
34 


Johnson  City,  T. 
Roan  Mt.,  N.  C. 
Cranberry. 
Mine. 


1  b.  Huronian. 

"  Iron  Mines, 


PeterHliurg;  Railroad. 


0  Petersburg,  Va. 
10" 
5:5 
64 


Reams. 
Pleasant  Hill. 
Weldon. 


20.  Quaternary. 


Seaboard  ft  Roanoke  Railroad. 


0' Portsmouth,  Va. 
70|Seaboard. 
TSlGarys. 
80  Weldon. 


i20.  Quaternary.       '' 


0 
11 


University. 
Chapel  Hill. 


Vniverslty  Railroad. 

1  b.  Huronian. 


Uil 


.1 

■1 


;  ii 


SOUTH  CAKULINA. 


860 


South  Carolina.^ 


an  Railroad. 


Railroad. 


.  Laurent iftii. 


Railroad. 

itmrentian.      '"'' 
Triassic. 
.  Huronian. 
.  Fi.  Laurent  inn. 


I  Railroad. 


uronian. 


Ms. 


Aahley  River  Railroad. 


Alt'lMH. 


Augasta  A  KnoxviUe  Rallri»ad. 


AlU 


0 


Charleston.' 
Northeastern  R.R 


IPost  Plioc.  at  depth 
of  90  ft.  Eocene  90(» 
ft.  Cretaceous.  (H.) 


AshevlUe  A  Spartanburg  Railroad. 


0 

2 
10 
12 

18 

23 

27 


Spartanburg. 

Air  Line  June. 

Campton. 

Inman. 

Campobello. 

Landrums. 

Tryon,  N,  C. 


1 


a.   U.  Laurentian 
(K.)  Gneiss.     ■'»' 


Mica  Slate.  (L.) 

Laurentian 
Gneiss. 


(  1   a.  U. 
I      (K.)( 


976 


AilMnta  A  Charlotte  Air  Line  Rallroti<l. 

~(l  Atlanta,  Ga"!     ~ 
in'>  Fort  Madison. 

107  Harbins. 
Ill  Westminster. 
Ill)  Richland. 
121  Seneca. 
127  Keowee. 
m  Central. 
142  Liberty. 
148  Eastley's. 
154  Saluda. 
160  Greenville. 

108  Tayler'8. 

173  Greer's. 
178  Duncan's. 
181  Wellford. 
187  Fair  Forest. 
190  A.  L.  Junction. 
192  Spartanburg. 
196  Mount  Zion. 
•200  Cowpens.» 
206  Thicketty. 
212  Gafifney's. 
221  Black's. 
226  Whitaker's. 
234  Kings  Mt.,N.C.2 


Hornblende  slate.  (L, 
Gneiss.  (L.) 
Mica  alate.  (L.)       »> 
Hornblende  slate.  (L. 
Gneiss.  (L.)  '■'^ 

Mica  slate.  (L.) 
Steatite.  (L.) 
Gneiss.  (L.) 
Mica  slate.  (L.) 
Gneiss.  (L.) 
f  Dike  aphanitic  por 

Mica  slate.  (L.) 
Gneiss.  (L.) 


11  78  7 

Mica  slate.  (L.) 
Gneiss.  (L) 
Mica.  (L.) 
Itacolumite.  (L.) 
Blue  Lime  s.(L.)     "< 
MelaphyreDike(L)9<" 

94  2 


0 

Augusta,  Ga. 

10 

Woodlawn. 

Gneiss.  (L.) 

20 

Mcrriwetlior. 

11 

24 

Clark's  Hill. 

« 

29 

Modoc. 

Cloy  Slate.  (L.) 

;J2 

Parksville. 

ii 

38 

Plum  Branch. 

Talc  Slate.  (L.), 

43 

McCormick.^ 

11 

49 

Troy. 

11 

t)4 

Bradley. 

Dike  of  Dioritic  por'y. 

59 

Verdery. 

Talc  slate. 

(17 

Greenwood. 

Mica,  Slate  tmd  Dior. 

Central  Railroad  of  South  Carolina. 


OILanc^. 


4| 
8 
10 
13 
19 
22 
26 
28 
80 
33 
40 


Heinneman's. 

(iroeley's. 

Mt.  Hope. 

Forreston. 

Wilson. 

Manping. 

Dudley. 

Harbin's. 

Dunuit. 

Lawrence. 

Sumter. 


19  c.  I'lio.  Marls. (T.J 


19  a.  Eocene  Marls.fT.) 

11  r 

II 

« 


Charleston  &  Savannah  Kailroad. 


OiChark'ston. 

7  Charleston  June. 
10  Dorchester. 
12  Drayton. 
Itl  John's  Island. 
l!t  Ilantowles. 
2i>  Ravenal.* 
3")  Adams  Run. 
37  Jacksonboro. 
42  Ashepoo. 
4(1  Greenpond. 
51  White  Hall. 
58  Saltkehatchie. 
CO  Yemassce. 
08  Coosawhatchie. 


Post  Pliocene.  (S.) 

%^ 

It     OD 
11  r*- 

»    O 

ft  ? 

19  a.  Eocene  M;vrls(T.) 
Post  Pli.  Phosphate.  1^ 
19a.EoceneMarl,s(i;.) 


Post  Pliocene.  2» 

19  a.  Eocene  Marl;*.(T.) 


1.  Prepared  for  this  work  by  Mr.  Harrv  Hammond,  of  Beech  Island,  South  Carolina.  The 
tuthorities  for  the  geology  are  doaignated  as  follows:  IL  stands  for  Prof.  Francis  Holmes:  K.  for  Sv. 
C.  Kerr,  of  North  Carolina;    L.  for  Oscar  M.  Lieber;  T.  for  M.  Ttiomey;  H.  for  Charles  N.  Shepard. 

The  irreat  group  of  crystalline  rocks  which  extends  from  !^ew  England  to  Alabama  is  Motaniorphic 
without  fossils,  ana  hence  of  doubtful  age.  In  the  opinion  of  some  geologists,  instead  of  attempting 
to  classify  them,  it  is  better  to  insert  in  this  guide,  as  Mr.  Hammondlias  done  fur  Houth  Carolina,  the 
kind  of  rook  along  the  line  of  the  railroad,  e.  g. :  Gneiss,  mica  schistf,  granite,  etc.,  which  gives  us 
noma  positive  knowledge.  J.  M. 

2.  Cowp0ni!  to  King  Mountain.  Itacolumite,  or  Diamond  rock,  the  prevailing  rock,  with  seams  of 
marble,  limestone,  barytes,  hematite,  specular  and  argillaceouu  schist,  with  numerous  gold  and 
iron  mines,  and  quarries  of  various  rocks. 

.'I.    MeCbrmiek,    Ores  of  gold  manganese  and  copper  abound. 


870 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (S.  C.) 


11 


r; 


Gluirlsston  ft  Savsnuah  R«llro»d— 

Ms.  Qmtinued,  Alt. 


77 
84 
91 
96 


Ridgeland. 
Terrlbee  Switoh. 
Hardeeville. 
Savannah  River. 


19  a.  Eocene  Marl8.(T.) 


Charlotte,  Columbia  ft  Auyuata  It.  It. 


0 
17 
20 
25 

81 

84 

87 

44 

65 

58 

68 

66 

71 

74 

77 

82 

90 

98 

96 

100 

106 

108 

120 

125 

130 

131 

138 

188 

140 

149 

153 

158 

165 

170 

174 

178 

179 

182 

184 

189 

191 


Charlotte,  N.  0. 
Fort  Mills. 
Catawba  River. 
Rook  Hill. 

Warren's. 

Smith's. 

Lewis. 

Chester. 

Blaclcstock's. 

Woodward's. 

White  Oak. 

Adger's. 

Winnsboro. 

Robertson's. 

Simpson's. 

Ridgeway. 

Blythewood. 

Sharps. 

Killian's. 

100-Mile  Siding. 

Columbia. 

W.C.&A.Juno. 

Lexington. 

Barr's. 

Keisler's. 

Gilbert  Hollow, 

Summit. 

Leesville. 

Batesburg. 

Ridge  Spring. 

Ward's  T.  0. 

Johnson's  T.  0. 

Trenton. 

Miles  Mills. 

Vaucluse. 

Graniteville. 

Aiken  Junction. 

Langley. 

Bath. 

Dead  Fall. 

Augusta,  Ga. 


Steatite.  (L.) 
Granite.  (L.) 
Gneiss.  (L.) 

M      j  Dike  of  Aph. 
a  S    .  \  por'y  (L.) 

Mica  Slate. 

(I 

Gneiss. 


S43 
621 

648 

54a 


Mica  Slate.  «»« 

Clay  Slate.  (T.) 

Eocene  Buhrstone.  (T.) 

Granite.  (T.)  2»6 

«( 

«  3  70 

Eocene  Buhrstone.  (T.) 

« 
i< 

Granite.  (T.) 

i( 

K 
l( 
l( 


19a.£o.Buhr8tone(T.) 


18S 


Oheraw  ft  Cheater  Railroad. 


Mh. 


Alt, 


0 

6 
8 
10 
12 
16 
18 

20 

22 
26 
27 
29 


Chester. 

Orr'B. 

Knox. 

MoDaniels. 

Riohburg. 

Basoomville. 

Cedar  Springs. 

Fort  Lawn. 

River. 
Waxhaw. 
Miller's  Crossing, 
Lancaster. 


Dike   of    Aphanitio 
Porphyry.  (L.) 
Gneiss.  (L.) 

Mica  Slate.  (L.) 
Talc         " 


f  Dike   of    Aphanitio 
\      Porphyry.  (L.) 
Talc  Slate.  (L.) 


Melaphyre  Dike. 


Oheraw  ft  Darlington  Railroad. 


0 

6 
10 
18 
27 
34 
40 


Florence. 

Palmetto. 

Darlington. 

Doves. 

Society  Hill. 

Cash's. 

Cheraw. 


18.  Cretaceous  of  the 
secondary.  (T.) 


19  c.  Plio.  Marls.  (T.) 
19  a.  Eocene.  (T.) 


Cheraw  ft  Salisbury  Railroad. 

OCheraw.  f  lOT.  Eocene  crosses 

I  \     clay  slate. 

llMcFarlan'8,N.C 


Chester  ft  Lenoir  Railroad. 


0 

8 
14 
16 
23 
33 
37 
39 


Chester. 

Lowrysville. 

McConnoUsville. 

Guthriesville. 

Yorkville. 

Clover. 

Bowling  Green. 

Crowder's  C'k. 


f  Dike   of    Aphiinitic 

\      Por'y.  (L.)      '<' 

II 

Melaphyre  Dike.  (L) 
Mica  Slate.  (L.) 
Granite.  (L.) 


Columbia  ft  Greenville  Railroad. 


0  Columbia. 
6  Frost's  Mill. 
9  Swygert's  Mill. 


11 
13 


Montgomery's  M. 
Bookman's. 


20  Wallaceville. 


Granite 
Clay  Slate 


(T.) 
«.  (T.'> 


31> 


4.  Charleston  Junction  to  Revanel.  Bedu  uf  phosphate  rock.  The  phosphate  rock  of  South  Caro- 
lina, from  which  large  quantities  of  valuable  fertilizers  are  manufactured,  contains  55  to 61  percent, 
of  phosphate  of  lime,  and  5  to  10  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  lime,  with  small  quantities  of  magDesia, 
sulphuric  acid,  etc.  It  is  in  the  form  of  nodules,  ver^  rough,  rounded  and  indented,  and  frequently 
perforated  with  irregular  cavities  of  an  olive,  blueish,  black,  yellowish,  brown,  or  grayish-white 
color,  and  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  in  diameter.  The  River  Rock  occurs  as  nodules,  and 
sometimes  as  a  continuouR  sheet  8  to  18  inches  thick.  It  is  profitably  dredged  for  to  depths  of  20  feel, 
and  a  royalty  of  one  dollar  per  ton  is  paid  to  the  State  for  all  taken  from  navigable  waters.  The  land 
rock  is  found  about  the  level  of  meantide  in  layers  6  to  .30  inches  thick  of  loose  nodules,  and  is  profitably 
mined  under  7  feet  of  earth.  It  is  found  in  various  places  from  Florida  to  North  Oarolinau  has  been 
raised  in  artesian  wells  from  a  depth  of  300  fe«t,  and  brought  up  from  sea  bottoms  several  hundred 
otiiles  from  shore.— fTorry  Hammond,  in  Hand-Book  of  South  Carolina. 


C.) 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


871 


Railroad. 


Alt. 


e  of   Aphanitio 
•orphyry.  (L.) 
9.  (L.) 

Slate.  (L.) 


ce  of    Aphanitio 
l*orphyry.  (L.) 
Slate.  (L.) 


phyre  Dike. 


n  Railroad. 

.  CretaceouHofthe 
secondary.  (T.) 

t< 

Plio.  Marls.  (T.) 
.  Eocene.  (T.) 


y  Railroad. 

I  a.  Eocene  crosses 
clay  slate. 

Railroad. 

ce   of    Aphanitic 

Por'y.  (L.)      »*» 

It 

phyre  Dike,  (L.) 
Slate.  (L.) 
lite.  (L.) 


lie  Railroad. 

ttUe.  (T.) 
Slate.  (T.l 


in 


,  rock  of  South  C»ro- 
kins  66  to  61  per  cent. 
entities  of  magneBit, 
ttted,  and  frequently 
irn,  or  grayiah-white 
jurs  as  nodules,  and 
r  to  depths  of  20  fwt, 
le  waters.  Tho  land 
iiles,  and  is  profitably 
^,h  Carolina,  has  been 
>ms  several  hundred 


Oolnmbla  A  OreanTlUe  Railroad. 

Ms.  ContinutA.  Alt. 


26  Alston. 
25  Peake's. 

81  Pomaria. 

40  Prosperity. 

47  Newbery. 

48  Helena. 
64  Silver  Street. 
69  Saluda  Old  Town 
6D  Chappell's. 

69  Dyson's. 

75  Ninety-Six. 

82  New  Market. 
84  Greenwood. 
94  Hodge's. 

103  Donnald's. 

109  Honea  Path. 
117  Belton. 
124  Williamston. 
12(5  Pelger. 
132  Piedmont. 
142  Greenville. 


"lay  Slate.  (T.) 


S69 


J  Mica  and  Talc  Slate. 
\     (T.)  a"" 

(Dike  of  Feldspathic 
and  Horneblendo 
Rocks. 

Granite.  (T.)  "3* 

Gneiss.  (T.) 


(Dioritic  aphanitic 
felspathio  porphyry 
with  epidtoBite.(L.) 

It  S70 

GnoisH.  (L.) 
Mica  Slate.  (L.)      «»> 
Gneiss.  (L.)  ^i* 

Crosses  Sandstone, 
Hornestone  and 
Quartzic  SchistH. 
Gneiss  (L.)      "» 

ti  810 

tt  gee 

<t  8  40 


Oeorgetown  A  Lane's  Railroad. 

Mh.  Alt. 


(« 

14 
l< 


B89 


Abbeville  Branch. 


O;  Hodges. 
7|Darraugh's. 
lllAbbeville. 


Gneiss  (L.)  tm 

It 

Dioritic  Por'y  (L.)  *3* 


Blue  Ridge  Railroad. 


0  Belton. 

9  Anderson. 
17  Birds  Crossing. 
20  Pendleton  Fact'ry 
22  Pendleton. 
28  Adams  Crossing. 
34  Seneca. 
40Shuford'8Mill. 

42  Walhalla. 


Gneiss.  (L.) 


896 
764 


Mica  Slat«.  (L.) 

Gneiss.  (L.) 

it 

f  Gneiss    and    Horn- 
\  blende  81ate,(L.)9 8 « 


Liaorens  Railroad. 


0 

Helena. 

Granite.  (T.) 

5 

Jalapa. 

Gneiss.  (T.) 

14 

Qoldville. 

(i 

20 

Clinton.    . 

M 

26 

Park's. 

M 

29 

Oaurena. 

'     « 

0 

18 

26 
36 


Georgetown. 

Harper's. 

Trio. 
Lane's. 


Post  Pliocene.  (T.) 

{18.   Cretaceous    of 
secondary.  (T.) 
It 

I  Pliocene  Marls.  (T.) 


Northeastern  Railroad. 


0 
2 

6 

8 

14 
18 
23 
25 
30 

36 

38 

45 

49 
51 
54 
59 

04 

75 

79 


Charleston. 

Magnolia. 

C.  &  S.  .Junction. 

8-Mile  Tumi  it. 

Otranto. 
Mount  Holly 
Strawberry. 
Oakley. 
Monck's  Corners, 

Macbeths. 

Bonneaus. 

St.  Stephens. 

Santee. 
Oourdin. 
Cane  s. 
Salter's. 

Kingstree. 

Cade's. 
Graham. 


Post  Pliocene. 


18 


f  Post  Pliocene,  Phos- 
\     phate  Rock.  (S.) 


f  19  a.  Eocene,  Ashley 
\  &  Cooper  Marls.(T.) 


{ 


19  a.  Eocene  Santee 
Marls.  (T.) 


82 1  Scran  ton. 


86 

92 

96 

102 


Coward's. 
Ethngham. 
Willoughby. 
Florence. 


19  c.  Pliocene  Mar.(T.) 

f  18.    Cretaceous  of 

secondary.  (T.) 

It 

it' 
II 
it 
II 


Port  Royal  &  Augusta  Railroad. 


0 

6 

10 
15 

22 

28 
32 
37 
44 
49 
53 
68 
62 
68 
70 
72 


Augusta,  Ga. 

Beech  Island. 

Brown's  Hill. 
Jackson. 

Ellenton. 


Bobbins. 

It 

Hattieville. 

4( 

Millett. 

« 

Beldoc. 

(( 

Appleton. 
A  lendale. 

(( 

CampbelUon. 
Brunson. 

«( 

Hampton. 
Vamville. 

<« 
«< 

Almeda. 

(( 

ISS 

f  19  a.  Eocene  Buhr- 
\     stone.  (T.) 

U 
(( 

I  19  a.  Eocene         i*» 
\  Santee  Marl8(T.) 


i»a 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


:.o 


I.I 


1^128     |2.5 
2.0 


ly 


■  40 


\\2S  III  1.4 


1.6 


o% 


/»     .^ 


/a 


^:> 


.% 


^^VV 


> 


'^' 


'W 


r 


'/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^^' 


23  WiST  MAIN  STRUT 

WnSTSR.N.Y.  USM 

(71o;  •72-4503 


^ 


?0 


v\ 


872 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE,     (ft  C  ) 


!- 


■M 


m 


W' 


.>i-t  lr 


Port  Royal  ft  Augusta  BallToad. 

Ms.  Continued.  Alt. 


75 


81 

87 
92 
99 

103 

108 
112 


McNeils. 

Early  Branch. 

Temasstfe. 

Tomotly. 

Seabrook. 

Island  Tank. 

Beaufort. 
Port  Royal. 


r  19  a.  Eocene. 

\  Santee  Marls.  (T.) 

fl9  a.  Eocene. 
Cooper    &   Ashly 
Marls.  (T.) 
19  c.  Post  Pliocene, 


25 


{ 


19  c.  Post  Pliocene 
Marls,  Phos.  Rock 


20 
27 


South  Carolina  Railroad. 


10 
12 

16 

17 
22 

26 

81 

87 

38 

41 

44 

47 

52 

58 

62 

67 

72 

75 

81 

86 

89 

98 

96 

99 

102 

107 

115 

120 

126 

128 

181 

182 

186 

188 


Charleston. 

Magnolia. 

West's. 

Seven  Mile. 

Ten  Miles. 
Sineath's. 

Woodstock. 

Ladson's. 

Summerville. 

Jadburg. 

Ridgeville. 

Rosses. 

Whartons's. 

Forty-One. 

Birds. 

George's. 

Reeve's. 

Fifty-Eight. 

Branchville. 

Edisto. 

Midway. 

Bamberg. 

Grahams. 

Lee's. 

Blackville. 

Reynold's. 

Elko. 

Williston. 

White  Pond. 

Windsor. 

Montmorence. 

Aiken. 

Graniteville. 

Langley. 

Bath. 

Horse  Creek. 

Hamburg. 

Augusta,  Ga. 


Post  Pliocene.  (T.)  is 


/  Post  Pliocene,  Phos- 
\     phate  Rock.  (S.) 


f  19  a.  Eocene,  Ashley 
\  and  Cooper  Marl(T.) 


{ 


19  a.  Eocene,  Santee 
Marls.  (T.) 


140 


"  Buhrstone.  (T.) 


Branchville  to  Columbia. 


Ms. 


Alt. 


62 

66 
70 
75 
79 
81 
85 

88 

92 
95 
99 
102 
106 
110 
118 
124 
127 
129 
130 


Branchville. 

Sixty-Six. 

Rowesville. 

Felder. 

Orangeburg. 

Stilton's. 

Jameson's. 

Riley's. 

St.  Mathew's. 

Singleton's. 

Fort  Motte. 

Congaree. 

Kingville. 

Gadsden. 

Hopkins. 

Hampton. 

Taylor's. 

Columbia  June. 

Columbia. 


{ 


19  a.  Eocene,  Santee 
Marls.  (T.) 


2(1 


{ 


19  a.  Eocene  BuhN 
stone.  (T.) 


« 

H 
U 
(I 
« 


Granite. 


281 


Kingsviile  to  Camden. 


"  Kaolin  Clay(T.) 


« 
« 


106 
110 
115 
118 
121 
125 
131 
135 
138 
144 


Kingsville. 

Wateree. 

Middleton. 

Camden  Juno 

Dixie. 

Claremont. 

Sanders. 

Boykin's. 

Stockton. 

Camden. 


19a.Eo.Buhr8tone(T.) 


(I 

« 
« 

« 


Spartanburg,  Union  A  Columbia  Railroad. 


1 
2 
8 
13 
19 
26 
31 
39 
49 
56 
59 
63 
68 


Alston. 

Parr's. 

Dawkin's. 

Blairs. 

Shelton. 

Fish  Dam. 

Santuc. 

Union. 

Jonesville, 

Pacolet. 

Rich  Hill. 

Glendale. 

Spartanburg. 


Clay  Slate.  (T.)      "• 
Mica        " 

Gneiss. 
Granite.  (T.) 
Gneiss.  (L.) 
Granite.  (L.) 


Mica  Slate.  (L.) 
Gneiss.  (L.) 


171 


HI 


'Wllnalngfon,  Columbia  ft  Augusta 
Railroad. 


0 
6 
16 
22 
25 
31 


Columbia. 

Simms. 

Congaree. 

Eastover. 

Acton. 

Camden  Crossing 


Granite.  "» 

19a.Eo.BuhrBtoDe(T.) 


4< 


C) 


umbU. 


Alt. 


A.  Eocene,  Santee 
larl8.(T.) 

«               ati 

a.  Eocene  BuhN 
itone.  (T.) 

lite. 


iti 


kmden. 


Eo.  Buhr8tone(T.) 
(I 

t< 

«< 

41 

44 
44 
44 
44 
(4 

tliimbl»  Ratlroad. 

y  Slate.  (T.)      ^* 
;a        " 

iiss. 

,nite.  (T.) 
iiss.  (L.) 

mite.  (L.) 

« 

;a  Slate.  (L.) 
eiss.  (L.) 

44  If! 

bia  *  AagMta 
^d.  _ 

a.Eo.Buhr8tone(T.) 

41 
U 
« 
44 


171 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


878 


Ms. 


WllmlnKton,  Colombia  *i  AngnaUt 

iBMixomA— Continued.  Alt. 


87 
43 
62 
57 
61 
65 

71 

77 

82 

88 

96 

99 

103 

112 

118 

127 


Wedgefield. 

Cane  Savannah. 

Sumter. 

Maysville. 

Atkins. 

Lynchburg. 

Cartersville. 

TimmersTille. 

Ebenezer. 

Florence. 

Mars  Bluff. 

Pee  Dee. 

Laughlins. 

Marion. 

MuUins. 

Nichols. 

Fair  Bluff,  N.  C. 


19a.£oBuhr8tone.(T.) 

*< 
19  0.  Plioc.  Marl.  (T.) 


18.  Cret.  Marls  of 
secondary.  (T.) 


19  c,  Plioc.  Marls.  (T.) 
19a.Eo.Buhrstone.(T.) 


Ms. 


Barnwell  Bailway. 


Alt. 


Blackville. 
Ashleigh. 
Woodward's  Jun. 

Barnwell  C.  H. 


19  a.  Buhrstone  of  Eo. 


19  a.  Santee,  or  Cor- 
alline Marls  of  Eo. 


Cape  Fear  tt  Tadkln  Talley  Railroad. 


0 

6 

9 

18 

16 


Bennetsville. 
latum. 
McCall. 
Hasty. 
Johns,  N.  C. 


19  a.  Eocene. 

44 
44 
44 


Greenwood,  Iiaurens  &  Spartanburg  B.  B. 


0 

Greenwood. 

7 

Coronaco. 

Gneiss. 

15 

Waterloo. 

Granite. 

20 

High  Point. 

Gneiss. 

24 

Maddens. 

Trap  Rock 

28 

Lauren's. 

Gneiss. 

874 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (GA.) 


Georgia.^ 


W 


i.v.n 


?i 


I'l-  '■  i 


Wdi;' 


QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  OF  QEORQIA. 

« 

The  Metamorphic  area  of  the  State  extends  from  a  line  crossing  the  State  from  Augusta  to 
Columbus,  extendmg  by  Milledgeville  and  Macon,  and  extending  beyond  the  line  of  the  State  on  the 
northeast.    The  lithological  characteristics  of  the  Metamorphic  Is  that  of  the  Archeean  in  general. 

UteptUeozoie  includes  the  counties  of  Oade,  Walker,  Chattooga,  Catoosa,  Whitfield,  Floyd,  Murray, 
Gordon,  Barton  and  Polk,  all  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  State. 

The  Silurian  groups  represented,  beginning  with  the  lowest,  are  the  Potsdam  sandstone,  Knox 
Shale  and  Dolomite,  Chazy,  Trenton,  Cincinnati,  Medina,  Clinton  and  Oriskany.  The  Devonian  i8 
represented  by  a  black  shale  of  from  10  to  60  feet  m  thickness.  The  Sub-Carboniferous  by  limestones 
and  shales  of  800  feot.  The  Coal  Measures,  confined  mostly  to  the  counties  of  Dade,  Walker  and 
Chattooga,  coTcr  an  area  of  nearly  200  square  miles,  and  contain  several  beds  of  coal. 


Charleston  &  SsTannah  Railroad. 

Mb.                                                                         Alt. 

Bast  Tennessee,  Virirlnia  St  Qeovglm  R.  R, 

Ms.           Macon  &  Brunswick  Division.          Alt, 

39 

63 

57 

86 

122 

180 

139 

157 

Savannah. 

Fleming. 

Walthourville 

Doctortown. 

Jesup. 

Blackshoar. 

Homersville. 

Dupont. 

Stockton. 

Valdosta. 

Quitman. 

Boston. 

Thomasville. 

Cairo. 

Climax. 

Bainbridge. 

19  0.  Tertiary.          s* 

i< 

•«< 
« 

«                      100 

« 
<( 
<i 

>< 
t< 

19  a  Tertiary. 

« 

« 
It 

0 

40 

70 

93 

100 

140 

148 

161 

171 

186 

148 
169 

Brunswick. 

Jesup. 

Baxley. 

Lumber  City. 

Town's. 

Dubois. 

Cochran. 

Buzzard  Roost, 

BuUard's. 

Macon 

19  c.  Tertiary.         i* 

«                       100 
«                      210 

19  a.  Tertiary.       iso 

«<                       135 
«                       391 
"                       341 
<<                       240 
tt                      26S 

Met.  and  Tertiary,  ^n 

174 

188 

9m 

Cochran. 
Hawkinsville.' 

19  a.  Tertiary.        34i 

ti                       2IJ 

914 

226 
236 

0 
60 
62 
79 

134 
154 
170 
192 

79 
100 
132 

179 
187 
208 

0 
25 
41 
59 
67 
76 
80 
96 
103 

Savannah. 
Halcyondale.2 
Ogeechee. 
Millen.3 

19  c.  Tertiary.         3  2 
19  a.        "               ii« 

il                              1  AA 

200 
9A9. 

Thomasville. 
Camilla. 
Albany.  2 

19  a.  Tertiary. 

« 

K                       232 

«                      ISt 

258 

Tennille. 
Toomsboro. 
Gordon. 
Macon.* 

19  a.  Tertiary. 

130 
161 

168 

Dupont. 
Statensville. 
Jasper,  Fla. 
Live  Oak,  Fla. 

19  c.  Tertiary. 

:t 

it                       343 

Met.  and  Tertiary.  33* 

179 

Millen. 

Waynesboro. 

Augusta.* 

19  a.  Tertiary.        i5« 

It                       117 

Brunswick  &  Albany  Railroad. 

Met.  and  Tertiary. n* 

Gordon. 

Milledgeville. 

Eatonton. 

19  a.  Tertiary.        ^*'' 

0 

18 

24 

60 

67 

78 

93 

101 

151 

171 

Brunswick. 

Hazlehurst. 

Waynesville. 

Waycross. 

Waresboro. 

Milwood. 

Kirkland. 

Willicoochee. 

Isabella. 

Albany.' 

19  c.  Tertiary.           i* 

If                       26  1 

a 

It                       100 

it                       117 

a                       130 

It 

It                       2  20 

19  a.  Tertiary.        '^o 

168 

20.  Ter.  and  Met.  3io 
Metamorphic. 

Macon.* 

Forsyth. 

Barnesville. 

Griffin. 

Fayette. 

Lovejoy's. 

Jonesboro. 

East  Point. 

Atlanta.  5 

Met.  and  Tertiary.33* 

It             735 

It                      875 

«                      9  75 

« 

i< 

tt                      905 

It                    1043 

tt                     1050 

1.  Revised  and  the  notes  added  for  the  first  edition  by  Dr.  George  Little,  State  Geologist  of 
Georgia;  and  for  the  beconc*  edition  by  A.  B.  McCutohen,  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  of 
Georgia. 

2.  Buhrstone  groups. 

S.    Northern  limit  of  the  open  pine  and  wire  jmss  seotloti. 

4.    Located  on  the  line  of  Metamorphic  and  Tertiary. 

&    Strangers  should  visit  the  Geological  Collection  Room  in  Capitol  Building. 


GEORGIA. 


te  from  Augusta  to 
I  of  the  State  on  the 
hsean  in  general, 
eld,  Floya,  Murray, 

m  sandstone,  Knox 
,  The  Devonian  ig 
erous  by  limestones 
'  Dade,  Walker  and 
}al. 


X  2ti 

and  Tertiary.  334 


and  Tertiary.33* 

«              735 

II                      875 

i<                      975 

i<                      90S 

a                   1043 

11                   1050 

State  Geologist  of 
;  of  Agriculture  of 

876 


Ms. 


Central  Ballrof  d  of  Oeorsl:: 

Southwestern  Railroad. 


-Con. 


Alt. 


0 
8 
29 
49 
60 
71 
83 
96 
107 


29 
50 
70 
75 
78 
100 

29 
J2 
83 
98 
118 
183 
142 
144 
157 
165 

120 
128 
132 


Macon.^ 

Seago. 

Fort  Valley. 

Montezuma. 

Anderson  ville. 

Americus. 

Smithville. 

Leesburg. 

Albany.' 

Walker's. 

Ducker. 

Arlington. 


Fort  Valley, 

Butler. 

Geneva.* 

Box  Spring. 

Upatoi.* 

Columbus.^ 


Fort  Valley. 
Perry. 


SmithTille. 
Dawson. 
Cuthbert. 
Hatch  ie  Station. 
Georgetown. 
Eufaula,  Ala. 
White  Oak,  Ala. 
Clayton,  Ala. 


Met,  and  Tertiary."* 
Tertiary.  »«2 

19  a.  Tertiary.        "o 


« 
<« 

«< 


393 

362 
334 


19  a.Ter.  Buhrstone'  a  2 
« 


19  a.  Tertiary.        »»<> 

20. 

i< 

II 

Metamorphic, 
Met.andCreta.       262 


19  a.  Tertiary, 


530 


19  a.  Tertiary.  ^34 

i<  354 

<i  448 

18  c.  Cretaceous. 


Junction. 
Coleman. 
Fort  Gaines, 


(I 
11 

II 


200 


19  a.  Tertiary. 


393 
166 


Ms, 


Georgia  Railroad. 

Vontinued. 


Alt. 


104 
130 
141 
147 
166 
105 
171 


Madison. 

Covington. 

Conyers. 

Lithonia. 

Stone  Mountain.* 

Decatur. 

Atlanta. 


0 


78 


67 

75 


76 


116 


1033 

Asbestus,  3  miles.^"*" 


Camak. 
Warrenton. 
Sparta. 
Milledgeville, 

Macon. 


Bamett. 
Washington. 
Union  Point, 
Lexington, 

Athens, 


Metamorphic. 


II 
II 
II 

II 


611 

748 
S94 

»8T 


Metamorphic. 


I 


593 
506 

i<  66  7 

11  310 

3  miles  Artopo's 
quarry,  Lyell's 
Eocene  fossils,' ' * 


Metamorphic, 


647 


Metamorphic,         *  * » 

II  7  70 

{Metamorphic.  «»* 
State  University  and 
Agricult'l  College, 


Atlanta  &  West  Point  Railroad. 


North  and  South  Railroad. 


100;  Columbus,* 
lOSCleghom. 
I20I  Kingsboro. 


Met,  and  Creta, 
Metamorphic. 


612 


Upson  County  Railroad. 


0 
43 
61 
63 


Macon.* 
Barnesviile. 
The  Rock, 
Thomaston, 


.  'st.  and  Tertiary.3  3  4 
Metamorphic.  *^* 


Georgia  Railroad. 


0 
38 
47 
67 
65 
76 
84 


Augusta. 

Thomson, 

Camak. 

Bamett. 

Crawfordville. 

Union  Point. 

Greensboro. 


Metamorphic. 


134 
S  1  7 
59  7 
64  V 
603 
658 
612 


0 

6 

18 

25 

40 
62 

68 


Atlanta. 
East  Point, 
Fairburn, 
Palmetto, 

Newman, 

Grantville. 

Hogansville. 

La  Grange, 
West  Point, 


Metamorphic,       ^^^o 

'I  104* 

>i  1034 

>i  10  25 

II 

R,R.  to  Carrollton.9  5» 
f  Gold  mine,  3  miles. 
\  Metamorphic,     '^^ 

II  731 

(Metamorph.  Asbes- 
tus and  Chromic 
Iron,  7  miles.  ''*» 
f  Metamorph.  Asbes- 
-tus &  Corundum"* 


Piedmont  Air  Une  Railroad. 


312 

337 
357 
387 
454 


481 

492 
494 


N.  C,  State  Line. 
GaflFney's,  S.  C. 
Spartanburg, 
Greenville, 
Tuccoa  City,  Ga,» 
Mt.  Airy.  10 
Bellton. 

Lula  City, 

New  Holl.  Spr'gs. 
Gainesville.!^ 


Metamorphic. 


787 

976 


1587 


/  Met.  N.  E.  R.  R.  to 
t  Athens, 39  ms,  is'i 
Lime&tone  &  Tremolite 
f  3  b,  Metamorphic, 
1      flexible  s.s.  »2" 


6.  View  of  old  Prison  stookade  and  U.  8.  Cemetery  east  of  railroad. 

7.  Pine  falls.  Lover's  Leiip  and  rapids,  on  Chattahoochee  River. 

8.  Stone  Mountain — a  mass  of  granite — height,  1,686  feet. 

9.  Toccoa  Falls,  2  miles,  185  feet.    Tallulah  Falls,  15  miles  distant,  nearly  400  feet  high. 

10.  From  this  point  a  fine  view  of  Yonah  Mountain  and  the  Blue  Ridge  chain.    Clarkesville,  8 

miles;  Nacoochee  Valley,  16  miles;  Nacoochee  gold  mines,  20  milss. 

U.  Point  of  departure  for  Dahlonega  f^old  mines  and  Porter's  Springs*. 


ki 


I 


876 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (GA.) 


BU'" 


■rl, 
111! 


I .  f  I  l.l.i    I 


1^^ 


Ma.                            Continued.                            Alt. 

Western  A  Atlantlo  Railroad- 
Ma.                             Continutd.                           Ali. 



••••• 

•  •••• 

627 
640 
647 

Flowery  Branch. 

Buford. 

Suwanee. 

Duluth. 

NorcroBS. 
7-Mile  Track. 
Atlanta.' 

3  b.  Metamorphic. 

t<                    120  7 
i(                    102  7 

f  Metamorphic.   Pine 
tree  visible  4  ms.  in 
(  center R.R.tk.i  10' 
Metamorphic.       * "  ^  * 
Met.  Granite  quarry. 

«                    1050 

116 

120 

125 
180 

187 

Ringgold.  1* 

Graysville. 

Chickamauga. 
Boyce,  Tenn. 

Chattanoog.,Tenn 

Trenton.                  fis 

f  K.  Shale  and  Lime 

\     quarry.            »o« 

'<              «(t 

"                     6»4 

'  6  b.  Clin,  iron  ores  & 

■  3  b.  Calhoun,  K.  Sh. 

&  K.  Dol.,  Que.  *»i 

Rome  BallroMl. 

Northeastern  Railroad  of  Georgia. 

0  Rome. 
20  Kingston. 

Knox  Shale.            «»' 

a                     710 

0 
12 
18 
26 
39 

Athens. 
Nicholson. 
Harmony  Grove. 
Maysville. 
Lula  City. 

MetAmorphic.         •>« 

ti                              SUA 

Cherokee  Railroad. 

<<              loot 

48 

Cartersville.!  > 
Rockmart. 

Knox  Shales.          ''co 
Cal.  and  Potsdam. 

"                   U3t 

Savannah,  Oriffln  &  North  Alabama  R.  R, 

B«lmB,  Rome  &  Dalton  Railroad. 

0 
60 
70 

78 
86 

96 

123 

0 
4 

Macon. 

Griffin. 

Brooksville. 

Senoia. 

Sharpsburg. 

Newnan. 

Whitesburg. 
Carroll  ton. 

Metamorphic.         334 

0 

6 

•  •••• 

16 
21 
39 
45 

6fi 

Dalton. 

Stark's. 

Bamett's. 

Sugar  Valley. 

Skelley's. 

Rome. 

Six  Miles. 

Cave  Springs. 

Pryor's. 

Anderson's,  Ala. 

Tren.&K.Dolomite»»" 

u                       64  7 

Knox  Shale.           « ^  "> 

«                       684 
(«                       672 

Potsdam.                 » i » 
4  b.Quebec  or  Knox » "  2 

«             975 
« 

i( 

f  Meta.  Snake  Creek. 
\     Factory,  m.     •»» 
Metamorphic. 

63 

76 

Tennille. 
Sandersville. 

19  a.  Tertiary. 

ii 

'VTestem  3t  Atlaatlo  Railroad. 

East  Tennessee,  Tir|^nia  ft  Georgia  R.  R. 

0 
23 
34 
40 

48 

68 

78 
84 
90 
99 
107 

Atlanta. 

Marietta. 

Acworth. 

AUatoona. 

Cartersville. 

Kingston. 

Adairsville. 
Resaca. 
Tilton. 
Dalton. »» 
Tunnel  Hill.  1* 

Metamorphic.        ' "  *  <• 

«                    1133 

"  Gold  mines."  2  8 

a                      8  78 

fKnox    Shale,   Pots- 
\dams.8.,lm.ea9t^8o 

Knox  Shale.            ^lo 

«                       710 

Cal.  &  K.  Shale.     «»* 

Tren.&K.Dolomite«6  5 

"Red  Marble.     "' 

K.  Sh.  and  K  Dol.  »5» 

361 
349 
349 
339 
337 
335 
329 
323 
317 
312 
306 
301 

Rome. 

Atlanta  June. 

Silver  Creek. 

Brice. 

Seney. 

Hamlet. 

Rockmart. 

Braswell. 

McPherson. 

Dallas. 

Hiram. 

Powder  Springs. 

2-4.  Lower  Silurian. 

It 

« 

« 

Primordial  &Canadian 
Primordial. 

1.  Arohnan. 
<« 
« 

12.  Ladd'B  lime  kiln,  S  miles;  Rockmart  slate  quarries,  20  miles:  Ward's  ferro  manganese  fur- 
nace, 11  miles;  Bear  Mountain,  fine  view,  18  miles;  Etowah  rolling  mill  site  at  Falls,  6  miles.  Ocoeu 
Conglomerate  here  and  at  Rowland  Springs,  also  6  miles  from  Cartersville.  Flexible  sandstone  la, 
and  manganese  3  and  10,  and  iron  ore  beds  3,  6, 7  an;;  10  miles. 

13.  Dalton  is  situated  upon  a  synclinal,  the  ridges  on  each  side  being  Knox  Dolomite,  and  the 
intervening  valley  in  which  most  of  the  town  is\  built  is  made  up  of  Chazy  and  Trenton  Strata.  The 
fossils  of  the  last  named  group  may  be  seen  in  the  limestone  exposed  on  Hamilton  Hill,  immediately 
north  of  the  town.    The  Chattoogata  Mountain,  four  miles  west,  is  Upper  Silurian. 

14.  TStnnel  Hill.  The  tunnel  hero  is  cut  through  a  ridge  of  Knox  Dolomite.  The  Calciferoua 
and  Potsdam  is  in  close  proximity  to  the  town  on  the  western  side. 

15.  Ringgold.  The  Upper  Silurian  occurs  in  a  high  sandstone  ridge  immediately  east  of  the 
town.  The  groups  here  well  represented  are  Medina  and  Clinton  with  red  fossilifcrous  iron  ore. 
Oriskany  fossils  are  found  abundantly  in  a  single  bed  of  about  one  foot  in  thickness.  These  beds 
are  followed  on  the  east  by  Devonian  and  Siih-Cgrhnnifwrous  strata. 

NoTK.  The  Knox  Shale  and  Knox  Dolomite  of  Prof.  Salford  extends  from  Tennessee  into  Georgia, 
with  all  the  Tennessee  characteristics  of  the  groups. 


JA.) 


lUilroad- 

Ali, 

kon. 

711 

Exhale  and  Lime 

fuarry. 

« 

70( 
tti 

u 

«9i 

>.  Clin,  iron  ores  & 
).  Calhoun,  K.  Sh. 
K.  Dol.,  Que.  •>« 

i  of  Georgia 

. 

morphic. 

»H 

(i 

l>t 

u 

in 

u 

1001 

It 

tin 

GEORGIA. 


It  Alabama  R.  R. 

imorphio.         ^>* 

II 


eta.  Snake  Creek. 
Factory,  m.  •»» 
imorphio. 

,  Tertiary.  " 


ft  Georgia  R.  R. 

Lower  Silurian. 


lordial&Ganadian 

lordial. 

rclusan. 


« 
<l 


)rro  manganese  fiir- 
aUs,  6  miles.  Ocoeu 
»xible  sandstone  13, 

X  Dolomite,  and  the 

ronton  Strata.    The 

n  Hill,  immediately 

1. 

te.    The  Calciferoua 

ediately  east  of  the 
sailifcrous  iron  ore. 
kness.    These  beds 


STT 


East  TenneBsee.Vlrgliila  *  Georgia  R.  B.*— 

Northeastern  Railroad  of  Georgia. 

||8.                              Continued.                              Alt. 

Ms.                                                                         Alt. 

296 

Austell. 

1.  Archaean. 

0 

Athens. 

1.  ArchiBan. 

293 

Mableton. 

<i 

8 

Center. 

II 

28() 

Chattahoochee. 

<« 

12 

Nicholson. 

i< 

285 

Peyton. 

i« 

19 

Harmony  Grove. 

14 

279 

Atlanta. 

i< 

26 

Maysville. 

l« 

272 

Constitution. 

4( 

32 

GillsviUe. 

II 

268 

Moore's  Mill. 

l« 

89 

Lula. 

«<    Stacolumite. 

265 

EUenwood. 

« 

Bellton. 

ii 

259 

Stookbridge. 

<l 

Longview. 

II 

250 

MoDonough. 

« 

61 

Rabun  Gap. 

II 

243 

Locust  Grove. 

II 

69 

Clarkdville. 

II 

232 

Jackson. 

« 

03 

Anandale. 

14 

227 

Indian  Springs. 

11 

68 

Tumersville. 

44 

218 

Prankville. 

II 

72 

Tallulah  Falls. 

II 

206 

Dames'  Ferry. 

Holton. 

Maoon. 

It 

199 
190 

19.  Tertiary. 

Georgia  Paolflo  Railroad. 

The  portion  of  this  road  in  Georgia  will  be  fouad 

in  the  chapter  on  Alabama. 

Elberton  Air  Line  Railroad. 

0 

Tocooa. 

1.  Archaean. 

12 

Martin's. 

<( 

24 

Bowersville. 

II 

26 

W.  Bowersville. 

<i 

39 

Bowman. 

■ 

61 

Elberton. 

« 

i  1 


'  This  and  the  following  railroads  by  Prof.  k.  R.  McCutchen. 


koessee  into  Georgia, 


878 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (ALA.) 


Alabama. 


.,! 


Dana'8   Table  op 

Alabama  Divisionf,  by 

Dana's  Tablf.  of 

Alabama  Divisions  by 

FOBMATIO  NS. 

Phof.  Gghnkb. 

FORMATIONB. 

Phof.  Gesner. 

^6.  QVATERNART. 

20  c.  Alluviumv 

10  c.  Genesee. 

10  c.  Black  Shale. 

(t 

20  b.  Bluff  Loam. 

7.  L.  Helderbero. 

7.    Lo.  Helderberg. 

it 

20  a.  Oranges,  or  dti 

5.  Niagara. 

5d.  Niagara  1.  s. 

19.  Teettary. 

19  c.  Pliocene. 

6.  Clinton. 

5  c.  Dyestone  Croup 
5b.Wh.Oal(Mt.s.s. 

19  b.  Miocene. 

5.  Medina. 

19  a.  Eocene. 

II 

5a.Glinch  Mt.s.s. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

18  c.  Upper  Greta's. 
18  b.lVirddle  Greta's. 

4.  Trenton. 

4  b.  Gincinnati. 

i< 

II 

4  a.  Trenton. 

K 

18  a.  Lower  Greta's. 

3.  Canadian. 

3  c.  Ghazy. 

17.  Jurassic. 

17  b.  Marlstone. 

II 

3  b.  Quebec  Knox 

a 

17  a.  Lower  Lias. 

II 

dolomite. 

14.  Carboniferous. 

14  c.  Upp.  Goal  Mrs. 

2.  Primordial  or 

3  a.  Galciferous. 

41 

14  b.  Low.  Goal  Mrs. 

Cahbria> 

2  b.  Potsdam  s.  t. 

<( 

14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 

II 

13.  Sub-Carbonif's. 

13  b.  Mountain  t.  s. 

1.  ARCHiBAN. 

2  a.  Acadian. 

« 

13b.GoralorSt.L.l8 

II 

1  b.  Huronian. 

13  a.  Barren  Group. 

1  a.  Laurentian. 

South  and  North  Alubaina,  or  liOuisviUe 

South  and  North  Alabama,  or  IrfiiiiitTllIe 

Mb.       and  Great  Southern  Ksllroa'l.       Alt 

Mh.       and  Great  South.  Railroad.— Con.  Alt. 

0 

Decatur. 

13  b.L.Ca.,St.  Louis*" 

90 

Grace's  Gap.* 

(See  foot  note.) 

7 

Flint. 

X                       569 

93 

Oxmoor.* 

14.Cahawbac.fld    e»a 

18 

Hartsell's. 

<l                       6  73 

95 

Shade  Creek. 

II 

18 

Falkville. 

«                       603 

99 

Brock's. 

«                      564 

23 

Wilhite's. 

<i                       608 

102 

Cahaba  Mines.^ 

«                     400 

28 

Summit.' 

Ub.War'rcoall 

e 

104 

Helena.'' 

f  3  a.  Calcifer's  fault. 
\  14  b.  Coal  Meas.  *»• 

31 

Milner's. 

field.        "    «*o 

'♦^   ■♦J 

1 

33 

Cullman's. 

<i     802 

109 

Siluria. 

f  3  c.  Chazy  and  <«♦ 
\Tren.  Lime  Wks.»»» 

36 

Phelan's 

u     692 

•|s 

112 

Whiting's. 

42 

49 

Hanceville. 
Bangor. 

a     46  8 

J 

CO 

119 

Calera  Hills. 

f  13.  Sub-Carbon.,  3  c. 
\Chazy&4a.Tienso2 

(•13  b.  Up.  Sub.  Carb. 

125 

Clear  Creek. 

1  b.  Metamorphic.  '<" 

62 

Blount  Springs.  » 

\  13  a.  Low.  Sub.  Carb. 

130 

Jemison. 

II                       708 

(l0c.Blk.Shale.*34 

135 

Strasburg. 

11 

67 

Reid'8.2  0 

14b.War'rcl.field5  9  2 

139 

Lomax. 

«                       625 

63 

Warrior.* 

tt                         549 

141 

Clanton. 

l(                       598 

68 

Morris. 

408     "  JeflFe.Cl.Co. 

148 

Cooper's. 

((                       458 

74 

Cunningham. 

[Co. 

161 

Verbena. 

<i                       450 

76 

New  Castle.  21 

**o     "N.C.Cl.&I. 

155 

Mountain  Creek. 

20.  Quaternary.      *" 

79 

Black  Creek. 

Coalburg  Co's  colliery. 

164 

Deatsville. 

II                       300 

81 

Boyle's  Gap.  2  2 

14  b.  War'rcl.  fields*  4 

170 

Elmore. 

««                       199 

'  4  a.  Trenton.  ] 

I.Jones 
alley. 

174 

Coosada. 

41                       175 

86 

Birmingli'm.**2  8 

3c.Chazygo2 
3  b.  Quebec. 

179 

Alabama  River. 
Commerce  St.  Ju. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

"     rotten  1. 8. 

3  a.  Calcifer. 

^^ 

182 

Montgomery. 

II                       162 

1.  Prepared  expressly  for  this  work  by  Prof.  Williaiw  Gesner,  of  Birmingham,  Ala.,  Geologist 
and  Analytical  Chemist,  and  by  Prof.  Eugene  A.  Smith,  the  State  Geologist. 

2.  Ascending  the  mountain  from  Withite's  to  Summit,  Flint  Creek  shows  looming  above  it  cliffs 
of  millstone  grit,  sandstone  and  shales,  as  seen  from  the  car  windows.  Vf.  G. 

3.  White  and  red  sulphur  and  Chalybeate  waters  of  great  sanitary  value  at  Blount  Springs  are 
much  resorted  to,  particularly  in  the  summer  season,  from  all  the  States;  and  the  Jackson  House,  by 
S.  D.  Holt,  is  a  well  kept  hotel.  The  10  c.  Black  Shale  gives  rise  to  the  sulphur  spriuga.  The  niou  t- 
•in  on  west  side  is  14  a.  Carboniferous.  W.  G. 

4.  The  Pierce  Coal  Mine  Company  and  Alabama  M.  A  M.  Company's  mines  here.  W.  G. 


*  Eureka  furnaces  and  coke  ovens. 


A.) 


ALABAMA. 


379 


MA  Divisions  by 
KOF.  Gesnbr. 

)lack  Shale. 
).  Helderberg. 
liagara  I.  $• 
yestone  Croup 
rh.0akMt.8.s. 
I  inch  IVIt.8.s. 
Cincinnati, 
'renton. 
'hazy. 

[uebec  Knox 
dolomite. 
;alciferous. 
■otsdam  t.  8. 

tcadian. 

luronian. 

aurentian. 

t,  or  lAMiiiiTllle 
Iroad.— Con.  Alt. 

)ot  note.) 
bawbac.fld    «" 

t<  S64 

«  400 

Calcifer's  fault. 
CoalMeas.  *»• 
Chazy  and  *•* 
I.  Lime  Wks.*** 
3ub-Carbon.,  3  c. 
zy&4a.Tren»''» 
etamorphic.  '*" 

«  70t 

i< 

<t  62S 

«  S96 

«  498 

i<  450 

Eitemary.       *♦* 

«  300 

It  1«9 

II  IfS 

staceous. 

"     rotten  1.  s. 

u  102 


m,  Ala.,  Geologist 

ling  above  it  cliffs 

W.  G. 
llount  Spnngs  are 
ackson  Hoiiso,  by 
MgB.    The  ni<ni  t- 

W.G. 
l-e.  W.  G. 


Selma,  Rome  &  Dalton  Railroad, 

Alabama  Great  Southern  VMlroad— 

Ms. 

or  Blue  Mountain  Koutc.              Alt. 

Ms. 

Continued.                           Alt. 

0 

Selma. 

18.  Cretaceous.       »*' 

28 

Cloverdale. 

4  0.  Cin.  &  4  a.  Trenton 

9 

Burnsville. 

•  1                       20  7 

32 

Sulphur  Sp'gs.2  4 
Eureka. 

13a.b.L.Sub-Carb.««» 

22 

Plantersville. 

20.  Quaternary.      266 

34 

11                       960 

82 

Maplesville. 

it 

40 

Valley  Head. 

•  1                    1012 

40 

Randolph. 

<l                       3(1 

4G 

Hollman'8.2* 

II                       91» 

49 

Ashby. 

471 

51 

Fort  Payne. 
Brandon's. 

It                       864 

51 

Briarlield.' 

3  b.  Knox  Dolomite*  i  a 

56 

II                       877 

65 

Montevallo.» 

aa.  Calcifer's,  !m.-»  9  * 

61 

Porterville. 

tl 

3  b.  Quebec,  5  miles. 

65 

CoUinsville. 

II                      TIO 

62 

Calerft. 

f8c.Cha.,Tren&  ridge 
\of  13a.Sub-Car.5  2  2 

74 

Greenwood. 

II                      6  73 

V/(**W*  «•• 

82 

Reasos, 

II                      880 

«•■•• 

Gardner's. 

14.  Coosa  coal  field.*  0^ 

87 

Attalla.  2  6 

It                      68  8 

67 

Shelby  Spr'gs.io 

It                       SS4 

95 

Steele's.2  7 

II                      591 

72 

Columbiana.' 1 

3  b.  Quebec  or  Knox » « <> 

102 

Whitney  or  Ash 

ville.        "                »»* 

82 

Wilsonville. 

It                       45  2 

115 

Springville.2« 

3  b.Quebec  or  Knox» "  • 

•  •t«« 

Coosa  River.  12 

It                       44 » 

131 

Trussville. 

13  a.  b.  Sub-Carb.  ««» 

•  •■•■ 

Coosa  Station. 

(«                       47  2 

137 

Irondale. 

6  b.  Clinton. 

90 
99 

Childersburg. 
Alpine.  13 

«                       441 

««                       495 

143 

Birmingham. 

f  4  a.  Tren.  &  3  c.b.&  a. 
\ofCan.  anti.  axis*^' 

109 

Talledega. 

«                       58  6 

155 

Jonesboro. 

3  c.  and  3  b.  Cana.  »<>• 

^Alabama  Fur.) 
Aiunford. 

167 

Tannchill.18 

3b.or3a.Canadian<9  5 

126 

4(                       64  C 

170 

Woodstock.3  0 

3  b.Quebec  or  Knox»  o  o 

*••■• 

Silver  Run.  1* 

U                        6  56 

174 

Red  Gap.  2  9 

3  b.  Knox  Dolomite. 

130 

Oxford.! » 

U                      678 

178 

Vances. 

•  1                       410 

131 

Anniston. 

"  Woodstock 

183 

Clement's. 

14b.War'rcoalfield2«» 

139 

Weaver's. 

"     Iron  Wks. 

191 

Cottondale. 

t( 

14o 

Jacksonville. 

It                         653 

198 

Tuscaloosa. 

20.Quat,overL.Crei«2 

156 

Patona. 

It                       714 

204 

Maxwell's." 

II                    15T 



Cross  Plains. 

It                       72  2 

213 

Carthage. 
Stewart's  or  Hav 

It 

.  ... 

Ladiga. 

«««     "    Tecumseh 

anna.       " 

100 

Amberson. 

7  ^ '     "       Iron  Co. 

223 

Akron. 

18  b.  Rotten  1.  8.    i»<» 

164 

State  Line.  18 

930"  Stonewall  Ir. 

233 

Eutaw. 

II 

168 

Pryor's,  Ga. 

6b.  Clinton. »*-»[Works 

239 

Haysville. 

II 

170 

Cave  Springs. 

4  a.  Trenton.           « '■> ' 

243 

Boligee. 

II 

172 

Rome,  Ga. 

11                         652 

250 
2-59 
263 

Epps. 

Livingston. 

Hooks. 

It 

A 

klabuiiut  Ureat  Sc 

tiitherii  Kailroad.'" 

II 

0  Chattanooga,  Ti» 

4  a.  Trenton             ""^ 

19  a.  Tertiary,  36  miles 

() 

Wauhatchie,    " 

4  b.  Cincinnati.       «7i 

269 

York. 

tl                       169 

9 

Wild  wood,  Ge. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

274 

Cuba. 

«                       219 

12 

Morganville,  Qa. 

It 

279 

Kewanee. 

M 

18 

Trenton,  Qa. 

«                       7  20 

283 

Toonisuba. 

«                       2  76 

23 

Dademon,  Ala. 

<i                       8  13 

290 

Russeirs. 

«                       398 

26 

Rising  Fawn. 

4c.Cin.&4a.Tren.»»» 

295 

Meridian,  Miss. 

II                       319 

6.  The  prosperous  city  of  Birmingham  is  in  Jones'  Valley.  The  railroad  then  paxse.s  through 
Red  Mountain  by  Grace's  Gap.  The  rocks  of  the  anticlinal  axis  show,  at  the  junction  of  the  Lower 
Carboniferous  with  the  5  c.  Clinton,  an  exposure  of  Fossiliferous  Hematite  Iron  Ore,  28  feet  thick, 
which  is  being  used  in  the  production  of  an  excellent  quality  of  Iron  by  the  Eureka  Company,  at 
Oxmoor,  at  the  next  station.  This  bed  of  iron  ore  extends  from  a  few  miles  below  Pratt's  Ferry  on 
the  Cahaba  River,  in  Bibb  County,  through  8t.  Clair,  Cherokee  and  De  Kalb  counties,  into  Tennessee, 
a  distance  of  120  miles. 

6.  8.  D.  Holt  and  Davis  and  Carr's  collieries.  W.  G. 

7.  Eureka  Company's  colliery  and  Central  Iron  Works  Company,  at  Helena.  W.  G. 

8.  Branch  railroad  to  Bnarfield  Kolling  Mills  and  Furnaces.  W.  G. 

9.  Cahaba  coal  field  on  the  west,  with  branch  railroad  to  the  Montevallo  coal  mines  of  Dr.  T. 
H.  Aldrich.  W.  G. 

10.    Shelby  Springs,  Chalybeate  and   sulphuretted  Hydrogen  water  of  great  renown,  and  much 
frequented.  W.  G. 

U.    Columbiana  branch  to  Shelby  Iron  Works.  W.  G. 

12.  From  Coosa  River  to  Childcrsburgh,  mountains  of  2  b.  Potsdam  sandstone  are  seen  to  the 
southeast  from  car  windows.  E.  A.  H. 

13.  From  Alpine  to  Talladega,  2  b.  Potsdam  sandstone  mountains  on  the  west,  and  2  a.  Acadian 
slate  hills  towara  the  east.  E.  A.  S. 

14.  At  Silver  River,  2  a.  Acadian  on  the  east,  and  2  b.  Potsdam  on  the  west.  £.  A.  8. 


I 

l! 


H- 


■'.    >\        V 


wilt 


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J 


il! 


^!>:!l 


SHI 


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'iW  •  ' 


8HQ 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  lAILWAY  GUIDE.     (ALA.) 


Ms.    Memphis  A  ChArtMtou  ItallroMd.    Alt 


0 

6 

9 

15 

19 

23 
81 
89 


52 


49 
62 
58 

74 
79 
84 
98 
107 
115 
124 
127 
129 
138 
139 
145 
156 
163 
169 
176 
182 
188 
195 
208 

212 

223 
229 
288 
237 
248 
254 
259 
265 

271 


Memphis. 
Buntyn. 
White's. 
Gennantown. 

Bailey's. 

Collierville. 
La  Fayette. 
Moscow. 


Somerville. 


La  Grange. 

Grand  Junction. 

Saulsbury. 

Mile  Siding. 

Pocahontas. 

Big  Hill. 

Chewalla. 

Corinth,  Miss. 

Bumsville. 

luka. 

Margerum,  Ala. 

Dickson. 

Cherokee. 

Barton. 

Pride's. 

Tuscumbia. 

Leighton. 

Town  Creek. 

Courtland. 

Hillsboro. 

Trinity. 

Decatur. 

Mooresville. 

Madison. 

Hunt8ville.»» 

BrowDsboro. 

Gurley's. 

Paint  Rock. 

Woodville. 

Larkinsville. 

Scottsboro. 

Bellefonte. 

Fackler's. 

Stevenson. 


20.  Qua.,  bluff  loam2«» 

<(  803 


« 


37(1 

19.  Tertiary,  Orange 
Sand,  LaQrange 
group. 


31» 
352 


5  A  I 
»75 
SS5 


19.  Ter.,  Porter's  Ck. 


3«4 


18.  Cre.,  green  sand. 


-109 


18  c.  Ripley  group.*'* 

<l  18  3 

13b.a.Sub-Carbon»»» 


M 
« 


4a8 


491* 


13  b.  L.  Carbonif. 

n 
u 
tt 
u 

M 

l« 
« 

(I 


fl4 

18 

1 13 


468 
S83 
S60 
960 
599 
934 
(73 
601 
973 

b.  Coal  Moas. 
Sub-Carb.  ^'^ 
St.  Louis  1.  s. 

It  63  1 


13  b.  Sub-Carbon. 


996 
601 
620 
652 
639 


'  3  b.  Quebec  or  Knox 
Dolomite,  with 
hills  of  Sub-Carbon 
and  Coal  Meas.*"* 


Ma.      MaaliTlUe  &  Chattanooga  B.  R.     Alt. 


49 
39 
29 
22 
14 

6 
0 


Stevenson  June. 

Bass  Station. 

Anderson. 

Stevenson. 

Bridgeport. 

Shellmound. 

Whiteside. 

(Etna  Coal 
Wauhatchie. 
Chattanooga. '  • 


3  b.  Quebec  or  Knox. 

18  a.  Sub-Carbon. 
8  b.  Quebec  or  Kn.^oi 
8  c.  Canadian. 
20.  Quat,  Alluvium. 
14  b.  Coal  Mrs.  &  18  c. 
Mines.) 

4  b.  Cincinnati.      *'i 
4a.Tren.&8c.Can.«ss 


0 
8 

13 
22 


27 


Mashvlllo  A  Dcostor  Railroad. 

Decatur 
Harris  Station. 
Athens. 
Elkmont. 
Pittensville. 
State  Line. 


18  b.  L.  Sub-Carb.  »" 

«  564 

«'  709 

18  a.  Sub-Carb.      '^s 
18  a. L.  Sub-Car.  or  bar. 


Wentern  Railroad  of  Alabama. 


0 
11 
13 

18 
22 
28 
35 
42 


West  Point. 

Cusseta. 

Mt.  Jefferson. 

Rough  &  Ready. 

Opelika. 

Auburn. 

Loachapoka. 

Nota.sulga. 


1. 


Archssan. 


« 

« 


•20. 


"  &  20.  Quat. 
Quaternary. 


Fi»her  Branch— (Narrow  Uauge  to  TuHkeg.o.) 


48 

56 

65 

75 

88 

101 

107 

118 

119 

127 

138 


Chehaw. 

(To  Tallahassee  F 

Cowles'  Station. 

Shcrter's. 

Mt.  Meigs. 

Montgomer 

Manack. 

Lowndesboro. 

Whitehall. 

Benton. 

Alabama  River 

Selma. 


251 


20.  Quaternary, 
actory.)  1  b.  Huronian 
20.  Quaternary, 
b.  Cre.,  rotten  1.  s. 


1(1 


li 
« 


121 


Columbus  Hn*nch. 


0 
4 

6 

8 

19 

25 

29 


Columbus. 

Smith's  or  Dover, 

Mott's  Mill. 

Salem, 

Hollis. 

Yonges. 

Opelika. 


1  b.  Huronian. 

« 

20.  Quatemar 

it 

1.  Archaean. 


262 


»1| 


15.  At  Oxford,  the  railroad  crosses  through  a  gap  of  2  b.  Potsdam,  and  thence  to  Cross  Plains  the 
mountains  of  2  b.  Potsdam  are  on  the  east  side.  Beyond  Cross  Plains,  to  the  State  line,  these  mouot- 
ains  can  be  seen  from  the  cars.  E.  A.  S. 

16.  The  railroad  is  built  on  3  b.  Quebec  or  Knox  dolomite  almost  all  the  way  from  Monterallo  to 
the  State  line,  crossing  3  c.  Chazy  ana  4  a.  Trenton  near  Calfera  and  the  Coosa  coal  fleld  above  Calent. 

E.  A.  S. 

17.  Tongesborough  narrow  gauge  railroad,  2%  miles  to  Chewackla  Lime  Company's  kilns,  south- 
east   The  limestone  of  this  company's  quarries  is  a  highly  crystalline  dolomite.  W.  G. 

18.  The  hills  on  the  west  of  the  railroad  consist  principally  of  limonite,  and  their  detritus  con- 
stitutes the  bright  red  banks  of  the  cuts  and  fills  for  many  miles.    The  Thomas  ore  bank  is  on  east 


ALABAMA. 


m 


looga  R.  R.     Alt. 

Quebec  or  Knox. 


L.  Sub-Car,  or  bar. 
f  Alabama. 


kuge  to  Tuskeg.o.) 


Huronian.        »«» 


9  to  Cro!*8  Plainfl  the 
e  line,  these  mount- 

B.  A.  S. 
'  from  Montevallo  to 
il  field  above  Calera. 

E.  A.  S. 
ipany's  kilns,  south- 

W.G. 
.  their  detritus  con- 
>  ore  bank  is  on  east 


Mubil«  &  Olrard  Railroad. 

Mobile  ^  Alabama  Grand  Tmnk  R.  R. 

Hh. 

Alt. 

M-. 

Alt. 

0 

Columbus,  Ga. 

1.  Archeoan.            2«2 

OiMubile. 

19.  Tertiary. 

9 

Fort  Mitchell. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

9 

Cleveland. 

20 

Seale. 

tt 

20 

Cold  Creek. 

26 

Hatchechubbce. 

<( 

29 

Mount  Vernon. 

85 

Hurtville. 

U 

39 

Leona. 

89 

Guerryton, 

(t 

50 

Sunflower. 

54 

Union  Springs. 

*»*     "  Ripley  Gp. 

69 

Jackson. 

63 

72 

77 
84 

Thomas  Station. 
Lin  wood. 
JonesTille. 
Troy. 

(< 

i( 

Mobile  ft  Ohio  Railroad. 

Pnrt  in  Alabama. 

19.  Tertiary. 

0 

5 

18 

33 

Mobile. 
Whistler. 
Chunchula 
Citronclle. 

19.  Tertiary. 

« 

Mobile  &  Montgomery  Railroad. 

7( 

0 

Montgomery. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

817 

10 

McOehee's. 

"  rotten  1.  s. 

44 

Deer  Park. 

14t 

16 

Morgansville. 

<t 

51 

Escatawpa. 

21 

Letohatchie. 

II 

63 

State  Line. 

11 

as* 

28 
88 

Calhoun. 
Fort  Deposit. 
Oreenville. 

« 

»2°     "  Ripley  Gp. 
19.  Tertiary. 

Alabama  Central  Railroad. 

44 

0 

Selma. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

121 

53 

Boiling. 

(1 

Marion  Junction. 

"»  "  rotten  Le 

•SP> 

60 

Georgiana. 

« 

23 

Brown's. 

i< 

282 

67 

Garland. 

« 

30 

Uniontown. 

II 

Madge's  Mills. 

II 

35 

Fawnsdale. 

II 

76 

Gravella. 

II 

42 

Macon. 

<i 

81 

Evergreen. 

II 

.... 

Van  Buren. 

11 

86 

Sparta. 

II 

50 

Demopolis. 

i< 

91 

Castleberry. 

II 

06 

Coatopa. 

"  Ripley 

Gp. 

106 

Brewton. 

II 

81 

York. 

19.  Tertiary. 

159 

114 

Pollard. 

K 

Cuba. 

11 

219 

119 

Whiting  or  Pensa 

colaJun.  19.  Tertiary. 

Toomsuba. 

<i 

134 

Williams. 

t< 

108 

Meridian. 

« 

165 
168 

Bay  Minette. 
Tensas  River. 

« 

II 

Montgomery  &  £ufaula  Railroad. 

178 

Mobile. 

(1 

0 

Montgomery. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

162 

10 
13 
16 

Oak  Grove. 
Perry's  Mill. 
Pike  Road. 

2  2«     "   rotten 

1  s 

6elma  &  Gulf  Railroad. 

0 

Selnia. 

18.  Cretaceous.       >*' 

291 

Pleasant  Hill. 

"  rotten  1.  s. 

21 

Matthews'. 

262 



Snow  Hill. 

"  Ripley  Gp. 

25 

Mitchell's. 

252 

35 

AUenton. 

19.  Tertiary. 

28 

Fitzpatricks. 

262 

40 

Pine  Apple. 

<« 

33 

Thompson's. 

289 



Cokerv  He. 

CrossinK  of  Mobile  *  Olrard  Railrond. 

side,  close  to  the  main  track,  nearly  opposite  the  station  house.    The  hiils  seen  beyond  these  belong 
to  the  Warrior  coal  field.  W.  G. 

19.  In  addition  to  the  4  a.  Trenton,  there  are,  withir  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Chattanooga  the  8 
a.  Calciferous,  4  b.  Cincinnati,  6.  Clinton,  10  a.  Black  shait!,  and  14.  Carboniferons  formations. 

[J.  Safford. 

20.  Reida.  Branch  railway,  3  miles,  of  the  Warrior  Coal  and  Coke  Company  to  mines  working  the 
Warrior  bed.  (W.  G.)  The  Pierce  Warrior  Coal  Co.  working  the  Warrior  Coal  bed.  The  Watts  Coal 
and  Coke  Co.,  working  the  Watts  bed.    (W.  G.) 

21.  Newcastle.  Branch  railway  of  Milner  Coal  and  Railway  Company,  working  the  Black  Creek 
beds.    Also  in  the  Warrior  coal  field.    (W.  Q.) 

22.  At  Boyle's  Oap  the  railroad  passes  from  the  Coal  Measures,  between  almost  perpendicular 
walls  of  14  a.  Millstone  grit,  into  Jones  Valley.  £.  A.  8. 

23.  Birmingham.  Branch  railway,  12  miles.  The  Birmingham  Mineral  Railway  Station,  between 
the  Alice  Furnace  and  Rolling  Mills,  following  the  foot  of  Red  Mountain  down  Jones  Valley,  princi- 
p«lly  on  the  Knox,  with  the  upper  Silurian  and  Clinton  Hematite  Ore  beds  to  be  seen  all  the  way,  at 
presented  on  the  western  brow  of  the  Red  Mountains  nine  miles  south  of  Birmingham.  (W.  G.) 
Pratt  Coal  and  Coke  Company's  railway  nine  miles  westerly  to  Coketon  mines  on  the  Warrior  cOal 
field     Pratt  coal  mines  on  the  Pratt  bed,  capacity  SOD  tons  per  day.    (W.  G.) 

24.  From  Sulphur  Springs  down  to  AttaJla,  the  railroad  follows  the  valley  lying  between  Lookout 
Mountain,  14  a.  b.  on  the  east,  and  the  Red  Mpuntain  Ridge  (6  c,  10  c.  13  a.)  on  the  west,  and  all  th« 
itationa  are  upon  the  Lower  Sub-Carboniferou9, 13  a.  and  b.  E.  A.  S. 


|v:s 


I.  I 


I 


!0 


)t 


M  \i 


:•     J 


i 


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li 


i| 

n 


I     i  '  s  i  « 

'to! 

pi''*' 


i       i 

r\ 


t  : 


882 


AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOIGAL  RAILWAY  OUIDR.    (ALA.) 


Ms. 

"io 

60 
64 
62 
66 

74 

81 


Montgomerjr  tt  Eufaola  Railroad— 

Cantinutd.  Alt. 


Union  Springs. 
Three-Notch  R'd. 
Midway. 
Spring  Hill. 
Batesville. 
Cochran. 

Eufaula. 


i8.Cre.,tlipleyGp*» 


4 

492 
SOfl 

3«0 


(18.  Ore.,  marl  bluff  of 
the  ChattahooohieR. 
Ripley  Group,     ^"o 


Selms.  Marlon  ti  Momphl*  Uallroad* 


0 
14 
21 
29 
87 
45 


Selma. 

Marion  Junction, 

Marion. 

Grove  Cottage. 

Newbem. 

Greensboro. 

SawyersTillo. 


IS.Cre.,  rotten  l.s.xT 


« 


333 


Savannah  tt  MemphU  Railroad. 


0 
10 
15 
22 

30 
86 
40 
42 
47 
68 
60 


Opelika. 
Gold  Hill. 
Waverly. 
Camp  Hill. 

( Dudley  ville 
Dadeville. 
Jackson's  Gap. 
Sturdevant. 
Salisbury. 
Alexander  City. 
Kelly  ton. 
Goodwater. 


1.  Archaean. 

« 
« 

gold  mines). 

1.  Archaean, 
li 

<( 

i< 

« 


M  1  I) 
770 
SOS 
73« 

7«0 
695 
S02 


747 
800 

Steatite  (soap  8.)qr.*  ^  * 


0 
10 
23 


Kaat  Alabama  A  CIncinnatt  JiK\i_  'oad. 

1  b.  Huronian.        * '  ^ 


Opelika. 
Oak  Bowery. 
Buffalo  Wallow. 


VIokiburg  ft  Hrunswlok  Railroad. 

Mm. Alt. 


0  Eufaula. 
5| White  Oak. 
25|Claytoii. 


18.  Cre.,  Ripley  Op.""* 


"  or  T»rtiary 

AnnlHton  ti  Atlantlo  R.  R.    (Narrow  iiiiiind.) 


0 


23 


Anniston. 

Jenifer. 

Munn*oid. 

Irona. 

Talladega. 

Sycamore. 


Quebec  and  Knox. 

41 


(I 
<l 
<i 
« 


S61 


The  BlrinlnKham  Mineral  Railroad. 

Hruiioh  of  Uie  N.  k  S.  Alabama  K.  K. 


0 

3 
6 

9 
10 
12 


Birmingham. 

Magella. 
Newton. 

Alice. 
Woodward. 
Sloas  Mines. 


/4a.Tren.,8o.Chazy, 
\8a.Cal.,8b.Que.*>i> 
8  c.  Chaiy. 

(■  Hematite  ore  bk.in  5. 
\Clin.of  Alice  Fur.Co. 
f  Hematite  ore  bk.in  5. 
\  Clin.  Wood.  Iron  Co 

{Hematite  ore  bk.inS. 
Clin.  Slons  Fur.  Co. 


Montgomery  Southern  Railroad. 

(Ni»rrow  WauRe.) 


01  Montgomery. 
6jCatoma. 
lo|Snowdon. 


13 
17 
20 


Pleasant  Grove. 

Rear-iCr. 

Ada. 


Cretaceous. 
It 

i( 

(( 

t< 

II 


u% 


Wetumpkn  Branch  S.  A  N.  Alabama  liailroiid. 

I  "^sTs 


0  Decatur. 
170  Elmore. 
184  Wctumpka 


120.  Qu.  over  Ib.Hu.is' 
1  b.  Huronian.        T*' 


25.  ITiUman  Station.  Branch  railway,  southeast,  1>^  miles  Iodk,  leaving  Quebec  or  Knox  iind 
entering  a  c.  Clinton  of  Red  Mountain  terminuH  at  the  Alice  Furnace  Co.'s  Hematite  Minen.  KiU 
miles  south  of  Birmingham,  Wheeling,  station  No.  1,  branch  railway  leaving  Quebec  or  Knox  ana 
entering  Coa!  Mea.sures  of  the  Warrior  Coal  field  terminus,  5j^  miles  northwest  Woodward  Iron  Co.'s 
mine  on  the  Pratt  coal  bed.  Also,  branch  railway,  southeasterly.  2}^  miles  to  terminus  in  6  c.  Clinton 
Hematite  ore  mines  of  The  Woodward  Iron  Company.    (W.  G.) 

26.  At  Attalla  Lookout  Mountain  ends  abruptly,  and  the  Red  Ore  Ridge  rises  to  a  considerable 
height  on  west.  Just  south  of  Attalla,  through  a  gap  in  Red  Mountain,  tne  escarpment  of  Blount 
Mountain,  14  a.  b.,  is  seen  to  westward.  E.  A.  S. 

27.  From  Steele's  to  near  Whitney,  Chandlers  Mountain,  14  a.  and  b.,  is  seen  on  the  west,  and 
below  Steele's  to  Springville  the  ridge  on  the  west  is  Red  Mountain  (5  c,  10  c,  13  a.)  All  the  stations 
from  Attalla  to  Springville  are  on  Knox  Dolomite  or  Knox  shale,  3  a.,  3  b.  E.  A.  8. 

28.  A  short  distance  be\ovr  Springville  the  road  enters  the  valley  between  a  Red  Ure  Ridge  on  the 
west  and  the  Cahaba  coal  field  on  the  east,  and  continues  thus  to  Irondale.  E.  A.  S. 

20.  At  Red  Oap  the  railroad  passes  from  13  b.  Sub-Carboniferous  at  Irondale,  through  a  gap  in 
Red  Mountain  (made  up  of  6  c,  10  c.  and  13  a.)  in  -Jones  Valley.  Thence  to  Vances  down  Jones  Vnilej'. 
At  Vances,  road  enters  Warrior  coal  field  and  passes  out  of  it  at  Tuscaloosa.  Below  Tuscaloosa  to 
Eutawthe  surface  material  is  Quaternary,  but  it  overlies  the  Lower  Cretaceous  beds,  and  porlmps 
bedd  still  older  than  Cretaceous.  Just  below  Eutaw  the  rotten  limestone  begins  and  is  left  at  Living- 
stone, where  the  road  enters  Tertiary  formation,  continuing  in  it  to  Meridian.  E.  A.  S. 

SO.  Woodstock.  Here  is  Edward's  Furnace  and  a  branch  railway,  almost  due  south,  nine  miles, 
leaving  Quebec  or  Knox  and  passing  over  Sub-Carboniferous  into  Coal  Measures  of  the  Cahaba  coal 
field,  having  passed  over  the  southwesterly  extremity  of  the  Clinton  ore  bed  of  Red  Mountain  in 
Alamtma  terminus,  at  two  coal  mines  about  two  miles  apart,  Blocton  being  the  first  one  said  to  be  on 
the  Montevalle  coal  bed.    All  the  property  of  the  Cahaba  Coal  Mining  Co.    (W.  G.) 

31.  Maxwells,  Carthage  and  Stewart  are  on  Quaternary,  overlying  a  formation  older  than  Creta- 
ceous, but  whether  Juransio,  Triassic  or  Permian,  not  yet  aetermineo,  probably  the  former.   E.  A.  S. 

32.  The  Mountains  about  ffunt$viUe  are  outliers  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains  capped  with  14 
a.  and  b.  Coal  Measures,  and  showing  on  their  flanks  Mountain  limeatone  13  c.  and  underlying  beds 
down  to  13  b.  Saint  Louis  limestones.  £.  A.  S. 


v-'f 


GEORGIA  AND  ALABAMA. 


888 


lok  RsUroad, 

Alt. 

!re.,  Ripley  Op. aoo 


Georgia  and  Alabama. 


Quebec  or  Knox  nml 


Mh. 


CtoorgI*  Pmolflo  Railway. 


Alt. 


Atlatita,  Oa.»» 

Howell. 

Peyton. 
Chattahoochoe. 


River. 


Concord. 
Mnhleton. 


12 

15 

17  Sweetwater. 


rib.  Huronian,  Mica, 
\  Slates  &Schi»tsi  0^0 
fib.  Huro.  GneiHS  in 
\     Mica  Slates.    »«!" 

«  869 

Ib.Hu.MicaSlates'^i 

(1  a.  Lauren.  1  b.  llu. 
Granite  in  bed  of 
River.  »«» 

(la.  Lauren,  and  1  b. 

\     Huronian.        »*' 

««  u  0  r, 

U  !)  1  4 


Ms. 


Georgia  Paolflo  Rallway- 

Continued. 


Alt. 


18 

?1 
27 
32 

45 


AuHtell. 

Salt  Springe. 
Douglabville. 
WinHton.3* 
Villa  Rica.'" 


Temple, 


88 


52  Summit. 


64 

5f) 


Bremen. 
Waco. 


f)8,Talliipoosa  River. 


1  a.  Lauren,  and  1  b. 
Huronian.        »*• 

<•  1066 

»"»     "       Granite. 

«  113  2 

1160    .'Gold  Mine. 

1  b.  Huronian,  Horn- 
blende, Slates  and 
Schists.  >»»o 

<•  14  34 

«<  1418 

«  18  43 

<*  »6a 


•  The  goology  of  this  road  is  furnished  by  ProfoHwrH  .1.  L.  .&  H.  D.  Campbell,  of  Wachington  and 
Loe  University,  i^oxington.  Va.,  and  where  not  ottu-rwiso  credited  the  noteu  are  by  them  also. 
Those  signed  W.  G.  are  by  Dr.  Wm.  Oesuer,  of  Birmingham,  Ala. 

3.1.  Atlanta.  The  V)road  belt  of  Metamorphic  Rocks,  extending  from  Maryland  to  central  Ala- 
bama, bolongH  to  the  Archiean  age.  It  has  the  Hliie  Kidge  of  Virginia,  the  Unica  of  TenneHsee,  and 
tlie  Hlue  Mountain  of  (iroorgia  for  it«  northwe»tern  border.  Its  southwestern  margin  in  approxi- 
mately defined  by  the  falls  and  shoals  of  the  rivers  at  Washington,  D.  C,  at  Richmond  and  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  at  Raleigh,  N.  C,  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  at  Augusta,  Milli'dgeville  and  Columbus,  Gii.,  and  at 
OpeTika  and  Wetumka.  Ala.  An  air  line  from  Millodgovillo,  passing  near  Atlanta  to  the  limit  of  the 
Blun  Ridge  rtMsks,  would  measure  the  width  of  the  Arohtean  belt  in  Georgia,  showing  it  to  be  about 
oae  hundred  miles  wide. 

The  Archeean  rocks  are  recognized  in  Georgia  under  only  two  divisions,  1  a.  Laurentiaa  and  1  b. 
Huronian.  They  constitute  the  country  rocks  from  Atlanta  westward  to  the  margin  of  Choccolocco 
Valley  at  Davisville  Tunnel,  Alabama,  88  miles.  The  I  a.  Laurentian  group  consists  chiefly  of  gran- 
ite, gneiss  and  hard  schists ;  while  the  1  b.  Huronian  group  consists  of  less  metamhrphosed  beds  of 
rhlorite  micaceous  and  talcosa  schists  and  slates,  and  some  beds  of  argillites.  Both  groups  are 
exposed  along  the  railway  cuts,  but  1  b.  Huronian  constitutes  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  the  sur- 
face rock.  The  hard  rocks  of  the  1  a.  Laurentian,  however,  are  exposed  to  view  in  the  bed  of  the 
Chattahoochee  River,  eight  miles  west  of  Atlanta,  and  are  quarried  a  short  distance  west  of  the  river. 
The  Laurentian  also  occurs,  as  shown  by  the  Guide,  in  the  excellent  granite  quarried  at  Douglas- 
ville,  also  at  Villa  Rica.  Concord  to  Douglasville,  mica  and  Hornblende  slates  and  schists  with  beds 
of  granite  and  gneiss  exposed  in  cuts  along  railroad.  From  this  point  westward  to  the  limit  of  the 
Arcliaian  rocks  in  Alabama  the  beds  of  the  1  a.  Laurentian  are  but  little  exposed. 

34.  Winston.  Corundum  has  been  found  in  considerable  quantities  near  Powder  Springs,  in 
Cobb  County;  also  near  Villa  Rica,  Ga.,  and  in  Tallapoosa  ("ounty,  Ala. 

35.  Villa  Riea.  The  granite  beds  make  their  appearance  near  Villa  Rica,  whore  they  seem  to 
underlie  the  hornblende  schists  and  slates  that  carry  the  copper  ores  (chalcopyrites)  of  that  region, 
as  well  as  the  mica  schists  in  which  the  gold-bearing  veins  of  auartz  in  the  same  vicinity  are  found. 
A  belt  of  copper  ore  (chalcopyrite)  crosses  the  Georgia  Pacific  Railway,  west  of  Villa  Rica,  in  Carroll 
County.  Tnis  ore  has  been  mined  to  some  extent  at  several  points  in  Douglas,  Carroll  and  Haralson 
Counties.  It  is  transported  to  Atlanta  where  the  copper  is  extracted  and  the  sulpluir  utilized  in  the 
manufacture  of  sulphurii^  acid.  The  same  belt  of  copper  ore  continues  its  southeasterly  course  into 
Cleburne  County,  Ala.,  where  the  Wood  Copper  Mines  were  worked  for  some  years. 

TVie  gold  belt  of  the  Atlantic  Slope  extending  from  the  Potomac  in  Virginia,  and  across  North 
Carolina  passes  through  the  northwestern  portion  of  Georgia  and  terminates  in  Alabama.  It  is  inter- 
sected by  the  Georgia  Pacific  Railway  at  Villa  Rica  and  other  points  between  that  and  the  State  line. 
At  Villa  Rica  gold  was  very  extensiveiy  mined  forty  or  fifty  years  ago ;  also  at  Arbacoochee,  Cleburne 
County,  Alabama,  and  at  other  points  in  both  States. 

36.  Temple.  Mica,  tale  and  asbestos  are  found  in  Cobb,  Douglas  and  Carroll  Counties,  Georgia, 
and  in  Cleburne  County,  Alabama.  Roofing  tlates  and  flagging  stones  have  been  quarried  in  Polk 
and  Haralson  Counties,  Georgia,  and  are  found  in  Cleburne  County,  Alabama.         J.  L.  &  H.  D.  C. 

37.  [From  Muscadine  to  Heflin,  metamorphic  slates  and  schists,  chloritic  and  micaceous  with  some 
gneiss.  Southwest  of  Heflin  Station.  14  miles  in  Cleburne  County,  are  the  celebrated  Arbacoochee  gold 
mines,  and  26  miles  the  Goo,  Smith's  and  Wood's  copper  mines;  and  in  Randolph  County,  near  High 
Snoals,  the  tin  ores  lately  discovered  by  Wm.  Gesner,  Analytical  Chemist,  Birmingham,  Alabama.] 

38.  Davisville.  Soon  after  passing  the  tunnel  near  Davisville,  the  road  leaves  the  Archeean  rocks 
and  passes  abruptly  upon  the  Lower  Silurian  sandstones,  limestones  and  slates  of  the  beautiful  Choc- 
colocco Valley.  Tnese  sandstones,  slates  and  limestones,  of  Cambrian  and  Lower  Silurian  age,  along 
the  southeast  margin  of  the  valley,  apparently  dip  under  the  older  Arehrean  beds.which  seems  to  be  due 
to  a  fault  by  which  the  Cambrian  rocks  have  slipped  downward,  while  by  an  inversion  the  Archaean 
6  eds  have  been  thrown  upon  them,  so  aa  to  give  a  reversed  order  of  superposition.    From  Davisville 


^ 


334  AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     ^GA.  &  ALA.) 


ALABAMA. 


i. 


f '4 


Hi     <  '  ' 

km ' 


Kb. 


C^eorgla  Faoiflo  Hallway— 


Alt. 


TOtMuscadine.*  ? 
72  Main's  Gap. 
78  EdwardsTille. 
Heflin." 


84 
87 

90 

98 
97 

101 

103 
104 

112 

116 
122 

127 
129 


DaTisyille  Tun. 

Davisville." 

Choccolocco. 
re  Armanville. 

Oxford. »» 

Junction. 
Anniston.*" 

Berclair. 

Estaboga. 
Lincoln. 
Coosa  River. 
Riveiride. 
Seddon.*» 


1  b.  Huronian. 


« 


941 
1118 
933 
«  986 

f  1  a.  Lauren.,  1  b. 
lHuron.,nr.  fault.9*« 
/3  b.  Silurian  and  1.  s. 
I  Iron  Ores.  '^» 

<<  68  2 

698  "  Linamite  Ores. 

r  2  b.  Potsdam,  Sand- 

\  stone  and  Shale.'*" 

3  b.  Alluvium,         «8  2 

«»»     "  ore  &  drift. 

3  b.  c.  Quebec  and 

Chazy.  «*» 

lime,  ore. 

5C5 
488 
489 
800 


{ 


532 


l( 
l( 


Ms. 


Georgia  Paolflc  Railway— 

Continued. 


Alt 


134 

139 
140 

143 

144 

146 

147 

150 

151 
163 
168 
161 

162 

167 

177 


Eden.«3 

Cane  Creek  Tun. 
Cook's  Springs. 

Bald  Rock  Mt. 

Kerr's  Gap.*' 

Brompton. 

Summit. 

Leeds. 

O'Barr's  Gap.** 
Cahaba  River. 
Weems'  Gap. 
Irondale. 

Red  Gap.*s 

Birmingham.*  8 

Coalburg.*' 


f  14.  Coosa  Coal  Field, 
\1S.  Sub-Carbon.  »3« 
14  b.  Coosa  CI.  Fd.«38 

"  810 

/  14  b.  Coosa  Coal  Fd. 
\&  Millstone  Grit.7  3  4 

"  784 

f  3  b.  c.Queb.A  Chazy 

\  Silurian  Valley. '♦« 

<i 

r  14  b.  Cahaba  Coal 
\     Fields.  6  88 

II  112 

»"  "  &  13.Sub-Carb. 
13  a.  Sub-Carbon.  '«o 
j  6  b.  0.  Clinton  and 
\      10  0.  Genesee.' •« 
3b,Queb.&3c.Chy.«i» 

f  14  b.  Warrior  Coal 
\  Field,  Pratt  seam. 


Tunnel  the  road  runs  sonthwest  for  12  miles,  along  the  beautiful  Choccolocco  Valley,  passing  fre- 
quent cuts  through  Lower  Silurian  rocks,  the  lower  portion  of  which  are  considerably  metamor- 
phosed— some  of  the  l>ed8  being  partially  changed  to  Hydromica  slates.  Limonite  ores  are  very 
abundant  in  this  valley,  are  easily  mined,  and  await  only  capital  and  labor  to  make  them  profitable. 

39.  Near  Oxford,  Calhoun  County,  the  road  changes  its  course  northward  through  a  gap  of  Ladiga 
Mountain,  cut  by  Snow  Creek.  Here  the  sandstones  and  shales  of  the  Potsdam  group  (2  b.)  are  "z- 
posed  in  well  defined  arches.  These  rocks  constitute  the  main  mass  of  the  Ladiga  ana  Cold  Water 
Mountains— the  ridges  which  flank  the  narrow  valley  in  which  Oxford  and  Anniston  are  situated. 
These  ridges  are  two  great  stone-waves,  between  which  we  find  a  synclinal  trough  which  hold:)  the 
rich  beds  of  Limonite  ores,  mined  to  supply  the  furnaces  at  Anniston.  Oxford  is  a  good  starting 
point  for  the  geological  study  of  this  region. 

40.  Anniston.  From  Anniston  the  railway  turns  westward  and  crosses  the  wide  Silurian  lime- 
Btone  valley  of  the  Coosa  Ri"er,  the  country  rocks  of  which  belong  mostly  to  the  Quebec,  Chazy, 
and  Trenton  epochs.  J.  L.  &,  H.  D.  C. 

41.  Sheddon  station  is  on  the  -"estern  border  of  the  Coosa  Valley,  upwards  of  25  miles  wide, 
diagonally  as  the  railway  crosses  it ;  and  a  little  east  of  Eden  Station  it  pasnes  abruptly  into  the 
Bu&CarboniferdVis  formation  of  the  Coosa,  or  third  or  most  easterly  Alabama  coal  field.  (W.  g\  The 
Coosa  Valley  is  a  prolongation  of  the  great  Silurian  Valley  of  Virginia  and  Tennessee,  while  the  Chocco- 
locco and  Anniston  Valleys  on  the  one  side,  and  the  Cahaba  and  Birmingham  Valleys  on  the  other, 
may  be  regarded  as  its  branchvss  or  outliers.  The  width  of  the  Coosa  Valley  by  the  line  of  the 
Oeorgia  Pacific  Railway  is  25  miles.  Many  promising  beds  of  iron  ore  are  found  near  this  line. 
The  Coosa  Valley  is  the  southern  terminus  of  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  important  valleys  in 
the  World,  in  a  geological  view.  Tracing  th  t  4  a.  Trenton  limestone,  and  the  4  c.  Hudson  River 
Blate  formations  irom  their  classical  localities,  from  which  they  derive  their  names,  Trenton  FaIIr.N. 
Y.  (see  note  62  of  that  State),  and  the  Hudson  River,  we  fina  them  in  the  Mohawk  Valley  of  New 
York,  with  branches  extending  far  into  New  England  and  Canada.  Following  it  southwostward  it 
croBses  New  Jersey  and  southeastern  Pennsylvania  by  Easton,  Lebanon,  Harrisburg,  Carlisle  and 
Chambersburg,  as  the  Cumberland  or  Kittatinny  Valley,  into  Maryland,  past  Hagerstown  and  through 
Virginia  as  the  Shenandoah  or  Great  Valley,  by  Winchester  and  Stanton;  and,  being  divided  by  the 
Massanutten  Mountain,  on  the  east  side  by  Sheperdstown,  Luray,  to  Roanoke,  and  into  Tennessee. 
where  it  ia  the  valley  of  East  Tennessee,  and  finally  in  Alabama  its  two  divided  branches  sink  ana 
disappear  beneath  the  cretaceous  plains  of  the  South.  In  Alabama  the  Trenton  is  much  less  con- 
Bpicuous  than  the  Canadian  group,  (.t  a.  b.  c.)  J.  M. 

42.  Eden.  [North  of  this  station  are  the  Broken  Arrow  and  Front  Creek  coal  mine;,  in  the 
OooBa  coal  field.  (W.  Q.)  ]  A  few  miles  west  of  Coosa  River  we  find  an  abrupt  transition  to  the  Sub- 
Carboniferous  of  the  Coosa  coal  field.  Near  Eden  station  the  road  passes  through  a  ridge  of  Sub- 
Carboniferous  limestone,  directly  upon  the  highest  coal-bearing  beds  of  this  region,  which  dip 
beneath  the  older  Sub-Carboniferous  strata.  This  can  be  best  accounted  for  on  the  hypothesis  of  • 
fault  Sub-CarboniferouB  fossils  are  found  in  this  neighborhood  in  abund&nce.  Promlsins  stiaros  of 
e<MU  are  found  in  this  field  and  have  been  mined  to  some  extant.  The  Broken  Arrow  WellB,  valued 
for  their  mineral  waters,  are  situated  in  thia  region. 


^  - 


;  ALA.) 


GEORGIA  AND  ALABAMA. 


38fr 


kilway— 

Alt. 

Coosa  Coal  Field, 
Sub-Carbon.  838 
Coosa  CI.  Fd.«3» 

<<  810 

b.  Coosa  Coal  Fd. 
iIill8toneGrit.''s« 

"  in 

.c.Queb.&Chazy 
urian  Valley. '♦« 

b.  Cahaba  Coal 
Fields.  •«« 

i<  712 

«  S90 

•'  &  13.Sub-Carb. 

Sub-Carbon.  »«« 
).  0.  Clinton  and 
10  0.  Genesee.' »• 
iueb.&3c.Chy.«i5 

b.  Warrior  Coal 
eld,  Pratt  seam. 


43.  Kerr's  Oap.  At  Kerr's  Gap,  where  the  road  passes  from  the  Coosa  fieU)  into  Cahaba  Valley, 
the  Millstone  Grit  (here  a  coarse  conglomerate,  80  to  100  feet  thick)  has  a  high  outcrop  on  the  Coosa 
or  Bald  Bock  Mountain.  Dipping  beneath  this  are  the  Sub-Carboniferous  formations,  followed  by  the 
Silurian  limestones,  all  dippmg  to  the  southeast.  Valuable  iron  ores  and  limestones,  with  one  good 
Toia  of  Baryte  are  found  here.  Along  the  western  margin  of  this  vallev  the  Silurian  limestones  have 
been  abruptly  cut  oil'  by  a  fissure,  and  the  coal-l)earLi)i;  beds  (14)  of  tne  Cahaba  field  have  dropped 
down  so  as  to  abut  against  them.  The  geological  structure  or  this  field  is  very  analogue  to  that  of 
ihe  Coosa  field— both  apparently  monoclines,  limited  by  faults  along  their  eastern  margins.  Valuable 
coal  mines  have  lieen  opened  here. 

44.  lO'Barr'8  Oap  is  in  the  western  boundaiy  of  the  Second  or  Cahaba  coal  field  of  Alabama;  and 
as  this  railway  crosses  the  Bis  or  West  Cahaba  River,  at  Sycamore  Ford,  and  keeps  the  face  of  its 
vrestern  bluiF  a  considerable  distance,  a  good  view  of  ttie  strata  of  shales,  sandstone,  and  some  of 
the  Cahaba  coal  beds  can  be  seen  from  the  carsj  (W.  6.) 

45.  Red  Oap.  The  road  passes  from  Sub-Carboniferous  of  Cahaba  field  into  the  Birmingham 
(or  Jones)  Valley  through  Red  Oap,  which  presents  a  section  of  the  Clinton  group  that  carries  the  great 
bed,  30  feet  thick,  of  fossil  ore  so  extensively  worked  in  this  part  of  Alabama.  Here  the  road  cuts 
beds  that  are  probably  Genesee  (10  c.) 

46.  Birmtngham  is  a  rapidly  i^rrwine  city,  in  and  around  which  are  several  large  iron  furnaces 
and  other  manufacturing  enterprise -i.  Here  ores,  limestones,  coal,  and  building  material  are  found 
in  unusual  contiguity  and  abundance. 

47.  Structure  of  the  Alabama  Coal  Fields.  There  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  the  Coosa,  Cahaba 
and  Warrior  coal  f  elds  were  originally  one  common  field,  which,  previous  to  the  Appalachian  Revo- 
lution, stretched  across  the  areas  that  are  now  ;the  Cahaba  and  Birmingham  Valleys.  But  these 
valU'y^  ^^^  their  margins  are  now  only  the  relics  of  a  monoclinal  uplift,  in  the  one  case,  and  of  an 
irregular  anticlinal  stone-wrinkle  in  the  other,  which  were  thrust  up  so  high  and  bent  so  sharply  as 
to  fracture,  not  only  the  coal-bearing  strata  on  top,  but  also  the.  underlying  Sub-Carboniferous  and 
Clinton  beds  and  many  of  the  Silurian  limestones  that  now  form  the  bottoms  of  the  valleys. 

48.  When  this  railway  has  been  extended  westward  from  Coalburg  until  it  meets  its  western 
aivision,  now  under  construction  east  of  Aitesia  on  the  Mississippi  *  Ohio  Railway,  it  will  traverse 
the  Great  Warrior  coal  field  over  its  most  productive  portions.  Between  this  coal  field  and  the  Mis- 
si.ssippi  it  will  cross  a  wide  belt  of  timber,  cotton  and  corn  lands.  The  line  will  intersect  every  geo- 
logical formation  found  in  the  Southern  States,  from  the  Archrean,  at  Atlanta,  up  to  the  Quaternary, 
and  must  always  be  an  interesting  route  for  scientific  travellers.  J.  L.  A  H.  D.  C. 


Valley,  passing  fre- 
siderably  metamor- 
lonite  ores  are  very 
e  them  profitable. 
lUgh  a  gap  of  Ladiga 
group  (2  b.)  are  ^x- 
liga  and  Cold  Water 
niston  are  situated, 
gh  which  holds  the 
is  a  good  starting 

wide  Silurian  lime- 
the  Quebec,  Chazy, 
.  J.  L.  A  H.  D.  C. 
Is  of  26  miles  wide, 
R  abruptly  into  the 
field.  (W.GO  The 
Be,  while  the  Chocco- 
^alleys  on  the  other, 
by  the  line  of  the 
lund  near  this  line, 
important  valleys  in 
(  4  c.  Hudson  Elver 
es,  Trenton  Falls,  N. 
lawk  Valley  of  New 
it  southwo.-tward  it 
isburg,  Carlisle  and 
irstown  and  through 
jeing  divided  by  the 
knd  Into  Tennessee. 
,  branches  sink  and 
m  is  much  less  con- 

J.  M. 
_.  coal  minefi.  in  the 
•ansition  to  the  Sub- 
ugh  a  ridge  of  Sub- 
I  region,  which  dip 
the  hypothesis  of » 
Promisins  seams  of 
Arrow  Wells,  talued 


m 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (MISS.) 


Iiiiilii^ 


V! 


•ii. 


,1  ,f , 


Mississippi.^ 


LIST  OF  QEOLOCICAL  FORMATIONS  IN  MfSS:^SIPPI. 


20.  QUATERNABT. 

20  e.  Alluvial. 
20  d.  Yellow  Loam. 
20  c.  Loess. 
20  b.  Port  Hudson. 
20  a.  Orange  Sand  or 
Stratified  Drift. 

19.  Tertiary 
Eocene. 

19e.  Vicksburg. 
19  d.  Jackson. 
19  c.  Claiborne. 
19  c.  Burstone. 
19  a.  LaGrange. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

18  d.  Ripley  Group. 
18  c.  Rotten  Lime  s. 
18  b.  Tombigbee  S'd 
18  a.  Eutaw. 

19.  Later  Tertiary. 

19  f.  Grand  Gulf. 

13.  Sub-Carbon'8. 

13  a.  Keokuk  or 
St.  Louis  Limes. 

*  By  P'of.  E.  W.  Hilgard,  Berkeley,  Cal.,  !(ite  State  Geologist  of  Mississippi,  but,  owing  to  tlio  uis- 
tuice,  he  was  unable  to  correct  the  proof  sheets. 

Notes  on  the  Geological  Formations  of  Mississippi. 

Brief  descriptions  of  some  formations  peculiar  to  the  Southern  States  seem  to  be  required. 
Mississippi  is  a  Tertiary  and  Cretaceous  State,  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  it  being  occupied  by 
the  former,  if  we  leave  out  of  consideration  the  strata  of  the  Orange  Sand,  which  undoubtedly  forms  tho 
neater  portion  of  the  actual  surface.  These  formations  have  oeen  well  studied  and  described  liy 
Professor  Eug.  W.  Hilgard,  from  whose  reports  the  following  brief  descriptions  of  the  several  sub- 
divisions have  been  taken. 
SO  Quaternary. 

20  e.  Alluvial  Deposits.  These  include  all  th«3  soils,  first  bottom  deposits,  and  sand  bars  now 
in  process  of  formation,  or  attributable  to  causes  now  in  action.  The  lower  bottoms  of  tho  Mis- 
sissippi  River,  now  frequently  overflowed,  are  bordered  by  level  tracts  of  land  sometimes  several 
miles  in  width,  evidently  formed  in  flowing  water,  but  of  too  high  a  level  to  have  been  formed  by 
the  present  river,  and  being  probably  due  to  ancient  glacial  rivers. 

20  d.  Yellow  Loam.  The  yellow,  brown,  or  reddish  loam  forms  tho  turfaco  and  furnishes  the 
■oils  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  is  the  source  of  its  wealth  as  a  great 
cotton-growing  State.  Professor  Hilgard  thinks  it  was  an  independent  acqueoiis  deposit  pos- 
terior to  the  Bluflf  and  Orange  Sand,  and  anterior  to  the  alluvial  formations  of  tho  present  epoch.  Its 
prevalent  character  is  that  of  a  yellow  clay  or  loam,  without  any  definite  strucUire  or  cleavage,  vnri- 
onaly  tinged  with  iron,  and  it  forms  the  best  upland  soils  and  sub-soils  of  the  State,  averaging  about 
tliree  feet  in  thickness,  and  sometimes  twenty  feet. 

20  c.  The  Bluff',  or  Loess,  ot  Mississippi,  or  cane-hills  belt,  presents  the  same  remarkably  uni- 
form features  as  m  other  States  and  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  as  described  in  the  introduction  to 
this  volume.  It  consists  of  a  fine  silt,  almost  too  silicious  to  be  called  a  loam,  of  a  grayish  or  yel- 
lowish buff  tint.  A  certain  degree  of  firmness  is  imparted  to  tho  mass,  caused  as  Proufssor  Hiltjiinl 
thinks,  by  rough,  irregular  concretions,  varying  in  i>ize  from  fine  sand  grains  to  the  weight  of  Severn) 
pounds,  (Loess  pupiiets),  into  which  the  fine  material  has  been  cemented  by  earthy  carbontitos. 
Hence,  it  is  little  subject  to  erosion,  maintains  itself  readily  in  even  vertical  cuts,  and  valleys  cut  in- 
to it  have  steep  slopes,  at  times  almost  vertical  walls.*  Its  thickness  is  sometimes  as  much  as  sev- 
enty feet,  but  it  shows  only  obscure  marks  of  stratification.  Its  fossils  are  terrestrial  snails  nnd 
qnadrupods. 

20  b.  Port  Hudson.  This  Is  a  forT.ation  consisting,  in  its  landward  portion  chiefly  of  paludal,  mostly 
dark-tinted  and  well  stratified  calcareous  clays,  often  overlaid  by  brov  ..irh  ill  stratified  loams,  whieh 
intervene  between  it  and  the  Loess  proper.  Its  chief  fossils  are  a  fresh  w'^ter  and  land  fauna,  anions 
many  vegetable  remains,  including  cypress  stumps.  To  seaward  the  beds  become  more  brackisR 
and  nnally  of  purely  marine  character.    It  underlies  the  Mississippi  alluvium  at  least  as  far  as  Mem- 

Shia,  rises  into  "  Crowley's  Ridge,"  in  Arkansas  and  Southeast  Missouri,  and  also  underlies  the  Red 
;iTer  alluvium  t<)  Shreveport.    It  is  most  widely  developed  in  Louisiana. 

20  a  The  Orange  Sand,  or  stratified  drift,  is  an  important  formation.  It  covers  nearly  the  whole 
State  of  Mississippi,  except  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  the  river,  leing,  however,  itself  often  covered  by 
the  later  formations  above  descril  -d.    It  forms  the  main  body  of  most  of  the  ridges  of  the  State,  and  to  a 

Keat  extent  their  surface.  It  gi^  s  character  to  the  surface  conformation,  which,  contrary  to  tne  popu- 
r  impression,  is  generally  hill  bock  from  the  river,  though  nowhere  mountainous.  All  the  sandy 
hills  seen  from  the  railroad,  fn  i  .30  to  120  feet  high,  few  of  them  as  high  as  400  feet,  which  are  con- 
■picuous  features  in  the  landscape,  are  due  to  the  Orange  Sand  formation,  out  of  which  the  hills  have 
been  formed  by  denudation  of  tho  valleys  and  lower  ground.    The  sand  of  which  it  is  chiefly  com- 

*In  Seimiee,  for  August,  1884, 1  maintained  that  the  steep  slopes  of  the  Loesa  were  owing  to  it« 
laminated  Btructure,  like  the  Qenesee,  »nd  other  shales.  J/J|L 


IISS.) 


IPPI. 


•  Vicksburg. 

•  Jacksoni 

.  Claiborne. 
.  Burstone. 
..  LaCrange. 

.  Ripley  Croup. 
.  Rotten  Lime  s, 
I.  Tombigbee  S'd 
,.  Eutaw. 

..  Keokuk  or 
St.  Louis  Limes. 

but,  owing  tu  tlin  ui»i. 


3i. 

eem  to  bo  required. 
it  being  occupied  by 
ndoubtedly  forniR  the 
ed  and  described  liy 
8  of  the  several  sul> 


,  and  sand  bnrs  now 
bottoma  of  the  Jlis- 
d  sometimes  several 
lave  been  formed  by 

:o  and  furnishes  the 
its  wealth  as  a  gront 
•queous  deposit  pos- 
0  present  epoch.  Its 
ire  or  cleavage,  Vftri- 
tate,  averaging  about 

imo  remarkably  uni- 
n  the  introduction  to 
n,  of  a  grayish  or  yol- 
aa  Professor  Hilgiird 
the  weight  of  several 
y  etirthy  earbonntos. 
;8,  and  valleys  cut  in- 
mes  as  much  as  sev- 
terrestrial  snails  and 

afly  of  paludal,  mostly 
ratiiied  loams,  which 
id  land  fauna,  nmone 
come  more  brackish 
t  least  as  fa"*  as  Mem- 
so  underlies  the  Red 

vers  nearly  the  whole 
self  often  covered  by 
!S  of  the  State,  and  to  a 
contrary  to  the  popu- 
linous.  All  the  sandy 
)  feet,  which  are  con- 
f  which  the  hills  have 
lich  it  is  chiefly  com- 

BBS  were  owing  to  iU 


MISSISSIPPI. 


387 


Chtoa{{o,St.  IioulsA  New  Orleans  Kollroad. 

Ms.  Illiuois  Central  Line.  Alt. 


0  New  Orleans,  La, 
48  Ponchatoula. 


78 

88 

98 
108 
118 
128 
139 
149 
158 

167 
174 

183 

195 
206 

220 

234 
242 
251 

262 
271 

283 

295 

310 

323 
333 

340 

357 
369 

378 

382 
394 


Tangiphoa. 

Osyka. 

Magnolia. 
Summit. 
Bogue  Chitto. 
Brook  haven. 
Beauregard. 
Hazlehurst. 
Crystal  Springs. 

Terry. 
Byram. 

Jackson. 

Madison. 
Canton. 

Vaughan's. 

Goodman. 

Durant. 

West's. 

Vaiden. 
Winona. 
Duck  Hill. 

Grenada. 

Coffeeville. 

Water  Valley. 
Taylor's. 

Oxford. 

Abbeville. 
Holly  Springs. 

HudsonTille. 

Lamar. 

Grand  Jun.,Tenn, 


16 


20  a.  Orange  Sand. 

19  f.  Grand  Gulf. 

«<  93 

<l 

(I 

(I 

« 

20  d.  Yellow  Loam. 

20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
20  c.  Alluvial. 
19.  Eocene  and 
20  c.  Alluvial. 
20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
19  d.  Jackson. 


{ 


{ 


20  c. 

19  d. 

20  c. 

19  c. 

20  c. 
19  b. 

■  20  d. 
19  d. 


Alluvial  and 
Jackson. 
Alluvial  and 
Claiborne. 

AUuvial'and 
Burstone. 
Yellow  Loam, 
Burstone. 


f  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 

\  19  a.  LaGrange. 

f  20  c.  Alluvial  and 

\  19  a.  LaGrange.  ' » » 

f  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 

\  19  a.  LaGrange. 

/  20  c.  Alluvial  and 

\  19  a.  LaGrange. 
« 

f  20  c.  Alluvial, 

■I  20  a.  Orange  Sand. 

( 19  a.  LaGrange. 

f  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
\  19  a.  LaGrange. 
/  20  c.  Alluvial  and 
\  19  a.  LaGrange. 
20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
19  a.  LaGraage. 

575 


{ 


SUssisalppl  &  Tennessee  Railroad. 

^ Alt. 


0 

22 
41 
50 


Grenada. 

Oakland. 
Bateville, 
Sardis. 

63  Senatobia. 

88 
100 


Hernando. 
Memphis. 


{ 


20  c.  Alluvial,     ai« 

19  a.  LaGrange. 

20  b.  Yellow  Loam, 
19  a.  LaGrange. 

,20  b.  Yellow  Loam, 

19  a.  LaGrange. 

20  c.  Loess, 
19  a.  LaGrange. 

«  2SS 


Natchei,  Jackson  &  Columbns  Railroad. 


0 

26 

43 

78 

100 


Natchez. 

Fayette. 

Martin. 
Oakley. 
Jackson. 


f  20  c.  Loess. 
\  19  f.  Grand  Gulf. 
/  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
X 19  f.  Grand  Gulf. 


u 
tt 


Mobile  »■  Ohio  Railroad. 


63 
71 

82 

96 

109 

120 

135 

147 
164 

176 

188 

198 
211 
219 
232 
241 
254 
262 
275 
287 
297 


State  Line. 
Buckatunna. 

Waynesboro. 
Shubuta. 
Quicman. 
Enterprise. 

Meridian. 

Lockhart. 
Narkeeta. 

Scooba. 

Shuijnlak. 

Macon. 

Crawford. 

Artesia. 

West  Point. 

Muldon. 

Egypt. 

Okolona. 

Verona. 

Saltillo. 

Baldwyn. 


{ 


19.  Later  Tertinary. 

"  150 

20 'd.  Yellow  Loam, 

19  e.  Vicksburg.191 

20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
\18d.  Ripley  Gp.ioT 

f  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
\l9c.  Claiborne.  231 
I  20  c.  Alluvial, 
1 19  b.  Burstone.  »*» 
(  20  c.  Alluvial, 
\  19  b.  Burstone 

19  b.  Burstone. 

(I 


336 
360 
183 

20  c.  Alluvial,    i93 
18  c.  Rotten  Lime  s. 
20  d.  Yellow  T<oam, 
\  18c. Rotten  1.8.  221 

««  18  5 


{ 


« 

« 

« 

« 
(I 
« 


316 
244 
343 
804 
SOS 
811 
S07 
818 
87C 


posed  is  in  color  of  an  orange  yellow,  sometimes  very  deep  and  glaring,  but  more  frequently  it  is  a 
dull  rust  color;  in  some  places  of  a  delicate  rose  color,  with  frequently  bright  yellow  tints,  and  there 
are  some  deposits  of  white  sand.  There  are,  of  course,  an  endless  variety  of  intermediate  tints,  and 
sometimes  crimson,  purple  and  almost  blue  tints  are  observed.  It  also  ?r,„,r'na  extensive  gravel 
beds,  usually  forming  belts  of  a  general  north  and  south  direction;  and  ir.egular  oeds  and  bands  of 
clayey  materials  are  common  where  clayey  formations  underly.  Its  origin  is  not  yet  clearly  ascertained, 
but  it  appears  very  much  like  a  glacial  river  deposit,  the  materials  being  mainly  derived  from  places 
south  of  the  Ohio  River  on  either  side  of  the  Mississippi.  As  the  Mississippi  must  have  been  the 
great  outlet  of  the  vast  glacial  rivers  of  the  age  of  ice,  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  it  would  leave  no 


(  t-r 


L 


HA 


888 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  EAILWAY  GUIDE.     (MiSS.) 


Ms. 


MobUe  &  Ohio  Railroad— 

Continued. 


AH. 


809 
818 
829 


Booneville.* 

Rienzi. 

Corinth. 


f  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
\  18  c.  Rotten  1.8.»" 
20  d.  Yellow  Lm.**i 
18  b.  Tombigbee  Sd. 
20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
18  0.  Rotten  1.  bM* 


B.  Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Georgia  B.  B. 

Memphis  &  Charleston  Division. 


79 
84 
98 

107 

115 


Big  Hill,  Tenn. 

Chewalla. 

Corinth. 

BumsTille. 

luka,  Ala. 


\  19  a.  LaQrange. 
18  c.  Rotten  1.  8.  *»» 
/  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
\  18  c.  Rotten  1.  b.*^* 
r  20  a.  Orange  Sand, 
\18a.  Eutaw.  •*«3 
f  20  a.  Orange  Sd.,* 5 » 
1  13a.KeokukorSt.L. 


(See  Alabama  for  this  Railroad.) 


Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  &  Texas  Pacific 
Ballroad. 

Vicksburg  &  Meridian  Division. 


0 

10 
18 
27 

85 

45 


Vicksburg. 

Bovinia. 

Edwards. 

Bolton. 

Clinton. 

Jackson. 


i  2v       I 
\  19  e.  \ 


I  jess, 
Vicksburg.'*" 


« 

K 
<( 


{ 


20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
19  d.  Jackson. 


Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  A  Texas  Paclflo 
Ballroad. 

Ms.  Continued.  Alt. 


59 

70 

79 
90 

100 

109 

122 

140 


Brandon. 

Pelahatchie. 

Morton. 
Forrest. 

Lake. 

Newton. 

Chunky. 

Meridian. 


f  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
19  f.  Grand  Gulf. 

19  e.  Vicksburg. 

20  d.  Y*>llow  Loam, 
.  19  a.  Vicksburg. 


20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
19  c.  Claiborne. 


f  20  d.  Yellow  Loam, 
\  19  b.  Burstone. 
20  c.  Alluvial, 
19  b.  Burstone.  s^e 


{ 


New  Orleans  &  Northeastern  Ballroad. 


0 

17 

30 

47 

64 

85 

101 

131 

147 

160 

167 

191 
196. 


Meridian. 

Enterprise. 

Bamet. 

Sandersville. 

Ellisville. 

Hattiesburg. 

Purvis* 

Derby. 

Mitchell. 

Pearl  River 

Slidel,  La. 

Lake  Shore. 
New  Orleans 


19  b,  Burstone. 
19  c.  Claiborne. 
19  f.  Grand  Gulf. 


a  3,5 


336 
213 
306 

239 
144 
360 
168 
it 


«-0      u 

f  20  c.  Loess, 

\  20  b.  Port  Hudson. 


IS 


l?'l 


*Booneville,  highest  railroad  point  in  the  State. 


Ii  I 


Vf> 


r  < 


i'A 


traces  of  that  period  behind  in  some  of  the  States  on  its  borders.  There  is  no  doubt  the  deposition 
of  the  orange  sand  took  place  in  flowing  -.rater,  whose  current  had  a  general  direction  from  north  to 
south.  This  formation  is  40  to  GO  feet  thick ;  100  feet  ^is  not  unusual,  and  even  200  feet.  It  contains 
the  fossils  of  the  underlying;  formations,  but  none  of  its  own.  The  materials  are  non-calcareous  and 
peroxidized  throughout;  highly  ferruginous,  and  in  port  silicious  sandstones  form  limited  deposits, 
very  frequently  capping  hills  and  ridges  which  have  thus  been  preserved  from  erosion,  profoundly 
influencing  the  surface  conformation. 
19.  I<ater  Tertiary. 

19  f.  The  Orand  Oulf.  The  highest  Tertiary  formation  apppearing  on  the  surface  of  the  State  is 
the  Grand  Gulf  group  or  blue,  green  and  white,  compact  clays,  and  mostly  soft  whitish  sandstones 
overlying  the  same.  No  fossils  save  a  few  leaves  and  small  lignite  beds  have  been  found  in  it, 
although  it  occupies,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  the  large  area  covered  by  the  long  leaved  pine. 
It  is  supposed  to  be  of  Miocene  age. 
19.  TertiaiT. 

19  0.  Vicksburg  Miocene,  the  highest  of  the  marine  tertiary  formations,  occupies  a  narrow  belt  of 
nearly  uniform  width,  extending  across  the  State  to  the  Tombigbee  River  in  Alabama,  and  it  con- 
tains a  valuable  crystalline  limestone,  associated,  however,  with  blue  and  white  marls  and  important 
beds  of  lignite,  but  the  chief  materia!  is  a  soft  white  limestone. 

19  d.  Jackson.  The  territory  of  this  group  is  characterized  by  the  occurrence  of  the  black  i)rairie 
soil  on  its  surface,  and  also  of  bald  prairies,  both  ver:^  similar  to  those  of  the  Rotten  Limestone 
region.  The  material  is  either  a  soft  yellowish  limestone  or  indurated  marl  or  a  soft  gray  or  yellowish 
calcareous  clay,  in  which  tha  large  bones  of  the  Zeuglodon  are  found. 

19  c.  Claiborne.  This  group  of  blue  and  white  calcareous  marls  occupies  but  a  small  area  in  the 
state,  its  fossils  are  poorly  preserved,  and  it  imparts  no  obvious  features  to  the  surface  of  the  country 
underlaid  by  it. 

19  b.  Burstone.  ("  Silicious  Claiborne,"  of  Hilgard's  Mississippi  report).  This  group  forms  a  wide 
and  to  northward  ill-defined  belt,  northward  of  the  Claiborne  and  Jackson  area.  Its  materials  are 
mostly  soft  yellowish  or  whitish  sandstones  and  claystones,  alternating  with  dark-tinted  lignito-gypse- 
ous  clays  and  sands ;  sometimes  unconsolidated  fossiliferous  sands  and  silicious  sandstone  of  the 
"  burstone  "  character ;  also,  highly  ferruginous  clays.    Northward  it  passes  insenr  'bly  into 


JS.) 


Texas  Paolflo 


Alt. 


.  Yellow  Loam, 
Grand  Gulf. 
,  Vicksburg. 
.  Yf  llow  ^am, 
.  Vicksburg. 


Yellow  Loam, 
Claiborne. 

Yellow  Loam, 
Burs  tone. 
Alluvial, 
Burstone.  *38 

em  Railroad. 


turstone. 

laiborne. 

rand  Gulf. 
i( 

« 
(( 
(( 
<( 
M 


336 
243 
306 

239 
144 
860 
168 
it 


Loess,  * 

Port  Hudson. 


16 


ibt  tho  deposition 
ion  from  north  to 
feet.  It  contains 
r)n-calcareoii8  and 
limited  deposit!*, 
osioD,  profoundly 


loe  of  the  State  is 

tiitish  sandstones 

jeen  found  in  it, 

long  leared  pine. 


IB  a  narrow  belt  of 
bama,  and  it  con- 
rls  and  important 

'  the  black  t>rairie 
totten  Limestone 
gray  or  yellowish 

small  area  in  the 
ce  of  the  country 

roup  forms  a  wide 
Its  materials  are 
ted  lignito-gypse- 
sandstone  of  the 
bly  into 


MISSISSIPPI. 


989 


lAolaTUIe  A  NaahvUla  Ballroad. 

KionlsTllle,  Mew  Orleans  A  Texas  B.  B^— 

Mb.          New  Orleans  ic  Mobile  DiTision.         AH. 

Ms.                           Oontinuedi                          Alt 

0 

New  Orleans. 

18 

246 

Redwood. 

r  20  d.  Alluvium  ov«r 
\     20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

62 

Bay  St.  Louis, 
Miss. 

/  20  0.  Alluvial,      »* 
\  20  b.  Post  Hudson. 

267 

Halpin. 

69 

Pass  Christian. 

u                10 

271 

Cary. 

71 

Mississippi  City. 

«                          10 

278 

Rolling  Fork. 

82 

Ocean  Springs. 

«                          3  8 

284 

Anguilla. 

101 

Scranton. 

« 

288 

Nitta  Yaxaa.       \ 

141 

Mobile. 

«                             6 

306 

Areola. 

1 

316 
331 

Leland. 
Nicholson. 

liOuiaTllle,  New  Orleans  A  Texas  B.  B. 

Baton  Rouge  to  Memphis. 

342 
363 

Coleman. 
Duncan. 

89 

Baton  Rouge. 

f  20  c.  Loess  over  20  b. 
\     Port  Huron. 

370 

378 

Bobo. 
Clarksdale. 

«                          8  7 

108 

Slaughter. 

t( 

398 

Lula. 

113 

Ethel. 

{< 

415 

Tunica. 

122 

Wilson. 

f  20  a.Orange  Ld.  over 
\     19  b.  Port  Hudson. 

426 
440 

Robinsonville. 
Walls. 

135 

Centreville. 

(( 

r  20  c.  Loess  over  20  a. 

144 

Gloster  City. 

« 

442 

Lakeview. 

Orange  Sand  and 

152 
160 
176 

Days. 

Knoxville. 

Hamburg. 

14 

465 

Memphis. 

{     19  a.  Eocene. 

«                       22  7 

186 

Harriston. 

« 

Grand  Gulf  &  Port  Gibson  Railroad. 

193 

Hays. 

20  c.  Loess. 

206 

Port  Gibson. 

<t 

rirrnnrl  Onlt 

f  20  c.  Loess, 

\  19  f.  Grand  Gulf. 

218 

Aliens. 

u 

222 

Yokena. 

ti 



Port  Gibson. 

(( 

227 
235 

Warrenton. 
Vicksburg. 

"    over  19  Eocene, 

«                          «          308 

19  a.  La  Orange  or  Lianite  ("  Northern  Lignitio  "  of  Hilgard),  which  underlies  all  of  the  northern  part 
of  the  state  outside  of  tne  Cretaceous  area,  itself  mostly  covered  by  the  Orange  Sand.  It  consists  of 
mostly  dark-tinted  shaly  clays,  interstratined  with  gray  sands  and  lignite  beds  of  some  economic  im> 
portance ;  shows  a  few  marine  outliers  showing  near  relation  to  tho  Burstone,  or  more  probably  to  the 
**  Woods  Blutt"  beds  of  Alabama,  the  base  of  the  Eocene  Tertiary. 
18.  GretaoeouB. 

18  d.  Ripley  Group  is  composed  of  hard  crystalline  limestone,  the  highest  strata  and  bluish 
micaceous  marls  more  or  less  sandy  below.  The  country  suddenly  becomos  hilly  and  broken  as  you 
enter  this  formation.  It  is  a  hard,  sandy  limestone,  with  strata  of  blue  shale  marl  between,  and  one  of 
heavy  gray  calcareous  clay  on  top. 

18  c.  The  Rotten  Limestone  is  an  important  formation  700  to  1,000  feot  thick  in  the  southwest,  and 
thinning  down  iu  the  northea-st  to  70  to  100  feet  at  the  Tennessee  line.  The  material  is  of  great  ur*- 
formity,  a  soft,  chalky  rock  of  a  white  or  pale  bluish  tint,  with  a  very  little  sand.  When  the  rotten 
limestone  appears  on  tho  surface  it  appears  white  or  yellowish  white,  and  preserves  the  same  tint 
from  2  to  18  feet  deep,  lelow  that  it  is  often  bluish  gray,  which,  when  wet,  looks  quite  dark.  These 
white  clay  marls  or  soft  limestone  form  a  level  or  gently  undulating  surface  with  a  heavy  calcareous 
soil  in  the  Prairie  Region  proper,  and  comprises  some  of  the  best  land  in  the  State. 

18  b.  Tomhigbee  sand  has  as  its  prevalent  material  a  fine  grained  micaceous  sand,  usually  of  a 
greenish  tint,  but  not  unfrequently  gray,  bluish,  black,  yellow,  and  sometimes  even  orange  red.  The 
region  is  hilly  and  sandy  and  the  soil  generally  inferior. 

18  a.  Eutaw.  The  territory  occupied  by  this  formation  offers  no  striking  characteristics  In  Mis- 
sissippi, by  far  the  larger  portion  of  it  being  covered  thickly  by  the  Orange  Sand.  It  consists  of  un- 
consolidated sands  and  dark-tinted  clays. 

14.  The  Sub-Carboniferous  occupies  a  very  small  territory  in  the  northeastern  section  of  the 
State  adjoining  Alabama,  and  its  geological  relations  can  hardly  be  satisfactorily  studied  in  Missis- 
sippi. 

The  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  formations  of  Mississippi  are  rich  in  fossils  and  affoid  favorite  local- 
ities for  the  palffiontologist.  Tne  geology  of  Mississippi  may  become  important  in  the  study  of  the 
vast,  olmost  unknown  region  between  the  Mississippi  River  and  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  the  same 
formations  seem  to  prevail.    In  this  connection  see  Mr.  Loughridge's  notes  on  the  Indian  Territory 

The  foregoing  descriptions  of  the  sub-divisions  of  the  Cretaceous,  Tertiary  and  Quaternary 
apply  to  these  formations  in  the  adjoining  States  of  Tenaeasee,  Alabama  and  Louisiana.       J.  M. 


'890 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (LA.) 


Louisiana.  ^ 


LIST  OF  THE  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  IN  LOUISIANA. 


I'i'i 


m 


!i 


11!  i 


Genebal  Table. 

LOVISIANA   FOBMATIONB. 

General  Tablb. 

LOVHIANA   FOBMATIONS. 

20.  QUATERMABT. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 
20  c.  Bluff  or  Loess. 
20  b.  Port  Hudson. 
20  a.  Orange  Sand 
or  Stratified  Drift. 

19.  Tektiary. 

19  f.  Grand  Quif 

Miocene. 
19  a.  Eocene. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

General  Geological  Note  on  Louisiana. 

Louisiana  is  not  wholly  alluvial,  as  is  the  general  Impression ;  only  about  one-half  of  the  State, 
in  fact,  belonging  to  the  alluvium  of  the  Mississippi  and  Ked  Rivers  and  to  the  marsh  region  of  the 
coast.  A  considerable  portion  of  this,  too,  is  older  than  the  present  river  channels.  Such  is  the 
case  with  the  greater  part  of  the  "buck-shot"  soils,  where  certain  strata  of  dark  colored  clay  come 
to  the  surface.  These  clays  underlie  the  entire  plain  from  tne  Gulf  coast  as  high  as  Memphis  and 
Shreveport  at  depths  of  from  one  to  forty  feet,  and  are  the  older  portions  of  the  Champlain  formation, 
most  definitely  exhibited  at  Port  Hudson  Blutf,  20  b. 

.  Next  above  and  north  of  these  prairies  occur  the  beds  of  sand  and  gravel  belonging  to  the 
"  Stratified  Drift,"  capping  the  higher  ridges  all  over  tlie  upland  portion  of  the  State.  It  Is  the  20  a. 
Orange  Sand. 

Tne  next  formation  is  the  10  f  "Grand  Gulf"  group  of  the  Tertirry  formation,  blue,  green  and 
white  clays,  clay  stones  and  clay  sandstones,  rising  into  high  ridge->  as  we  advance  nortiiward,  and 
forming  a  promment  hilly  belt  across  the  State. 

Northward,  again,  of  this  transverse  ridge  we  find  a  narrow  belt  of  the  calcareous  marls  and  lime- 
stones of  the  Marino  Tertiary,  19  e.  Vioksburg  and  19  d,  Jack»on  groups  approaching  the  surface. 

In  northwestern  Louisiana  fossiliferous  rocks,  mostly  ferruginous  and  red,  or  sometimes  calca- 
reous of  Upper  19  c.  Claiborne  or  Lower  19  d.  Jackson  of  Tertiary  age,  are  found  and  known  as  the 
Red  Lands.  The  upper  portion  of  the  ridges  is  composed  of  or  capped  by  the  irregularly  bedded 
sands  of  the  20  b.  Stratified  Drift. 

See  the  descriptions  of  the  formations  in  the  Mississippi  chapter. — Vrom  E.  W.  Hilgard'e  Cotton 
Report. 


Ms. 


LoulsTlUe  &  NashvlUe  Railroad. 

New  Orleans  k  Mobile  Division. 


Alt. 


0 
6 
9 
13 
20 
26 
31 


40 
45 
48 
52 


New  Orleans. 
Pontchartrain  Ju 
Lee. 

Micheaud. 
Chef  Menteur. 
Lake  Catherine. 
F.igoleta. 

Lookout. 


Claiborne. 
Toulme, 
Waveland. 
Bay  St.  Louis. 

(Continued  in  Mississippi.) 


20  c.  AUuTium. 
no.  " 


« 


{ 


20  c.  Alluvium. 
20  b.  Port  Hudson. 


Ctnolnnatl,  New  Orleana  &  Texas  Pacific 
Railroad. 


0 

6 
18 
28 


New  Orleans. 

Lake  Shore. 
Pt.  Aux  Herbra. 
Slidell. 


{ 


20  d.  Alluvium  over 
20  b.  Port  Hudson. 


(I 


Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  &  Texas  Pacific 
Ms.  Railroad— Continued.  Alt. 


36  Pearl  River. 

43  Nicholson. 

4y  Mitchell. 

53  Highland. 
64  Derby. 


{ 


20  d.  Alluvium  over 
20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

20  a.Orange  S'd  over 
lOf.G'dGulfMioc. 


Illinois  Central  Railroad. 

(Chicago,  St.  Louis  &  New  Orleans  Division.) 


0 

New  Orleans. 

f  20  c.  Alluvium  over 
\   20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

10 

Kenner. 

<i 

37 

Manchac. 

«( 

48 

Ponchatoula. 

« 

53 

Hammond. 

20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

68 

Amite. 

f  20  a.  Orange  S'd  over 
\   19  f.G'd  Gulf  Mice. 

78 

Tangipahoa. 

88 

Osyka. 

« 

(Continued  in  Mississippi.) 


»  By  Prof  E.  W.  Hilgard,  Berkeley,  Cal.,  late  State  Geologist  of  Louisiana;  but,  owing  to  the  dis- 
tance, he  was  unable  to  correct  the  proof  sheets. 


k.) 


ilANA. 


ANA  Formations. 

3rand  Quif 

ocenei 

locene. 

etaceout. 


(-half  of  the  State, 
irsh  region  of  the 
Jels.  Such  is  the 
iolored  clay  come 
h  as  Memphis  and 
implain  formation, 

belonging  to  the 
te.    It  18  the  20  a. 

a,  blue,  green  and 
ce  northward,  and 

IS  marls  and  lime- 
ng  the  surface, 
sometimes  calca- 
md  known  as  the 
rregularly  bedded 

'.  Hilgard's  Cotton 


fc  Texas  Faclflo 

nued.  Alt. 

I.  Alluvium  over 
b.  Port  Hudson. 

.Orange  S'd  over 
f.O'dGulfMioo. 

« 

ilroad. 

leans  Division.) 

.  Alluvium  over 
b.  Port  Hudson. 


'ort  Hudson. 
Orange  S'd  over 

•G'd  Gulf  Mice. 

« 

u 
isippi.) 
owing  to  the  dis- 


LOUISIANA. 


801 


lionlfTllle,  N«tw  Orleans  A  Texas  R.  K.    | 

Oalveston,  Harrlsbnrs  ft  San  Antonio 

Ms. 

Alt. 

Ms.                Rallroad- 

Continued.                Alt 

0 

New  Orleans. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

246  Sabine. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

5 

Sauve. 
Konner. 

it 

256  Orange. 

It 

10 

Mlast,..^^  Faolflo  Railroad. 

23 

Sarpy's. 
St.  Peter's. 

« 
it 

(New  OrleanH  to  Marshall.) 

84 

0;New  Orleans. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

40 

Mount  Airy. 

« 

SiHarvey's  Canal. 

<i 

m 

Whitehall. 

« 

19Davi8. 

« 

71 

Southwood. 

« 

39  Johnson. 

i< 

76 

St.  Gabriel. 

(1 

64For8tall. 

II 

an 

Baton  Rouge. 

f  20  0.  Loess  over  20  b. 
1      Port  Hudson. 

64 1  Donaldson  ville. 

11 

89 

85  Plaquemine. 

II 

90 

Baker. 

<t 

89  Baton  Rouge  Jun. 

II 

108 

Slaughter. 

<( 

97  W.  Baton  Rouge. 

II 

113 

Kilboupne. 

<i 

127iRavenwood. 
140  Goshen. 
154|MorrowB. 
172  Cheneyville. 

i< 

Morgran's  Luulslana  &  Texas  R.  R. 

« 

0 

New  Orleans. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

It 

3 

Gretna. 

« 

188Moreland. 

II 

12 

Jefferson. 

<i 

210  Boyce. 

19  f.  Grand  Gulf  Mio. 

24 

Boutte. 

« 

2241  Chopin. 

<i 

40 

Raceland. 

« 

237  Prudehomme. 

Ii 

62 

Lafourche. 

« 

247  Provencal. 

11 

GO 

Thibodaux. 

t( 

260  Marthaville. 

19  a.  Eocene. 

55 

Terrebonne. 

<i 

270  Sodus. 

II 

70 

Houma. 

a 

288,  Mansfield. 

i< 

C6 

Tigerville. 

n 

303Glo8ter. 

II 

73 

Boeuf. 

It 

318  Reisor. 

II 

80 

Morgan  City. 

« 

328  Shreveport. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

81 

Berwick. 

(( 

343  Greenwood, 

19  a.  Eocene. 

100 

Franklin. 

ii 

352;Jouesville. 

II 

113 

Jeannerette. 

20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

360,  Scotts  ville. 

i< 

125 

New  Iberia. 

ii 

368!  Marshall. 

it 

144 
157 
1G6 
172 
179 
186 
195 
204 
215 

228 

Lafayette. 

Grand  Coteau. 

Opelousas. 

Washington. 

Garland. 

Whiteville. 

Eola. 

Cheneyville. 

Lamourie. 

Alexandria. 

ii 

It 
ii 
ii 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

Ii 

11 
II 
II 

f  20  d.  Alluvium  over 
20b.Pt.Hud'8&19f. 

Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  A  Texas  Pae.  B.  R. 

(Vicksburg  to  Shreveport.) 

0 
0 
7 
IT 
18 
25 
32 
86 

A  1 

Vicksburg. 

Delta. 

Mounds. 

Onlifornia. 

Tallulah. 

Quebec. 

Waverly. 

Delhi. 

19  a.  Eocene. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

II 

i( 
11 
<i 

u 

20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

[  G'd  Gulf  Miocene. 

41  uarpenier  8. 
48  Bee  Bayou. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

Gulveston,  Harrlsbai 

g  &  San  Antonio  R.  R. 

52 

Rayville. 

ii 

(New  Orlear 

s  to  Orange.) 

65 
73 

Gordon. 
i.Ionroe. 

i< 

0 

New  Orleans. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

II 

Algiers. 

Ii 

82 

Cheniere 

II              ^ 

'65 

Terrebonne. 

11 

87 

Forksville. 

19  a.  Eocene. 

80 

Morgan  City. 

II 

89 

Calhoun. 

•1 

101 

Franklin. 

Ii 

93 

Averitt. 

II 

125 

New  Iberia. 

20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

97 

Choudrant. 

i<                .' 

144 

LaFayette. 

11 

105 

Ruston. 

« 

172 

Estherwood. 

Ii 

110 

AUengreene. 

« 

184 

Jennings. 

!i 

114 

Simsboro. 

« 

206 

Pine  Grove. 

II 

122 

New  Arcadia. 

« 

C%C%Q 

Sulphur  Mine. 

f  20  b.  PtHudson  over 
1 19  a.  &  18  Creta. 

144 

Minden  Junction. 

<( 

228 

157 

Haughton. 

<i 

285lEdgerly. 

" 

170 

Shreveport. 

20  d.  Alluvium. 

iUv 


|.!1 


,m 


M 


If'  1  ■t>\'.t 


'i!;^, 


aw  All  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.   (FLORIDA.) 

Florida^ 


General  No.e  on  the  Qeology  of  Florida. 

The  flrat  latliBfttloii  giTen  to  the  soientlflo  world  of  the  true  geology  of  Florida  was  by 
Dr.  Eugene  A.  Smith  in  hii  report  upon  the  "  Soils  of  the  Cotton  Region  "In  Vol.  VI.  of  the  U.  S. 
Census  of  1880.  The  western,  northern  and  middle  highland  regions  mostly  oooupied  his  attention. 
To  him  is  due  the  disooveiy  that  the  oldest  rocks  of  the  Peninsula  are  of  the  division  of  tho 
Eocene,  known  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi  as  the  Vicksburg  Formation.  In  ISM.  the  U.  S.  Qeo- 
logical  Survey  prosecuted  some  work  in  Florida,  principally  ror  the  collection  of  Tertiary  fossiig 
and  the  observations  there  made,  so  far  as  published,  (see  Article  in  "The  American  Journal  of 
Soienee,"  October,  1888,  by  L.  0.  Johnson,)  show  that  the  Eocene  Axis  is  quite  narrow,  and  not 
manifest  by  outcrops  further  south  than  Sumter  County :  by  some  of  its  eifecls  it  is  traceable  to 
Polk  County.  It  is  the  basis  of  the  "  Interior  Basin."  The  next  and  the  most  extensive  develop- 
ment was  called  the  "  Waldo."  from  the  place  where  the  most  abundant  and  decisive  fossils  were 
found.  This  has  proved  to  be  Miocene.  Most  of  the  phosphatio  rocks  belong  to  it.  It  is  also  tho 
basis  of  the  Lake  region  and  of  the  **  High  Hummocks."  It  reaches  the  **  Trail  Ridge  "  and  high- 
lands  of  the  eastern  slope,  and  occupies  the  western  slope  to  the  Gulf  aa  far  jouth  as  Tampa. 

The  greater  part  of  the  St.  John's  River  country  is  Pliocene,  with  much  that  is  even  later. 
The  Jacksonville  Formation,  exposed  at  the  water  works,  has  been  assigned  to  the  Pliocene ;  while 
the  "eoehitM"  of  St  Augustine  and  the  marls  of  Indian  River  belong,  probably  all  of  them,  to  Po»t 
Pliocene  times.  'Jhe  phosphatic  rocks  of  Black  Creek  and  of  Enterprise— perhaps  on  insufficient 
grounds— are  supposed  to  belong  to  the  Jacksonville  Formation. 

In  1887,  Prof.  Angelo  Heilprin,  in  a  "Report  of  a  Visit  to  the  Southwest  of  Florida "  decided 
the  formations  at  Tampa  to  be  Miocene,  south  of  that,  as  for  as  explored  and  definitely  settled  by 
foMits,  Pliocene.    The  actual  coast  and  coral  reefs  and  islands  must  be  later. 

The  underlying  limestones  in  many  sections  of  the  state  have  been  dissolved  in  an  irregular 
and  often  fantastic  manner,  producing  sink  holes,  underground  channels  and  numerous  ponds  and 
lakes. 

The  soils  on  the  immediate  surfoce  of  the  country  consist  mainly  of  such  sands  as  would  be 
left  by  a  receding  ocean.  In  some  places  these  are  drifted  into  dunes,  such  as  the  high  "Trail 
Bidge'*and  its  continuations  east,  and  the  lower  sand  dune  hills  westward,  which  overlook  the 
Hummock  region,  and  separate  it  from  the  "Interior  Basin."  Probably  the  clays  and  "red  lands" 
generally  are  derived,  by  disintegration  and  leaching  from  Miocene  rocks.  The  interior  "  High 
Bummocks"are  Miocene,  or  a  few  to  the  north  Eocene,  and  the  "Low  Hummock"  of  the  coast 
Pliocene  or  later. 

The  elevations  of  the  highest  ridges  seldom  exceed  two  hundred  feet,  whilst  the  Interior  Basin 
and  highest  of  the  hills  of  the  western  rcKion  are  not  often  much  over  one  hundred  feet,  while  tho 
lower  part  of  the  state,  south  of  Pollc  County,  has  an  average  elevation  of  only  about  thirty  to  forty 
feet  above  low  tide. 


lAulsTlUe  and  Nashville  Railroad. 

1           Florida  Central  and  Peninsular. 

Ms.                Pensacola  Railroad.                Alt. 

Ms.       Florida  Centn\l  and  Western.       Alt. 

0 

Flomaton. 

19  a.  Eocene.  (?) 

0 

Chattahoochee  R 

19  a.  Eocene.  (?) 
19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 

6 

Bluff  Springs. 

20.Qu&t.&19  a.£oo.  (?) 

2 

River  Juno. 

12 

McDavid. 

« 

3 

Chattahoochee. 

i< 

20 

Molino. 

<i 

20 

Quincy. 

(1 

28 

Cantonment. 

i< 

32 

Midway. 

19  a.  Eocene. 

88 

MuBcogee. 

« 

44 

Tallahassee. 

19  b.  Miocene. 

81 

Gonzalez. 

Ferrello. 

« 

44 

Pensaoola. 

M 

66 

66 
62 
71 

St.  Marks. 

<i 

Pensaoola  i 

md  Atlantic. 

Chaires. 
Lloyd's. 
Drifton. 

t( 

0 
0 

Pensaoola. 
Escambia. 

Coast  Qu.&iga.£o.(?) 

(t 

20 

Milton. 
Doer  Land. 

It 

76 

78 

Monticello. 

« 

60 

Anoillo. 

19  a.  Eocene. 

67 

Mossy  Head. 

19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 

85 

Greenville. 

19  b.  Mioc^sre.  (?) 

80 

De  Funiak  Sp'gs. 

i( 

99 

Madison. 

i( 

91 

Ponce  de  Leon. 

« 

106 

Lees. 

« 

98 

Westville. 

(( 

114 

Ellaville. 

19  a.  Eo.  (Vicksburg.) 

100 

Caryville. 

19  a.  Eocene.  (?) 

127 

Live  Oak. 

(1 

127 

Cottondale. 

« 

183 

Houstown. 

(1 

186 

Marianna. 

19  a.  Eo.  (Vicksburg.) 

188 

Welbom. 

19  b.  Miocene.       >»» 

147 

Cypress. 

(( 

142 

Dowlings. 

« 

156  Sneadi. 

19  b.  Miocene. 

160 

Lake  City. 

«• 

161  River  Juuo. 

t( 

162 

Olustee. 

II 

L  By  Me.  Lawrence  C.  Johnson  of  Meridian,  Miss.,  Assistant  Oeologlst  U.  S.  Oeologioal  Survey. 
The  anrvoy  of  the  state  was  not  completed  by  Mr.  Johnson  when  he  ceased  work  in  that  field,  for 
which  reason,  or  because  the  siiperfloial  deposits  render  the  boundaries  of  the  formationa  ancer> 
tain,  ha  aasigna  maoy  of  the  stations  with  a  T,  denoting  the  probable  formation. 


■"•^ 


[PA.) 


r  Florida  was  hv 
ol.  VI. of  the  U.S. 
pied  liis  attentioit. 
le  division  of  the 
IBM.  ttie  U.  S.  Geo. 
>f  Tertiary  fogsiiD 
lerican  Journa!  of 
B  narrow,  and  not 

I  it  is  traceable  to 
ixtensire  develop- 
oisiTe  fossils  were 
>  it.  It  is  also  the 
RidRe"and  high- 
as  Tampa. 

that  is  even  later. 
le  Pliocene ;  while 

II  of  them,  to  Post 
aps  on  insufficient 

Florida"  decided 
)finitely  settled  by 

ed  in  an  irregular 
merous  ponds  and 

mnds  as  would  be 
ks  the  high  "Trail 
liich  OTerlook  the 
sand  "red  lands'* 
he  interior  "High 
iock"of  the  coast 

the  Interior  Basin 
'ed  feet,  while  the 
out  thirty  to  forty 


enlnsular. 
Western.       Alt. 

!;ocene.~(?l 
Pliocene.  (?) 


« 
« 


locene. 
liocene. 


« 
i« 

K 


locene. 
lioc^re,  (7) 


« 


0.  (Vicksburg.) 


« 


[iocene.       *»* 
« 


K 
II 


eoloRlcal  Surrey. 

in  that  field,  for 

>rmatioiu  anoex^ 


FLORIDA. 


808 


Hurldik  Central  and  Waatem  Railway. 
Ms.  OoMtimud. Alt 


172 
181 
100 
192 
208 
208 
0 
12 

84 
41 
60 
69 

60 

88 
89 


108 
122 


Sanderson. 
Darbyville. 
Baldwin. 
Clark's  Juno. 
WavorosB  Juno. 
JaoksonTille. 


JacksonTille. 
Hart's  Road. 
Femandina. 


178 

108 
122 

134 


147 
161 
163 


190 
201 


Hart's  Road  Jo. 

Italia. 

Callahan. 

Dutton. 

Brandy  Branch. 

Baldwin 

Maxville. 

Highland. 

Lawtey. 

Temples. 

Starke. 

Waldo. 

Fairbanks. 

OainsTille.      >>• 

Arredondo. 

Archer. 

Bronson. 

Otter  Creek. 

Rosewood. 

Cedar  Key. 


Waldo. 

Hawthorne. 

Lockloosa. 

Citra. 

Sparrs. 

Anthony. 

Silver  Spring  Jc 

Silver  Spring. 


19  b.  Miooeoe. 
II 

19  0.  Pliooen«, 


II 
11 
II 

(( 

II 
It 

M 

M 
II 
II 
II 
II 
l« 
II 


I.        (?) 


10 
10 

•  0 
4S 

4T 

ST 

aio 

140 


Jackaonvllle,  St.  Antnatln*  and  Halifax  R» 

Ms.  OnUtuttd.  All. 


19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 
19  b.  Miocene. 

11  ISO 

II  ISO 

"  [Vicksb'g. 
19  b.  Mio.  underl'd  by 
19  a.  Eocene. 

II 

19  b.  Miocene. 
II 


Ocala. 
Lake  Wier. 
Wildwood. 
Panasoffkee. 
Withlacoo'ee. 


Leesburg. 
Tavares. 


II 
II 

i« 
II 
II 
II 
II 
(I 

19  a.  Eocene. 
« 

19  b.  Miocene. 
« 

II 

i< 

19  a.  Eocene. 

19  b.  Miocene. 


70 
TO 
Sf 
IB 
18 
10 

ISO 
ISO 

sa 


7a 
as 

100 


Green  Cove  Springs  and  Melrose. 


Green  Cove  Spgs.|19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 
Sharon.  " 


Jacksonville,  St.  Aug^ustlne  and  Halifax  B, 


0 

3 

16 

19 

28 

_87 

46 
48 


Jacksonville. 

Phillips. 

Bayard. 

Clarkville. 

Sampson. 

St.  Augustine. 


Tocoi. 


Smith's. 
Middleton. 


19  0.  Pliocene. 
II 


19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 


19  0.  Pliocene. 


64 

66 

69 

69 

81 

89 

97 

120 

123 

126 


Olds. 

Merrifield, 

Pattersonville. 

Palatka. 

Velvington. 

Dinner  Isle. 

Windemere. 

Ormond. 

Holly  Hill. 

Daytona. 


(?) 
19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 
ii 

II 

II 

19c  Pliocene. 
<i 

M 
U 
II 


Florida  Southern  Railway. 


0 
18 
40 


Palatka. 

Interlaken. 

Rochelle. 


50 


Gainsville. 


_49 
49 
67 
72 
88 

96 
106 

186 
146 


106 
120 
122 
126 
129 


120 
124 
127 
129 
146 


Micanopy. 


Boardman. 

Reddick. 

Ocala. 

Ocklawaha. 

East  Lake. 

Conant. 

Leesburg. 

Dragen  Juno. 

Pemberton  Fe'ry. 

Brookaville. 


Leesburg. 
Ft.  Mason. 
Eustis. 
Tavares. 
Lane  Park. 


Ft.  Mason. 

Umatilla. 

Altoona. 

Pittman. 

Astor. 


136 
179 
192 
204 
241 
261 
261 
268 


Pemberton  Fe'ry 

Lakeland. 

Bartow. 

Ft.  Meade. 

Arcadia. 

Ft.  Ogden. 

Cleveland. 

Punta  Gorda. 


119  b.  Miocene.  (?) 
<t 

19  b.  Miocene. 

11  !•• 

19  a.  Eocene. 
19  b.  Miocene. 


19  a.  Eocene. 

19  b.  Miocene. 
<i 

II 

II 

19  a.  Eocene. 
19  b.  Miocene. 

"  ! 

II 

M 
II 

It 
<l 
11 
II 
<l 

19  a.  Eocene. 

19.  b.  Miocene.     ••• 
« 

II 

II 

<i 

II 

i( 


Orange  Belt  Bailway. 


0 
16 
18 
26 
81 
61 
64 
71 
78 
76 
86 


St.  Petersburg. 

Armour. 

Clearwater. 

Yellow  Bluflf. 

Tarpon  Springs. 

Drezol, 

San  Antonio. 

Blanton. 

Lenard. 

Macon. 

Tarry  town. 


19  b.  Miocene. 


(I 
II 
« 
II 
II 
11 
II 
II 


>■  . 


:!;'  :\ 


«94  AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOOIOAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (FLORIDA.) 


Ms. 


Orange  B«lt  Ballwaj.— CbnMnutd. 


Alt. 


91 
101 
106 
108 
115 
117 
128 
188 
188 
144 
146 
118 


Cedar  Hammock. 

Sheridan. 

Clermont. 

Minneola. 

Killarney. 

Oakland. 

Lakeville. 

Forest  City. 

Groveland. 

Pad  A. 

Sylvan  Lake. 

Monroe. 


19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 

« 
u 

K 
« 
<( 
II 
« 
« 
« 
« 


JaokaonvlUe,  Tamps  and  Key  West. 


4 

10 


Jacksonville. 


Edge  wood. 
Black  Point. 

14!0range  Park. 

20;  Black  Creek. 

28:  Magnolia. 

29  Green  Cove  Sp's. 

a4WalIcill. 

41jW.  Tocoi. 

46  Bostwick. 

.56|Palatka, 

•63  Buffalo  BlufF. 

•64  Satsuma. 

07  Sisco. 

72  Como. 

78  Denver. 

Si  Seville. 

92£Idridge. 

94  Barbersville. 
lOSDeland  Jc. 
llSJOrange  City  Jc. 
11 9, Enterprise  Jc. 
125  Sanford. 

0 


4 
11 


'  Enterprise  Jc. 

Enterprise. 

Osteon. 

'24 1  May  town. 

40Titusville. 


OiSanford. 

6|Paola. 
18|Sorrento. 
29|Tavares. 


19  b. 


(?) 


(?) 


(?) 


19  0.  Pliocene. 
i< 

« 
« 

Miocene, 
(f 

« 

« 

u 
<l 

19  0.  Pliocene. 


« 


19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 
« 

19  c.  Pliocene.  (?) 


19  b. 


Miocene. 
<i 

« 

<i 


South  Florida  Railroad. 


O.Sanford. 


10 
22 
^4 
40 
C7 
€8 
72 
8S 
115 
124 


m 


Long  wood. 

Orlando. 

McKinnow. 

Kissinimee. 

Davenport. 

Bartow  Jc. 

Auburn  Dale. 

Lakeland. 

Tampa. 

Port  Tampa. 


19  b. 


19  c 
19  b. 


Miocene. 
« 


Pliocene. 
Miocene. 

n 

« 
« 


(?) 
(?) 


SaTannah,  Florida  A  Western  Railway. 

Ms.  OalnesviUe  Line.  Alt. 


130 
163 
171 
179 
190 
208 
216 
249 


Dupont,  Ga. 
Jasper. 
Suwannee. 
Live  Oak. 
McAlpin. 
New  Branford. 
Ft.  White. 
Gainesville. 


19  b. 


Miocene. 
<< 

19  a.  Eocene. 
*  II 

M 
M 

19  b.  Miocene. 


PembertOD  Ferry  Branch. 


OiPemberton  F'y. 
23|Richland. 
48|Lakeland. 
661  Bartow. 


19  a.  Eocene.  (?) 

19  b.  Miocene. 
II 


Sanford   and  Indian  River  Railroad. 


18 


0 
19 
22 


Sanford. 
Lake  Charm. 


Lake  City. 
Lake  City  Jc. 
Ft.  White. 


19  b. 


Miocene, 
ti 

« 
II 

It 


Jacksonville  Division. 


211|Waycros8,  Ga. 
246|Folk8ton,  Ga. 
261  Borlogne. 
267Hilliard. 
267  Callahan. 
280;Jacksonville. 


19  b.  Miocene. 

19  0.  Pliocene. 
ii 

<i 

(I 


(?) 
(?) 


JaokaonTlUe  and  Atlantic. 


OlJacksonville. 
17  Pablo  Beach. 


19  c.  Pliocene. 
20.  Quaternary. 


Atlantic  and  Western. 


0 

1 

3 

25 

28 


Blue  Spring. 
Orange  City  Jc. 
Orange  City. 
Glencoe. 
New  Smyrna. 


19  b.  Miocene.  (?) 
« 

19.  c.  Pliocene  (?) 
11 

19  c  Plio.  or  20.  Quai 


Western  Railway  of  Florida. 


0 
10 
16 


Green   Cove  Sps. 
Sharon. 
Belmore  City. 


19  c.  Pliocene.  (?) 
<i 

19  b.  Miocene. 


0 
25 

48 


Silver  Springs,  Ocala  and  Gulf. 

Ocala. 

Dumeelton. 

Ilomosassa. 


19  b.  Miocene. 
II 

« 


(?) 


Tavares;  Apopka  and  Oulf. 


OITavares. 
23I Waits  Jc. 
29, Clermont. 


19  b. 


Miocene. 
II 


Jacksonville,  Mayport  and  Pablo. 


OlJacksonville. 

SCohasseLt. 
16|Burn8ide  Beach 
20!  Mayport. 


19  c.  Pliocene. 
« 

20.  Quaternary. 
11 


IRIDA.) 


Bstam  Ballwajr. 

ine.  Alt. 

Miocene. 

<t 

Eocene. 
*  <i 

« 
Miocene. 


Branch. 


Eocene.  (?) 

Miocene. 
•« 

M 

Iver  Railroad. 

Miocene. 
it 

M 
M 

l< 

rialon. 

,  Miocene.  (?) 

Pliocene.  (?) 
<• 

M 
(I 

« 

Atlantic. 

Pliocene. 

Quaternary. 

esteru. 

Miocene.  (?) 
i< 

Pliocene  (?) 
« 

Plio.  or  20.  Quai 

f  Florida. 

PUoceue.  (?) 

ti  V 

Miocene. 
h  and  Gulf. 

Miocene., 
it 

it 


(?) 


md  Gulf. 


Miocene. 


(f 

it 


;  and  Pabl». 

Pliocene. 
« 

uatemary. 
ti 


KENTUCKY. 


Kentucky.  1 


QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  FOUND  IN  KENTUCKY.' 


20  d>  Alluvium. 
20  c.  Bluff  or  Loett. 
20  bt  Port  Hudson. 

^0  a.  Qravel  (equivater^  of  Qrange  Sr.nd 
of  Tennessee). 

10  c.  Black  Shale. 
9  c  Corniferous. 

5  c.  Niagara. 
5  b,  Clinton. 

19.  Tertiary,  Lower  Eocene. 

r4c.>  Upper. 
4  c.  Hudson  River.  <  4  e.>  Middle 

;8.  Cretaceous,  Ripley. 

H.  0.  Upper  Coal  Measures. 
14  b.  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

'■4c.»  Lower. 
4  a.  Trenton. 

14  a.  Millstone  gilt. 

Sa.Chazy. 

13  c.  Chester. 

13  b*  Upper  Sub'Carbonlferous. 

13  a.  Lower  Sub-Carboniferous. 

1.    Bv  John  R.  Proctor,  Director  of  the  Kentucky  Qeological  Survey.  * 

•i.    Tne  geological  Hurvey  la  in  progreHs.  and  the  formations  of  the  State  not  fully  determined. 

3.  ZMuitviUe,  the  metropolis  of  Kentucky,  very  intureBtlng  to  the  geologist.  At  thia  point  the 
Ohio  River  falls  23  feet  over  ledge  of  CoruiferouB  <^nd  Niagara Timestoue.  Allow  water  the  limestone 
la  exposed  over  a  wide  area,  anof  discloses  the  flnetit  collecting  ground  for  corals  in  this  country. 
Beveral  large  collections  of  Devonian  and  Upper  Silurian  corals  are  owned  in  Louisville. 

6.  CivSinnatt.  As  to  nncient  glacial  dam  at  Cincinnati,  see  Note  62  Ohio,  76  Indiana,  62  West 
Virginia.  G.  P.  Whioht. 

6.  Magiad.  About  six  miles  to  the  south  of  this  place  can  be  seen  an  isolated  hill  capped  with 
Niagara  limestone.  This  hill  is  about  l,2oO  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  the  Niagara  is  found 
here  at  a  greater  ele>ation  than  elsewhere  in  the  State. 

7.  Benvm.    In  descending  the  hill  to  Benson  the  road  passes  through  the  Middle  Hudson. 

8.  Frankfort.  Hills  around  Trenton,  the  Birdseye  limestone  reaches  up  the  bank  of  the  Keik> 
tuoky  River  as  high  as  tho  tunnel.    Good  collecting  ground  for  Trenton  fossils. 

9.  i^prina*  Stntitm,  Near  here  are  some  ot  the  most  celebrated  stock  farms.  They  are  on  th* 
(4  0.)  Lower  Hudson  River  formations. 

10.  Payne'$.  Stage  from  here  to  Georgetown  passes  ;,hrough  some  of  the  most  beautiful  lands  of 
the  Blue  Grasr  region. 

11.  ColMhurq.  This  place  is  at  the  base  of  Muldrow's  Hill,  the  road  ascends  this  hill  bo'w^n 
this  point  and  l!;iizabethtown.  This  hill  extends  around  central  Kentucky,  from  the  mouth  of  Salt 
River  nn  the  west  to  Lewis  (}ounty  on  the  east,  retaining  for  its  entire  length  the  same  geological 
formations  viz.:  Black  shales  (10  o.)  at  base,  and  Waverly  sandstones  and  shales  (13  a  ).  and  Upper 
Sub-Carboniferous  limestone  (13  b.)  In  Madison  County  the  hill  attains  its  greatest  height  (1,050  feet 
above  sea),  where  it  is  capped  with  the  Carboniferous  conglomerate,  having  a  workable  bed  of  sub- 
conKlomerate  coal.  The  Chester  (13  c.)  is  also  present  in  this  portion  of  the  hill.  It  is  there  known 
as  Big  Hill.  Muldrow's  hill  represents  the  retreating  escarpment  of  the  rocks  formerly  extending 
over  central  Kentucky.  Siliceous  remains  ol'tliese  Palteozoic  rocks  have  been  found  scattered  over 
the  uplands  of  central  Kentucky,  and  have  been  by  some  erroneously  classed  as  glacial  drift 

12.  Elixahethtoum.  County  town  of  Hardin  County.  St.  Louis  Group  of  Sub-Carboniferons 
limestone.  _  ,„         ^  ^. , 

13.  MumfordtviUe.  County  town  of  Hart  County.  The  road  crosses  Green  Rver  at  this  point 
The  high  hill  on  south  side  of  river  is  capped  with  Chester  sandstone,  as  are  also  the  hills  to  the  lea 
of  road  between  Cave  City  and  Glasgow  Junction.  ^.      ^    . .  ^.   _ 

14.  aiasgow  Junction.  Branch  mad  to  Glasgow.  This  is  the  nearest  station  to  Mammoth  Cave. 
Several  beautiful  caverns  in  this  neighborhood.  All  of  these  caverns  are  in  theSU  Louis  limestone, 
and  some  of  them  reach  up  to  the  Chester  sandstone  which  caps  the  hills  seen  to  the  north  of  the 
road  from  this  point  to  Bowling  Green,  41  miles,  ^ll  the  drainage  being  subterranean. 

16.  Bmling  Oreen.  County  seat  of  Warren  County.  Road  crosses  the  Big  Barren  River  afc 
this  point.    Boitts  run  from  here  to  Evansville,  on  the  Ohio  River.  j    ,   .    ,      _,. 

16.  Franklin.  County  seat  of  Simpson  County.  The  division  between  13  a.  and  13  b.  is  not 
far  f^om  thia  place.    Geology  of  county  not  yet  studied  in  detail.  .....       ,.-. 

17.  HopkumiUe.  County  Seat  of  Christian  County.  Surrounded  with  very  fertile  lands.  Thij 
county  produces  more  wheat  and  tobacco  than  any  county  in  the  State.  The  best  lands  in  this  ana 
adjoining  counties  are  not  excelled  bv  any  in  America.  The  superior  body  of  land  beglnningn«ar 
Smith's  Grove,  in  Warren  County,  and  comprising  a  portion  of  Warren,  Simpson,  LogM.  Todd, 
Cnriatian,  Trigg,  Caldwell  and  Lyon,  is  the  largest  body  of  all  good  land  with  which  the  wrtter  baa 
any  acquaintance.    The  Western  State  Asylum  for  the  Insane  is  located  near  Hopkinsvllle. 


I 

I 


■  « 


',' 


im. 


'I  -I 


fir-  1*   ■  , 


.Hih 


896 

AN  AMERICAN  OEOLOOICAL  RAILWAY  QUIDE 

.   .(KY.) 

LoaUvUl*  *  NMhTUl*  Railroad. 

Ml.  (Loulsrill«,Clnoiiuiatl  *  Lexington  Dtv.)  Alt. 

Ml.                          (Main  Lin«.)                        All 

(  10  e.  Black  Slate,  9 

20  b.  Loess, 

0 

LottiiTille.* 

<  c.  Comiferous,  6  o. 
{  Niagara,  4.  Trenton. 

0 

Louisville.* 

9  0.  Comiferous. 
6  a.  Niagara.    «>■ 
10  0.  Black  Shale. 

10 

Ormaby'i. 

8 

S.  Louisville. 

12 

16 

Anchorage. 
Pewee  Valley. 

0  c.  Corniferous. 
6  0.  Niagara. 

18 

ShepherdsviUe. 

(9o.  Comiferoui.4H 
\  6  0.  Niagara, 

27 

La  Grange. 
Pendleton. 

5  b.  Clinton.           "o 

22 

Bardstown  Juno. 

5  0.  Niagara.          «>> 

88 

4o.*  Up.  Hudson.  •** 

«                       691 

80 

Lebanon  Juno. 

10  0.  Black  Shale.  <>» 

86 

Sulphur. 

Campbellsburg. 

English. 

84 

Colesburg.ii 

18  a.  L.  Sub-Carb.  «» 

41 

M                      B04 

42 

Elizabethtown.i> 

18  b.  Up.  Sub-Car.«»i 

64 

M 

60 

Glennale. 

<«              «ti 

66 

Worthville. 

M                     4(6 

56 

Sonora. 

tt              ««r 

66 

Sparta. 
Glenooe. 

M                     506 

78 

Munfordsville.1* 

M                   t«t 

70 

M                     560 

81 

Horse  Cave. 

16                      601 

76 

EUiston. 

«                       596 

85 

Cave  City. 

M                      611 

84 

Verona. 

U                     6  70 

91 

Glasgow  Juno.i^ 

II                      631 

89 

Walton. 

II                     927 

96 

Rocky  Hill. 

«                     SM 

98 

Independence. 

II 

100 

Smith's  Grove. 

16                      606 

106 

Wilder's. 

II 

114 

Bowling  Green.  i> 

11                      4«« 

109 

S.  Covington. 
Newport. 

II                     58  7 

118 

Memphis  June. 

M                       SJl 

109 

II                       5  26 

125 

Woodburn. 

II                 eoi 

110 

Cincinnati.' 

« 

134 

Franklin.  i« 

II                       6I» 

141 

Mitchellville. 

II                       7  41 

(Lexington  Division.) 

146 
159 

Fountainhead. 
Gallatin. 

"                       771 

4  0.  Hudson  River.«>* 

27 
82 

La  Grange. 
Jericho. 

5  b.  Clinton.           »«o 
4  c'  Upper  Hudson. 

1*85 

Edgefield  June. 
Nashville. 

ti                     414 

4a.Tren.,20b.LoeB8«>* 

86 
40 

Smithfield. 
Eminence. 
Pleasantville. 

(( 

II 

(Memphis  Division.) 

44 

118 

Memphis  Juno. 

13b.Up.8ub-Carb.»>i 

49 

Christianburg. 

II    ■ 

123 

Rookfield. 

<l                       566 

62 

Bagdad." 

II 

132 

Auburn. 

M                     606 

69 

Benson.^ 

4  0.1  Lower  Hudson. 

143 

RuBselville. 

It                       5  31 

^^6 

Frankfort.  > 

4  a.  Trenton. 

148 

Cave  Spring. 

II                       58t 

76 

Spring  Station.' 

4  0.1  Hudson  River. 

157 

Allensville. 

II                       53] 

79 

Midway. 
Payne's.  10 
Yamallton. 

u 
It 

164 

Guthrie. 

«                       525 

88 

(Nashville  A  St.  Louis  Division.) 

87 

0 

Nashville. 

13  b.  Up.  Sub-Carbon. 

94 

Lexington. 

II                       916 

47 

Guthrie. 
Trenton. 

«                       525 

(SlielbyTille  Division.) 

II 
II 

12 

Anchorage. 

9  c.  Comiferous. 

"71 

Hopkinsville.i' 

II                       5  50 

17 

Eastwood. 

6  c.  Niagara. 

84 

Crofton. 

II 

28 

Simpsonville. 

4  c.»  Upper  Hudson. 

95 

Nortonsville.i* 

14  c.  Coal  Meas.    «>• 

80 

Shelbyville. 

« 

102 

Earlington.i" 

«                       3  70 

88 

Finchville. 

II 

107 

Madisonville. 

II                      435 

42 

Normandy. 

II 

118 

Slaughter's. 

II 

47 
67 

Taylorsville. 
Bloomfield. 

II 

II 

145 

Henderson.  2  0 

r  20  b.  Loess.        *•» 
\  14  0.  Coal  Measure, 

18.  NortonviUe.  Junction  Chesapeake,  Ohio  A  Southwestern  Railway  fault  here.  Coal  No.} 
west,  and  coals  No.  11  and  12  east  of  station. 

19.  Earlington.    St.  Bernard  Coal  Co.,  one  of  the  largest  mines  in  the  State. 

20.  Hendfiraon.    Bottom  lands  Loess  (20  b.)  resting  on  Carboniferous. 

21.  New  Hope.  Prosperous  city,  large  tobacco  market,  fine  bridge  over  Ohio  River;  about  1^ 
mllea  from  New  Hope.  At  Coal  Hollow  distillery,  is  a  fine  collecting  ground  of  the  fossils  Beatrieht 
Oolumnaria  Alveolata. 

22.  Lebanon.  County  town  of  Marlon  County.  Junction  of  Cumberland  it  Ohio  Railroad,  south- 
em  division.  The  streams  around  Lebanon  cut  down  to  Upper  Hudson  rocks.  Hills  seen  to  south, 
continuation  of  Muldrow's  Hill  (see  Note  11).  Fine  localities  for  collecting  Sub-Carboniferoui  fossih 
ia  the  hills  a  few  miles  south  from  Lebanon. 

23.  Biley's.    Fine  collecting  grounds  near  Riley's  Station  of  Comiferous  fossils. 


KY.) 


!•  lUllto«d. 

")  Alt 

I  b.  Lo«it, 
I  0.  Corniferoui. 
>  a.  Niagara.    <<• 
,  Black  Shale. 
0.  Corniferoui.*  *i 
0.  Niagara, 
Niagara.  «i> 

.  Black  Shale.  *n 
,  L.  Sub-Carb.  «» 
.  Up.  Sub-Car.*  •> 


II 
II 

M 
M 
M 
II 
II 
41 
M 
II 
M 
II 
« 


«»T 
S«t 

(01 

an 
«ai 

Bti 

I0» 
4l< 
SSI 

«0I 

(i» 

741 

771 


Hudson  River.*  »♦ 
<i  lit 

'ren.,20b.LoeB8*»» 

ision.) 


,Up.Sub-Carb.»'i 

561 


<l 
II 
<l 

l< 


<0» 
S91 
511 
Hi 
Hi 


B  Division.) 
Up.  Sub-Carbon. 

II  5  2} 

II 

l< 

u  950 


.  Coal  Meas.    *i<> 

II  370 

<i  IJ5 

<l 

b.  Loess.        *«* 
0.  Coal  Measure, 


It  here.    Coal  No.» 


lio  River;  about  \K 
the  fossils  Beatriehtt 

>hio  Railroad,  south- 
Hills  seen  to  south, 
Carboniferous  fossih 

9ila. 


KENTUCKY. 


897 


LoalavUl*  *  MmIitUI*  lUllrosd— Cbn. 

Ki; (Kno«ville  DiTision.) AU. 


0 
80 
85 

46 

60 

57 
62 

67 

76 

86 

89 

96 

96 

104 
105 

115 

129 

136 


Louisville.  > 
Lebanon  Juno. 
Boston. 

New  Haven. 

New  Hope.'^ 

Loretto. 
St.  Mary's. 

Lebanon.'' 

Riley's." 

Mitchellsburg. 

Parksville." 

Junction  City. 

Shelby  City. 

Stanford. 
Rowland. 

Crab  Orchard. «» 

Mt.  Vernon. 

Pine  Hill. 


(As  before). 

10  c.  Black  Shale.  4" 

i<  41 1 

10  e.  Black  Shale, 
9  c.  Comiferous, 
6  c.  Niagara.     *♦* 
6  c.  Niagara,       *♦•• 
\  4  0.  Upper  Hudson. 
10  0.  Black  Shale. 
5  c.  Niagara.  '" 

f   9  c.  Corniferou8»»* 
\  10  c.  Black  Shale. 

(9  c.  Corniferous, 
10  c.  Black  Shale, 
6  c.  Niagara. 
10  c.  Black  Shale. 

(10  c.  Black  Shale, 
9  c.  Corniferous, 
5  c.  Niagara,  lo*' 

10  c.  Black  Shale.  BO 7 

r  "  »9  7 

\  9  c.  Corniferous. 

4c.  Upper  Hudson.'** 
i< 

(10  c.  Black  Shale, 
9  c.  Corniferous, 
6  c.  Niagara.     »«» 
18b.U.Sub-Carb.m» 

f<«  984 

Hills    capped  with 
14  a.  Millstone  Grit. 


Louisville  *  Kaahvllle  lteUra»d— Cbn. 

Ms.  (Kaoivlllo  Uivlmon.)  Alt 


140 
162 
156 
157 
166 
174 
181 
18!) 
201 


Livinjnton.i* 

EastB(Bmetadt.<7 

Pittsburg." 

London. 

Lily. 

Woodbine. 

Rockhold. 

Williamsburg.*  » 

Jellico.so 


14  a.  Millstone  Orit**« 
14  b.  Low.  Coal  Meai. 


Chesapeake  A  Ohio  Railroad. 

(Lexington  DiTision.) 


0 
11 

18 


83 

49 

67 

65 

88 

99 

102 

109 

116 

122 

128 
138 


Lexington. 
Pine  Grove. 

Winchester. 

Hedges  Station. 
Mt.  Sterling.' 1 
Olynipia." 
Farmer.  »• 
Morehead. 
Olive  Hill.'* 
E.  K.  Junction." 
Denton. 
Rush. 
Mean's. 

Ashland." 

Catlottsburg.*^ 
Huntington. 


4  a.  Trenton.  •*« 

<i  sso 

4  0.1  Lower  Hudson 

084 

efs 
•  •4 
751 
888 
711 
782 
818 
801 
847 
811 
844 


\     River. 

4  c.>  Middle  Hud. 

4  c.»  Upper  Hud. 

5  c.  Niagara. 
lOo.  black  Shale. 
13  a.  Waverly. 


14  b.  Coal  Moas. 
II 

II 

It 

{20  b.  Loess, 
14  b.  Coal  Measure. 

«  844 

t<  588 


output  i 
28. 
29. 

ao. 

quality. 
31 


24.  Parkville.  Hills  to  the  Nouth  capped  with  St.  Louis  limestone;  fine  collecting  ground  for 
Uthrostotion  Canadensis.  A  section  may  be  obtained  in  a  distance  of  four  miles  on  a  north  and  south 
lino  from  the  Trenton  limestone  to  the  top  of  the  Hub-Carboniferous.  The  bills  hare  waste  of  the 
Carboniferous  conglomerate  on  top. 

26.  Crah  Orchard.  Springs  of  same  name  located  near  here.  Caudi  Galli  found  beneath  the 
Corniferous  near  springs. 

26.  Livingston.  Crossing  of  Rock  Castle  River.  Coal  mines  in  Lower  or  Sub-Conglomerate  here. 
Fine  section  of  St.  Louis  ana  Chester  rocks  on  south  side  of  river.  Quarries  of  fine  ouilding  stone. 
Hills  on  south  capped  with  massive  conglomerate  sandstone. 

27.  East  Bernstadt.  Mines  in  the  coal  above  the  conglomerate,  probably  No.  1.  The  coal  from 
these^lnes  and  from  Pittsburg  Station,  a  few  miles  south,  takes  high  rank  in  the  market,  and  <he 
output  is  increasing  rapidly.    It  is  known  as  "  Laurel  Coal." 

Pittsburg.    Several  extensive  coal  mines  here. 

y/iUiamsburg.    County  town  of  Whitley  County.    Crossing'of  Cumberland  River. 
Jellieo.    State  line.    Extensive  coal  mines  in  lower  measures  near  here.    Coal  of  excellent 
The  great  Pine  Mountain  fault  can  be  seen  a  short  distance  southeast  from  this  station. 
Mt.  Sterling.     County  town  of  Montgomery  County.    Junction  of  the  Kentucky  &  South 
Atlantic  Railway.    The  hills  seen  to  the  east  are  a  continuation  of  Muldrow's  Hill.    (See  Note  II.) 

32.  Olympia.  Near  here  extensive  deposit  of  iron  ore  now  being  mined.  Ore  supposed  to  be  in 
Corniferous.    Clinton  iron  ore  is  also  found  in  Bath  County. 

33.  Farmer.    Crossing  of  Licking  River. 

34.  Olive  Hill.  Very  thick  deposit  of  superior  fire  clay  near  this  station :  fine  clay  also  near 
Enterprise.  An  excellent  building  stone  is  ootained  from  the  Waverly  sandstone  along  the  line  of 
the  road  in  Rowan  County. 

35.  Eastern  Kentucky  Junction.  Crossing  of  the  Eastern  Kentucky  Railway.  The  Mt.  Savage 
furnace  is  one  mile  east  from  here,  and  fine  veins  of  coals  No.  H  and  7. 

36.  Ashland.  Extensive  iron  manufactory.  Junction  of  the  Chatteroi  Railway.  Bottom  lands 
Loess  (20  b.)  resting  on  Carboniferous. 

37.  Cailettsburg.  County  town  of  Boyd  County.  Confluence  of  the  Big  Sandy  RlVer  with  the 
Ohio  River. 

38.  West  Point.  Crossing  of  Salt  River.  Road  ascends  Muldrow's  Hill  (see  Note  11)  after  cross- 
ing river.    Fine  sections  of  Sub-Carboniferous  rocks  exposed. 

89.    Orayson  Springs.    Celebrated  summer  resort ;  good  collecting  ground  for  Chester  fossils. 

iO.  LiteM^d.  County  town  of  Grayson  County.  Sandstone  seen  nere;  base  of  Chester  Group; 
same  as  massive  sandstone  above  St.  Louis  limestone  at  Mammoth  Cave  and  elsewhere.  A  mile  south 
of  here  thick  deposit  of  marly  shale,  containing  potash. 


i 

I 


?''  H'- 


Hi 


fvfil 


r. 


y   *  ■  ;    : 
■  '  ■'      i 

r  Hit 
idjlii 

i;! 


I 


HI 


dvin 


■'Mi 


!'■ 


1^:) 


f'l 


398 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (KY.) 


Chesapeake,  Ohio 
Ms. 


Si  Southweiteim  B.  R. 

Alt. 


0 


Louisville.^ 


Pleasant  Ridgr 

West  roint.3 « 

Muldraugh. 
Vine  Grove. 
Cecelia. 
Stephensbuig. 
Big  Clifty. 
Irayson  Sp'gs. 


9 

21 

27 

87 

47 

52 

62 

67 

72rLitchfield.*o' 

78 

84 

97 
100 
109 
118 
127 
134 
147 
151 
157 
165 
180 
192 
194 

209 

226 

240 
244 

250 
255 
269 
266 
271 


89 


Milwood. 

Caneyville. 

Horse  Branch. 

Rosine. 

Beaver  Dam. 

Rockport.*^ 

Central  City.*  2 

Greenville.** 

White  Plains. 

Nortonville. 

St.  Charles. 

Dawson. 

Princeton.** 

Eddyville. 

Kuttawa.*' 

Calvert  City. 

Paducah.** 

Boaz. 

Hickory. 

Mayfield. 

Pryor's. 

Wingo. 

Water  Valley. 

Fulton. 


f20b.  Loess,        *'^» 
10  c.  Black  Shale, 
9  0.  Corniferons. 
/  10  c.  Black  Shale, 
\  13  a.  L.  Sub-Car.**' 
/20  b.  LoesH,         410 
1 10  c.  Black  Shale. 
13b.Up.Sub-Carb,'3  8 

719 

13  c.  Chester.  ««« 

13b.TJ;,.gub-Carb.«8  2 

13  c.  vy'\ester.  '^-^ 

709 
710 

14b. L.Coal  Meas.  «»* 

450 
627 
697 

14c.U.  CoalMeas.*9  2 

485 

587 
477 
492 
"  509 

14  b.  Low.  Coal  Meas. 
18b.Up.Sub-Carb.6  2* 

(I  4<7 

13  a.  L.  Sub-Carb.  *8'? 
20  c.  Alluvium,  *»* 
13  a.  Low.  Sub-Carb. 
f  20  c.  Alluvium,  bluflf, 
\  gravel  and  loam.*  *  * 


Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  ft  Texas  Pacific 
Mr.  Railroad.  Alt. 


« 
« 
(I 


{ 


It 
It 


"  Bluff  loam 


0  Cincinnati.  ' 
5  Kenton  Heights 
7  Erlanger.*' 

14  Richwood. 

18  Walton. 

21  Bracht. 

25  Crittenden. 

28  Sherman. 

32  Dry  Ridge. 

35  Williamstown. 

44  Blanchct. 

46  Corinth. 

49  Hinton. 

54  Sadieville. 

60  Roger's  Gap. 

68  Kinkaid. 

67  Georgetown. 

71  Donerail. 

76  Sandersville. 

79  Lexington. 

85  Windom. 

87  Catnip  Hill. 

91  Nicholasville. 

96  Wilmore. 
100  High  Bridge.*  8 

106  Burgin. 

107  Harrodsburg  Jun 
114  Danville. 

118  Junction  City 
124  Moreland. 
129McKinney.*9 
136  King's  Mount.* <> 

139  Waynesburg. 

143  Eubanks. 
148  Pulaski. 

161  Science  Hill. 

162  Norwood. 
158  Somerset. 
103  Cedar  Grove. 


4  c.  Hudson  River. 

'•  845 

"  915 

««  939 

«  9J7 

<l  934 

«  923 

'«         939 
<«  961 

««  958 

"  9  lis 

91S 
95« 
872 
928 
877 
883 
897 
961 
975 
1031 
i<  990 

It  960 

t(  887 

i«  777 

«  902 

C.  "  "» 

««  970 

lOc.  Black  Shale. '9? 
"    &  6  c.  Niag.ii"! 

5  c.  Niagara.        '"^^ 
/13  a.  Waverly,  "'» 
\  10  c.  Black  Shale. 
13  b.  St.  Louis.     i2"> 

««  1187 

«  1135 

«  1130 

H  1137 

(t  8  82 

«  8  51 


•  I 
Ii 
l< 
<l 
II 


4  a.  Trenton. 
« 


41.  Hockport.    CrossiiiK  of  Green  River.    Coal  mined  here,  and  at  McHenry  Station  (Coal  No. '.)). 

42.  Ventral  City.    Extensive  coal  mines.    Coals  11  and  12  near  level  of  railway. 

43.  OreenviUe.  County  town  of  Muhlenburg  County.  Deposits  of  limonite  iron  ore  in  county, 
in  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

44.  Princeton.  County  town  of  Caldwell  County.  Fine"quarriea  in  the  oolite  bed  of  St.  Louis 
limestone  near  here. 

45.  Kuttawa.  Near  the  base  of  St.  Louis  Group.  Road  crosses  Cumberland  river  west  of  this 
station.    Large  deposits  of  limonite  ore  near  here. 

46.  Padueah.  County  town  of  McCracken  County.  At  this  point  extensive  deposit  known  sa 
ibe  Padueah  Gravel  Beds,  affording  one  of  the  best  and  cheapest  road  materials  to  be  found  in  this 
country.  This  g.avei  (20  a.)  is  compo.sed  of  waste  from  the  degraded  beds  to  the  eastward,  and  is 
principally  quartz  pebbles  from  the  Corniferous  conglomerate,  and  angular  fragments  of  chert  from 
the  Lower  8ul>CarDoniferou8  rocks,  with  coarse,  angular  sand  all  quite  ferruginous.  When  properly 
put  on  streets  or  roads  it  soon  cements,  needs  little  after  re|/airs,  aflfordiug  a  smooth,  hard  road. 
It  also  afford.i  a  superior  material  for  concrete. 

47.  Erianger.  Glacial  deposits  are  found  on  the  highlands,  650  feet  above  the  river,  both  south 
and  west  of  Greenwood  (Erianger).  A  noteworthy  collection  of  .Jasper  conglomerate  boulders  from 
Lake  .'Superior  occurs  on  the  road  to  Burlington,  tnree  miles  west  of  Florence.  G.  F.  W. 

48.  High  Bridge.  Crossing  of  Kentucky  River.  Bridge,  275  feet  above  water.  Clilfa  composed 
of  Birdseye  and  Chany  limestones. 

49.  McKinnex/.    The  Upper  Hudson  is  crossed  between  Moreland  and  McKinney's  Station. 

60.  King's  Mountain.  Tne  tunnel  south  of  King's  Mountain  4,000  feet  long,  is  in  the  Waverly 
■hales.  King's  Mountain  is  a  continuation  of  Muldrow's  Hill.  (See  Note  No.  11.)  The  hills  here  are 
capped  with  the  St.  Louis  limestone. 


KY.) 


I  ft  Tezat  Paciflo 

Mt. 

Hudson  River. 


« 
« 
If 
(( 

u 
(( 
<l 
« 

« 
1< 
If 
<l 
<( 
« 


845 
915 
939 

927 
<84 

923 
939 
964 

95J 
9  lis 
9^H 
95? 
872 
92« 
877 
883 
897 
961 

rrenton.  9" 

"  1034 

«  990 

•  i  960 

<<  887 

<i  777 

•«  no  2 

««  915 

"  970 

Black  Shale,  '^r 
&6c.  Niag.iio' 
!Jiagara.  J"^' 
a.  Waverly,  n«» 
c.  Black  Shale. 
St.  Louis.     i2«» 

«  118  7 

"  1135 

«  1130 

«  U  3  7 

(t  882 

It  8  51 

Station  (Coal  No. !)). 

iron  ore  in  county, 

te  bed  of  St.  Louis 

1  river  west  of  this 

I  deposit  known  as 
to  be  found  in  this 
he  eastward,  and  is 
nents  of  chert  from 
18.  When  properly 
imooth,  hard  road. 

le  river,  both  south 
rate  boulders  from 

G.  F.  W. 
ir.    Cliffs  composed 

iney's  Station. 
:,  is  in  the  Waverly 
The  hills  here  are 


KENTUCKY. 


399 


Glnotnnatl,  New  Orleans  &  Texas  Paolflc 
Hs.  Kailroad— Con.  Alt. 


165 

Bumside.'  ^ 

13  b.  St.  Louis. 

770 

167 

Tatesville. 

« 

874 

170 

Sloan's  Valley. 

(( 

914 

176 

Greenwood. 

14b.L.Cl.  Mfc»8. 

119.'S 

179 

Cumberland  Fall 

8.5  2               <« 

i24.^ 

182 

Flat  Bock. 

(i 

1296 

187 

Whitley. 

<{ 

1340 

194 

Pine  Knot. 

« 

141S 

198 

State  Line. 

l< 

1345 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Railroad. 

(Kentucky  Central  Division.) 


0 
14 
21 
24 

28 
39 
60 
53 
65 
72 
_79 

86 
89 
99 

"79 
95 
106 
118 
122 
133 
144 
151 


Covington. 

Visalia. 

Morning  View. 

Demossville. 

Butler. 

Falmouth. 

Boyd. 

Berry. 

Cynthiana. 

Shawhan. 

Paris. 


Hutchinson. 

M«ir. 

Lexington. 


Paris. 

Winchester. 

Boone. 

Richmond. 

Argenta. 

Paint  Lick. 

Lancaster. 

Rowland. 


4  c.  Hudson  River. 


« 
« 
« 
(« 
l« 
« 

(I 

« 


540 

700 

840 


4  a.  Trenton. 


867 


4c.i  L.  Hudson  R.  8  4o 

«  964 

4  c'  Up.  Hudson  River 

4c.2Mid.Hud.  R.  ^^^ 
(< 

4c.3Up.HudsonR."2 

ti  99  7 

<(  842 


Kentucky  Central  Rallvoad. 

(Northern  Division.) 


■  •••• 

Lexington. 
Muir. 

4  a. 
4  c. 

Trenton.          ««^ 
Hudson  River. 

79 

Paris. 

"                       840 

88 
96 

Millersburg. 
Carlisle. 

109 
113 

Ewing. 
Johnson. 

128 

Maysville. 

<( 

Kentucky  Central  Railroad— Con. 

Ms.  (Knoxville  Division.)  Alt. 


0 

9 

16 

25 
38 
48 
51 
68 
65 
72 
75 


Paris. 

Austerlitz. 

Winchester. 

Riverside. 

Richmond. 

White's. 

Berea. 

Conway. 

Langford. 

Link's. 

Livingston. 


4  c.  Hudson  River. 
<i 

4  c.^  Lower  Hudson. 
« 

4  c.*  Upper  Hudson.. 

10  c.  Black  Shale. 
13  a.  Waverly. 


13  b.  St.  Louis. 


Kentucky  Union  Railway. 


0 
6 

9 

12 
14 


K.  U.  Junction. 
Kidvills. 

Abbott's. 

Wattersville. 
Clay  City. 


4  C.2  Middle  Hud.  »«<> 

5  c.  Niagara.  *'* 
f  10  c.  Black  Shale, 
\   5  c.  Niagara.     •"•  ^  * 

10  c.  Black  Shale.  5«i 

«  564 


Bastem  Kentucky  Railroad.  "> 


0 

3 

5 

6 

9 

10 

12 

15 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

28 

29 

34 


Riverton.'* 

Three  Miles. 

Worthington.ss 

Argillite.»8 

Laurel. 

McAllister. 

Hunnewell.5^ 

Denning's. 

Hopewell.** 

Anglin's. 

Pactolus.s9 

Grayson.*" 

Vincent's, 

Mt.  Savage."' 

Reedville. 

Willard.6  2 


14  b.  Low.  Coal  Meas.. 


« 


Chnttorol  Railway. 


0 
6 
14 
19 
26 
31 
36 
40 
46 
50 


Ashland.'' •* 
Catlettsburg.3  7 

Lockwood's. 

Rockville. 

Fuller's. 

Louisa. 

Walbridge. 

Northrup. 

Peach  Orchard."'* 

Richardson. 


14  b.  Low.  Coal  Meas. 


61.  Burruide.    Crossing  of  Cumberland  River. 

62.  Cumberland  FoUs.  A  few  miles  from  railway,  perpendicular  fall  of  Cumberland  River  of  (» 
feet,  over  the  Carboniferous  conglomerate.    Beautiful  scenery  and  excellent  fishing. 

63.  This  railroad  runs  through  the  heart  of  the  Kentucky  division  of  the  Hanging  Rock  Iron 
Region.  On  the  line  of  the  road  all  of  the  coals  are  to  be  founcf,  from  No.  1  to  No.  11,  and  most  of  th&- 
iron  ores. 

64.  mverton.    No.  1  Coal  near  water  level. 

66.    Worthington.    No.  .3  Coal  in  the  hills,  about  160  feet  above  grade  of  road. 


h.i  .' 


400 


§1 

V, 


W   I 


I,    ' 


AN  AMERICAN   GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (KV.7 


nUikols  Central  Ballioad. 

Ks.  (New  Orleans  DiTisioD.) 


Alt 


0 

Cairo. 

f  20  AUuv.  over   •»» 
1     Port  Hudson. 

2 

East  Cairo. 

6 

Wickliffe.o* 

^           « 

16 

BardweU. 

r20.Quater.  loam.»»o 

22 

Arlington. 

and  gravel  over»«o 

£0 

Clinton. 

Eocene  Terti-« so 

44 

Fulton. 

ary.                    «»<> 

Mobile  &  Ohio  Bailroad. 


0 
2 
6 
18 
23 
84 
42 


Cairo. 

East  Cairo. 

WickliflFe.«* 

Berkeley. 

Columbus." 

Moscow. 

Jordon. 


{ 


20.  AUuv.  over  »" 
Port  Hudson,  s** 

11  832 

20.  Quater.  loam«»o 
and  gravel  over**' 
Eocene  Terti-si* 
ary.  *<>* 


Mb. 


Kentuoky  ft  South  Atlantio  B.  R. 


Alt 


0 

6 

10 

Mount  Sterling.  >i 

Spencer. 

Johnson's. 

4  c.*  Upper  Hudson. 

12 

Pollard's. 

M 

14 
15 
19 

Heges. 

Cbamber's. 

Cornwall. 

u 
5  0.  Niagara. 

21 

Rothwell. 

II 

23 

Frenchburg  Jo. 

10  c.  Black  Shale. 

Evanaville,  Owensboro  Sc  Nashville  B.  B. 

O.Owessboro. 

7  Sutherland. 
ISRiley's. 
21iLivermore. 
27JStroud'8. 
SSlOwensboro  June. 


14.Carboniferous. 
II 

II 

II 

II 

II 


66.  Argillitt,  Near  site  of  Old  Argillite  Furnace,  probably  the  oldest  turnace  in  tne  Hanging 
Bock  Iron  Region,  erected  in  1822.  About  three  mites  east  of  station  is  the  Pennsylvania  Furnace, 
and  ttiree  miles  west  the  Buffalo  Furnace. 

57.  Hunnewt  '.  Hunnewell  Furnace  located  here ;  also  the  machine  and  repair  shops  of  the 
railroad.    Mines  )f  No.  3  and  No.  4  Coal,  the  latter  known  as  the  Hunnewell  Cannel  Coal. 

58.  Hopewell.    The  former  site  of  an  old  furnace  of  that  name. 
69.    Faetolue.    The  former  site  of  an  old  furnace  of  that  name. 

'  CO.  Chrayeon,  The  county  seat  of  Carter  County.  Coals  No.  2  and  No.  3  are  found  here.  Iron 
Hills  Furnace,  the  largest  charcoal  furnace  in  tliis  section,  is  situated  about  eight  miles  northwest 
from  Grayson,  where  also  is  the  celebrated  Lambert  Ote  Bank,  a  local  deposit  14  feet  10  inches  thick, 
ot  great  value.  Thirteen  miles  west  of  Grayson  are  the  celebrated  Carter  Caves,  situated  in  the  St 
Louis  group  of  the  Sub-Carboniferous  limestone.  These  caves  and  the  wild  scenery  of  Tigart  Val- 
ley, surrounding  them,  are  well  worth  visiting. 

61.  Mt.  Savage.  Near  here  is  Mt  Savage  Furnace,  and  fine  veins  of  coals  No.  3  and  No.  7,  the 
latter  bucwn  as  the  Coalton  Coal. 

62.  Waiard,  At  ^Viilard  are  the  ores  and  coal  mines  of  the  Bellefonte  &  Etna  Company  of  Iron- 
ton,  Chio.    Most  of  the  coals  are  represented  in  this  vicinity. 

63.  Peach  Orchard.    Extensiv.;  mines.  Coal  No.  3. 

64.  Wiekliffe.  County  tieatof  Ballard  County.  The  railroad  Just  south  of  this  passes  at  the  foot 
of  an  exposure  of  lignite  three  feet  thick. 

65.  Columbue.  The  town  lies  at  thefootof  river  bluffs,  120  feet  high,  showing  Quaternary  and 
Tertiary  strata.    Port  Hudson  clays  exposed  beneath  Alluvium  in  river  bank  at  low  water. 

The  Quaternary  eravel  an,d  brown  loam  beds,  that  cover  almost  the  entire  region  lying  between 
the  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  Rivers,  are  very  generally  underlaid  by  black  and  blue  clays  of  the 
lignitic  group  of  Eocene  Tertiary.  These  clays  nave,  in  and  near  Paducah,  been  penetrated  to  a 
depth  ofioo  leet.  Cretaceous  sands  and  clays  underlie  the  Quaternary  thirty-five  miles  southeast 
ofMayfield. 


Errata  for  Kentucky. 

In  note  t20  and  21.    The  first  line  of  21  belongs  to  20,  Henderaen. 

In  note  46,  Paducah.    Corniferous  conglomerate  should  be  Carboniferous  conglomerate. 

In  the  Chesapeake,  Ohio  k  Southwestern  R.  R.  the  geological  formation  of  Calvert  City  and 
Paducah  should  oe  "20.  Quaternary,  Port  Hudson."  That  of  Boaz,  et  al.,  to  Fulton,  should  bie  "20. 
4^uateruary  gravel  and  loam  over  Eocene  Tertiary." 

The  elevation  of  Princeton  should  be  524 ;  Calvert  city,  361 ;  and  Paducah,  341  feet.  The  same 
«rror  effects  the  elevations  of  all  stations  south  of  Paducah  and  east  to  Elizabetbtown. 


«     ' 


mmmmmm 


■V'   .■ 


v.? 


intlo  B.R. 


Alt 


Tpper  Hudson. 
(I 

« 

M 


agara. 
(I 


lack  Shale. 
ra»hvlHe  B.  Br~ 

boniferous. 

« 

e  in  tne  Hanging 
»ylvania  Furnace, 

air  shops  of  the 
I  Coal. 


Ibund  here.  Iron 
;  miles  northwest 
1 10  inches  thiclt, 
situated  in  the  St. 
aryofTlgart  Val- 

3  and  No.  7,  the 
[Company  of  Iron- 
passes  at  the  fbot 

:  Quaternary  and 
w  water. 

on  lying  between 

blue  clays  of  the 

1  penetrated  to  a 

miles  eoutbeast 


omerat«. 
Calvert  City  and 
•n,  should  bie  "20. 


1  feet. 
)wn. 


The  same 


TENNESSEE. 


4011 


Tennessee.^ 


LIST  OF  QEOLOCICAL  FORMATIONS  FOUND  IN  TENNESSEE: 


Dana's  table  or 

TENNESSEE  DIVISIONS, 

Dana's  table  of 

TEK     F.SSEE   DIVISIONS. 

rOBMATIONS. 

BT  FBOr.  SAFFOBD. 

fobmations. 

BY  PBOF.  SAFFOBD. 

20.  QUATERNABT. 

20  c.  Ailuvlumi 

7.  Helderbkro. 

7.     Held.orLindeni 

« 

20  b.  Bluff  Loam. 

6.  Niagara. 

5d.  Niagara  limes. 

i< 

20  a.  Orange  sandi 
or  drift. 

"         Clinton. 

5  c.  Dyestone  Croup 
5  b.  White  Oak  Mt. 

"          Medina. 

19.  Tbrtiart  Eocene 

19  b.  La  Grange  s. 

sandstone. 

a 

19  a.  Flatw'ds  s.  &c. 

«                      u 

5  a.  Clinch  Mt.s.  s» 

18.  Cbetaceocs. 

18  c.  Ripley  Croup. 

4  b.  Cincinnati. 

4  b.  Nashville. 

« 

18  b.  Rotten  limes. 

4  a.  Trenton. 

4  a.  Lebanon. 

« 

18  a.  Coffee  sand. 

3d.  Lenoir  or  Chazy 

14.  Carboniferous. 

14.     Coal  Measures 

3.  Canadian.  Quebec 

3  c.  Knox  dolomite. 

13.  Sub-Carbonife's. 

13  c.  Mountain  1.  s. 

ti                i< 

3  b.  Knox  shale. 

<i 

13  b.  Coral  or  St. 

"  Calciferous. 

3  a.  Knox  sandstone 

Louis  l.s. 

2.  Primord'l.  Pots'm. 

2  bi  Chilhowee  Si  s. 

II 

13  a.  Barren  Qroup. 

"        Acadian. 

2  a.  Ocoee  Group. 

10.  Hamilton. 

10  c.  Black  Shale. 

1.  Archaean. 

1i      Metamorphic. 

Chesapeake,  Ohio  & 

Southwestern  R.  K. 

Chesapeake,  OIilo  A  South-western  B.  R.— 

Ms. 

Alt. 

Ms.                             Contimted.                            Alt. 

0 

Paducah,  Ky. 

20.  Quaternary.      *«* 

68 

Polk's. 

20  b. Bluff  loam.    ^] 

6 

Bond's. 

K 

74 

Obion. 

>'        11  era   C. 

9 

Florence. 

<i 

78 

Trimble. 

14 

Boaz. 

fl 

86 

Newbern. 

16 

Viola. 

II 

94 

Dyersburg. 

"         °g    ±o 

20 

Hickory. 

II 

98 

Foulkes. 

«      »^s 

26 

Mayfield. 

l( 

107 

Gates. 

"    lis 

82 

Pryor's. 

II 

119 

Ripley. 

«       .o-  o-  © 

. 

37 

Wingo. 

II 

126 

Hennings. 

9 

44 

Water  Valley. 

<l 

133 

Covington. 

"           '*  o 

60 

Fulton. 

i< 

146 

Atoka. 

§  g 

63 

Pierce,  Tenn. 

20  b.  BlufiF  loam. 

151 

Kerrville. 

^« 

56 

Harris. 

"     Restingon20a.. 

164 

Millington. 

69 

Paducah  Junct'n. 

"     and  that  on  19  b. 

168 

Lucy. 

63 

Troy. 

"     La  Grange  sand. 

170 

Memphis.  2 

1.  Revised,  and  the  notes  added  by  Prof.  James  M.  Saflbrd,  the  State  Geologist  of  Tennessee,  and 
the  portion  in  Kentucky  by  Prof.  N.  S.  Shaler,  the  State  GeoloKist  of  Kentucky. 

2.  Memphie.  The  Bluff  loam  is  well  displayed  in  the  bluffs  at  Memphis,  no  other  formations 
appearing,  excepting  in  very  low  water. 

ViekMurg.  The  peculiar  property  of  the  Loess,  or  Bluff  formation  is  shown  in  the  following  pas- 
Hage  from  Goneral  Grant's  article  on  the  Siege  of  Vlcksburg,  in  the  Century  ma:xazine,  for  Septemoer, 
188A :  "  The  ridges  upon  which  Vicksburg  is  built,  and  those  back  to  the  Big  Black,  are  composed  of 
a  deep,  yellow  clay,  of  great  tenacity.  When  roads  and  streets  are  cut  through,  perpendicular  banks 
are  left,  and  stand  as  well  as  if  composed  of  stone.  The  magazines  of  the  enemy  were  made  by 
mining  passageways  into  this  clay,  at  places  where  there  were  deep  cuts.  Many  citizens  secured 
places  of  safety  for  their  families  by  carving  out  rooms  in  these  embankments.  A  door-way,  in  these 
cases  would  be  cut  in  a  high  bank,  starting  from  the  level  of  the  road,  or  street,  and  after  mining  it 
in  a  few  feet  a  room  of  the  size  required  would  be  carved  out  of  the  clay,  the  dirt  being  removed  by 
the  door-way.  In  some  instances  I  saw  where  two  rooms  were  cut  out  for  a  single  mmily,  with  a 
door-way  in  the  clay  wall  separating  them ;  some  of  these  were  carpeted,  and  furnished  with  consider- 
able elaboration.  In  these  the  occupants  were  fully  secure  from  the  shells  of  the  enemy,  which  were 
dropped  into  the  city  night  and  day,  without  intermission."  A  lady  who  was  in  the  city  during  the 
siege,  reported  Hhe  hills  as  honey-combed  with  caves,  the  digging  of  which  became  a  regular  busi- 
ness.   Tney  were  well  propped  with  thick  posts,  as  in  a  coal  mine. 


402 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE     (TENN.) 


I'» '  J 


mm 


Ma 


Moblln  ft  Ohio  Ballrosd. 


Alt. 


7 

13 
16 
20 
26 
81 
46 

43 

48 

62 

69 

"0 

79 

87 

89 

103 

114 

120 

132 

143 


Columbus,  Ky. 

Clinton. 

Moscow. 

Cayce'3. 

Jordan,  Ky. 

Union  City,  Tenn, 

Troy. 

Crockett. 

Kenton. 

Rutherford. 

Dyer 

Trenton. 

Humboldt. 

Carroll. 

Jackson. 

Pinson. 

Hendsrson. 

McNairy. 

Bethel. 

Ramer,  Tenn. 

Corinth,  Miss. 


{ 


20.  Quat.,  20  b.  BluflF 


1 


loam  10  miles. 

« 

« 
« 
« 

i< 

41 


809 
S21 
3tS 
400 
404 
S46 


296 

2  a.'  Orange  sand, 
resting  on  La 
Grange   sand.'**' 


« 
« 
« 

19  a.  Flatwoods. 

« 

18  c.  Ripley. 

18  b.  Rotten  1.  s. 
« 


321 
885 
321 
329 

875 

4:.^ 

884 
427 
454 
483 
416 
484 


Tlllnoli  Central  Railroad. 

(N.  O.,  Louisville  &  Chicago  Division.) 


0 
882 

394 

413 
441 
465 
464 
475 
481 
487 
495 
660 
606 


New  Orleans. 
Lamar,  Tenn. 

Grand  Junction. 

Bolivar. 

Jackson. 

Medina. 

Milan. 

Bradford. 

Greenfield. 

Sharon. 

Frost. 

McConnellyille. 

Fulton,  Ky. 


I 


20  a.  Orange  sand, 
resting  on  La 
Grange  sand 


« 

« 

« 

« 


575 
430 
425 

408 


20  b.  Bluff  loam. 


Irf>altTlll«  ft  NaahTlUe  Ballro  id. 

(Memphis  Division.) 


0 

164 

168 
171 
177 


LouisTille,  Ky. 

Guthrie. 

Hampton's,  Tenn. 

Dudley's, 

ClarksTille, 


{ 


438 

13  b.   Sub-Carbon., 
St.  Louis  1.  8.    »" 

«  513 

«  494 

<<  89  2 


liOulsTlUe  ft  NashTllle  Railroad.— 

Ms.  Continued.  Alt. 


184 

189 
190 
198 
205 
210 
214 
220 
230 

236 

241 

246 

266 
264 
274 
284 
296 
301 
308 
312 
821 
329 
333 
341 
349 
352 
358 
366 
377 


Steele's. 

Palmyra. 

Carbondale. 

Cumberland.* 

Erin. 

Tenn.  Ridge. 

Stewart's. 

Tenn.  River. 

Big  Sandy. 

Springville. 

Peeler's. 

Paris.* 

Henry. 

McKenzie. 

Trezevant. 

Milan. 

Humboldt. 

Gadsden. 

Bell's. 

Jones's. 

Brownsville. 

Shephard. 

Stanton. 

Mason. 

Galloway. 

Withe. 

Shelby. 

Bartlett. 

Memphis.' 


fl8  b.  Sub.-Carbon., 
\   St.  Louis  I.  s.     36> 

"  867 

<<  36] 

13  a.  Sub.-Carbon.  "0 

<<  404 

13  b.  Sub.-Carbon.  »ao 

<<  464 

13  a.  Sub.-Carbon. 
7.  Helderberg.  3  45 
f  20  a.  Orange  sand, 
\  18  0.  Ripley.  «*o 
19  a.  Flatwoods.  "» 
/  20  a.  Orange  sand, 
\19a.  Flatwoods.  *♦» 

^20a.  Orange  8.  »!• 

a 


03 
a 

« 

a 
g 
o 

g 

bO 

.g 

« 

PS 


<( 

i( 

(( 
<t 


(I 
II 
« 
<( 


470 
443 

403 
329 
406 
320 
314 
338 
27» 
303 
296 
277 


20  b.  BlufiF  loam,   ^'i 


u 
u 

l« 


249 
261 

227 


(Division  to  Nashville  and  Montgomery.) 


0 
114 
118 
122 
125 
134 
141 
144 
146 
149 
153 
1.59 
164 
166 
170 

175 

178 


Louisville,  Ky. 
Bowling  Green. 
Memphis  Junct. 
Rich  Pond. 
Woodbum. 
Franklin. 
Mitchellville,  Tn. 
Richland. 
Fountain  Head. 
Buck  Lodge. 
(Tunnel.)' 
Gallatin. 
Pilot  Knob. 
Saundersville. 
Hendersonville. 

Edgefield  Junct. 

Madison. 


13  b.  Sub, 


431 

-Carbon. »«« 


If 
« 
u 

«  sir 

13  a.  Sub.-Carbon.  »*» 

«  774 

«  7TI 

««  7ir 

10o.Bl.Sh."      5d. 
4  b.  Cin.  or  Nash.  *»* 

«  447 

«  «4t 

«  446 

r  4  b.  Gin.  or  Nash., 

(  and  4  a.  Tren.     *»♦ 

4  b.  Cin.  and  Na8h.*«« 


3.  Very  soon  after  leaving  Cumberland,  the  road  traverses  one  end  of  the  Wells  Creek  Bonn  and 
crosses  the  10  o.  Black  Shale,  also  7.  Helderberg,  5  d.  Niagara,  4  a.  Lebanon,  4  b.  Nashville,  and  3  c.  Knox 
Dolomite  atrata,  which  have  been  brought  to  the  suriace  by  an  uplift.  The  only  exposure  of  Knox 
Dolomite  in  Tennessee  west  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains.  In  the  olutf  on  the  river  just  below  Cum- 
berland are  good  presentations  of  the  10c.  Black  Shale,  as  well  as  the  6  Niagara,  and  7.  Helderberg  rocks. 

4.  Parts.  At  the  Paris  depot  the  Orange  Sand  Is  well  seen  in  the  railroad  cuts,  and  in  the  washes 
about  the  town.  In  the  cuts  of  the  railroad  Just  eaat  of  the  depot,  and  also  on  roads  leading  to  the 
southeast  from  the  town,  the  Flatwoods  clay  can  be  observed  to  advantage. 

(.    At  this  Tunnel  is  a  good  section  of  the  (10  c.)  Black  Shale,  with  the  strata  above  and  beiew. 


NN.) 


TENNESSEE. 


408 


Ballroad.— 

Alt. 

b.  Sub.-CarbonT, 

Louis  I.  S.      3  6S 

3ub.-Carbon.  "o 

"  404 

3ub.-Carbon.  »»o 

"  464 

Jub.-Carbon. 

derberg.        84j 
.  Orange  sand, 

0.  Ripley.      a4o 

'latwoods.     sss 

Orange  sand, 

Flatwood8.*47 

a.  Orange  8.5  J  • 

"  470 

"  44S 

"  408 

"  329 

"  40t 

"  320 

"  8U 

"  338 

"  279 

"  303 

<<  298 

It  211 

Bluff  loam,    an 

«  24? 

«  261 

"  227 

Montgomery. ) 

438 

!ub.-Carbon. ««« 
« 

«'  617 

lub.-Carbon.  »*» 

774 
7T» 

»ir 
6d. 


« 
(I 
(I 

I.  Sh.  •• 

a.  or  Nash.  *'* 

"  447 

«  S48 

»  446 

Cin.  or  Nash., 
1  a.  Tren.  *" 
1.  and  Nash.*** 

r  Creek  Basin  ttnil 
lie,  and  3  o.  Knox 
xposureof  Knox 
r  just  below  Cum- 
[elderbergrockB. 
nd  in  the  washes 
la  leauling  to  the 

>Te  and  below. 


LontavlUe  A  NashvlUe  Rallr  j»d.— 

Ma.  Continued.  


Alt. 


184 
185 
189 
197 
206 
216 
219 
223 
233 
243 
246 
251 
264 
266 
261 
266 
272 
273 
275 
278 
280 
286 


Edgefield. 

Nashville. 

N.  and  G.  June. 

Brentwood. 

Franklin. 

Thompson's. 

Ewell's. 

Carter's  Creek. 

Columbia. 

Pleasant  Grove. 

Campbell's. 

Lynnville. 

Buford's. 

Reynold's. 

Wales. 

Pulaski. 

Harwell. 

Aspen  Hill. 

Lester's. 

Prospect. 

State  Line. 

Elkmont,  Ala. 

(Continued 


4  b.  Cin.  or  Nash. 

<t 

tt 

« 

M 
(( 
U 

4  a.  Lebanon. 

« 
u 
u 
u 
u 
u 
« 
l< 

M 
U 

n 

4  b.  Cincinnati. 
13.  Sub-Carbon. 
in  Alabama.) 


414 
409 

698 
617 
477 
747 
CO  2 
Gii 
719 
686 
734 
702 
724 
668 
641 

8ir 

648 
'(2  3 
588 

796 


Bast  Tennessee,  Virginia  &  Georgia  K.  R. 


0  Memphis,  Tenn.* 

6  Buntyn. 

9  White's. 
15  Germantown. 
19  Bailey. 
23  CoUiersville. 
„,    f  Rossville,  or 
\    La  Fayettte. 
89  Moscow. 
52  Somerville. 
49  La  Grange. 
62  Grand  June. 

68  Saulsbury. 

64  64  Miles  Siding. 

69  Middleton. 
74  Pocahontas. 

79  Big  Hill. 

84  Chewalla. 

93  Corinth,  Miss. 

107  Burnsvllle,  '' 

116  luka,  Ala. 

124  Marguren,  Ala. 
127  Dickson. 
129  Cherokee. 

(Continued 


a 

03 

OQ 

a 
2 


20b.  BluflFrm.2  44 


378 
664 
379 


^20  a.  Orange  8.3 18 


a 

o 
bO 

a 

n 
41 


(I 


352 

.SSl 
575 
536 


19  a.  Flatwoods. 

18.  Cretaceous.       *°* 

i>  194 

r  20  a.  Orange  sand, 
\  19  a.  La  Grange. 
18  c.  Rotten  1.  s.     *0  9 
f  20  d.  Yellow  loam, 
\  18  0.  Rotten  1.8.4  3  4 
r  20  a.  Orange  sand, 
\18a.  Eutaw.       *6  3 
r  20  a.  Orange  s.,  *  *  ^ 
\l3a.KeokukorSt.L. 
13.  Sub-Carboniferous. 

<l  48  8 

« 

in  Alabama.) 


East  Tennessee  &  Western  North  Carolln» 
Ms.  Railroad.  Alt. 


0 
9 
15 
24 
33 
34 


Johnson. 

Elizabethtown. 

Hampton. 

Crab  Orchard. 

Cranberry. 

Mine. 


3  c.  Knox. 


1  b.  Huronian. 


Louisville  &  Naahville  Railroad. 

(St.  Louis  Division.) 


0  St.  Louis. 
261  i  Trenton,  Ky. 
269|Guthrie. 
2741  Forts,  Tenn. 
•280' Cedar  Hill. 
287  Springfield. 


299 

303 

306 

309 
315 
316 


Baker's. 

Goodlett's. 

Edgefield  June. 

Madison. 

Edgefield. 

Nashville. 


13.  Sub-Carbon.      »»» 


« 
u 


15  a.  Niagara,  with 
bl'k  shale  above.   A 
good  section  here. 
4  b.  Nashville, 
f  4  b.  Nashville  and 
t  4  a.  Lebanon.      * i * 
4  b.  Nashville.        •*«« 


409 


Nashville,  Chattanooga  &  St.  Louis  R.  R. 


0 


13 
14 

22 

28 


49 
62 
64 
69 
82 
89 

96 

101 
109 
119 
126 
131 
136 
142 
150 
151 


Chattanooga.* 

Wauhatchie. 

/Etna  CI.  Mines. 
Whitesides. 

Shellmound. 

Bridgeport. 

Stevenson.' 

Anderson. 

(Tunnel.)' 

Cowen. 

Decherd. 

TuUahoma. 

Normandy. 

Wartrace. 

Belle  Buckle. 

Christiana. 

Murfreesboro. 

Florence. 

Smyrna. 

Lavergne. 

Antioch. 

Nash.  &  Dec.  Jc. 

Nashville, 


(4  a.  Lebanon,  and  3 
c.  Knox  dolomite  or 
Quebec.  * '  * 

4  b.  Nashville.        ^^° 
fl3    c.   Upper    Sub- 
i  Carb.,  14.  CI.  Meas- 
(  ures  near  by. 
/  Alluvium  (Tenn. 
\  river  bottom.) 
r  3  c.  Knox  dolomite 
\  or  Quebec. 

3  b.  Knox  shale.     »«• 

13.  Sub-Carboniferou8, 

13  c.  Mountain  1.  s. 

13  b.  Sub-Carbon. 
« 

13  a.  Sub-Carbon. 

4  b.  Nash,  or  Cin. 

4  b.  Nashville  and 

4  a.  Lebanon. 

4  a.  Lebanon. 
« 

14 
M 

U 

u 
u 

4  b.  Nashville. 


6.  Upper  Silurian  beds,  the  Black  Shale  and  the  lowest  carboniferoas  strata,  may  iJso  be  seen  in 
the  high  hill  on  the  west  side  of  the  city. 

7.  Stevenson.    A  fault  here  bringing  Knox  Shale  and  Sub-Carboniferous  together. 

8.  TStnn^.    Coal  measures  on  the  tops  of  the  mountains  each  aide  of  the  tunnel. 


404 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (TENN.) 


H'-r.-r  ! 


'•)  ■ 


wi 


Mi 
Hi. 


t;'. 


NMhTille,  Chattanooga  ft  St.  I<oiila  B.  R.— 

Mt*.  Continued.  Alt. 


1&8 

164 
168 
176 
189 
198 
208 
218 

229 

238 
258 
270 
278 
286 
803 
807 
814 

321 
833 
499 


r  Bellemeade,  or 
\     Harding's. 

Bellevue. 

Newsom's.' 

Kingston  Spring. 

Bums. 

Dickson. 

MoEwen. 

Wayerly. 

JohnsonTille. 

Camden.' 0 
Huntingdon. 
MoKenzie.      *'• 
Gleason. 
Dresden. 
Paducah  June. 
Union  City.     »*• 
State  Line,  Tenn. 
(Gontinu'dinKy) 
Hickman,  Ky. 
Columbus,  " 
St.  Louis,  Mo. 


4  b.  Nashville. 

r^  a.  Niagara. 

13.  Sub-Carboniferous. 
<< 

4< 
II 
tl 

/ 10  0.  Bl'k  shale,  and 
\  18.  L.  Sub-Carbon. 
13.  Helderberg. 
19  a.  Flatwoods  Terti. 
^     20  a.  Orange  s 


II 
II 
II 


"^  "20b.BluflFloam 

.so 

-S  II  309 

00 


II 


301 


(Lebanon  Branch.) 


0 
2 
8 
12 
18 
24 
26 
81 


Nashville. 
Mt.  Olivet. 
Donelson. 
Hermitage. 
Mt.  Juliet 
Leeville. 
Tucker's  Gap. 
Lebanon. 


4  b.  Nashville.        *3o 
4  b.  Nash.,  4  a.  Tren. 


II 

14 
l< 


4  b.  Nashville. 
4  a.  Lebanon. 


( Shelby ville  Branch.) 


0 

96 

104 


Chattanooga. 

Wartrace. 

Shelbyville. 


68^ 

4  b.  Nash.,  4  a.  Leban. 
4  a.  Lebanon. 


( Fayetteville  Branch.) 


3 
10 
16 
26 
28 
32 
37 


Decherd. 

Winchester. 

Belvidere. 

Hunt's. 

Cunningham. 

Brighton. 

Kelso. 

Fayetteville. 


{ 


18  b.  Sub-Carbon., 

St.  Louis  1.  8. 
<i 

18  a.  Sub-Carbon. 
(I 

4  b.  Cin.  or  Nashville. 
« 

It 

II 


Nash.,  Chattanooga  &  St.  Louis  R.  R.— Con. 
Ma.        ( McMinnvlUe  and  Sparta  Branch.)       Alt, 


0 
12 

85 

46 
61 


Tallahoma. 
Manchester. 

McM  inn  ville. 

Rock  Island. 
Sparta. 


18  a.  Sub-Carbon., 
barren  ground. 
18  b.  Sub-Carbon. 
St.  Louis  1. 


s. 


<i 


(Jasper  Branch.) 


0 
6 
12 
i9 
24 
25 


Bridgeport. 

S.  Pittsburgh. 

Jasper. 

Victoria. 

Sequatchee. 

Inman. 


8  c.  Knox  dolomite. 
II 

13  b.  Sul. -Carbon. 

Silurian. 
Iron  ore  mines. 


(Centerville  Branch.) 


0 
11 
17 
24 
34 


Dickson. 
Bon  Aqua. 
Warner. 
Graham. 
Centerville. 


13  b.  Sub-Carb. 
II 


II 

II 


6  d.  Niagara. 


Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron  Co.'s  R.  R. 


0,  Cowan. 


9 
16 
21 


Sewanee. 
Monteagle. 
Tracy  City." 


18  b.  Sub-Carbon., 

St.  Louis  1.  s. 

14.  Coal  Measures. 
II 


{ 


East  Tennessee,  Tlrslnla  ft  Oeorda 
Railroad. 


0 

11 
20 
25 
32 
43 
47 
66 
65 
74 

82 

88 

97 

101 

105 


/  Bristol,  at  Va. 
\     Line. 
Union.  1  a 
Carter's.  12 

Johnson's.' 2 

Jonesboro. 

Limestone. 

Fuller's. 

Greene  ville.  »* 

Midway. 

Rogersville  Jo. 

Russellville. 

Morristown. 
Talbot's. 
Mossy  Creek.'* 
Newmarket. 


114,  Strawberry  Pis. 


3  c.  Knox  dolomite, 
or  Quebec. 


II 
II 


1457 


1841 

1784 


1511 


4  b.  Nashville. 

8  c.  Knox  dolomite, 
or  Quebec. 

(I  1259 


41 
II 
II 


1057 


9.    At  Newsom's  a  section  may  be  conveniently  seen  extending  from  the  upper  part  of  the  4  b. 
Nashville  to  the  13.  sub-carboniferous. 

10.  Camden.  Half  a  mile  w"3t  of  Camden  depot  the  railroad  crosses  "the  old  shore  line  "  and 
passes  flrom  the  ancient  Paleozoic  strata  on  to  the  Tertiary  and  J)uat«rnary  ones,  the  limestones, 
cherts,  etc.,  disappearing,  and  the  softer  sands  and  clays  takng  their  place. 

11.  At  Tracy  City  is  a  good  bed  of  coal,  extensively  mined.  In  this  vicinity  a  good  section  of 
the  coal  measures  of  this  part  of  Tennessee  can  be  obtained.  (See  "  The  Coal  Regions  of  America," 
pages  3S1  to  373. 

12.  Within  a  few  miles  of  these  Stations  are  ridges  and  knobs  made  up  of  dark  shales  of  Cincin. 
nati  or  Nashville  age.    At  Johnson's  a  point  of  one  of  these  ridges  is  very  near  the  Station. 

13.  The  high  mountains  so  conspicuous  i^om  the  depot  at  Oreeneville  are  made  up  of  2  b.  Chil- 
howee  (Potsdam)  sandstone,  and  of  a  2  a.  Ocoee  slates  and  conglomerates. 

14.  Veins  of  lino  ore  are  found  at  this  point  in  the  8  c.  Knox  dolomite. 


'ENN.) 


TENNESSEE. 


b.  Louis  B.  B,— Con 
)arta  Branch.)       Alt. 

8  a.  Sub-Carbon., 
barren  ground. 
3  b.  Sui>Carbon. 
t.  Louis  1.  8. 

« 

ich.) 

Knox  dolomite. 


40S 


Suh-Carbon. 
« 

rian. 
ore  mines. 


•anch.) 


Sub-Carb. 
« 


Niagara. 


■on  Co.'B  B.  B. 

b.  Sub-Carbon., 
.  Louis  1.  s. 
7oal  Measures. 


Bla  Sc  Oeorgi» 

■ 

3.  Knox  dolomite, 
r  Quebeo. 

"  1457 


II 
« 
II 
« 

« 


1«4I 

17>i 


1S81 


fashville. 
.  Knox  dolomite, 
Quebec. 


12»3 


lotr 


per  part  of  the  4  b. 

d  shore  line  "  and 
'S,  the  limestones, 

a  good  section  of 
Sions  of  America," 

I  shales  of  Cinoin- 

Station. 

de  up  of  2  b.  Chil- 


East  TeuneBMee,  Vlrgliiia   &   Georgia 
Hit.  Kallroad.— Con.  Alt. 


120 
180 


McMillan's. 
Knoxville.i* 


186  Erin. 
145  Concord. 
164  Lenoirs. ' ' 
169  Loudon. 
166  Philadelphia. 
176  Sweetwater. 
180  Reagan's. 
186 1  Athens. 
193  Rioeville. 
201  Charleston. 


213 


240 


218 

227 
232 

242 


Cleveland. 

State  Line. 

(Continued 


Dalton. 


Cleveland. 

Ooltawah.i'' 

Tyner's. 

Chattanooga. 


3  c.  Knox  dolomite, 
or  Quebec. 
3  0.  Knox  dolomite 
and  Trenton.  »oo 
4  a.  Tren.  ^Nash.^o^ 
3  c.  Knox  dolomite. 

<l  Rl« 


3  b.  Knox  shale. 
3  c.  Knox  dolomite"* 
3  b.  Knox  shale. 
3  c.  Knox  dolomite. 
8  c.  Knox  dolomite 
and  shale.  "  ^  ^ 


{ 


in  Georgia.) 


3  c.  Knox  dolomite. 


<>  8  78 

4  a.  Trenton. 
3  b.  Knox  shale. 
/See  N.  C.  &  S.,  and 
\   S.  R.  R. 


684 


Blast  Tennessee,  Tlrelnla  ft  Georgia  B.  B. 

(North  Carolina  Division.) 


0 

4 

6 
19 

12 
16 

26 
88 

89 


Morristown. 

Sulphur  Springs. 

Witt's  Foundry. 
Dandridge  Road. 

Leadville. 

Rankin's. 

Newport. 
Bridgeport. 

Big  Creek. 
Wolf  Creek. 


f  3  c.  Knox  dolomite* 

\   or  Quebec.       i"" 

r  3  b.  Knox  shale  and 

\   dolomite. 
« 

r  4  b.  Shales  of  Cin 

\   or  Nashville  age. 

r  3  c.  Knox  dolomite, 

\  Nashville  shales. 
« 

3  c.  Knox  dolomite. 

(3  c.  Knox  dolomite, 
and  2  a.  Ocoee  Con- 
glomerate &  shales. 
(2  a.  Ocoee  Conglom- 
\  erate  and  shales. 


(Marysvilte  Branch.) 


Knoxville. 
Bruoe's. 


r  3  c.  Knox  dolomite, 
tand4a.Trenton.9oo 
Unknown. 


Uast  Tennettsoe,  Vlrglnta  ft  Georgto  B.  B. 

M.S; (  Mary.Mvllle  Branch.)— Cow.  Alt 


16 


Little  River. 
Marysville. 


Unknown. 

8  0.  Knox  dolomite. 


(Ohio  Dtviglon.) 


0 

9 

14 

21 

27 
31 

38 
47 
55 
62 
66 


Knoxville.'* 

Powell's. 

lleiskell's. 

Clinton. 

Cane  Creek.** 

OflFutt's. 

Careyville. 

Buckeye. 

ElkValley.»9 

Newcomb. 

Jellico. 


i2-4.  Lower  Silurian. 


f  4  a.  Trenton  and 
t  3  c.  Upper  Knox. 
'i-4.  L.  Silurian. 

"     (?) 
14.  Coal  Measures. 


(fault.) 


Cincinnati.  N.  O.  ft  Texas  Pacific  B.  B. 

( Late  Cincinnati  Southern  Railroad.) 


0  Cincinnati. 
198  State  Line  of  Tn. 
201  Winfield. 
206  Oneida. 
211  Helenwood. 
216  New  River. 
219  Robbins. 
221  Rugby  Road. 
223  Glen  Mary. 
229  Sunbright. 
234  Annadel. 
288  Lancing. 
243  Nemo. 
251  Oakdale  June. 
257  Elmore  Gap. 
265  Rock  wood.2o 
270  Glen  Alice. 
273  Roddy. 
277  Lorraine. 
280  Spring  City. 
285  Sheffield. 
291  Darwin. 
297  Dayton. 
304  Coulterville. 
307  Rock  Creek. 
309  Retro. 
314  Rathbun. 
318  Melville. 
326  Hixon's. 
331  Boyce. 
335  Chattanooga. »» 


(See  Ohio.) 

11  b.  L.  CI.  Measures. 


« 

« 
i< 


"     (?) 
L.  Silurian  Knox 


(« 
<( 
i< 
i< 
II 
<t 
(I 
II 


1454 

1400 
121S 
1381 

1289 

1359 

1249 

1197 

917 

812 

840 

885 

826 

784 

818 

781 

767 
71S 
711 
751 
747 
781 
711 

694 
•  84 


16.  The  high  portion  of  4he  city  on  the  former,  the  depot  on  the  latter.  Shales  of  Nai^hvillejuat 
west  of  depot  On  the  side  of  the  Holston  River  opposite  Knoxville  high  knobs  covered  with  dfeep 
red  soli  are  conspicuous,  which  are  made  up  in  good  part  of  a  dark  ferruginous  limestone,  called  Iron 
Limestone,  and  which  belong*  to  the  4  b.  Nashville  (Cincinnati)  group. 

16.  Lenoir*.  Depot  on  Junction  of  the  Lenoir  or  Chazy  limestone  and  the  Knox  dolomite.  The 
former  lies  to  the  southeast  and  the  latter  to  the  northwest 

17.  About  one  mile  east  of  Ooltawah  the  railroad  passes  through  a  gap  of  the  White  Oak  Monn« 
tatns,  in  which  is  an  interesting  section  embracing  4  b.  Nashville,  5  d.  Magara,  Devonian  (10  o.  Black 
Shale)  and  13  Sub^arboniferous  rocks. 

18.  From  Knoxville  to  Cane  Creek  the  stations  are  either  on  the  Knox  divisions  or  the  Trenton. 

19.  lUk  Valley  la  on  a  fault,  and  in  the  upper  part  of  the  narrow  ralley  the  Trenton,  the  red 
Clinton  ore,  the  8ub>Carboniferou8  limestone,  and  the  Coal  Measures  may  be  seen  and  studied. 

20.  Although  Professor  Safford  knows  the  geology  of  the  country  passed  over,  he  has  not  traveled 
on  this  railroad,  and  therefore  the  sub-divisions  of  the  Lower  Silurian  are  not  given.  From  Rookwood 
to  Chattanooga  the  stations  are  mostly  on  hia  Knox  divisions,  but  in  a  few  cases  on  Trenton. 


406 


iM' 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (ARK.) 


Arkansas. 


Genkbal  Gioloot  or  tri  State.— Dividing  the  State  diagonally  from  northeast  to  southwest, 
beginning  near  the  easterly  boundary  of  Handolp)i  county  and  running  thence  past  Grand  Olaise  and 
Little  Rock,  through  to  Fulton  in  Hempstead  county  on  Red  River,  (consequently  nearly  in  the  line 
of  the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  Sc  Southern  Railroad),  almost  all  the  State,  east  of  said  line,  will  he 
.bund  of  the  10.  Tertiary  formation,  except  along  the  river  bottoms,  where  it  is  20.  Quaternary.  The 
northern  portion,  west  of  said  line,  is  mostly  2-8.  Silurian,  with  some  9-12.  Devonian  and  14.  Carbon- 
iferous further  south;  the  middle  western  part  of  the  State  being  14. Carboniferous, while  the  south' 
west  part  (namely,  from  Arkndelphia  and  Murfreesboro  south  and  west)  will  be  found  18.  Cretaceous. 

In  consequence  of  the  above  general  arrangement  of  the  geological  formations  in  the  State,  it 
will  be  readily  perceived  that  the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  Sc  Southern  Railroad  runs  mainly  near 
the  Junction  between  the  Silurian,  Carboniferous  and  Cretaceous  of  the  west  side,  and  the  10.  Ter- 
tiary, with  some  30.  Quaternary,  of  the  east  side.  Further,  that  the  Arkansas  Midland  is  chiefly  in  the 
10.  Tertiary  and  20.  Quaternary,  while  the  Little  Rock  &  Fort  Smith  Railroad  passes  through  the  14. 
Carboniferous  formation;  also,  that  the  Memphis  <Sc  Little  Rock  Railroad  runs  through  19.  Tertiary 
and  20.  Quaternary. 

The  State  affords  abundance  of  manganese,  zinc  and  kaolin. 

The  expression, "  Quaternary  over  Silurian,"  is  intended  to  indicate  that  the  superficial  deposits 
of  the  locality,  opposite  which  the  remark  is  placed,  are  Quaternary;  but  that  when  lower  formations 
are  exposed  by  denudation,  i&c^  they  would  be  found  Silurian.  A  similar  interpretation  is  designed 
to  be  given  to  "  Tertiary  over  Cfretaceous,"  and  the  like  expressions.  R.  O. 


MsJ 


hi!; 


iii^ 


11 'ii!- 


ti-f 


Ms. 


Arkanaa*  Midland  Railroad. 


Alt. 


0 

Helena. 

20.  Quat,  over  19.  Ter. 

10 

Bushville. 

21 

Marvell. 

30 

Palmer's. 

40 

Duncan. 

48 

Clarendon. 

63 

Brinkley. 

«                       20  0 

Little  Rook  ft  Fort  Smith  Railroad. 


0 

10 

80 

44 

68 

88 

96 

101 

125 

160 

169 

168 


Argenta. 

Warren. 

Conway. 

Plummerville. 

Atkins. 

Georgetown. 

Cabin  Creek. 

Clarksville. 

Ozark. 

Alma. 

Van  Buren. 

Cherokee. 


14.  Carboniferous,  ^o* 

i<  83  1 

14  b.  Lower  Coal  '®* 


Mrs. 


833 
•  99 

449 
409 
424 

477 
449 


Memphis  &  Little  Rock  Railroad. 


0 
17 
88 
41 
63 
70 

87 

103 
112 
126 
186 


Memphis. 

Edmondson's. 

Black  Fish  Sidi 

Madison. 

Palestine. 

Brinkley. 

De  Vall'B  Bluff. 

Carlisle. 
Lonoke. 
Galloway. 
Little  Rock.i 


20.  Quat.  over  19.  Ter. 


ng. 


« 


207 


«  200 

19.  Tertiary  over 
Mills.  Grit.      isi 


14.  Carboniferous.  *6» 


Missouri  Paolflo  Railroad. 

Ms.     St.  Louis,  Iron  Moimt'n  Sc  South'n  Div.     Alt 


186 
192 
203 
214 
226 
282 
244 
262 
273 
278 
292 
305 
312 
320 
382 
345 
356 
368 
388 

410 

487 
449 
457 
471 

490 


Moark. 

Coming. 

Peach  Orchard. 

O'Kean. 

Walnut  Ridge. 

Mintum. 

Swifton. 

Newport. 

Grand  Glaise. 

Bradford. 

Judsonia. 

Gamer. 

Beebe. 

Austin. 

Jacksonville. 

Little  Rock.i 

Mabelvale. 

Benton. 

Malvern. 

Arkadelphia.' 

Boughton 
Emmet. 
Hope. 
Fulton. 

Texarkana. 


20.  Allu.  over  SiL    *«' 

It  294 

«  290 

«  27< 

«  2  76 

«  251 

«  253 

<<  23  2 

14  a.  Mills.  Grit     ^26 

«  246 

«  222 

«  211 

«  250 

"  25» 

<<  28  T 

14.  Carboniferous.  >«' 
<i 

i<  288 

"  277 

f  Junc.ofl4.Carb.,18. 
\  Creta.&19.Ter. »" 

19.  Ter.  over  18.  Creta. 


{ 


It  8S7 

41  2  72 

20.  Quaternary  over 
19.  Tertiary.    '"^ 


Hot  Springs  Radlroad. 


388 
406 
413 


Malvern. 
Rockport. 
Hot  Springs.* 


14  b.  Lower  Coal 

Measures.        »'" 
« 

14   a.    Millstone 
Grit.  »»» 


m 


*This  page  is  by  Richard  Owen,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  of  New  Harmony,  Indiana,  the  rest  of  the  roads 
were  prepared  by  Profflssor  R.  H.  Loughridge,  now  of  the  Kentucky  Geological  Survey. 

1.    LtttURoek.    In  Pulaski  county,  west  of  Little  Rock,  excellent  granite  is  quarried.    R.O. 
.    2.    Arkaddphia.    In  the  ridges  pervading  Montgomery  county,  which  adjoins  Clark  county  on 
the  northwest,  there  are  gorges  which  furnish  the  "crystal  hunter"  vast  quantities  of  rock  crystal, 
sent  extensively  to  mineralogical  cabinetrj.  B,  o. 


RK.) 


ARKANSAS. 


407 


least  to  southwest 
St  Grand  Glaise  and 
5  nearly  in  the  line 
f  «ald  line,  will  he 
^.Quaternary.  The 
ianand  U.  Carbon- 
is,  while  the  south, 
und  18.  Cretaceous, 
ns  in  the  State,  it 
runs  mainly  near 
B,  and  the  19.  Ter- 

nd  is  chiefly  in  the 
Bs  through  the  u. 
rough  19.  Tertiary 

uperflcial  deposits 
1  lower  formations 
cation  Is  designed 
R.  O. 

lilroad. 

gouth^n  Div.     Alt 
u.  over  Sil.    « « r 

"  294 

"  3  90 

"  276 

"  278 

"  2S1 

"  253 

"  232 

[ills.  Orit  2  26 

"  246 

222 
211 
290 

"  258 

"  28  7 

boniferous.  '^^ 
(< 

"  281 

"  277 

ofl4.Carb.,18. 
.&19.Ter.  i»i 

over  18.  Creta. 

« 

"  357 

"  273 

atemary  over 
fertiary.    so 3 

ad. 

Mwer  Coal  ~ 
mres.  in 
(I 

Millstone 


« 
« 


718 


t  of  the  roads 

y- 

ied.    R.O. 
•rk  county  on 
f  roek  crystal, 
B.(5. 


Missouri  Faolflo  Railroad. 

Arkansas  Valley  Route. 

St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  &  South'n  Diy.— Con. 

Ms.                      (Helena  Branch.)                      Alt. 

M.s                (Little  Rock  Division.)                 Alt 

0 

Knobel. 

f  20.  Quaternary  over 
\     19.  Tertiary,    a^i 

0 

Little  Rooki 

14.  Carboniferous.  »•• 

6 

Sweet  Home. 

20.  Quat.  over  19.  Ter. 

18 

Gainesville. 

«               soo 

12 

Wrightsville. 

II 

21 

Parmly. 

22 

Redfield. 

II 

84 

Brookland. 

27 

Jefferson  Springs. 

" 

46 

Ridge. 

42 

Pine  Bluff. 

II 

68 

Harrisburg. 

56 

Linwood. 

II 

69 

Cherry  Valley. 

69 

Vamer. 

II 

76 

Vanndale. 

81 

Dumas. 

11 

98 

Forrest  City. 

i«                asi 

94 

Tillar. 

II 

114 

Marianna. 

106 

Trippe  June. 

II 

127 

Leza. 

TT     1 

118 

Arkansas  City. 

20.  Alluvium. 

140 

Helena. 

//%._ l_  i  1.         T\l 1      J^          » 

(White  River  Branch.) 

(Ouachita  Division.) 

0 

^  jwport. 

f  20.  Quaternary  over 
\     6-7.  Silurian. 

0 

7 

Arkansas  City. 
Trippe. 

20.  Alluvium. 

20.  Quat.  over  19.  Ter. 

8 

Diaz. 

4( 

17 

Dermott, 

II 

9 

Paroquet. 

6-7.  Silurian. 

26 

Collins. 

II               ^ 

14 

Newark. 

13.  Sub-Carb. 

40 

Monticello. 

11 

24 

Moorefield. 

•      « 

66 

Warren. 

11 

29 

Batesville. 

« 

(Camden  Branch. 

Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  ft  Gulf  R.  R, 

0 

Ourdon. 

'  20.  Quaternary  over 
■       19.  Tertiary.    "» 

(Thayer  to  Memphis.) 

7 

Whelan. 

« 

840 

Thayer. 

6-7  Silurian. 

18 

Ghidester. 

« 

843 

Mammoth  Spring 

ti 

24 

Dowling. 

II 

869 

Williford. 

II 

84 

Camden. 

II 

881 
390 

Imboden. 
Black  Rock. 

II 

Texas  *  St.  I 

iOuIb  Railway. 

20.  Quat.  over  Sil.  (?) 

(Missouri  and  Ai 

■kansas  Division.) 

399 
412 

Hozie. 
Bonnerville. 

j  20.  Quaternary  over 

\     19.  Tertiary.    «•• 
II 

0 

Birds  Point,  Mo. 

20.  Alluvium.         "i 

68 

Maiden,  Mo. 

«                       28  7 

424 

Nettleton. 

II 

70 

79 

St.  Francis. 
Oreenway. 

II                  Its 

20.  Quat.  over  19.  Ter. 

431 
459 

Big  Bay. 
Gilmore. 

20.  Alluvium. 

II 

86 

Rector. 

II 

474 

Marion. 

11 

104 
116 
125 

Paragould. 
Brookland. 

.TnnAflbnro 

II 
(1 
II 

484 
487 

West  Memphis. 
Memphis. 

II 
20  c.  Quaternary,  bluff. 

166 

Fisher. 

II 

St.  liouls  *  San  Francisco  R.  R. 

179 
199 

Bemis. 

Brinkley. 

Clarendon. 

II 

II                aoo 

(Arkansas  Division.) 

214 

It 

0 

Fort  Smith. 

14.  Carboniferous.  *•* 

2,3 

Goldman. 

20.  Alluvium. 

7 

Van  Buren. 

11                      44* 

261 

Wabbaseca. 

(1 

27 

Mountainburg. 

260 

Rob  Roy. 

II 

47 

Brentwood. 

267 

Pine  Bluff. 

20.  Quat.  over  19.  Ter. 

66 

Fayetteville. 

284 

Big  Creek. 

(1 

86 

Rogers. 

800 

Kingslacd. 

« 

98 

Garfield. 

387 

Camden. 

II                      128 

104 

Seligman,  Mo. 

13  c.  Low.  Carbon. 

348 

Senter. 

II 

868 

McNeil 

II 

Knreka  Springs  Railway. 

389 

Lewisville, 
Garland  City. 

II 

20.  Alluvium. 

397 

0 

Eureka  Springs. 

14.  Carboniferous. 

418 

Texarkana. 

f  20.  Quaternary  over 
\     19.  Tertiary.     »08 

9 
19 

Walden. 
Seligman,  Mo. 

II 
13  c.  Low.  Carbon. 

3.  Hot  Springi.  Cf  lebrated  alkaline  hot  springs.  In  the  southwestern  part  of  this  county  is  the 
noted  Magnet  Cave,  in  ..nd  around  which  are  found  many  beautifUI  minerals,  especially  magnetite, 
or  magneiic  iron  ore,  garnets,  actinolite,  epidote  and  crystallized  hornblende,  also  the  celebrated 
novacolite  or  Ouachita,  sometimes  spelled  "Washita,"  honestone,  also  called  Arkansas  whetstone. 


408       AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (IND.  TER.) 


^m 


Irl 


i:! 


Indian  Territory. 


Th«  lUt  of  Formationt  u  at  the  head  of  the  Texas  Chapter. 

0«oloKy  of  ladton  Terrltorj.— The  eutern  part  of  the^Indian  Territory  la  mwl*  np  almoit 
entirely  of  the  representative  sand'ttoneH,  limestones,  etc.,  of  the  Coal  Measures,  the  former  rook 
oapping  !the  mountains  of  the  east,  and  becoming  the  prevailing  feature  in  the  lower  hills  and  country 
westward,  while  th^  limestone  which  appears  prominently  in  the  mountain  sides  and  valleys  of  the 
east,  disappears  almost  entirely  in  the  west,  or  is  exposed  only  In  the  beds  of  the  largest  streams. 
Carboniferous  coal  mines  are  extensively  worked  on  the  ::outh  of  the  Canadian  river,  by  companies 
who  have  leased  them  from  the  Nation.  The  Permian  Is  said  to  cover  an  area  south  of  the  Wichita 
Mountains  on  the  southwest,  while  the  remainder  of  the  western  part  of  the  Territory  Is  thought  to 
belong  to  the  Triassic  and  Jurassic,  except  the  regions  of  the  mountains  which  are  of  granitic  struct- 
are,  their  granites  flesh  colored,  and  aHsociated  with  greenstone,  quartz,  porphyry,  etc.— i>r.  R.  H. 
Loughridgee  Cotton  Report,  Census  of  1880. 


Ms. 


Mlitourl,  Kansas  ft  Texas  R.  B. 


855 
879 
888 
410 
419 
449 
470 
479 
491 
606 
625 
636 
644 


Vinita. 

Pryor  Greek. 

Chouteau. 

Gibson. 

Muskogee. 

Eufaula. 

Reams. 

McAllister 

Savanna. 

Limestone  Gap. 

Atoka. 

Caney. 

Caddo.^ 


14  b.  Coal  Meas. 


18.  Cretaceous. 


Alt. 

698 

624 
S3S 
S99 
817 
609 
684 

849 
5S8 
810 
705 


BUssonrl,  Kansas  A  Texai  B.  B.- 

Ms.  Continued. 


Alt. 


566{Durant. 
568|  Colbert. 
576|Denison,  Texas. 


18.  Cretaceous. 


•  88 

rit 


Atlantic  A  Faolflo  Ballroad. 


337 
342 
348 
353 
358 
364 


Shawnee. 

Prairie  City. 

Oseuma. 

Afton. 

Albia. 

Vinita. 


14  b.  Coal  Measures. 


« 


«•• 


1.  The  white  "  Rotten  limestone,"  with  an  abundance  of  fossils,  is  the  prevailing  rock  In  this 
black  prairie  region,  extending  southward  into  Texas,  and  westward  to  within  a  few  miles  of  Tisho- 
mingo, Chioasaw  Nation.  B<  H.  L. 


lil 


R.) 


TEXAS. 


409 


Texas.  ^ 


mad*  uptiiBost 
■he  former  rook 
n""  ^P**  country 
d  valleys  of  thJ 
argest  stresms. 

of  the  Wichita 
J7  18  thought  to 

granitic  atroct- 
etc— Z)r.  B.  B 


■  R.R.-. 


loeous. 


LIST  OF  QEOLOQICAL  FORMATIONS  FOUND  IN  TEXAS  AND  INDIAN 

TERRITORY. 


Iroad. 


1  Measures. 
« 

(( 
if 


S^rook  in  this 
iiiles  of  Tisho. 
B.  H.  L. 


20.  Quaternary. 

20  0.  Alluvium 

18.  Cretaceous. 

18  b.  Upper  Creta. 

11 

20  b.  Port  Hudson. 

ii 

18  a.  Lower  Creta. 

li 

20  a.  Stratified  Drift.  16  Triassic.             i 

16.  Triassic? 

J19  b:  Miocene 

or 

14.  Carboniferous.* 

14.  Coal  Measures. 

19.  Tertiary. 

\      Qrand  Quif 

2.  Lower  Silurian.* 

2.  Cambrian. 

<i 

19  a.  Eocene- 

International  A  Oi 

>jat  Northern  K. 

it. 

International  ft  Great  Northern  K.  R. 

Ms.                         Gulf  IJ 

ivision. 

Alt. 

Mh.              San  Antonio  iJivision— Con.              Alt. 

•    ••• 

OalTeston. 

20.  Quat.  Pt.  Hudson. » 

119 

Rockdale. 

19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoce.     *«• 

0 

HoustOD. 

(1 

S3 

146 

Taylor. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

C  19.  Tertiary, 

102 

Round  Rook. 

.1                       720 

28 

Spring. 

b.  Miocene. 

128 

181 

Austin. 

II                     477 

(Grand  Gulf. 

1 

212 

San  Marcos. 

II 

47 

Willis. 

(( 

381 

230 

New  Braunfels. 

II 

66 

Phelps. 

t< 

377 

261 

San  Antonio.^ 

11                       68  3 

78 

Riyerside.' 

H 

169 

•274 

Medina. 

(1 

85 

Trinitj. 

11 

234 

316 

Pearsall. 

19.  Ter.,  a.  Eocene. 

99 

Loyelady. 

19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoce. 

300 

331 

Frio. 

(( 

114 

Crockett. 

t< 

350 

576 

Encinal. 

II 

127 

Grapeland. 

« 

480 

394 

Webb. 

11 

189 

Rlkhart. 
ialestiae. 

II 

390 
493 

416 
0 

Laredo.^ 

(1 

162 

Troupe. 

Tyler. 

Mineola. 

<i                     467 

164 

Neches. 

II 

411 

19 

«                       531 

180 
198 
211 

Jacksonville.* 

Throupe. 

Overton. 

Kilgore. 

Longview. 

II 

525 

46  7 

44 

li                       402 

II 
II 
II 

807 
871 
336 

Columbia  Division. 

223 
286 

0 

Columbia. 

f  20.  Quaternary, 
\c.  Alluvium.         8* 

269 

Marshall. 

II 

871 

18 

China  Grove. 

"  b.  Pt.  Hudson.*  0 

276 

Jefferson. 

II 

221 

30 

Houston. 

li                        3  7 

88'! 

Tezarkana. 

« 

303 

CtoorgetoD 

io  Division. 

rn  Railroad. 

San  AntoD 

1 

0  Round  Rock. 
10  Georgetown. 

18.  Cretaceous.       ''20 

0 

Palestine. 

19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoce. 

495 

«                       758 

18 
44 

Oakwood. 
Jewett. 
Marguez. 
Englewood. 

II 

280 

II 
II 

« 

496 
410 
420 

Henderson  A  Overton  Branch. 

66 

76 

0,  Overton. 

f  19.  Tertiary, 

\ a.  Eocene.           »«» 

90 

Heame. 

« 

805 

16  Henderson. 

« 

*  The  8ub-division  of  the  Carboniferous  and  Silurian  represented  here  have  not  been  fully  ascer- 
tained.   The  Devonian  and  Upper  Silurian  seem  to  be  entirely  absent. 

1.  By  Professor  R.  H.  Loughridge,  now  of  the  Kentucky  Geological  Survey,  the  information 
being  derived  largely  from  his  personal  observations. 

2.  JIiv«r8id<.    Fine  exposures  of  Grand  Gulf  sandstones.  , 

3.  JcKktonviUe.    Tertiary  iron  ore  hills  a  few  miles  south. 

4.  Laredo.    Lignite  in  heavy  beds  near  here. 


I 


I 


410 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.    (TEXAS.) 


Texas  *  Paolflo  Railroad. 

Texaa  A  Paolflo  Railroad. 

Mb.              TranN-Conttnental  Division. 

Alt. 

Ms,     Southern  4  Rio  Orande  Division— Con.    Alt. 

0 

Texarkana. 

19.  Ter,  a.  Eoce. 

103 

100 

Terrell. 

18.  Cretaceous.      »** 

17 

Whaley's. 

« 

209 

Mesquite. 

•  «                     494 

84 

DeKalb. 

It 

222 

Dallas. 

tt                     46  6 

61 

ClarkeBville. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

464 

241 

Arlington." 
Fort  Worth.' » 

20.  Quater ,  a.  drift. 

68 

Bagwells. 

« 

254 

18.  Cretaceous.       «»» 

91 

Paris. 

(1 

S92 

284 

Weatherford.^ 

20.  Quater.,  a. drift.* «* 

112 

Honey  Grove. 

i( 

682 

808 

Brazos. 

14.  Carboniferous.(?) 

128 

Bonham. 

(1 

i»2 

858 

Eastland. 

«                    12  99 

180 

Savoy. 

II 

368 

Cisco. 

4<                      1611 

142 

Bells. 

(1 

tli 

414 

Abilene. 

18.  Probably  Creta. 

155 

Sherman. 

« 

»47 

455 

Sweet  Water. 

ii 

173 

Whltesboro.» 

u 

473 

Loraine. 

« 

209 

Denton. 

i< 

492 

Westbrook. 

<( 

244 

Fort  Worth.*  0 

li 

623 

612 
522 

Signal  Mount. 
Big  Springs.* 
Mariefield. 

41 

643 

"                  • 

Southern  A  Rto  c-rande  Division. 

562 
572 

Midland. 
Warfield. 

II 

18.  Cretaceous. 

0 

Texarkana. 

fl9.   Tertiary, 
\     a.  Eocene. 

•  03 

592 
602 

Douro. 
Metz. 

II 

16 

Sulphur. 

612 

Sand  Hills. 

i< 

44 

Kildare. 

623 

Aroya. 

i( 

68 

Jefferson. 

321 

641 

Quito. 

i< 

74 

Marshall. 

871 

654 

Pecos  River.** 

(1 

98 

Long  View. 

S36 

664 

Hermosa. 

r  The  plains  are  chief- 

120 

Big  Sandy. 

•  86 

684 

Gomez. 

ly  Cret.;  themount- 

143 

Minneola. 

402 

705 

Kent. 

•  ains  are  part   Pal- 

157 

Grand  Saline. 

400 

786 

Wild  Horse. 

teozoio  (Carbon.)  in 

174 

Will's  Point. 

530 

764  Carrizo. 

1 

part  eruptive. 

m 


5.  Whiteiboro.    The  belt  of  Lower  Cross  Timbers  is  crossed  between  this  and  Denton. 

6.  Arlington,  Lower  Cross  Timbers— a  belt  of  sandy  land,  10  to  16  miles  wide,  timbered  with 
post  oak,  ana  reaching  from  within  the  Indian  Territory  southward  to  the  Brazos  near  Waco. 

7.  Weatherfard.  Upper  Cross  Timbers— similar  in  many  respects  to  the  lower  bolt  with  which  it 
1b  united  on  the  north  of  Red  River,  but  is  wider,  more  irregular  in  outline,  and  interspersed  with 
high  Cretaceous  prairie  outliers.  It  reaches  southward  from  Red  River  along  the  western  border  of 
the  Cretaceous,  and  crosses  the  Brazos  nearly  to  the  Colorado  River. 

8.  Big  Springs.  Llano  Estacado,  or  the  Staked  Plain,  lying  north  of  this  road,  is  a  district  of 
76,000  square  miles  in  Northwestern  Texas,  besides  the  portion  in  New  Mexico,  and  is  a  vast  and  level 
prairie,  as  smooth  and  firm  as  marble,  apparently  bounaless.  The  soil  is  chiefly  a  brown  loam,  some- 
timei  sandy,  and  with  no  vegetation  other  than  gramma  and  mesquite  shrubs,  which  appear  a  few 
inches  above  the  surface.  Alkali  ponds  or  lakes  occur  frequently,  and  a  number  of  springs  whose 
waters  are  suitable  for  use.  Day  after  day  in  traveling  ho  <.  ,  the  country  is  almost  oerfectly  level,  ex- 
cept in  crossing  the  sand  hills,  which  are  really  an  ooiec '  of  curiosity.  Part  of  tie  sand  is  black ; 
then  comes  the  white  sand  hills,  miniature  Alps  of  sand  perfectly  white  and  clean,  summit  after  sum- 
mit in  every  direction,  not  a  sign  of  vegetation  upon  them,  nothing  but  sand  piled  upon  sand. 

9.  San  Antonio.  About  80  miles  northwest  oi  this  place  and  18  north  of  Fredericksburg,  in  Gil- 
lespie County,  is  a  granite  hill  called  Enchanted  Rock,  a  huge  granite  and  iron  formation  about  eight 
hundred  foet  nigh,  covering  at  its  base  several  acres  of  space,  its  top  being  about  four  hundred  yards 
square.  Its  name  is  derived  from  its  magnificent  apuoarunce,  for  wnen  the  sun  shines  upon  it  in  the 
morning  and  at  evening,  it  resembles  a  huge  ma.ss  or  burnished  gold.  The  Azoic  rocks  round  in  this 
central  part  of  the  State  are  mostly  of  the  pink  feldspathic  variety,  resist  disintegration,  and  form 
high  and  prominent  points  or  hills  throughout  the  region. 

10.  Fort  Worth  and  CM>urne.  The  Lower  Cross  Timber  Belt  passes  east  of  town.  Professor  B. 
P.  Whitfield  says,  Fort  Worth  is  an  excellent  locality  for  Cretaceous  fossils. 

11.  Peeos.  Dr.  R.  H.  Loughridge,  in  his  U.  8.  Census  Cotton  Report,  describes  the  several  chains 
of  almost  treeless  mountains  m  Western  Texas,  west  of  the  Pecos  River,  as  largely  granite,  with  ac- 
companying sandstones  and  limestones.  In  some  of  the  mountains  characteristic  eruptive  rocks  are 
reported  as  penetrating  the  later  formations,  and  rising  above  them  in  huge  masses  or  forming  ver- 
tical columns,  as  in  the  Organ  Mountains  near  El  Paso. 

12.  Sierra  Blanea.  The  great  mountain  ranges  consist,  first,  next  the  Pacific  coast,  and  lying  flrom 
ten  to  two  hundred  miles  distant  from  it,  the  Cordelleras  or  Coast  range,  and  second  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada, for  which  see  the  California  chapter.  The  third  is  an  irregular  ill-defined  chain,  the  Sierra 
Madre,  and  at  El  Paso  we  encounter  the  western  flank  of  the  fourth  great  mountain  chain,  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  which  terminate  in  what  is  called  the  Organ  Mountain.    Ooing  east  from  El  Paso, 


AS.) 


TEXAS. 


41  f 


irond. 

Ifiiun— Cbn.    Alt. 

aceoiig,       1 1 4 

••  4»4 

"  468 

er ,  a.  drift, 
iceous.       «2i 
Jr.,  a.  drift."  «  4 
)niferou8.(?) 

"  1299 

»  un 

My  Creta. 


i< 

< 

teouB. 

I 

I 

I 


ns  are  chief- 
the  mount* 
part   Pal- 
Carbon.)  in 
Jtive. 


>n. 

nbered  with 

'aco. 

ith  which  it 

persed  with 

n  border  of 

i  district  of 
«t  and  loTel 
loam,  some- 
>pear  a  few 
fngs  whose 
ly  leTel.ex- 
id  is  black; 
k  after  sum- 
and. 

^rg,  in  Gil- 
kbout  eight 
dred  yards 
>n  it  in  the 
und  in  this 
and  form 

•ofessor  R. 

)nkl  chains 
B,  with  ac- 
s  roclts  are 
■niing  Ter- 
ming fi-om 
Sierra  Ne- 
Ihe  Sierra 
!hain,  the 
n  £i  Paso, 


Mr. 


Texas  A  Pselflo  Railrond. 

Southern  A  Rio  Orande  Division— Can. 


Alt. 


777  Sierra  Blanco.>* 

18.  Cretaceous,     *»>^ 

828  Porter. 

PlainB,  Mts.,      »»*> 

8B2  Rio  Orande. 

Paloe.  and  erup,*  * "  * 

857;YBleta. 

<<                      3U«4 

869ElPa80.i» 

<i                    37  13 

Ooir,  Western  Texas  A  Paolflo  Railroad. 


0 

Indianola. 

r  20.  Quaternary, 
\   b.  Port  Hudson.  2 « 

26 

Placedo. 

i< 

88 

Victoria. 

<l                              8  7 

66 

Thomaston. 

II 

70  Cuero. 

<i                      177 

Houston  A  Texas  Central  Railroad. 


0 

6 
61 
71 
100 
121 
180 
148 
162 
170 
181 
211 
239 
265 
296 
829 
888 


Houston. 

Hockley. 

Hemstead. 

Navasota. 

Bryan. 

Heame. 

Calvert, 

Bremond. 

Thornton. 

Oroesbuclc. 

Mexia. 

Corsicana. 

Palmer. 

Dallas. 

McKinney. 

Sherman. 

Denison. 


20.  Quaternary, 
b.  Port  Hudson. 


19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoce. 


18.  Cretaceous. 
« 


37 
22A 

a4B 

219 
871 
308 
887 
467 
496 
481 
537 
427 
471 
466 
61  b 
747 
723 


Western  Division. 


0 

11 

21 
84 

47 

66 

78 

116 


Hempstead. 

Chapel  Hill. 

Brenham. 

Burton. 

Ledbetter. 

Qiddings. 

MoDade. 

Austin. 


{20.  Quaternary, 
b.Port  Hud8on.2<» 
f  19.  Ter.  b.  Miocene, 
\ Grand  Gulf.        8*^ 

i<  3  50 

<i  436 

"    a.  Eocene.      *»* 


18.  Cretaceous. 


636 
589 
513 


Oi  Hremond. 
9|Marlin.i* 
43jWaco. 
98  Morgan. 
128  Hico. 
150  Dublin. 
I'.t?  Cisco. 
229  Albany. 


Houston  ft  Texas  Central  R.  R.- 

Mn.  Waco  Mmru'li. 


■Con. 


Alt, 


19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoce. 
18.  Cretaceous. 


II 
<i 


467 

sot 

784 

1007 
1449 


14.  Carboniferous.'  * '  ^ 

II     r>\     140  1 


New  York,  Texas  Sc  Mexican  Railroad. 


0  Rosenberg. 
20  Wharton, 
92  Victoria. 


f  20.  Quaternary, 
\b.  Port  Hudson,  loe 

{20.  Quaternary, 
c.  Alluvium, 
f  20.  Quaternary, 
\b.  Port  Hudson.    »» 


OalveMton,  Harrlsbnrg  A  San  Antonio  R.  B. 

Tt'xas  A  New  Orleans  Division. 

20.  Quaternary, 
b.  Port  Hudrion.    »  ^ 

«  4  8 

•<  4  7 

II 

II  10 


0 

41 

63 

83 

105 


0 
10 
34 
53 

70 

86 

102 
111 
148 
158 
180 
185 
216 
241 
266 
287 
308 
343 
350 


Houston, 

Liberty, 
Sour  Lalce. 
Beaumont. 
Orange. 


Houston. 
Pierce  Junction. 
Richmond. 
East  Bernard, 
Eagle  Lalie. 

Columbus. 

Weimar. 

Schulenburg. 

Harwood. 

Luling. 

Seguin. 

Marion. 

San  Antonio.* 

Lacoste. 

Hondo. 

Sabinal. 

Uvalde. 

Anacacho. 

SpoflFord  June, 


<i 
II 

II 

II 


87 

68 

78 

128 

218 


19.  Tertiary, 
b.    Miocene,  Grand 
Gulf.  »i» 

II  430 

19.  Ter.,  b.  Mioc.    «*i 
"   a.  Eocene.**' 


It 
II 


18.  Cretaceous, 


II 
II 
II 
II 
i< 


418 

6»» 
886 
•  8« 


891 


following  the  river,  we  encounter  two  other  ranges  of  mountains  at  intervals  of  about  eighty  miles, 
called  the  Eagle  Springs  or  Sacramento  Mountains,  and  the  Limpia  or  Gaudalupe  Mountains,  in  pasti- 
ing  through  which  the  riv^r  forms  a  series  of  caflons  (see  Note  l(i).  On  the  Mexican  side  of  the  river 
all  these  mountains  arise  again,  and  expand  in  width  and  height  and  attain  a  great  elevation. 

13.  El  Paso  is  justly  considered  one  of  the  garden  spots  of  the  interior  of  the  continent.  The 
climate  is  dry,  but  the  settlements  are  irrigated  by  water  from  the  river  by  means  of  a  dam  and  canal, 
and  are  not  dependent  on  rains  for  their  fertility.  The  place  is  more  than  two  hundred  years  old.  the 
settlement  having  been  commenced  about  1680,  when  the  Spaniards  were  driven  from  New  Mexico 
by  the  Indiana.  It  is  situated  in  a  charming  valley,  the  Rio  del  Norte  having  escaped  the  mountain 
passes,  here  runs  In  an  open  fertile  plain,  stretching  out  along  the  river  to  the  length  ot  many  miles, 
all  the  houses  surrounded  by  gardens,  orchards  and  vineyards,  and  rich  settlements,  the  result  of 
judicious  irrigation,  with  cornfields  as  far  as  the  eye  can  trace  the  stream  lining  its  grecu  banks. 
Such  a  scene  will  always  be  attractive,  but  to  a  traveler  who  has  passed  over  the  lonesome  plains  it 
appears  like  an  oasis  in  the  desert.    The  mountains  southwest  of  the  town  consist  almost  entirely  01' 


L. 


>.  .1 '. , 


/ 


it' 


412 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (TEX.) 


iKi : 


Galveaton,  HArrliburg  &  Ssn  Antonio  R.  K. 

6alT<>8ton,  HMrlibarg  Se  San  Antonio  R.  R. 

iltt.    Texas  ft  New  Orleans  BIy.— Continued.    Alt. 

Ms.    Texas  4  New  Orleans  Div.— Continued.    Alt. 

387 

Del  Rio. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

0 

Harwood 

(  19.  Tertiary,  a.  Eoc. 
\      (Grand  Gulf.)*«» 

Pocoa  River." 

« 

450 

Shumla. 
Langtry. 

1413 
1304 

Gonzales. 

>i                     2  7« 

462 

0 

Pierce  June. 

20.  Quat,  b.Pt.Hud.8» 

491 

Loxier. 
Thurston. 

It 

« 

1535 
1911 

8 
8 

Harrisburg. 

II                        8  8 

•  >••• 

Spafford  June. 

18.  Cretaceous. 

b»4 

Sandeiaon.i^ 

2774 

33 

Eagle  Pass. 

19.Ter.,  a.  Eoc.  (?)»»• 

669 

Roaenfield. 

« 

3665 

566 
578 

Maxon  Springs. 

Taberi» 

Raymond. 

« 
« 

3538 
3806 
8883 

Onlf,  Colorado  Se  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 

b';9 

0 

Galyeston. 

20.  Quat.,  b.  PtHud.  » 

Warwick. 

« 

4071 

43 

Areola. 

II                          C6 

696 

Marathon. 

i( 

4043 

64 

Richmond. 

II                          7  3 

626 

Murphysville. 

« 

4485 

94 

Sealy. 

<<                       189 

663 
663 

Maria. 
Aragon. 

« 
« 

4692 
4899 

107 

Belleville. 

/  19.Tertiary,  b.  Mtoc. 
1     (Grand Gulf.)  »«2 

•  1                       801 

689 

Valentine. 

^<  s  *  > 

4424 

126 

Brenham. 

720 

Haskell. 

"i^i 

4018 

141 

Somerville. 

11 

767 

Sierra  Blanca.i* 

4.'>12 

168 

Caldwell. 

"    a.Eoc.*ii 

780 

Finlay. 

3668 

174 

Milano. 

II                       500 

796 

Camp  Rice. 

35  19 

188 

Cameron. 

"                     407 

■  •  ••• 

Porter. 

^>»gS 

8541 

218 

Temple. 

18.  Cretaceous.       •»» 

811 

Rio  Grande. 

S-S.2 

3564 

242 

McGregor. 

II 

836 

Ysleta. 

H  o  e  g 

3664 

270 

Clifton. 

II                       6  70 

848 

El  Paso." 

S:Si 

3713 

280 

287 

Meridian. 
Morgan. 

II                      79r 

0 

Columbus. 

(  19.  Tertiary, 
\      (Grand  G 

b.  Mice. 

II                      7  84 

ulf.)"« 

317 

Cleburne.  10 

II                      983 

31 

La  Grange.*' 

<i 

346 

Fort  Worth. 

II                       6  28 

limestone,  below  which  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  are  horizontal  layers  of  compact  quartzore  sand- 
stone, such  as  underlie  the  basaltic  and  granitic  rock  for  several  hundred  miles  in  the  prairie  toward  i 
Santa  Fe,  and  granitic  and  porphyritic  rock  seem  to  a  small  extent  to  have  burst  through  the  lime- 
stone and  overTovrn  it.  A.  W. 

The  Carboniferous  limestone  is  supposed  to  underlie  the  whole  extent  of  the  country  of  the 
southwest,  where  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary  appear  on  the  surface.  Although  of  Carboniferous  age 
it  is  not  coal-bearing,  being  a  marine  deposit.  An  ocean  existed  in  the  Far  West  during  the  Carbon- 
iferous period,  and  the  conditions  were  never  such  as  to  admit  of  the  deposit  of  such  materials  as 
form  coal  beds.    All  the  coal  west  of  Kansas  and  Indian  Territory  is  Cretaceous. 

U.    Marlin.    Cretaceous  rotten  limestone  forms  the  Brazos  Falls,  fivb  .iiiles  south. 

15.  Peeos  Biver.  On  the  Mexican  side,  five  miles  south  of  the  river,  is  a  singular  peak  called  the 
Plcotena,  rising  abruptly  from  amid  the  surrounding  limestone  ranges,  shooting  up  a  sharp  conical 

fteak  of  basaltic  structure.  This  peak,  by  its  height  and  external  features,  presents  a  most  striking 
andmark.  It  Is  the  most  northern  outlier  of  an  ext«n8ive  igneous  development  of  the  mountain 
range,  riaing  in  jaggod  peaks  to  Alpine  heights,  and  presenting  in  the  forest  growth  which  clothes 
Its  stdes  agreeable  features  of  verdure,  contrasting  strangely  with  the  river  valley  and  its  bare  out- 
line of  desert  hills. 

16.  Sanderson.  The  river  cafions.  Although  the  railroad, :  o  shorten  distance  and  for  a  better 
route,  diverges  flrom  the  river  far  to  the  northward,  cutting  off  the  great  bend,  yet  the  traveler  may 
wi<>h  to  know  something  of  the  general  character  of  the  river  valley  forming  the  Mexican  boundary. 
The  Rio  Grande,  from  El  Paso  to  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  River,  south  of  Langtry  station,  is  oharac- 
teriied  by  extensive  cahons.  The  river  presents  a  series  of  basins,  more  or  less  extensive,  with 
descending  steps  and  then  a  cation.  The  scenery  is  unsurpassed  for  singularity  and  grandeur. 
Seventy  miles  below  El  Paso,  south  of  Sierra  BlancsL  the  Eagle  Springs  Mountains  converge,  and  the 
river  makes  its  way  through  them  in  deeply  cut  chasms,  exposing  the  geological  structure  in  sec- 
tional fikoes  presentied  by  its  precipitous  walls.  At  the  gigantic  cation  of  San  Carlos,  twenty  miles 
long,  the  river  presents  unbroKen  walls  of  limestone,  from  200  to  a  perpendicular  height  of  1,600  feet. 
A  taint  conception  only  can  be  formed  of  the  truly  awfiil  character  of  tne  chasm,  which  in  aaoending 
begins  85  miles  and  ends  105  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Pecos  River,  and  is  far  flrom  the  railroads. 
Another,  the  San  Vincente  cation,  is  below  the  great  bend  to  the  northward  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
equals  the  San  Carlos  in  many  places  in  rug^edness  and  grandeur.^  These  cations  were  rojported  by 
Lieut.  Emor 
traversing  8 

scale,  what  in  Spanlsfi ,  .        .  .- .     .  . 

river  is  f^om  80  to  300  feet  wide,  and  at  a  few  points  narrows  down  to  25  or  30  feet,  where  of  oourse  it 
IS  very  deep  and  rapid.— JZep.  Mex.  Boundary  Com.  

17.  TViotr  The  igneous  rocks.  From  the  commencement  of  the  table  land  in  going  westward 
on  this  road,  broad  Delts  of  the  Cretaceous  formation  occur,  interrupted  here  and  there  by  isolated 
dykes  or  mounds  of  trap  or  other  igneous  rocks,  of  modern  age,  producing  a  greater  or  less  degree  of 


.) 


TEXAS. 


418 


Antonio  R.  b. 

Continued.    Alt. 

rtiary,  aTEoc^ 
andGulf.)46j 

.  b.  Ft.Hud.8f 

SI 

oeous! 
^Eoo.  (?)  »oo 

Railroad. 


ary,  b.Mtoc. 

dOulf.)  262 
301 

a.Eoo.  <ii 
soo 

407 
lOUS.  •»< 

«ro 
rar 
r»4 

•  *s 

•  21 

irtzore  sand- 
lirie  toward  i 
gn  the  litne- 

A.  W 
intry  of  the 
iiieroua  age 
the  Carbon- 
inateriala  as 

I  called  the 
arp  conical 
«t  striking 
'  mountain 
Ich  clothes 
9  bare  out- 
er a  better 
kveler  may 
boundary. 
■8  oharac- 
"Ire,  with 
grandeur, 
e.  and  the 
ire  in  sec- 
nty  miles 
1,000  feet. 
Moending 
railroads, 
ande,  and 
IJorted  by 
y,  a  river 
.gigantic 
Jls.    The 
course  it 

irestirara 
,  isolated 
lesree  of 


Oulf,  Colorado  &  Sante  Fe  Kallroad— Con. 

Ms.  (Dallas  Division.)  Alt. 


0 

Cleburne.  10 

18.  Cretaceoua. 

938 

13 

Alvarado. 

(( 

40 

Duncan. 

i< 

1460 

68 

Dallas. 

II 

466 

(Lampasas  Division.) 


0 

8 

56 


Temple. 
Bel  ton. 
Lampasas.  1^ 


18.  Cretaceous. 


695 
620 


(Montgomery  Division.) 


0 
28 
66 


Somerville. 

Navasota. 

Montgomery. 


19,Tertiary,b.  Miocene 

"219   (G'dGulf.) 


I 


Hortston,  East  Sc  West  Texas  Railway. 


0 
66 

72 

88 
140 


Houston. 
Sheperd. 

Livingston. 

Moscow. 
Nacogdoches. 


20.  Quat.,  b.Pt.Hud.»» 


{ 


19.  Tertiary,  b.  Mio. 
(G'd  Gulf.) 


a.  Eoc. 


SUsBoarl  Paolflo  R.  R.    (Texas  Extension.) 
(Fort  Worth  Section.) 


0 

25 

48 

61 

96 

128 

150 

184 

198 

219 

268 


0 

^5 

0 

_7 

0 
15 
88 


Denison. 

Whitesboro.* 

Pilot  Point. 

Denton. 

Fort  Worth.  10 

Alvarado. 

Hillsboro. 

Waco. 

Lorena. 

Temple  Junction. 

Taylor. 


Whitesboro." 
Gainesville. 


Temple  Junction. 
Belton. 


Denton. 

Lewisville. 

Dallas. 


18.  Cretaceous. 

i< 


II 
i< 
II 
«i 
i( 


722 


62S 


695 


II 

l< 

II 

695 

II 

620 

466 


(Mineola  Section.) 


0 

52 

108 


Denison. 

Greenville. 

Mineola. 


18.  Cretaceous. 

19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoc. 


722 
402 


MisBoori  racifle  R.  R.  (Texas  Extens'n)— Con. 
Ms.  (Jefferson  Branch.)  Alt. 

~0 

S4 

50 

70 

98 
123 
139 
155 


Jeflerson. 

Daiigerfield. 

Pittsburg. 

Winnsboro. 

Sulphur  Spring 

Greenville. 

Farmersville. 

McKinney. 


19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoc. 

II 

11 
II 
II 

18.  Cretaceous. 

II 


221 
40S 
402 

53a 

462 


CIS 


Texas  &  St.  Louis  Railroad. 

(Texas  Division.) 


0 

61 

72 

98 

106 

128 

165 

202 

258 

278 

305 


Texarkana. 

Mt.  Pleasant. 

Pittsburg. 

Gilmer. 

Big  Sandy. 

Tyler. 

Athens. 

Corsicana. 

Waco. 

McGregor. 

Gatesville. 


19.  Ter.,  a.  Eoc. 
<< 


<i 

i< 
II 


18.  Cretaceous. 

II 


803 
402 


836 
531 


427 


1009 


Mexican  National  Railroad. 


OjCorpus  Christi. 
53 1  San  Diego. 
100:Pena.2o 
162iLaredo.* 


20.Quat.,b.Pt.Hud.»<> 
19.  Ter.,   b.  Mio.  (?) 
"    (?)     (G'dGulf.) 
"    a.  Eocene.    *"« 


Rio  Grande  Railroad. 


0|  Brownsville. 
22  Point  Ysabel. 


20.Quat.,b.Pt.Hud.»» 


Fort  Worth  &  Denver  City  Railroad. 


0 
14 

25 
40 
51 
59 
68 
89 
95 
114 


Fort  Worth.  10 

Calef. 

Rhone. 

Decatur. 

Alvord. 

Sunset. 

Bowie. 

Alma. 

Henrietta. 

Witchita  Falls. 


18.  Cretaceous.       «"» 


i< 


20.Quat.(?) 


14.  Carboniferous 


tis 


metamorphism  of  the  Cretaceous  strata.  Toward  the  west  the  igneous  rocks,  which  flrst  appear  in 
small  isolated  knolls,  gradually  assume  more  importance  and  expand  into  long  belts.  In  the  Limpia 
range  the  second  east  of  £1  Paso,  these  rocks  become  a  mountain  chain,  having  an  elevation  of  6,000 
feet,  and  extending  hundreds  of  miles  north  and  south.  These  igneous  protusions  are  composed  of 
greenstone  or  basalt.— /d«m. 

18.  Lagrange.  A  high  bluff  of  Grand  Gulf  sandstone  on  south  side  of  the  Colorado  River ;  heavy 
Band  beds  of  Quaternary  drift  on  the  north  of  town. 

19.  Lampasae.    A  large  sulphur  sprint*  here. 

iiO.  Pena.  The  Sandy  Desert  is  a  broai  area  of  white  sand,  commencing  about  20  miles  south- 
west of  Corpus  Christi,  extending  northweuterly  nearly  to  the  Colorado,  and  up  that  river  to  near 
Eagle  Pass,  in  a  wedge  shape.  In  many  places  it  forms  hills  from  50  to  100  feet  above  the  grassy  plain, 
and  being  of  a  light  yellow  color  are  visible  at  a  great  distance. 

21.  The  OroM  Timbers.  The  peculiar  belt  of  timbered  country  in  Texas,  and  extending  from 
the  BnuBos  Into  the  Indian  Territory  and  to  the  Arkansas  River,  is  of  undetermined  age ;  but,  what- 
ever may  underlie  the  top  material  at  20  or  30  feet,  or  perhaps  less,  it  can  hardly  be  questioned  that 
the  ferruginous  sandstones,  p'  bble  conglomerates,  sands,  and  clays  that  form  the  surface  material,  are 
Quaternary.    Their  origin  will  be  a  matter  of  doubt  until  their  extent  northward  is  fully  ascertained. 


'-(., 


r 


Hi 


414 


AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 


This  blank  space  is  intended  for  additional  geological  notes  in  pencil  by  the  traveler. 


r 


, 


* ...      Jl   ■  ' 


MEXICO. 


416 


§itiikfi. 


GENERAL  NOTE  ON  THE  CEOLOGY  OF  MEXICO. 


As  lone  ago  aa  1830,  William  Maclure,  the  father  of  American  geology,  visited  Mezioo  otA  re- 
ported in  the  American  Journal  of  Science,  that  "the  regular  order  of  original  stratification  was  so 
much  deranged  throughout  that  country  b^  the  intimate  and  freauent  alternations  of  ;  olcanio  rocks, 
as  to  have  subverted  the  original  order  of  nature,  and  to  have  changed  the  class  everv  mile.  This 
leaves  the  geologist  in  doubt  concerning  the  sub-strata,  and  would  reduce  most  of  his  investigations 
to  hypothetical  results."  In  the  previous  year,  probably  the  same  observer  reported  in  the  same 
journal :  "  Lava,  volcanic  tufa,  tracnyte,  clay-slate  and  a  little  granite,  with  porphyry,  are  predominant 
rocks  in  Mexico.  Volcanic  tufa,  trachyte  and  lava  form  about  ninety-nine  hundredths  of  the  coufatry. 
It  affords  an  extensive  field  of  volcanic  rocks,  none  of  which  appear  to  be  recent,  nor  is  there  any 
volcano  in  activity,"    His  travels  may  have  only  extended  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico. 

Not  being  able  to  procure  a  detailed  report  or  the  geology  along  the  lines  of  the  several  Mexican 
railroads,  such  general  information  is  here  given  as  to  some  localities  as  could  be  collected  from  the 
reports  of  travelers,  and  in  attempting  this,  some  valuable  and  unexpected  contributions  have  been 
received  from  some  of  the  Pennsylvania  geologists,  rendering  important  aid  in  an  almost  hopeless 
task.  The  reader  is  also  referred  to  the  notes  on  Texas  as  to  the  formations  found  along  the  United 
States  and  Mexican  boundary,  which,  together  with  what  is  given  in  the  chapters  on  New  Mexico  and 
California,  will  throw  some  light  on  the  great  table-land  of  Mexico,  now  traversed  by  the  Mexican 
Central  and  other  railroads.    Also,  see  the  Qeneral  Note  on  the  Geology  of  the  Far  West. 

In  Mexico  the  altitudes  are  an  interesting  study.  At  the  United  Stiates  and  Mexican  boundary  the 
lowest  depression  of  the  great  table-land  occurs,  but  even  that  is  nearly  4,000  feet  above  the  sea.  North 
of  this  it  ascends  again  even  In  the  valley  to  7,000  feet,  and  near  the  49th  parallel  it  is  again  depressed. 
South  of  the  boundary  line  the  plateau  rises  rapidly  to  the  table-land  of  Mexico,  where  the 
mountains  assume  a  loftier  and  more  rugged  and  diversified  appearance  than  on  the  Texas  side.  In 
the  more  northern  portions  of  Mexico  the  deposits  in  the  valleys  seem  to  be  Tertiary,  and  farther 
south  they  are  probably  the  same,  and  from  the  prevalence  of  volcanio  deposits  portions  of  them 
may  be  metamorphosed.  We  have  no  reports  of  the  Cretaceous.  The  mountains  show  surprising 
developments  of  Carboniferous  limestone,  and  of  Huronian  and  Laurentian  formations.  Probably 
they  are  an  extension  or  repetition  of  the  granitic,  porphyritic,  basaltic  and  other  eruptive  rocks,  and 
of  the  Carboniferous  limestone  of  our  far  western  States  and  Territories,  and  the  latter  of  very  great 
thickness.  Any  differences  which  Mexico  may  discover,  will  probably  be  such  as  the  more  recent 
and  more  extensive  volcanio  action,  and  an  enlargement  of  some  of  the  formations  would  produce. 
There  is  a  boundless  field  for  geologists  in  Mexico,  the  country  is  being  made  accessible  by  railroads, 
and  there  is  a  charm  abeut  the  unknown  which  imparts  an  interest  to  that  which,  when  known,  may 
perhaps  be  neither  interesting  nor  very  Important.  At  present  there  is  surprisingly  little  generally 
known  about  the  geology  of  Mexico,  and  this  chapter  is  a  first  attempt  in  that  direction.  It  is  given 
as  founded  on  imperfect  observations.  J.  M. 

The  Great  flfountela  TAble-I<and  of  Mexico.— There  is  scarcely  a  point  on  the  globe,  says 
Humboldt,  where  the  mountains  exhibit  so  extraordinary  a  formation  and  magnitude  as  in  Mexico. 
Switzerland  is  considered  a  very  elevated  country,  but  this  opinion  is  merely  founded  on  the  aspect 
of  a  great  number  of  summits  perpetually  covered  with  snow,  and  disposed  in  chains  parallel  to  the 
great  central  chain.  The  summits  of  the  Alps  rise  to  12,600  and  15,500  feet,  while  the  neighboring 
plains  are  not  more  than  1,300  to  2,000  feet  in  height.  The  chain  of  mountains  which  forms  the  vast 
plain  of  Mexico  is  the  same  with  that  which,  under  the  name  of  the  Andes,  runs  through  all  South 
America ;  but  the  construction  of  this  chain  varies  to  the  north  and  south  of  the  equfSor.  In  the 
Southern  Hemisphere  the  Cordillera  is  everywhere  torn  and  interrupted  by  crevices  like  open  fur- 
ff^v  ^  or  transverse  valleys.  The  elevated  plains  of  Quito  are  not  to  be  compared  in  extent  with  those 
c  t  i'dexioo.  In  Peru  the  most  elevated  summits  constitute  the  narrow  crest  of  the  Andes ;  but,  in 
ii'-K\  rr.  w  shown  by  the  railroad  altitudes,  even  the  lowest  valleys  are  from  4,000  to  6,000  feet  high, 
■<■'•■■':  ■;  -K.  general  altitude  of  the  whole  country,  except  a  narrow  border  on  the  Atlantic  and  Pacino 
c<\ .  '.  is  .000  to  8,000  feet,  and  upon  this  are  disposed  the  high  volcanic  peaks,  less  colossal,  it  is  true, 
thui)  tl'  Andes,  but  still  16,000  to  17,000  feet,  and,  taken  together,  there  is  no  such  mountain  on 
the  g: ;  »,  taking  into  view  its  extension  northward  into  the  United  States.  Peru  and  New  Grenada 
contain  deep  transverse  valleys,  but  in  Mexico  carriages  (or  in  our  day  railroad  cars)  roll  on  from 
Mexico  to  Santa  Fe,  a  distance  of  1,600  miles,  at  altitudes  of  from  4,000  to  8,000  feet.  On  the  whole 
road  there  are  few  diflSculties  for  art  to  surmount,  so  little  is  the  table-land  of  Mexico  interrupted  by 
valleys. 

The  Vokanie  Mountains.  In  the  part  of  the  great  plain  of  Mexico  between  the  capital  and  Vera 
Cruz,  a  group  of  mountains  appears  wnich  rivals  the  most  elevated  summits  of  the  new  continent.  It 
is  enough  to  name  four  of  these  colossi :  Popocatepetl,  or  Smoke  Mountain,  17,716  feet;  IztaccihuatI, 
or  White  Woman,  16,700  feet;  Citlaltepetl,  or  Orizaba,  the  Star  Mountain,  17,371  feet,  and  Nauhcam- 
patepetl,  or  Perote,  the  Square  Mountain,  l.%414  feet  high,  and  so  called  from  the  form  of  a  small^ 
porpnyritio  rook  at  the  summit.  Besides  the  four  volcanic  mountains  mentioned*  there  are  the 
Navaao  de  Toluca,  the  Volcan  de  Colima,  and  a  modem  one,  the  new  Volcan  de  Jorullo.  As  a  general 
statement  we  may  say  that  the  general  level  of  the  whole  country  being  some  7,000  feet  above  the 
sea,  these  volcanio  cones  situated  upon  it  rise  8,(X)0  to  10,000  feet  higher. 

The  few  observations  that  have  been  made  by  geologists  are  not  sufHcient  to  found  an  opinion  apon 
as  to  the  formations  composing  the  core  or  main  body  of  this  vast  mountain  chain,  or  wnether  It  Is 
uniform  throughout.  Carboniferous  limestone  forms  the  visible  portion  at  many  places,  and  is  no 
doubt  an  important  element  in  its  structure.  There  are  other  mountains  of  basalt  or  trap ;  others 
•re  Laurentian  and  Huronian,  and  at  Mexico  and  southward  are  the  chains  of  remarkable  extinct 
TOlouioes.  J.  M. 


i 


c 


I 


ill- 


416 

AN  AMER 

ICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 

(MEXICO.) 

Mexloan 

Railway. 

Mexican 

Railway.— 

Ma. 

Alt. 

Ms.                              Colli 

iniud.                              Alt. 

Vera  Cruz. 

Puebla.* 

0 

Vera  Cruz.^ 

19  b.  Loup  Fork  Mio.C) 

("The    great  volcano 

9 

Tejeria.* 

« 

94 

Maltrata.« 

\    26  miles  to  N.  E., 

19 

Purga. 

II 

(   17,368  feet.      »»»o 

26 

Soledad. 

i<                       SOB 

97 

Bota. 

r  Orizaba  Mt.  near 
\  on  the  ii. 

89 

Camaron. 

l( 

47 

Paso  del  Macho. 

« 

107 

Boca  del  Monte.' 

"  toN.  E.      »9a4 

63 

Atoyac.' 

Volcanic  soil.        i»" 

111 

Esperanza.» 

Orizaba  Mt.  toE.»»*i 

66 

Cordoba.* 

4t                    3  718 

126 

San  Andrea. 

K 

71 

Portin. 

II 

fTlie    great  volcano 

139 

Ruoconada. 

«                   t7Sl 

rMalinohe  Mt.  in 

82 

Orizaba.* 

.  25  miles  to  N.  E , 
(    17,368  feet.      *<>" 

160 

San  Marcos.' 

view,   13,470    feet 
i  high. 

*  The  roAd  also  posses  throagh  the  States  of  Tlaycala  and  Mexico,  but  the  boundary  lines  on  the 
railroad  are  not  ascertained. 


161 
171 

M 
191 


'1 


1.  Vera  Cfruz.  The  coast  region  extending  between  the  beach  at  Vera  Cruz  alonK  the  Mexican 
Railway  to  the  entrance  into  the  gorged  of  tho  high  Cordillera  at  Atoyac,  Kl'ty  mile>i,  is  a  low,  sandy 
and  marshy  plain.  A.  F.  Bandelieb.* 

The  19  b.  Loup  Fork  Miocene,  2000  feet  in  thickness,  has  been  proyed  over  a  territory  six  miles 
by  eighteen,  in  the  State  of  Hidalgo  and  the  adjoining  parts  of  Vera  Cruz,  north  of  this  railroad,  by 
Professor  Edw.  D.  Cope,  who  visited  the  region,  and  obtained  bones  and  teeth  of  Tertiary  animals. 
Several  thin  beds  of  coal  occur  in  it,  with  shales  between,  apparently  composed  of  volcanic  ash  and 
beds  of  excellent  clay. — Am.  Nat.  Mag.,  1885.  It  probably  underlies  this  part  of  the  railroad.  (See 
Note  16,  by  Dr.  H.  M.  Chance,  as  to  the  coal  beds  at  Jimulco.) 

2.  Jcuapa.  There  is  a  branch  railroad  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Jalapa,  and  the  table  land  and  mount- 
ains at  that  place  are  reported  to  be  principally  limestone,  doubtless  the  same  with  the  Carboniferous 
limestone  on  the  Mexican  Central  Railroad.  There  are  many  marble  quarries,  and  some  sandstone 
or  quartzite. 

3.  Atoyae.  The  Cordillera  presents  an  abrupt  dark-green  front  of  loftv  mountains,  above  which 
towers  the  snow-clad  Orizaba.  The  railway  enters  the  highlands  through  the  narrow  and  very  pictur- 
esque pass  of  the  Atoyac,  and  the  scenerv  changes.  In  appalling  curves  we  wind  our  wa^^  upwards 
througn  groves,  along  fearful  cha.sms  and  slopes  covered  with  the  most  luxuriant  vegetation  of  the 
tropics.  It  is  the  landscape  of  the  tropics,  resting,  as  it  were,  on  the  Southern  Alps,  where  they 
descend  towards  the  plains  of  Lombardy.  The  summit  of  Orizaba  rises  above  the  glorious  landscape 
of  this  wonderful  region,  like  a  cone  of  molten  silver,  in  a  cloudless  sky.  A.  F.  B. 

.4  Cordoba.  Much  of  the  superficial  formations  of  this  part  of  Mexico  must  necessarily  be  of  vol- 
canic origin.  The  plains  and  valleys  in  many  places  owe  their  present  topography  and  physical  basis 
to  the  wasting  of  the  high  volcanoes,  whose  ruins  and  debris  constitute  the  soil,  being  volcanic 
detritus  or  Rand.  These  masses  of  volcanic  debris  thin  out  as  they  spread  eastward  to  a  fertile 
layer  of  bla?!c  volcanic  soil  of  a  landy  appearance,  reaching  nearly  to  the  eastern  brow  of  the  table- 
land at  tho  lllo  Atoyac.  A.  F.  B. 

5.  Orizaba.  Here  the  giant,  of  which  glimpses  were  before  obtained,  bursts  out  into  full  view. 
The  railroad  at  this  city  is  4,028  feet  above  tide,  and  the  mountain  17,3G8  feet,  and  is  twenty-five 
English  miles  distant  to  the  N.  N.  E.  A.  F.  B. 

6.  MtUtrata.  From  Orizab(^  the  ascent  by  the  rosA  increases  in  steepness,  and  the  scenery  grows 
correspondingly  wilder.  The  graceful  palms  gradually  disappear,  and  beyond  Maltrata  tne  rise 
becomes  extremely  rapid.    We  are  left  in  doubt  as  to  which  should  be  most  admired— the  sublime 

? grandeur  of  nature,  or  the  remarkable  efforts  of  man  to  improve  every  chance,  every  inch  almost, 
or  establishing  safe,  rapid  transit. 

7.  Boea  del  Monte.  We  pass  through  tunnel  after  tunnel,  until  at  last  Boca  del  Monte  is  reached. 
The  air  blows  cool,  even  chilly ;  dark  pines  cover  the  mountain  sides,  and  on  our  right  towers,  in  close 
proximity,  the  summit  of  the  Volcano  of  Orizaba.  Less  than  nine  hours  have  carried  us  one  hun- 
dred and  seven  English  miles  by  the  railroad,  but  a  horizontal  basis  of  less  than  fifty  miles:  and  in 
altitude  through  three  zones,  representing  a  vertical  stratum  of  8,000  feet.  We  have  passed  through 
a  series  of  changes  and  contrasts  in  vegetation  and  climate  of  the  most  striking  kind,  and  perfectly 
characteristic  of  Mexico.  A.  F.  B. 

8.  Esperama.  The  region  through  which  the  road  passes  in  the  vicinity  of  Esperanza,  is  a  cold, 
/ather  barren  looking  highland,  without  any  of  the  wildly  picturesque  scenery  of  the  lower  mount- 
ains; but  the  change  is  so  sudden,  that  its  very  bleakness,  with  enormous  prickly  pears,  dwarfish 
and  ill-shapen  palms,  and  tall  maguey  plants  as  types  of  vegetation,  and  the  gigantic  pyramid  of 
Orizaba  towering  in  full  view  to  the  east,  has  the  effect  of  a  successfully  performed  change  in  theat- 
rical scenery.  A.  F.  B. 

9.  San  Marcos.  A  downward  grade  is  struck  beyond  Esperanza,  the  highest  point  is  passed  at 
Guadalupe,  and  then  the  insensible  and  gradual  decline  to  the  central  basin  of  Mexico  begins.  More 
and  more  the  isolated  peak  of  Malinche  or  Perote  becomes  prominent  above  the  surrounding  land- 
scape.   It  is  13,470  feet  (English)  above  sea  level. 

10.  ffuamantla.  Beyond  Huamantia  the  traveler  is  treated  to  a  change  in  scene>^  again,  and 
on^jof  avery  peculiar  nature.  Two  remarkable  sights  burst  into  view  almost  simultaneously;  the 
two  great  volcanic  peaks  of  Mexico  looming  up  like  immense  monuments.    The  most  northerly, 


*  Arohseological  Tour  in  Hexioo. 


:o.) 


MEXICO. 


417 


Alt. 


freat  volcano 
ilea  to  N,  E., 
8  feet.  »  » » 0 
a  Mt.  near 

e  i^, 

N.  E.      »»a4 

Mt.  to  E.'»4i 
<t 

"  tT.l 

lie  Mt.   in 
13,470    feet 


7  lines  on  the 


the  Mexican 
'  a  low,  sandy 

UNDEUEB.* 

twry  six  miles 
\s  railroad,  by 
tiary  animals, 
'anie  ash  and 
■ajlroad.    (See 

d  and  mount- 
Carboniferous 
rae  sandstone 

.above  which 
id  very  pictur- 
way  upwards 
etation  of  the 
I.  where  they 
0U8  landscape 
A.  K  B 

irily  beofvol- 
>hysical  basis 
;ing  volcanic 
J  to  a  fertile 

of  the  table- 

A.  F.  B. 
Jto  full  view, 
i  twenty-five 

A.  P.  B. 
senery  grows 
ate  the  rise 
:the  sublime 
inch  almost, 

>  Is  reached, 
'ers,  in  close 
IS  one  hun- 
iles:  and  in 
led  through 
d  perfectly 
A.  P.  B. 
^  is  a  cold, 
'er  mount- 
's, dwarfish 
pyramid  of 
e  in  theat- 
i.  P.  B. 
passed  at 
ins.    More 
ding  land- 

»gain,  and 
Jusly;  the 
northerly, 


Ms. 


Mexican  Railway.— 

Continued. 


Alt. 


161 
177 
186 
198 

206 
216 
221 
225 
229 
236 
243 
263 


Huamantla.^o 
Apizaco.        '  » 1 ' 
Guadalupe.   * » '  * 
Soltepec. 

Apam. 

Irolo. 

Ometusco. 

La  Palma. 

Otumba.io 

San  Juan  Teotih 

Tepexpan. 

Mexico.il 


'  The  two  greatest 
volcanoes  come  in 
view  to  E.  and  con- 
tinue BO  to  city  of 
Mexico,  to  E.,S.W., 
S.  and  S.  E. 
Vol.,  and  recent.  » * ' « 

«  8  04  6 

li 

l< 

« 

uacan.     "  *  * '" 

20.  Quat.,  and  recent. 

«  784  7 


Ferrooarll  Central  Mexicano,  or  Mexican 
Ms.  Central  Railroad.  Alt 


0 
7 
11 
13 
17 
22 
29 
33 

39 
50 
58 


Dist.  Fed e rail 
Mexico.  12 
Tlalnepantla. 
Barrientos.    - 
Lecheria. 
Cuautitlan. 
Teoloyucan. 
Huehuetoca. 
Nochistongo. 

Hidalgo. 
El  Salto. 
Tula. 
San  Antonio. 


20.  Quaternary. 


o  o 


« 
« 
li 
II 
li 


> 


7140 

TSSl 
T64r 

1S9% 

f  ato 

739> 
7410 
7875. 


li        709S 
i<        6660 

Lauren,  or  Huro.  ''^i* 


Ysac-tepetl,  or  White  Woman,  commonly  called  the  Sierra  Nevada,  presents  a  serrated  ridge  covered 
with  perpetual  snow,  and  resting  on  a  broad  platform,  which  very  gradually  descends  into  dark  forests. 
It  has  three  summits;  the  northern,  the  highest,  is  15,662  feet.  While  this  mountain  is  lower  than 
Popocatepetl,  it  is  much  more  massive,  its  base  bemg  twice  as  long.  From  the  west  its  long,  icy  crest 
appears,  strikingly  like  a  woman  in  her  last  repose,  m  a  white  shroud,  lying  on  her  back  upon  a  steep- 
sided  platform.  The  other,  Popocatepetl,  or  Smoke  Mountain,  lies  south  of  the  former,  and  therefore 
at  a  greater  distance  from  the  railroad.  It  appears  as  a  perfect  cone,  slightly  truncated,  or  rataer 
with  a  cup-shaped  summit.  This  concavity  is  the  line  of  the  crater  hero  visible  lengthwise,  this 
part  of  the  wall  having  fallen  in,  in  the  year  1664,  whereas  from  Puebia  it  disappears,  the  top  of  the 
mountain  rising  above  it  to  a  sharp  point.  The  height  of  Popocatepetl  is  17,682  feet,  being  314  feet 
higher  than  Orizaba.  It  thus  appears  to  be  the  highest  point  of  Mexico  and  of  North  America.  The 
crater  of  Popocatepetl  is  a  valufible  mine  of  native  sulphur.  Its  vast  cup  has  a  diameter  of  half  an 
English  mile,  with  such  precipitous  sides  that  it  is  considered  impossible  to  descend  into  it,  unless 
by  means  of  a  rope  and  crane. 

The  skeleton  or  frame  of  the  mountain  is  formed  of  dark  porphyritic  and  basaltic  rocks,  while 
its  ribs  and  protuberances  are  covered  over  and  smoothed  down  by  an  enormous  deposit  of  volcanic 
BQoriGB,  to  which  is  due  the  regular  form  of  the  peak.    The  rock  of  the  other  mountain  is  more  com- 

rtact.  lighter  colored,  sometimes  reddish,  seldom  amygdaloid,  or  spongy  and  very  uniform.  The 
imits  of  vegetation  reach  to  about  one-half  the  height  of  the  mountain,  a  vast  forest  of  pines  of 
various  species.  Above  this  for  two  or  three  thousand  feet  the  slopes  are  composed  of  dark  gray  or 
dirty  red  volcanic  sand,  with  few  crags  and  rocks  protruding.  Above  this  begins  the  ever-varying 
snow  line,  above  which  eternal  snows  cover  the  final  slopes  of  the  volcano,  wherever  they  are  not  too 
Btuep  to  permit  its  lodging.  Geologists  state  that  Popocatepetl  has  had  no  eruption  or  emission  of 
lava  for  centuries,  but  earthquake  shocks  occur  every  year  in  its  \  icinity,  and  the  neighboring 
inhabitants  are  occasionally  startled  by  dull  sounds,  like  a  plaintive  moaii  'Utered  by  a  sleeping  giant. 
History  records  the  emission  of  smoke  at  various  times.  It  is  a  teo'inus,  but  not  in  the  least  degree 
dangerous,  Journey  to  ascend  it  and  stand  on  the  brink  of  the  crater,  a  yawning  caldron  in  which  the 
smoke  of  the  three  solfataras  may  be  seen  often  mingled  with  the  w^  i.  ling  cloudsof  a  regular  snow  fall. 
The  two  summits  of  Popocatepetl  and  Ystac-cihuatl  are  c  ^nnected  by  an  apparently  eroded 
ridge,  which  presents  itself  like  a  deep  gap,  notwithstanding  its  mean  altitude  of  10,000  feet,  so  that 
they  shoot  up  in  bold  relief  like  perfectly  isolated  masses.  Their  bases  are  hid  by  lower  mountains 
running  northward,  and  the  railroad  rounds  the  outer  spur  of  these  ranges  in  order  to  descend  into 
the  valley  of  Mexico  from  the  northeast.  We,  therefore,  see  the  volcanoes  in  the  course  of  six  hours, 
in  going  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico,  successively  from  the  east,  northeast,  north,  and  finally  upon 
reaching  the  city  of  Mexico  from  the  northwest.  It  was  while  Cort^z  and  his  Spaniards  were  yet  in 
the  higher  timbered  regions  of  Popocatepetl,  they  enjoyed  that  first  glorious  view  of  the  valley  and 
the  lakes  which  Prescott  has  so  graphically  described.  A.  V.  B. 

11.  Mexico.  Few  countries  inspire  so  varied  an  interest  as  the  valley  of  Mexico.  It  is  the  site 
of  an  ancient  civilization  of  American  people,  and  recollections  the  most  affecting  are  associated  with 
the  city  of  Mexico  and  more  ancient  monuments,  such  as  the  Pyramids  of  Teotchuacan,  dedicated 
to  the  sun  and  moon.  Those  who  have  (ttudied  the  history  of  the  conquest,  delight  to  trace  the 
military  positions  of  Cort^z  and  of  the  Tlascaltee  army.  The  naturalist  contemplates  with  interest 
the  immense  elevation  of  the  Mexican  table-land,  and  the  extraordinary  form  or  a  chain  of  porphy- 
ritic and  basaltic  mountains  which  surround  the  valley  like  a  circular  wall.  He  perceives  that  the 
whole  valley  is  at  the  bottom  of  a  dried  up  lake.  The  basins  of  fresh  and  salt  water  which  fill  the 
centre  of  the  plain,  and  the  five  marshes,  are  to  the  eye  of  the  geologist  the  small  remains  of  a  great 
mass  of  water  which  formerly  covered  the  whole  valley.  Humboldt. 

The  valley  of  Mexico,  however  beautiful  it  may  appear  under  certain  aspects  of  light,  is  in  fact 
the  remnant,  not  of  a  deep  mountain-lake,  but  of  an  enormous  marsh,  formed  by  the  accumulation, 
without  natural  outlet,  of  the  waters  collected  on  the  tops  and  running  down  the  slopes  of  the  high 
ranges  surrounding  it.  In  the  very  centre  of  the  Lake  of  Tezcoco  flat  barges  or  scows  sometimes  are 
in  winger  of  grounding.  The  descriptions  furnished  by  eye  witnesses  of  the  conquest  by  Cort^z,  of 
the  beauty  and  fertility  of  the  Mexican  valley,  need  not  surprise  us.  The  effect  from  a  distance,  on  a 
clear  day,  in  the  limpid  and  transparent  sky  of  these  altitudes,  7,349  English  feet  above  sea-level,  is 
•nchanung.  To  the  little  hand  of  Spaniards,  traveling  along  the  lake  shore  by  the  sides  of  the  culti- 
vated patches  which  the  Indians  had  grouped  aroundtheir  puablos,  near  the  placid  water,  the  first 
which  they  had  seen  since  leaving  the  coast,  the  sight  must  have  been  charming.  And  when,  through 
the  filling  up  of  the  marsh,  partn  of  it  became  transformed  into  sober  corn  fields,  we  need  not  wonder 
•t  the  regret  expressed  by  some  respecting  the  change.  It  was  the  feeling  which  we  ourselvea 
•sperienee  at  seeing  the  picturesque  supplanted  by  the  useAil.  A.  F.  B. 


413  AN  AMERICAN  GEOLOGICAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE.     (MEXICO.) 


lii  .) 


■.■:■■•> 
If.     i 


\&l 


m 


(•'■  ■! 


4t:1 


ITerrooMiil  C«iitral  Mezloano,  or  Mexloan 

rerrooarll  Central  Mexioano,  or  Mexloan 

Ms.             Central  Kailroad, 

—Con. 

Alt. 

Ms.             Central  Railroad.— Cbn. 

Alt. 

Mexico. 

229 

Villalobos.    8»" 

f  The  geology, 

as  far 

70 

Angeles.       '9i» 
Lena.            »i<»» 

The 

geology, 

80  far 

238 

Silao              "a* 

■J  as  known,  is 

given 

74 

■   as  known,  is 

given 

249 

Trinidad.       »»•♦ 

( in  the  notes. 

in  the  notes. 

258 

Leon. 

(( 

5859 

Hidalgo. 

268 

Francisco. 

S       " 

5790 

76 

Marquez. 

' 

« 

7961 

Jalisco. 

81 

Nopala. 

S 

<t 

7681 

278 

Pedrito. 

5889 

86 

Danu. 

s 

<( 

7833 

287 

Loma. 

00                II 

6202 

Mexico. 

a 

295 

Lagos. 

«     11 

6138 

94 

Polotitlan.i* 

S 

« 

rsao 

306 

Serrano. 

♦*            u 

6613 

Hidalgo. 
Cazadero. 

OB 

e3 

308 

Los  Salas. 

Z^    " 

6676 

100 

% 

i< 

7380 

323 

Santa  Maria. 

5|  ;; 

6051 

Queretaro. 

S 

334 

Encarnacion. 

■  •«  * 

6073 

107 

Palmillaa. 

9 

<i 

7093 

Aguascalientes. 

luppose 
Zac 

118 

San  Juan  del  Rio. 

■3 

i( 

6251 

360 

Penuelas. 

6164 

127 

Ghintepeo. 

■  ^ 
2 

<i 

6217 

364 

Aguascalientes'  * 

6181 

134 

Ahorcado. 

a 

6259 

382 

Pabellon. 

•"         II 

CO 

6261 

149 

Hercules. 

<i 

6049 

388 

Rincon  de  Romois 

a         « 
••a 

6321 

163 

Queretaro. 
Guanajuato. 

I 

(« 

5949 

400 

Soledad. 
Zacatecas. 

i 

6493 

164 

Mariscala. 

g 

(( 

5867 

423 

Summit. 

s 

7659 

173 

Apaseo. 
Gelaya. 
Guaje. 

CO 

« 

5798 

432 

Ouadalupe.i* 

« 

7645 

181 

O 

« 

5765 

439 

Zacatecas. » »         Por'y  Hu.  Schists. « « » i 

192 

's 

<i 

5708 

447 

Pimienta. 

« 

7566 

207 

Salamanca. 

« 

5648 

457 

Calera. 

<( 

7062 

213 

Chico. 

1 

t< 

5645 

474 

Fresnillo.»l 

li 

6862 

219 

Irapuato. 

« 

5655 

484 

Mendoza.i* 

4( 

6900 

12.  Very  interesting  human  remains  were  found  in  January,  1884,  some  two  and  a  half  miles  east 
of  the  city  of  Mexico,  imbedded  in  a  rock  composed  of  silicified  calcareous  tufa.  They  are  described 
and  illustrated  in  the  American  Naturalist,  for  .August,  1885. 

12.  Mexico.  The  valley  of  Mexico  is  eighteen  and  one-third  leagues  or  fifty-five  miles  long,  and 
twelve  and  a  half  leagues  or  thirty-seven  miles  in  breadth.  The  crest  of  the  mountains  which  sur- 
round it  like  a  circular  wall,  is  most  elevated  on  the  southeast,  where  the  great  volcanoes  La  Puebia, 
Popocatepetl,  and  IztaccihuatI  bound  the  valley.  The  city  is  no  longer  built  in  the  midst  of  a  lake, 
connected  with  the  continent  merely  by  three  dikes,  owing  to  the  diminution  of  water  of  the  lake 
Tezcuco.  Humboldt  pronounced  Mexico,  undoubtedly  one  ofthe  finest  cities  ever  built  by  Europeans 
in  either  hemisphere,  but  much  less  from  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  its  structures,  than  from  its 
uniform  regularity,  its  extent  and  position,  leaving  a  recollection  of  grandeur  which  he  attributes  to 
the  miyestic  character  of  its  situation  and  the  surrounding  scenery.  The  beauMfully  cultivated  valley 
forms  a  singular  contrast  with  the  wild  appearance  of  the  naked  mountains  wnich  enclose  it,  among 
which  the  three  famous  volcanoes  above  named,  with  their  enormous  cones  covered  with  perpetual 
enow,  are  the  most  distinguished. 

14.  Ouadalupe.  Dr.  H.  M.  Chance,  mining  engineer,  and  lately  an  assistant  on  the  second  Geolog- 
ical Survey  of  Pennsylvania,  who  has  been  over  this  road,  describes  the  plateau  on  which  it  is  built 
as  resembling  to  the  traveler  a  flat  valley,  for  mountains  are  seen  on  botn  sides  of  the  railroad.  But 
the  chains,  upon  close  examination,  are  seen  to  be  simply  a  series  of  ranges,  broken  at  many  points. 
The  flat  plateau  seems  to  have  been  formed  by  Tertiary  (?)  deposits,  filling  in  what  were  formerly  deep 
valleys  oiBtween  these  mountain  ranges,  thus  forming  a  network  of  level  connected  valleys,  the  Ter- 
tiary deposits  filling  them  up  above  the  lower  connecting  ridges,  leaving  them  in  the  condition  of 
half  buried  mountains.    This  description  by  Dr.  Chance  is  probably  as  true  as  it  is  picturesque. 

Between  Zacatecas  and  the  City  of  Mexico,  Dr.  Chance  had  less  opportunity  of  examming  the 
geology  than  at  at  Zacatecas,  but  he  thought  the  mountains  on  this  part  of  the  route  are  Laurentian 
or  Huronian,  consisting  of  granites,  porphyry,  etc.,  and  that  the  plateau  or  apparent  valleys  are  Ter- 
tiary or  Quaternary.  The  mountains  nearer  Mexico  are  partly  volcanic,  and  at  some  points  north  also 
volcanic  deposits  are  seen.  These  lava  beds  generally  lie  west  of  the  railroad  and  form  "buttes"  or 
flat  top  mountains,  the  lava  beds  protecting  the  soft  Tertiary  deposits  from  erosion.    (See  Note  16.) 

16.  Zacatecas.  In  the  Zacatecas  mining  region  an  entirely  different  series  of  rocks  from  those  to 
the  northward  is  seen,  apparently  Huronian  schists,  with  porphyry  and  Laurentian  granites.  This 
same  series  also  occurs  all  along  the  range  extending  northwest,  and  lying,  as  at  Chihuahua,  twenty 
to  one  hundred  miles  west  of  the  railroad.  It  probably  also  comes  up  in  some  of  the  ranges  east  of 
the  railroad.  H.  M.  G. 

16.  Jimuleo.  The  coal  at  Jimulco  occurs  In  the  plateau  Tertiary  deposits,  and  is  apparently  a 
Ugnitic  bed  of  fluvio-m  -ine  origin.  The  bed  opened  in  1886  was  too  largely  mixed  with  clay,  etc.  to 
be  of  any  commercial  value.  See  Note  1.  Dr.  Chance  examined  the  mountains  only  at  Jimulco,  and 
found  them  to  consist  of  an  enormously  thick  series  of  limestone,  partly  metamorphosed,  and  prob- 
ably of  Upper  Carboniferoua  age. 

7  .." 


►•) 


MEXICO. 


419 


or  MexloRn 

logy,  as  far 
n,  is  given 
otes. 

sass 

sr»o 

'^889 
6202 

eiss 

6618 
8«7« 

eosi 

6078 

«16« 
S181 
<a6I 

<3ai 

6492 

7«99 
7<45 

chists.'ou 

7»68 
7062 
6863 
6900 


f  miles  east 
e  described 

3s  long,  and 
which  sur- 
La  Puebla, 
it  of  a  lake, 
of  the  lake 
Europeans 
in  from  its 
ttributes  to 
ated  valley 
» it,  among 
I  perpetual 

nd  Oeolog- 
it  is  built 
road.  But 
my  points, 
nerlydeep 
s,  the  Ter- 
ndition  of 
ioue. 

lining  the 
>aurentian 
■s  are  Ter- 
north  also 
mttes"  or 
ote  15.) 
n  those  to 
t«8.  This 
la,  twenty 
98  east  of 
M.C. 
wrently  a 
»y,  etc.  to 
uico,  and 
uidprob- 


Ferrotwrll  Central  Mexloano,  or  Mexloi«n 
Ms.  Central  Railroad.— Con.  Alt. 


498 
607 
615 
628 
644 
656 
568 
581 

696 
609 
624 
637 
662 

662 
671 


Gutierrez. 

Canitas. 

Cedro. 

La  Colorada. 

Pacheco. 

Quzman. 

Qonzalez. 

Camancho. 

Coahuilai 
San  I^idoro. 
Symon. 
La  Mancha. 
Calvo. 
Peralta. 

Jimulco.^  • 
Jalisco. 


4181 
4042 


DurangOi 
680  Pioardias 

Coahuilai 
696  Matamoros. 

Durango 
709  Lerdo. 
720  Noe. 
782Mapimi.i» 
747Peronal.»» 
761  Conejos,*  * 
775  Yermo. 
787  Saez. 

Chihuahua. 
798  Zavalza. 
807  Escalon. 
819|Rellano. 
832!Corralitos. 


Huronian  Sohists.^'^' 

«S8S 

64S9 

•  421 

•  197 

O'"  57e5 

8461 


e  oo 

«  -S     • 
^    fl    4> 

HI 


sP-sri 


.§ 


6991 
5147 
SllO 
8003 
4439 


(Mountains  of  enor- 
mously thick  beds 
of  Up.  Carbon. 


•  968 


8798 


•  726 

3664 
36*4 


«        36* 

Noteon  thevalleys' « » 

^(M   n  376 


^  a  » 

S  §  g 

as  oo 

«  s  a 


5 
1 

8802 
•  899 


89 
41 
43 

47 


Ferroosrll  Central  Mcxloano,  or  Mezleaii 
Mr.  Central  Railroad.— Cbn.  Alt. 


844 
853 
865 
877 
889 

898 

908 
921 

981 

941 
945 
960 

971 

985 
999 
1014 
1023 
1030 
1043 
1051 
1060 
1072 
1085 
1103 
1112 
1120 
1129 
1136 
1150 


Dolores. 
Jimenez. 
La  Reforma. 
Diaz. 
Bustamante. 

Santa  Rosalia. 

La  Cruz. 
Concho. 

Saucillo. 

Las  Delieias. 
Ortiz.  19 
Bachimba. 

Horcasitas. 

Mapula. 

Chihuahua.*  0 

Sacramento 

Torreon. 

Sauz. 

Encinillas. 

Agua  Nueva. 

Laguna. 

Puerto. 

Oallego. 

Chivatito. 

Montezuma. 

Las  Minas. 

Ojocaliente.** 

Carmen. 

San  Jose. 


Valley  20ms  wide«»»« 
Mt.  1.  B.  to  south.  «>•! 

«  4412 

"  4261 

<<  4127 

r  Hills  of  Amigdaloid 
\     Basalt.  *oai 

/  Same  wide  val.  run- 
\mngN.E.&S.W»»»» 

«(  4003 

(Limestone  instead  of 
the  prevailing  por- 
phyry. «»»! 
«  88  s» 
«  8  79f 
«                  414T 

f  Narrow  pass  6  miles 
\    long  and    1    mile 

448* 

4961 
4«S4 
49S« 

5221 

5183 


(   wi(te. 
See  Note. 

■^^^ 

»,?''* 
2  ^  d 
s  ■-  3 

S)«8;3 

.5  fc  s 


5032 
5011 

sosa 

5811 
682r 

4857 
4536 
4324 
4046 

Porphyritic  rocks"*' 

391S 


©  2 


^ 


g 


17.  Mapimi,  lies  in  an  eastern  corner  of  the  valley,  surrounded  by  high  mountains,  in  which  sil- 
ver mines  are  worked.  Five  miles  south  of  it  the  jBoIson  de  Mapini  begins,  beyond  a  caflon,  a  very 
largo  open  level  valley,  like  a  pouch  or  pocket,  whence  the  name.  A  steeo  high  limestone  mountain 
on  the  east,  and  another  chain  to  the  left.  W. 

18.  Ptronal  and  Cone^jos.  This  whole  country  is  one  large  network  of  encasea  valleys,  connected 
with  each  other  by  good  mountain  passes  and  detiles.  Some  of  the  mountains  are  compact  lime- 
stone.  W. 

19.  Mendoza.  From  the  topographical  appearance  of  the  mountains  and  the  natural  escarpments 
seen  all  along  the  road  for  three  hundred  miles  from  above  Chihuahua,  to  i^ithin  fifty  mileB  of  Zaca- 
teaas.  Dr.  Chance  thinks  the  mountain  rocks  to  be  of  similar  character  throughout  this  distance  to 
those  at  Jimuico,  namely,  a  very  heavy  formation  of  .  letamorphic  Upper  Carboniferous  limestone. 

20.  Chihuahua  was  settled  m  1691,  and  has  a  beautiful  site  amidst  a  circle  of  mountains  opening 
to  the  south,  with  its  churciiea  and  steeples,  flat-roofed  and  commodious  houses,  its  acqueducts  and 
evergreen  alameda.  The  rouks  about  Chihuahua,  and  at  a  point  twenty  miles  northward,  are  porphyritic 
and  trachytic,  red,  blue,  white  and  gray.  W. 

The  Mountains  West  of  Chihuahua.  Dr.  Wislizenus  was,  during  the  Mexican  war,  detained  six 
months  a  prisoners  at  Corihuniaehi,  in  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains,  about  ninety  miles  west  of  Chi- 
huahua. The  place  is  0,276  ''<)et  above  the  sea,  and  the  highest  peak  of  tho  chain  of  mountains, 
directly  above  the  place,  called  the  Bufa,  a  prominent  landmark,  is  7,918  feet.  This  is  in  the  very 
heart  of  the  Sierra  Madre,  and  there  were  some  renowned  silver  mines  there,  all  found  in  the  por- 
phyritic rocks,  the  prevailing  formation  in  this  part  of  the  country.  He  reports  the  geology  of  the 
country  as  quite  uniform,  and  although  he  roamed  in  hunting  for  months  in  that  vicinity  over  the 
Merra  Madre,  which  occupies  the  whole  western  portion  of  the  State  of  Chihuahua,  the  connecting 
link  between  the  Rooky  Mountains  of  the  north  and  the  Andes  of  the  south,  ho  observed  no  other 
formations  than  porphyritic,  except  stratified  limestone.  These  mountains  contain  old  mines  of  sil- 
ver, gold,  lead,  iron  and  tin,  which  were  celebrated  in  their  day. 

21.  F^eanilh.  Oeneral  Aspect  of  the  Oountrf/.  From  a  short  distance  south  of  El  Paso  nearly  to 
Zacatccas,  some  seven  hundred  miles,  the  plateau  on  which  the  railroad  is  built  is  (in  1885)  little 
iietter  than  a  desert.  The  grass  is  generally  scattered  and  bunched,  and  there  is  very  little  gratis  to 
be  seen  at  all,  the  principal  vegetation  being  cactus  and  scrubby  mesquite,  and  there  is  an  almost 


m 


i 


420 

AN  AMEB 

JOAN  OEOLOaiCAL  RAILWAY  GUIDE. 

(MEXICO.) 

Ferrooaril  Central  Mexlcano,  or  Mexican 

Mexican  National  Railway. 

Ms.          (Northern  General  Division. If 

Ms.              Central  Kailroad.— Con.               Alt. 

Alt. 

nfir> 

Ranoheria." 

f  Amygdaloid  basalt, 
\    Mt.  withl.  a.  *"» 

Nuevo  Leon. 

0 

Laredo.J 

19  a.  Eocene. 

806 

1176 

Candelaria. 

( Granite  and   por- 
\    phyritic  Mts.  ♦a*^ 

1 
23 

Nuevo  Laredo. 
Jarita. 

« 

4< 

1183!Lo8  Mendanos. 

Cliiefly  limestone.*2»9 

49 

Rodriguez.' » 
LampazoB. 

f  19  0.  Pliocene, 
\  20.  Quaternary 

or 

1194Samalayuca.»» 

j  Some  granite  &*  ^  *  * 
\    porpliyritic.     *  ^  *  ' 

76 

1204|Tierra  Blancha. 

109 

Bustamante.'* 

"   Mt.  granite. 

1213Mosa. 

/Limestone,  50  »9»o 
\   miles.               »»»» 

111 

Villaldame. 

<i 

1224  Paso  del  Norte. 

128 

Palo  Blanco. 

44 

El  Paso.  2  < 

151 
163 

Salinas. 
Topo. 

<4 

Mexican  National  Railway 

172 

Monterey.*' 

Up.  Carb.  1.  s. 

X6S6 

174 

Gonozalitos. 

« 

( Southern  Goneml  Division.) 

176 

San  Geronimo. 

« 

1 

173 
180 
193 

Leona. 

Santa  Catarin. 

Garcia. 

« 

<4 

0 
4 
9 

Mexico. 
Tacuba. 
Rio  Hondo. 

7347 

Geology  unknown^ » » "> 

7580 

> 

24 

Cima.* 

(Summit.)             »»»* 

Cohahuila. 

' 

H'?, 

Jajalpa. 
Lcrma. 

209 

Rinconada. 

« 

8*81 

87 

«                    8488 

216 

Los  Muertos. 

44 

45 

Toluca. 

44                    8  6  5  8 

222 

Ojo  Caliente. 

14 

69 

Ixtlahuaca. 

44                    8  4  2  3 

226 

Santa  Maria. 

II 

'98 

El  Oro. 

44                    8844 

240 

Santillo. 

l< 

6242 

139 

Maravatio. 

44                    6  612 

246 

Buena  Vista. 

« 

178 

Acambaro. 

14                    6  0  8  4 

279 

Encamacion. 

<l 

235 

Moretia. 

14                    6  202 

323 

El  Salado. 

« 

6104 

*  The  hiffhest  railroad  point  in  Mexico. 

t  The  altitudes  of  the  places  on  this  division  are  barometrical,  taken  by  Dr.  Wislizenus  before  the 
railroad  was  built. 

I  See  Note  4  in  Texas  chp.pter. 


mi 
al 
ol< 
Its 


Al 
Al 
Al 
Ai 


m 
I 

ii 

m 


entire  absence  of  trees.  But  wherever  the  road  approaches  one  of  the  principal  water  courses  the 
scene  changes.  Irrigating  ditches  are  seen  on  both  sides  of  the  stream,  which  is  fringed  as  are  the 
ditches  by  trees.    These  spots  are  as  oaMCS  in  a  desert,  aud  the  land  is  apparently  very  fertile.      C. 

22.  Saneheria.  A  porous,  black-looking  basaltic  rock  known  as  amygdaloidal  basalt  is  very  com- 
mon throughout  the  whole  of  Mexico.  Below  it,  in  New  Mexico  and  at  El  Paso,  is  a  compact  quartoze 
ftirruginous  sandstont    appearing  as  if  changed  by  volcanic  action.  W. 

23.  Samalayuea.  After  leaving  El  Paso,  Texas,  or  Paso  del  Norte,  Mexico,  to  the  west  is  a 
mountain  chain,  and  to  the  east  the  receding  valley  of  the  Rio  del  Norte,  from  whiob,  in  going  south, 
a  high  chain  of  mountains  soon  separate  you,  the  road  passing  over  a  wide  sandy  plain  covered  with 
mosquite  and  similar  shrubbery,  and  then  runs  for  many  miles  through  sand  hills  or  "dunes,"  that 
•re  apparently  of  recent  age.  These  sand  hills  similar  to  those  in  Texas,  are  an  immense  field  of 
steep  sandy  ridges,  without  .shrubs  or  vegetation  of  any  kind,  looking  like  a  piece  of  Arabian  desert 
transplanted  into  this  plain,  or  like  the  bottom  of  the  sea  uplifted  from  the  deep. 

24.  Paso  del  Iforte  an4  El  Pmo.    See  Notes  12, 13, 16,  and  17  in  Texas  chapter. 

"'  25.  Dr.  Persifor  Frazer,  who  passed  over  this  road  says,  the  valley  traversed  by  it  is  a  calcareous 
farmation,  much  crushed  and  altered,  which  is  clearly  newer  than  the  Upper  Carboniferous  mountains 
between  which  it  lies.  It  may  l>e  19  c.  Pliocene  or  that  and  Quaternary,  but  no  fossils  have  yet  been 
found,  and  it  may  be  19  b.  Loup  Fork  Miocene. 

26b  The  Caudeia  Mountain  is  granite,  also  the  Panuco,  and  a  spur  of  the  former  reaching  towards 
and  near  Bustamante.  They  protrude  from  the  Upper  Carboniferous.  There  is  a  large  trap  meaa 
about  seven  miles  northeast  of  Caldera.  P.  F. 

27.  The  limestone  mountains  on  this  road  are  reported,  by  those^  who  have  seen  them  both,  to  be 
similar  to  those  on  the  Mexi^n  Central  (See  Notes  16  and  19.)  It  forms  steep,  often  rugged,  moun- 
tains, rising  on  an  average  2,000  feet  above  the  plain.  It  is  metalliferous,  containing  silTer  and. lead 
mines,  and  has  all  the  appearance  of  the  limestone  found  at  El  Paso  and  Chihuahua,  but  as  yet  we 
have  no  report  of  the  discovery  here  of  any  fossils. 

28.  Agtuuealimtea.  Here  are  famous  hot  springs,  as  indicated  by  the  name.  The  place  Is  a 
celebrated  resort  for  invalids,  and  one  of  the  cleanest  provincial  towns  in  Mexico.  Population 
reported  20,000.  H.  M.  G. 

There  are  several  other  railroads  in  Mexico,  but  as  yet  I  have  learned  nothing  in  regard  to  their 
geology.'  J.  H. 


.'/ 


INDEX  OF  RAILROADS. 


ay. 


W 


>e. 


_AIt. 
ao6 


ocene,  or 
Brnary. 
Mt.  granite. 


8.       laae 


saai 


5343 


6X04 


i  before  the 


ioufAes  the 
I  as  are  the 
e.      c. 
'  very  corn- 
et quartoie 

W. 
west  is  a 
)iDg  eouth, 
leered  with 
meg  "  that 
ise  field  of 
>i»n  desert 


calcareous 
nountains 
a  yet  been 

g  towards 
trap  mesa 
P.  F. 

loth,  to  be 
)d,  moun- 
and.  lead 
M  yet  we 

>lace  U  a 
Dpulation 
L  M.  G. 


I  to  their 
J.M. 


N.  D.— Branohea,  or  minor  roads,  Tirlll  generally  be  found  under  the  name  of  the 
main  or  controlling  line.  The  latest  nHines,  owing  to  the  oonstant  cliunges,  can  not 
always  be  given,  but  in  some  instances  roads,  given  In  the  body  of  the  liool^  under  an 
old  name,  will  be  found  Indexed  under  the  new,  as  well  as  the  old.  Tlio  Guide  is  in 
itself  an  Index,  and  tills  Index  is  only  »n  additional  help  to  the  traveler. 


Aberdeen,  Bismark  and  N.  W.,  256. 

Addison  and  Northern  Penna.,  171. 

Adirondack,  118. 

Alabama  Central,  881. 

Alabama  great  Southern,  379. 

Albert,    57. 

Allegheny  Valley,  168. 

Annapolis  and  Elk  Ridge,  832. 

Anniston  and  Atlantic,  382. 

Arkansas  Midland,  406. 

Arkansas  Valley,  407. 

Ashley  River,  869. 

Ashtabula  and  Pittsburgh:  Pa.,  169;  0.,178. 

Ashuelot,  91. 

Ashville  and  Spartansburg :    N.   C,   367; 

8.  C,  369.. 
Atchinson,  Topeka  and   Sante  Fe:     Kan., 

286;  Col.,  290;  N.  M,  290. 
Atlanta  and  Charlotte,  369. 
Atlanta  and  West  Point,  375. 
Atlantic  and  North  Carolina,  368. 
Atlantic  and  Pacific :  Mo.,  271 ;  N.  M,  323 ; 

Ariz  ,  323;  Indian  Ter.,  408. 
Atlantic  and  Western,  894. 
Atlantic,  Tenn.,  and  Ohio,  868. 
Augusta  and  Knoxville,  369. 

Baltimore  and  Delaware  Bay,  831. 
Baltimore  ond   Ohio:     Pa.,   109;   0.,   178, 

188,  185 ;  Ind.,  198 ;  111.,  209 ;  Del.,329 ; 

Md.,  332;  W.Va.,  840;  Va.,  358,  363. 
Baltimore  and  Potomac:      Md.,  882,  Va, 

359. 
Bangor  and  Katahdin,  I.  W.,  97. 
Bangor  and  Piscataquia,  88. 
Bangor  and  Portland,  171. 
Bath  and  Hammoudsport,  128. 
Barclay,  16'^. 
Barnwell,  873. 
Bay  of  Quinte,  61. 
Bedford  and  Bloomiield,  206. 
Beech  Creek,  Clearfield  and  S.   W.,  171. 
Bellaire  Zanesville  and  Cincinnati,  178. 
Bells  Gap,  172. 
Bennington  and  Rutland,  93. 
Blue  Ridge,  871. 

Boston  and  Albany:    Mass.,  104 ;  N.Y.,  134 
Boston  and  Lowell:      N.  H.,  89;  Vt.,  93; 

Mass..  101. 
Boston  and  Maine :  Can.,  62;  Me., 89;  N.H., 

89;  Vt.,  93;  Mass.,  99, 
Boston  and  N.  Y.  Air  Line,  97. 
Boston  and  Providence,  103. 
Boston,  Barre  and  Gardner,  106. 


Bc3ton  Revere,  Beach  and  Lynn,  101. 

Bound  Brook  :     N.  J.,  144;  Pa.,  165. 

Bradford,  IJordell  and  Kinzua,  172. 

Bradford,  Eldred  and  Cuba,  172. 

Brighthope,  359. 

Brunswick  and  Albany,  374. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.  and  Phila.,  (see  Western  N. 

y.  and  Pa.):  N.  Y.,  129;  Pa.,  166. 
Buffalo,  Rochester  and  Pittsburgh:     N.  Y., 

128;  Pa.,  173. 
Burlington  and   Mo.  River :     Kan.,  284 ; 

Neb.,  293 ;  Col.,  308. 
Burlington  and  Northwestern,  245. 
Burlington  and  Western,  245. 
Burlington,  Cedar  Rapids  and  N.,      248. 

Cairo,  Vicennea  and  Chicago,  213. 

California  Pacific,  825. 

California,  Pacific  and  Northern,  825. 

California  Southern,  328. 

Cambridge  and  Seaford,  381. 

Camden  and  Atlantic,  148. 

Canada  Atlantic,  68. 

Canadian  Pacific,  62,  70,  80. 

Canada  Southern,  65. 

Cape  Fear  and  Yadkin:  N.C.,867;  S.C,  378. 

Cape  Girardeau  South  Western,  273. 

Carolina  Central,  367. 

Catasauqua  and  Fogelsville,  172. 

Catskill  and  Mt.  Cairo,  136 

Central  Iowa:     111.,  220 ;  la.,  248. 

Central  Ontario,  63. 

Central  of  N.  J.,  148, 144,  148,  149. 

Central  Ohio,  178. 

Central  Pacific,     (see    Southern  Pacific): 

Nov.,  310;  Cal.,  819,  326;  Ariz.,  322. 
Central  R.  R.  of  Georgia:   S.  C,  869 ;  Qa., 

374,  Ala.,  382 
Central  R  R  of  S.  Carolina,  369. 
Ceniial  "veriiioul.  Can.,  6(^  Vt.,  92. 
Conn.,  96  ;  Mass.,  116  ;  N.  Y.,  186. 
Central  Washington,  265. 
Charleston  and  Savannah:     S.  C,  869,  Ga., 

374. 
Charlotte,  Columbia  and  Augusta:    N.  G., 

368;  S.  C,  370. 
Chateaugay,  118. 
Chatham  Branch,  57. 
Chattoroi,  399. 
Cheraw  and  Chester,  870. 
Cheraw  and  Darlington,  870. 
Cheraw  and  Salisbury,  370. 
Cheraw  and  Wadesboro,  368. 
Cherokee  R.  R.,  876. 


I 


il 


422 


INDEX  OF  RAILROADS. 


Chesapeake  and  Ohio:   W.  Va.,  843,  355; 

Va.,  858,  869;  Ky.,  897,  851. 
Chesapeake,  Ohio  and  S.  W.:    Ky., 


fenn.,  401. 


898; 


iT'^l 


Mi: 


m 


Chesire,  91. 

Chester  and  Lenoir:  N.  C,  868;  S.  C,  870. 
Chicago  and  Alton :  111.,  212;  Mo.,  271. 
Chicago  and  Atlantic:  0.,  179;  Ind.,  204. 
Chicago  and  Canada  Southern,  195. 
Chicago  and  Eastern  111.:  Ind.,  204;   111., 

214. 
Chicago  and  Evanston,  219. 
Chicago  and  Grand  Trunk :  Mioh.,  195 :  Ind., 

206. 
Chicago  and  Great  Southern,  206. 
Chicago  and  Iowa:  III.,  211,  219. 
Chicago  and  Northwestern:  Mich.,  105,  197; 

111.,  214;   Wis.,  223;   la.,  237;  Minn., 

247;  Dak.,  254. 
Chicago  and  West  Michigan,  194. 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Kansas  City:     la., 

241 ;  Mo ,  272. 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quinoy :    111.,  210 ; 

la.,  240;  Mo.,  273, 
Chicago,  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  282. 
Chicago,   Milwaukee  and   St.   Paul:      III., 

216;  Wis.,  226;   la.,  234;   Minn.,  246, 

249;  Dak.,  263. 
Chicago,   Rock  Island   and   Pacific:      111., 

212;  la.,  239,  242;  Mo.,  270;  Kan.,  282. 
tJhicago,  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans,  387. 
Chicago,   St.   Louis    and   Pittsburgh:      0., 

179;  Ind,  199. 
Chicago,  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Omaha: 

Wis.,  226;  la.,  242;  Minn.,  247;  Dak., 

255;  Neb.,  296. 
Cincinnati  and  Eastern,  179. 
Cincinnati  and  Muskingum  Valley,  179. 
Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and  Dayton,  179. 
Cincinnati,  Hamilton  and  Indianapolis :    0., 

179;  Ind.,  201. 
Cincinnati,  Indianapolis,  St.  Louis  and  Chi- 
cago, 217. 
Cincinnati,  LaFayette  and  Chicago,  200. 
Cincinnati,  New  Orleans  and  Texas  Pacific : 

Miss.,  388;  La.,  390;  Ky.,  398;  Tenn., 

405. 
Cincinnati,  Richmond  and  Cliicago,  179. 
Cincinnati,  Richmond  and  Fort  Wayne,  202. 
Cincinnati,  Van  Wert  and  Michigan,  179. 
Cincinnati,  Wabash  and  Michigan,  203. 
Clarksburg  and  Weston,  346. 
Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh,  180. 
Cleveland,  Akron  and  Columbus,  180. 
Cleveland,   Columbus,   Cincinnati  and  In- 
dianapolis: 0.,  179;  Ind.,  200. 
Cleveland,  Loraine  and  Wheeling,  180. 
Cleveland,  Youngstown  and  Pittsburgh,  181. 
Coburg,  Peterborough  and  Mamora,  66. 
Columbia  and  Greenville,  370. 
Columbia  and  Puget  Sound,  265. 
Columbus  and  Cincinnati  Midland,  181. 


I  Columbus  and  Eastern,  181. 
Columbus  and  Xenia,  181. 
Columbus,  Hocking  Valley  and  Toledo,  181. 
Concord  and  Portsmouth,  01. 
Connecticut  River:    N.  H.,  91 ;  Mass.,  107. 
Connoton  Valley,  182. 
Corning,  Cowanesque  and  Antrim,  170. 
Crown  Point,  118. 

Cumberland  and  Pennsylvania,  834. 
Cumberland  and  Maurice  River,  149. 
Cumberland  Valley,  170. 

-  T 

Danbury  and  Norwalk,  95. 
Danville,  Mocksville  and  S.  W.,  868. 
Danville,  Olney  and  Ohio  River,  220. 
Dayton  and  Michigan,  182. 
Dayton  and  Union,  182. 
Delaware  and  Bound  Brook,  144. 
Delaware  and  Chesapeake,  331. 
Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal  Co.:  N.  Y., 

116;  Pa.,  171. 
Delaware,  Lackawanna  and  Western :  N.  Y., 

120;  N.  J.,  142;  Pa.,  160. 
Delaware,  Maryland  and  Virginia,  880. 
Delaware  River,  149. 
Delaware  Railway,  330. 
Denver  and  Rio  Grande :  Col.,  804*  U.,  818. 
Denver,  Texas  and  Gulf,  808. 
Denver,  Utah  and  Pacific,  308. 
Des  Moines  and  Fort  Dodge,  242. 
Des  Moines,  Osceola  and  Southern,  246. 
Detroit  and  Eel  River,  200. 
Detroit,  Grand  Haven  and  Milw.,  198. 
Detroit,  Hillsdale  and  Southwestern,  194. 
Detroit,  Lansing  and  Northern,  194. 
Detroit,  Mackinaw  and  Marquette,  197. 
Dubuque  and  Dakota,  245. 
Duluth,  South  Shore  and  Atlantic,  196,  197. 
Dunkirk,  Allegheny  Valley  and  Pittsburgh : 

N.  Y.,  127 ;  Pa.,  167. 

East  Alabama  and  Cincinnati,  882. 

East  Broad  Top,  170. 

Eastern,  99. 

Eastern  Extension,  68. 

Easton  and  Amboy,  144. 

Eastern  Kentucky,  399. 

East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia: 
Ga.,  374,  376;  Ala.,  381;  Miss.,  888; 
Tenn.,  403. 

East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and  Georgia  S. 
W.,  404. 

East  Tennessee  and  Western  North  Caro- 
lina: N.  C,  368;  Tenn.,  403. 

Elberton  Air  Line,  377. 

Elk  River,  (W.  Va.,)  850. 

Elmira,  Cortland  and  Northern,  128. 

Erie  and  Pittsburgh,  168. 

Eureka  and  Palisade,  316. 

Eureka  Springs,  407. 

Evansville  and  Terra  Haute,  204. 

Evansville,  Owensboro  and  Nashville,  400. 


INDEX  OF  RAILROADS. 


42§ 


oledo,  181. 

Ilass.,  107. 

,170. 

84. 
149. 


68. 
20. 


.:  N.  Y., 
m:  N.Y., 
i,  880. 

U.,  818. 

1,  246. 

198. 
ern,  194. 

,197. 

196,  197. 
tsburgh : 


leorgia : 
9.,  888; 

rgia  S. 

1  Caro- 


B,400. 


Fairmount,   Morgantown    and    PittBburgh, 

848. 
Fitchburg:     MasB,  105;  N.  Y.,  185. 
Flint  and  Pere  Marquette,  198,  196. 
Florida  Central  and  Peninsular,  392. 
Florida  Southern,  893. 
Florida,  Johnstown  and  Gloversville,  130. 
Fort  Madison  and  Northwestern,  245. 
Fort  Wayne  and  Jackson,  202. 
Fort  Wayne,  Miuicie  and  Cincinnati,  203. 
Fort  Worth  and  Denver  City,  413. 
Freehold  and  New  York,  147. 
Freeinont,  Elkhorn   and  Missouri   Valley : 

S.  Dak.,  260;  Neb.,  290,  313;  Wy.,  313. 
Fulton  Co.,  220. 

Galveston,   Harrisburg  and   San  Antonio: 

La..  391;  Tex.,  411. 
Gauley  River,  (W.  Va.) 
Geneva,  Ithnca  and  Sayra,  122. 
Georgetown,  409. 
Georgetown  and  L.ane8,  371. 
Georgia  Pacific,  383. 
Georgia  R,  R.,  875. 
Gettysburg  and  Harrisburg,  166. 
Gralton  and  Greenbrier.  346. 
Grand  Gulf  and  Fort  Gibson,  389. 
Grand  Rapids  and  Indiana:     Mich.,  192; 

Ind.,  202. 
Grand  Rapids,  Newaygo  and  L.  S.,  194. 
Grand  Southern,  57. 
Grand  Tower  and  Carbondale,  217. 
Grand  Trunk:   Can.,  68,  02,  65;   N.  H.,  89; 

Mich.,  195,  197. 
Green  Bay,  Winona  and  St.  Paul,  229. 
Green  Pond  Mine,  141. 
Greenwich  and  Johnsonvillo,  135. 
Greenwood,  Laurens  and  Spartansburg,  373. 
Gulf,  Colorado  and  Santa  Fe,  412. 
Gulf,  Western  Texas  and  Pacific,  411. 

Halifax  and  Scotland  Neck,  367. 

Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph,  207. 

Hanover  Jc,  Hanover  and  Gettysburg,  170. 

Harrisburg  and  Potomac,  173. 

Hartford  and  Connecticut  Western :     Conn., 

95;  N.  Y.,  134. 
Havana  Rantoul  and  Eastern,  221. 
Hot  Springs,  4U0. 

Housatonio:     Conn.,  95;  Mass.,  107. 
Houston  and  Texas  Central,  411. 
Houston,  East  and  West  Texas,  413. 
Huntingdon  p.nd  Broad  Top,  170. 

Illinois  and  St.  Louis,  217. 

Illinois  Central:     111.,  209,  221;   la.,  236; 

Miss.,  387;  La.,  390-    Ky.,  400;  Tenn., 

402. 
Illinois  Midland,  217. 
Indiana,   Bloomington  and   Western:      0., 

182;  Ind.,  200,  205,207;  111,217. 
Indiana,  Illinois  and  Southern,  220. 


Indiana,  Illinois  and  Iowa,  221. 
Indianapolis   and    St.   Louis:     Ind.,   201: 

III.,  220. 
Indianapolis,  Cincinnati    and    LaFayette. 

201. 
Indianapolis,  Decatur  and  Springfield,  217. 
Intercolonial,  52. 
International,  66. 

International  and  Great  Northern,  409. 
Iowa  Central,  see  Central  Iowa. 

Jacksonville  and  Atlantic,  394. 
Jacksonville,   St.   Augustine  and   Halifax 

River,  393. 
Jacksonville  Southeastern,  217,  220. 
Jacksonville,  Tampa  and  Key  West,  394. 
Jaraesville  and  Washington,  868, 
Jefferson,  Madison  and  Indianapolis,  201. 

Kaaterskill,  186. 

Kankakee  and  Seneca,  219. 

Kansas  City,   Fort  Scott    and  Memphis: 

Mo.,  273;  Kan.,  284;  Ark.,  407. 
Kansas  City,  Wyandotte  and  N.  W.,  283. 
Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  and  Council  Bluffs : 

la.,  242;  Mo.,  272. 
Kentucky  and  South  Atlantic,  400. 
Kentucky  Central,  399. 
Kentucky  Union,  399. 
Kingston  and  Pembroke,  66. 
Knox  and  Lincoln,  88. 

Lackawanna  and  Pittsburgh,  130. 

Lake  Erie   and  Western:     0.,  182;   Ind., 

207;  111.,  219. 
Lake  Shore  and  Michigan  Southern :   N.  Y,, 

128;   Pa.,  167;   0.,  182;   Mich.,  191, 

194;  Ind.,  198,202;  111.,  217. 
Laurens,  371. 
Lawrence  and  S.  W.,  278. 
Lehigh  and  Hudson  River:     N.  Y.,  130; 

N.  J.,  145. 
Lehigh  and  Lackawanna,  173. 
Lehigh  Valle":    N.  Y.,  122;   N.  J.,  144; 

Pa.,  101. 
Ligonier  Valley,  172. 
Litchfield,  Carrolton  and  Western,  220. 
Little  Kanawha  River,  350. 
Little  Miami,  183. 
Little  Rock  and  Fort  Smith,  406. 
Long  Island,  130. 
Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego,  328. 
Louisiana  and  Texas,  391. 
Louisville  and  Great  Southern,  378. 
Louisville  and  Nashville:     Ind.,  204;  111., 

218;  Ala.,  378,  381;   Miss.,  389;   La., 

890;  Fla.,  392;   Ky.,  396,  400;   Tenn, 

402. 
Louisville,  Evansville  and  St.  Louis :    Ind., 

203,206;  111.,  219. 
Louisville,  New  Albany  and  Chicago,  208, 

205. 


424 


INDEX  OP  RAILROADS. 


!t 


Hi"-' 


Ik' 

Jflt: 

I  i,:' 


Louisville,  Now  Orleana  and  Texas:    Miss., 
880;  La ,  801. 

Maine  Central:  Me.,  87,  89;  N.  H.,  89. 

Manchester  and  Laurence,  01. 

Manchester  and  North  Weare,  91. 

Manitoba  and  N.  W.  of  Canada,  77. 

Manitoba  Southwestern,  78. 

Marietta  and  Cincinnati,  183. 

Marietta,  Pittsburgh  and  Cleveland,  183. 

Marquette,  Houghton  and  Ontonagon,  196. 

I  laryland  Central,  335. 

Meadville  and  Linesville,  172. 

Memphis  and  Charleston,  380. 

Memphis  and  Little  Rook,  406. 

Mexican,  416. 

Mexican  Central,  417. 

Mexican  National:    Tex.,  413;   Mex.,  420. 

Michigan  and  Ohio,  196. 

Michigan  Central:     N.  Y.,  129;  Mich.,  190, 

195,197;  Ind.,  108;  111,217. 
Midland  North  Carolina,  8G8. 
Milton  and  Sutherlin,  3(38. 
Milwaukee  and  Northern,  230. 
Milwaukee,  Lake  Shore  and  Western,  230. 
Minneapolis  and  St.  Louis :   la.,  245 ;  Minn., 

248. 
Minneapolis,  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  Atlantic, 

232. 
Mississippi  and  Tennessee,  887. 
Missouri,  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  268. 
Missouri,  Kansas  and  Texas — now 
Missouri  Paciiio:   Mo.,  268;  Kan.,  278,279; 

Neb.,  296;  La.,  891;   Ark.,  406;   L  T., 

408;  Tex.,  418. 
Mobile  and  Alabama  Grand  Trunk,  881. 
Mobile  and  Girard,  381. 
Mobile  and  Montgomery,  881. 
Mobile  and  Ohio:     Ala,  381;    Miss.,  887; 

Ky.,  400;  Tenn.,  4u2. 
Monadnock,  91. 
Monongahela  River,  848. 
Montana  Central,  264. 
Montgomery  and  Eufaula,  881. 
Montgomery  and  Southern,  382. 
Montour,  174. 
Montpelier  and  Wells,  91. 
Montrose,  162. 

Morgan's  Louisiana  and  Texas,  891. 
Mount  Alto,  173. 

Nashville  and  Chattanooga,  880. 

Nashville  and  Decatur,  880. 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis,  403. 

Natchez,  Jackson  and  Columbus,  887. 

Naugatuok,  95. 

Nebraska:     Kan.,  284;  Neb.,  298. 

Nevadah  County,  824. 

Newark  and  Delaware  City,  829. 

Newark  and  Patterson,  141. 

Newark  and  New  York,  148. 

Kew  Brunswick,  55.  .     , 


Newburg,  Dutchess  and  Columbus,  184. 

New  Canaan,  95. 

New  Haven  and  North  Hampton:    Conn.. 

97;  Mass.,  106. 
New  Jersey  and  New  York:     N.  Y.,  127: 

N.  J,  141.  ' 

New  Jersey  Southern,  148. 
New  London  Northern,  106. 
New  Orleans  and  Northeastern,  888. 
New  York  and  Greenwood  Lake,  142. 
New  York  and  Long  Branch,  147. 
New  York  and  Massachusetts,  184. 
New  York  and  New  England :     Conn.,  96, 

Mass.,  103;  N.  Y.,  185. 
New  York  and  Northern,  132. 
New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River,  110, 

132. 
New  York,  Chicago  and  St.  Louis:     N.  Y., 

128;  0.,  183;  Ind.,  206. 
New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western :    N.  Y., 

124;  N.  J.,  141;  Pa.,  169. 
New    York,   New    Haven    and   Hartford: 

Conn.,  94,  95,  97;  N.  Y.,  188. 
New  York,  Ontario  and  Western,  123. 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio:    N.  T- 

125;  Pa.,  160;  0.,  188. 
New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Norfolk,  381. 
New  York,  Pittsburgh  and  Chicago,  174. 
New  York,  Rutland  and  Montreal,  133. 
New    York,   Susquehanna    and    Western 

N.  Y.,  130;  N.J.,  140;  Pa.,  173. 
New  York,  Texas  and  Mexican,  411. 
Norfolk  and  Western,  857. 
Norfolk  Southern,  368. 
Northeastern,  371. 
Northeastern  of  Georgia,  376. 
Northern  and  Northwestern,  61. 
Northern  of  Canada,  66. 
Northern  Central:     N.  Y.,  121;   Pa.,  158; 

Md.,  332. 
Northern  of  New  Jiersey,  140. 
Northern  Pacific:     Minn.,  249,  258;  Dak., 

255,258;  Mon.,  269;  Id,  261;  Wash., 

262. 
Northern  Pacific  Coast,  826. 
Northshore,  60. 
Northwestern  Ohio,  184. 

Ogdensburg  and  Lake  Champlain,  136. 
Ohio  and  Mississippi:  0.,  184;   Ind.,  202, 

206;  111.,  218. 
Ohio  Central:     O.,  184;  W.  Va.,  846. 
Ohio  River,  846,  848. 
Ohio  Southern,  184. 

Old  Colony,  102.  <. 

Olympia  and  Chehalis  Valley,  266.  ■,■- 

Orange  Belt,  893. 
Oregon  and  California,  816. 
Oregon  Central,  817. 
Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. :    Or.» 

262,817;  Wash.,  266. 
Oxford  and  Henderson,  368. 


INDEX  OF  RAILROADS. 


426 


888. 
142. 
7. 

a. 

Conn.,  96, 

liver,  110, 

s:     N.  Y., 

n:    N.  Y., 

Hartford: 

123. 
lo:    N.Y^ 

rfolk,  381. 
go,  174. 
1,  183. 
Westem 
173. 
11. 


Pa.,  168; 


•8;  Dak., 
;  Wash., 


186. 
td.,  202, 

16. 


.:    Or., 


Paoiflo  Coast,  828. 

PainesTille  and  Youngstown,  186. 

Passumpsio:     Can.,  62;  Vt.,  98. 

Peaohbottom,  166. 

Pennsylvania :     N.  J.,  144 ;     Pa.,  162. 

Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  829. 

Pennsylvania  and  N.  Y,  Canal  Co.,  122. 

Pensaoola  and  Atlantic,  892. 

Peoria,  Decatur  and  Evansville,  216. 

Perkiomen,  100. 

Petersburg,  808. 

Philadelphia  and  Atlantic  City,  149. 

Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  Central,  832. 

Philadelphia  and  Reading:  N.  J.,  144;  Pa., 
162. 

Philadelphia,  Newtown  and  New  York,  178. 

Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore: 
Pa.,  106;  Del.,  329;  Md.,  832. 

Piedmont  Air  Line.  See  Richmond  and  Dan- 
ville. 

Pittsburgh  and  Castle  Shannon,  174. 

Pittsburgh  and  Lake  Erie,  174. 

Pittsburgh  ond  Western :   Pa.,  175;  0.,  185. 

Pittsburgh,   Chartiers    and   Youghiogheny, 

Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis :  Pa., 
169;  0.,  181,  183,  186;  Ind.,  199;  W. 
Va.,  846. 

Pittsburgh,  Ft.  Wayne  and  Chicago:  Pa., 
•  108;  0.,  186;  Ind.,  198;  111,  218. 

Pittsburgh,  McKeesport  and  Yough.,  174. 

Pomeroy  and  Newark,  155. 

Port  Huron  and  Northwestern,  196. 

Portland  and  Ogdensburg,  89. 

Portland  and  Rochester,  88. 

Port  Royal  and  Augusta,  871. 

Prince  Edward  Island,  66. 

Profile  and  Franconia  Notch,  90. 

Providence  and  Worcester:  Conn.,  96; 
Mass ,  104. 

Paget  Sound,  266. 

Quebec  and  Lake  St.  John,  60. 
Quebec  Central,  61. 

.Queen  Anne's,  Kent  and  Townsend,  831. 
Quincy,  Missouri  and  Pacific,  268. 

Raleigh  and  Augusta,  866. 

Raleigh  and  Gaston,  800. 

Richmond  and  Allegheny,  869. 

Biohmond    and    Danville    (Piedmont    Air 

Line):  Va.,  356,  856,  858;   N.  C,  366; 
*       S.  C,  869;  Ga.,  375,  377. 
Richmond,  Fredericksburg    and    Potomac, 

366. 
Richmond,  York    River  and   Chesapeake, 

867. 
Rio  Grande,  418. 
Rochester  and  Lake  Ontario,  129. 
Rook  Island  and  Mercer  Co.,  219. 
Rock  Island  and  Peoria,  218,  219. 
Aooky  Mt.  of  Montana,  262. 


Rome  R.  R.,  376. 
Rome,   Watertown 
119. 


and  Ogdensburg,  118; 


St.  Croix  and  Penobscot,  97. 

St.  Joseph  and  Western,  296. 

St.  Louis,  Alton  and  Terre  Haute,  218. 

St.  Louis  and  Cairo,  218. 

St.  Louis  and   San  Francisco:     Mo.,  271: 

Kan.,  277;  Ark.,  407. 
St.  Louis  and  Southeastern,  204. 
St.  Louis  Coal,  210. 

St.  Louis,  Creve  Coeur  and  St.  Charles,  273. 
St.  Louis,  Des  Moines  and  Northern,  246. 
St.  Louis,  Hannibal  and  Keokuk,  278. 
St.  Louis,  Iron   Mt.  and  Southern:     Mo., 

209,  Ark.,  407. 
St.  Louis,  Keokuk  and  Northwestern:    la., 

246;  Mo.  272. 
St.  Louis,  Salem  and  Little  Rook,  272. 
St.    Louis,    Vandalia,    Terra    Haute    and 

Indianapolis:     Ind.,  201;  111.,  219. 
St.  Paul  and  Duluth,  248. 
St     Paul,     Minneapolis     and    Manitoba: 

Minn.,  260;  Dak.,  264, 250 ;  Mon.,264. 
St.  Paul,  Stillwater  and  Taylor's  Falls,  261. 
Sacramento  and  Placerville,  326. 
Sandusky,  M  msfield  and  Newark,  185. 
Saginaw  Valley  and  St.  Louis,  195. 
Sandy  River,  97. 
Sanford  and  Indian  River,  894. 
San  Francisco  and  Northern  Pacific,  824. 
San  Pete  Valley,  316. 
Saratoga  and  Champlain,  91. 
Savannah  and  Memphis,  882. 
Savannah,  Florida  and  Western,  394. 
Savannah,  Griffin  and  N.  Alabama,  376. 
Scioto  Valley,  185. 
Seabord  and  Roanoke:     Va.,  357;   N.  C, 

308. 
Seattle,  Lake  Shore  and  Eastern,  266. 
Selma  and  Gulf,  381. 
Selma,  Marion  and  Memphis,  382. 
Selma,  Rome  and  Dalton:     Ga.,  376;  Ala, 

879. 
Sharpsville,  174. 
Shenandoah  Valley,  361. 
Shenango  and  Allegheny,  108. 
Shepang,  95. 

Silver  Springs,  Ocala  and  Gulf,  394. 
Sioux  City  and  Pacific:     la.,  242;   Neb., 

296;  Wy.,  313. 
Skaneateles,  116. 
Somerset,  88. 

South  and  North  Alabama,  878. 
South  Carolina,  872. 
Southeastern,  02. 
Southern  Pacific  (see  also  Central  Pacific'*, ; 

Or.,   310,   317;    Cal.,  320,  325,  82«*; 

Ariz.,   322;     N.  M.,  323;     La.,   891; 

Tex.,  411. 
South  Florida,  394. 


o 


426 


INDEX  OF  RAILROADS. 


Sonth  Pacific  Coast,  827. 
!!^partan8burg,  Union  and  Columbia,  872. 
Spokane  and  Palonae,  2C5. 
State  Line  and  Sullivan,  162. 
Staten  Island,  137. 

Stockton,  Viaalia  and  Copperopills,  826. 
Stonington  and  Providence,  9G. 
Straitsville,  Somerset  and  Newark,  178. 
Stony  Clove  and  Catskill,  186. 
Syracuse,  Geneva  and  Coming,  122. 
Syracuse,  Ontario  and  N.  Y.,  127. 

Tavares,  Apopka  and  Gulf,  894. 

Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron,  404. 

Terra  Haute  and  Indianapolis,  207. 

Texas  and  Pacific,  410. 

Texas  and  St.  Louis:   Mo.,  273:  Ark..  407; 

Tex.,  418. 
Tionesta  Valley,  174. 

Toledo,  Ann  Arbor  and  Grand  Trunk,  197. 
Toledo,  Canada  Southern  and  Detroit,  195. 
Toledo,  Cincinnati  and  St.  Louis:    0.,  186; 

111.,  220. 
Toledo,  Peoria  and  Western,  219. 
Tom's  River  a.nA  Waretown,  148. 
Tonawanda  Valley  and  Cuba,  129. 
Tuckertown,  148. 
Troy  and  Boston,  185. 
Troy  and  Schenectady,  115. 


Ulster  and  Delaware,  130. 

Union  Pacific:     Kan.,  274;  Neb., 295; 

301;    Wy.,"810;    Ut.,  310;    Id., 

Mon.,  812. ' 
University,  368. 
Utah  and  Nevada,  314. 
Utah  Central,  314. 
Utica  and  Black  River,  118. 

Valley,  186. 

Vioksburj^  and  Brunswick,  882. 
V>ginia  and  Truckeo.  315. 
Virginia  Midland,  365 


Col., 
811; 


Wabash,  Chester  and  Western,  217. 
Wabash  (Wabash,  St.  Louis  and  Pacifie\<>>c^' 

O.,  186;  Ind.,  200,  208:  111.,  214;  iL 

241;  Mo.,  267. 
Washington  City,  Va.  Midland  and  Great 

Southern,  855. 
Washington,  Ohio  and  Western,  858.    ■ 
Waterloo  and  Magog,  56. 
Waynesburg  and  Washington,  176. 
Western  and  Atlantic,  876. 
Wflstern  Counties,  57.  ' 
Western  Maryland:     Pa.,  170;   Md.,  888. 
Western  N.  Y.  and  Pennsylvania:    N.  Y., 

129;  Pa.,  166. 
Western  North  Carolina,  866. 
Western  of  Alabama,  380. 
Western  of  Florida,  394. 
West  Jersey,  149 
Weston  and  Buckhannon,  846. 
West  Shore:    N.  Y.,  130;  N.  J.,  140. 
West  Virginia  Central,  347,  849. 
West  Virginia  and  Pittsburgh,  848. 
Wheeling  and  Lake  Erie,  187. 
Whitfield  and  Jefferson,  91. 
Wicomico  and  Pocomoke,  331. 
Williamsport  and  North  Branch,  172. 
Wilmington  and  Northern  :   Pa.,  166 ;  DeL, 

331. 
Wilmington  and  Weldon,  867,  868. 
Wilmington  and  Western,  331. 
Wilmington,  Columbia  and  Augusta :  N.  C.» 

367;  S.  C,  378. 
Wiuds^^r  and  Annapolis,  54. 
V/isco  sin  Central,  231. 
Wiscoasin,  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  245. 
Woodstock,  93.  * 

Worcester,  Nashua  and  Rochester :    N.  H., 

91 ;  Mass.,  105. 

York  and  Peachbottom,  173. 
Youghiogheny,  1 75.  '^   • 


17. 

i  PaoifieW, 
214;  li, 

ud  Great 

J58. 
5. 


,^j*'i. 


Md.,  333. 

i;    N.  Y., 


140. 

;8. 


172. 
M;  Del., 


a:  N.  C, 

16.      ^ 
:    N.H., 


